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2
1.2 [8]
Fan Va 1 Va
[7]
Valdes I B0 1 cos( ωt ) cos2 ( ωt ) (2)
nVT 2 nVT
1 [1,2]
Jonsson
0.8 Va
2
Va Va
2
MODE6 MODE7
IN
0.8 1
Output
IN
DC Detector Output (V)
0.8 -9V/V
Output
Vbias 0.8
0.6
Detector
Vbias
0.6
Detector
(a) 0.6
VDD 0.4
DCDC
Mode2..0
VDD
0.4
Thermometer-code
Mode2..0 0.4
Vbias Thermometer-code
A 7..1
0.2 50
Vbias A7..1 50
0.2 mV
50
mV
0.2
A1 A2 A3 0 mV
A7
A1 A2 A3 A7
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Programmable Mode Select High-Frequency Signal Amplitude (V)
0
Programmable Mode Select 0 0.1 0.2
[55-65 GHz] 0.3 0.4
(b) 0 0.1 0.2
High-Frequency 0.3
Signal Amplitude (V) 0.4
Fig. 3. The proposed mmW-amplitude detector: (a) Circuit core, (b) ]Fig. 4. mmWave-to-dc response of the proposed
High-Frequency mmW-amplitude
Signal
(55-65 Amplitude (V)
GHz)
Programmable mode select detector (55-65 GHz)
478
are not critical for the detector circuits since the detector and At each sweep instance, a gain value can be computed and
its bias circuit can be simply turned off using switches or after a sufficient number of iterations, a gain curve is obtained
power gating. where the 1dB compression point is readily deduced.
Knowledge of the LNA gain enables more sophisticated tests,
C. Detector usage in BiST and BiSC
such as two-tone tests for intermodulation (IM) measurements.
The detector can be used to quantify a number of transceiver The IM3 amplitude can be extracted from the detector output
parameters such as gain, linearity, compression points, and by measuring the input and output of the LNA and comparing
even IQ mismatch – as presented in [10]. Since the detector is the latter with the expected output given no distortion (=
followed by an ADC, a quantized detector response can either input×predicted gain): the discrepancy between these two
be saved in a lookup table or fitted into an equation: possibly signals is attributed to the IM amplitude. It should be noted
as a function of slope (-9V/V), mode (50mV shifts), or that in the case of two-tone tests, DCout becomes a low-
piecewise linear reconstruction to enable prediction of signal frequency oscillating signal whose mean is to be considered in
amplitude. For example, using an 8-bit ADC and saving the the IM3 extraction [10]. The results of this sweep showing the
first mode’s response in a lookup table, a quantized detector actual and predicted values using the detector are shown in
output of 128 (= 256/2, DCout = 1.2/2 = 0.6V) equates to a Fig. 8. It can be verified that the detector is able to match the
0.09Vamp signal in mode0, +50mV per additional mode (or real gain with a maximum 0.3dB error, the 1dB compression
more accurately +60mV between mode0 and mode1, +50mV point and IIP3 to within 0.4dB, shown below in Table I.
hereafter). Table I
In the context of a self-calibration loop, the detector can be Actual vs Predicted values for LNA
used as an optimization indicator, e.g. following an Actual Predicted Error
optimization step; a decrease in DCout of a detector monitoring Gain, A [dB] 10.14 10.45 0.3
a specific circuit node indicates an increase in the amplitude of P1dB [dBm] -9.73 -9.32 0.4
the signal at that node. IIP3 [dBm] 3.9 4.3 0.4
Digital
-10 NF NF
IN Matching
Circuit
Matching
Circuit
Matching
Circuit
Matching
Circuit OUT -15 S11 S11
-20
Vbias Vbias Vbias -25
55GHz
5.50E+10 60GHz
6.00E+10 65GHz
6.50E+10
Fig. 5. Three-stage cascade common-source LNA with interstage Fig. 7. Effect of the detectors on the LNA gain, input match, and Noise
matching Figure
479
2 15
1
Output Signal Power (dBm)
Fig. 8. Measurements for LNA gain and linearity. Left: simulated and predicted gain curve, and gain compression point. Right: fundamental and
IM3 component curves, dotted lines show the LNA’s simulated fundamental/IM3 behavior, solid lines are extended data-fitted lines from
extracted fundamental/IM3 amplitudes.