SOLUTION (19.

1)

Known: The angle of wrap on the motor pulley is 1600, the slack-side tension is known. The belt friction factor is known. Centrifugal force is to be assumed negligible.

Find: Determine the torque capacity of the motor pulley.

Schematic and Given Data:

Slack Side P2=40N

Angle of wrap == 160°

Assumptions:

1. The coefficient of friction is constant throughout the angle of wrap.

2. The capacity of the belt drive is determined by the capacity of the small pulley.

3. The belt withstands the load.

4. Centrifugal force is negligible.

Analysis:

1. For <I> = 160° = 2.79 rad, PIIP2 = ef$ = e(O.3)(2.79) = 2.31

2. For <I> = 160°, T = (PI - P2) r = (2.31 P2 - P2) r = 1.31 P2 r

3. T = 1.31 P2r = 1.31(40 N)(50 mm) = 2620 Nernm

•

Comment: If the initial angle of wrap had been 150° rather than 160°, the torque capacity would be 2388 Nemm; i.e., the less angle of wrap on the driving pulley the lower the torque capacity of the pulley.

19-1

SOLUTION (19.2)

Known: The angle of wrap on a pulley increases from 1600 to 2000 without change in slack-side tension.

Find: Determine the percentage increase in torque capacity of the pulley.

Schematic and Given Data:

Slack Side

Angle of wrap = 1600

Slack Side

Angle of wrap = 200°

Assumptions:

1 . The coefficient of friction is constant throughout the angle of wrap.

2. The capacity of the belt drive is determined by the capacity of the small pulley.

3. The belt withstands the load.

4. Centrifugal force is negligible.

Analysis:

1. For <1> = 160° = 2.79 rad, PIIP2 = ef$ = eCO.3)(2.79) = 2.31

2. For <1> = 200° = 3.49 rad, PIIP2 = ef$ = e(O.3)(3.49) = 2.85

3. For <1> = 160°, T = (PI - P2) r = (2.31 P2 - P2) r = 1.31 P2 r

4. For <1> = 200°, T = (PI - P2) r = (2.85 P2 - P2) r = 1.85 P2 r

5. Increased torque capacity = 1.8i.3~·31 = 0.41 = 41%

19-2

•

Comment: If the initial angle of wrap had been 1500 rather than 160°, then the increase in torque capacity would have been 55% rather than 41 %.

SOLUTION (19.3)

Known: The parameters c, II, r2, and a are known for two pulleys and a belt.

Find: Develop an equation for the belt length, L, as a function of c, q, Q, and a.

Schematic and Given Data:

Parallel Lines

14---- C --__'~

Assumptions:

1. The effect of gravity on the belt shape is negligible.

2. The belt has sufficient tension to prevent sagging of the top and bottom belt strands.

Analysis:

1. L = 211 + 12 + h

2.

11 = C cos a

1 = 2m_{ 180 + 2a)

2 ~ 360

1 = 2m ( 180 - 2a)

3 1 360

L = 2c cos a + 2mJ180 + 2a) + 2m (180 - 2a)

~ 360 1 360

Thus, L = 2c cos a+ ;0 [ri90 + a) + rl(90 - a)]

•

19-3

SOLUTION (19.4)

Known: Figure P19.4 suggests an approximation length ABCD that will be equal to half the length of the belt.

Find: From the half length approximation, develop an equation relating center distance, c, belt length, L, and pulley radii, rj , and rz.

Schematic and Given Data:

~r

2

D

C

• c

Assumptions:

1 . The effect of gravity on the belt shape is negligible.

2. The belt has sufficient tension to prevent sagging of the top and bottom belt strands.

Analysis:

1. L/2 = BC + AB + CD

1 AB - -1trl -2

3.

•

19-4

SOLUTION (19.5)

Known: The angles of wrap for two pulleys and a belt are given. Each pulley has a known radius.

Find: Derive an equation relating c, ri , rz. and c.

Schematic and Given Data:

sm a ==

•

Assumptions:

1 . The effect of gravity on the belt shape is negligible.

2. The belt has sufficient tension to prevent sagging of the top and bottom belt strands.

Analysis: From inspection of the drawing, sin a == r2 ~ rl

•

Comment: For rl == 7 mm, r2 = 17 mm and c = 34 mm as shown in the figure, o. = sin! 00/34) = 17.1°. The angle of wrap on the smaller pulley is 145.8°.

SOLUTION (19.6)

Known: A motor of given horsepower and speed drives an input pulley of known

diameter and angle of wrap. The size 5 V belts have a known unit weight and angle ~. The maximum belt tension is 150 lb and the coefficient of friction is 0.20.

Find: Determine the number of belts required.

19-5

Schematic and Given Data:

Multiple Y -belt, ~ = 18°, size 5Y Unit weight = 0.012Ib/in.

Power input = 25 hp

Pmax = PI = 150 lb

f= 0.20

? mm diameter pulley

3.7 in. dia. driving pulley

n = 1750 rpm 165°angle of wrap

c=? Ill. ..

Number of belts = ?

Assumptions:

1. The maximum tension in the belt is limited to 150 lb.

2. The coefficient of friction will be at least 0.20.

3. Power is shared equally by each belt.

Analysis:

1. We first calculate terms in Eq. (19.3a):

with Eq. (19.2), P, = my2 where Y = 3.7 (n) 1~~0 = 339 in./sec P = 0.012 (339)2 = 3 57 lb

c 386 .

e(f<j>1 sin ~) = e«O.2)(2.88)/ sin ~) = 6.45

2. Substituting in Eq. (19.3a) and solving for P2:

150 - 3.57

P2 -3.57 = 6.45 or 146.4 = 6.45 P2 - 23.0

Hence, P2 = 26.3 lb

3. From Eq. (18.24), T = (PI - P2) r = (150 - 26.3) 327 = 229 lb in.

. 1750(229)

From Eq. (1.3), W per bolt = 5252 (12) = 6.36 hp/belt

19-6

4.

•

5. For 25 hp, 6~j6 = 3.93, and 4 belts are required.

•

Comment: If a 30 hp motor was used then 5 belts would be required. As more and more belts are needed however, the effects of misalignment of the shafts (and consequent unequal sharing of the load) becomes important.

SOLUTION (19.7)

Known: A pulley of given diameter drives a flat drum of given diameter. The center distance is known.

Find: Determine the slip-limited capacity of the pulley relative to that of the drum.

Schematic and Given Data:

40mm diameter pulley

120mm diameter cylindrical drum

c = 120 mm

Assumptions:

1 . The slack side of the belt does not sag.

2. The friction coefficient is uniform and equal to 0.25 for both the pulley and drum.

Analysis:

1. From Prob. 19.2, sin a = r2 ~ rl = 6~2g0; a = 19.47°

2. <1>1 (pulley) = 180° - 2(19.47°) = 141.06° = 2.462 rad <1>2 (drum) = 180° + 2(19.47°) = 218.94° = 3.821 rad

3. The drum torque capacity:

19-7

PI/P2 = ef<j> = e(O.25) (3.821) = 2.6, hence, PI = 2.60 P2 Torque = (PI - P2) r = 1.60 P2 (60) = 96 P2

4. The pulley torque capacity:

PI/P2 = e(f<j>/sin ~) = e(O.25) (2.462/sin 18°) = 7.33

Torque = (PI - P2) r = 6.33 P2 (20) = 126.6 P2

5. The pulley has 126'~6- 96 = 32% more capacity than the drum.

•

Comment: The above calculations used f = 0.25.

SOLUTION (19.8)

Known: A pulley of given rotational speed, radius, and angle of wrap drives a Y -belt with known friction, weight, and maximum tension.

Find: Determine the maximum power transmitted by the pulley.

Schematic and Given Data:

n =4000 rpm r= 100 mm pulley radius

$= 1700

\...._ Belt Maximum Tension = 1300 N

Belt Unit

Weight = 1.75 N/m

Assumptions:

1 . The friction coefficient is uniform throughout the contact area. 2. The effect of centrifugal force is important.

Analysis:

1. From Eq. (19.2), P, = m y2 = (!:~~ ~~) (4~~0 . 0.2n m1s2) = 313 N

3.

From Eq. (19.3), 1300 - 313 = e(O.2/sin 18°) (1707t/I80) = 6.82. Hence, P2 = 458 N P2 - 313

T = (PI - P2) r = (1300 - 458) (0.100) = 84 Nsm

. 4000 (84)

From Eq. (1.2), W = 9549 = 35.18 kW

•

2.

4.

19-8

SOLUTION (19.9)

Known: A pulley of given rotational speed, radius, and angle of wrap drives a V -belt with known friction, weight, and maximum tension but (a) two V-belts are needed, (b) a single V -belt with twice the maximum tensile capacity is used.

Find: Determine the power transmitted by the pulley for cases (a) and (b).

Schematic and Given Data:

Case (a) Two V-belts, Case (b) One V-belt with twice the cross sectional area

n = 4000 rpm r= 100mm pulley radius

<!> = 1700

Assumptions:

1. If two belts are used, each will have the same capacity and the load will be shared equally between them.

2. If a belt with twice the cross section is used, there will be no loss in the tensile strength capacity because of a size effect.

'-- Belt Maximum Tension = 1300 N

Belt Unit

Weight = l.75 N/m

Analysis:

1. For case (a) each of the two identical belts could transmit 35 kW, hence total

power capacity is 70 kW. •

2. For case (b) doubling the section would double m , giving Pc = 626 N.

Doubling Pc and PI with no change in ef<j>/sin P would double P2. Thus, power

capacity is doubled in cases (a) and (b). •

SOLUTION (19.10)

Known: A pulley of given rotational speed, diameter, and angle of wrap drives a Vbelt with known friction, weight, and maximum tension.

Find: Determine the maximum power transmitted by the smaller pulley.

19-9

Schematic and Given Data:

n = 3500 rpm dl = 6 in. pulley diameter

<1>= 1700 Driver pulley

'-- Belt Maximum Tension = 250 lb

Belt Unit

Weight = 0.012 lb/in.

Assumptions:

1 . The friction coefficient is uniform throughout the contact area. 2. The effect of centrifugal force is important.

Analysis:

1. From Eq. (19.2), Pc = m"y2 = ((32.~·~JJ)~~~~~'/ft» (3~go . 611: in./s2)2 = 37.5 lb

2.

PI - Pc ftf..

From Eq. (19.3), P2 _ P, = e 'I'

where f = _f_ for the Y -belt sin~

250 - 37.5 = e(O.2/sin 18°)(1701t/180) = 6.82 P2 - 37.5

P2 = 68.7 lb

3. T = (PI - P2) r = (250 -68.7) (3) = 544lb in.

From Eq. (1.3), VI = nT lb·ft = 3500(544 lb in.)(1 ftlI2in.) = 30.2 hp

5252 5252

4.

•

SOLUTION (19.11)

Known: A Y -belt pulley of given diameter and rotational speed drives a second pulley at known rotational speed. The V -belt has a given unit weight and coefficient of friction.

19-10

Find:

(a) Determine values of PI and P2.

(b) Determine the loads applied by the belt to each shaft.

(c) Determine initial belt tension when the drive is not operating.

(d) Determine values of PI and P2 when the drive is operating at normal speed but transmitting only 6 kW.

Schematic and Given Data:

°

Single V-belt, B = 18

Unit weight = 2.2 N/m Power transmitted = 12 kW

Initial belt tension just adequate to prevent slippage

? rnm diameter pulley

Assumption: Initial belt tension is marginally adequate to prevent slippage.

180mm diameter pulley

Driving pulley n = 1750 rpm f= 0.20

Driven pulley n = 1050 rpm f= 0.20

c=400mm

Analysis:

(a) £1 and PI

1 . The larger pulley diameter = 180 ( ~ 6;g) = 300 mm

2. From Prob. 19.5, sin a = r2 ~ rl = 1510090 : a = 8.63°

3. For smaller pulley, <1> = 180° - 2a : <1> = 162.7° = 2.84 rad

4. From Eq. (19.2): P, = m 0);' 2

Pc = ( 2.2 N/m ) (1750 X 21t rad)2 (.090 m)2 = 61.0 N

9.81 m1s2 60 s

5. From Eq. (19.3): :~ ~ ~~:~ = e((·020/ sin 18°)(2.84)) = 6.285

6. From Eq. (1.2): T = 9549 W = 9549 (12) = 65.48 N m

n 1750

19-11

-----( 1)

7. T = (PI - P2) r: 65.48 = (PI - P2) 0.090; hence, PI - P2 = 727.54 N -----(2)

8. Simultaneous solution of equation (1) and equation (2) gives P2 = 198.7, PI =

926.2. Rounding off: PI = 926 N, P2 = 199 N ••

(b) Shaft loads

1 . Dri ving shaft torque,

T = (926.2 N -198.7 N) (0.090 m) = 65.5 N m •

(which checks with calculated torque of 65.48 N m)

2. Driven shaft torque: T = (926.2 N -198.7 N) (0.150 m)

T = 109.2 N m •

3. Radial load = -J (PI + P2 cos 2a)2 + (P2 sin 2a)2

=~(926.2+ 198.7 cos 17.26)2 +(198.7 sin 17.26°)2 = 1117.6 N

4. Radial load applied to each shaft = 1118 N •

5. Assume PI + P2 remains = 926.2 + 198.7 = 1124.9 N

(c) Initial belt tension (no rotation)

P = 112i·9 N = 562.5 N (d) PI and P2 for 6 kW

I. The torque is reduced to 65248 = 32.74 N m

Hence, (PI - P2) (0.090 m) = 32.74 N m; PI - P2 = 363.78 N

2. Assuming PI + P2 remains = 1124.9, PI = 744 N, P2 = 381 N

•

••

SOLUTION (19.12)

Known: A V -belt pulley of known diameter and rotational speed transmits a given power to a driven pulley of known diameter. This is accomplished with a belt of

specified unit weight, angle p, and coefficient of friction.

Find:

(a) Determine values of PI and P2.

(b) Determine the loads applied by the belt to each shaft.

(c) Determine values of PI and P2 if the power is reduced to a known value.

19-12

Schematic and Given Data:

Case (a) and (b) Power = 12 hp, Case (c) Power = 3 hp

o

SingleY-belt, ~ = 18

Unit weight = 0.012 lb/in.

Driven pulley 12 in.dia.

n =? rpm

f = 0.20

Dri ving pulley 6 in.dia.

n = 1750 rpm f = 0.20

Assumption: The initial belt tension is just adequate to prevent slippage (given).

Analysis:

(a) PI and P2 for 12 hp

F Pr b 19 4· - rr rz - 6 - 3 0

1. rom o. ., sm 0.- -c- - 2()' Hence, a = 8.63

2. For the smaller pulley, <1> = 1800 - 20. = 162.70 = 2.84 rad , ?~2

3. From Eq. (19.2), Pc = m (0"'[

4.

5. 6.

Pc = (0.012 lb/in.) (1750 X 21t rad)2 (3 in.)2 = 9.40 Ib

386 in.zs? 60 s !

From Eq. (19.3a), ~~ ~ ~::~ = e(O.201 sin 18°) (2.84) = 6.285 ----- (1)

5252 W 5252 (12) .

From Eq. (1.3), T = n = 1750 = 36.0 lb ft = 432.21b Ill.

T = (PI - P2) r; 432 = (PI - P2) (3), hence PI - P2 = 144.05 lb ----- (2)

Simultaneous solution of equation (1) and equation (2) gives:

P2 = 36.671b (37 lb) and PI = 180.721b (181 lb) ••

(b) Shaft loads

1. Driving shaft torque = T = (180.72 - 36.67) (3/12) = 361b ft

2. Driven shaft torque = T = (180.72 - 36.67) (6/12) = 72 lb ft

7.

• •

19-13

3.

Radial load = ,.j (Pi + P2 COS 2u)2 + (P2 sin 2u)2

/ 0 2 0 2

= 'V (180.72 + 36.67 cos 17.26) + (36.67 sin 17.26 )

shaft)

(c) PI and P2 for 3 hp

= 216lb (applied to each •

1. Torque is reduced to 43i·2 = 216.1 lb in. Hence, (PI - P2) (3) = 216.1; PI - P2 = 72.0 lb

2. With the assumption that average tension remains unchanged; i.e., no adjustments are made, we have PI + P2 = 180.72 + 36.67 = 217.39 lb

3. Simultaneous solution gives: PI = 144.7 lb, P2 = 72.7 lb, rounding off, PI = 145

lb, P2 = 73 lb •

SOLUTION (19.13D)

Known: A web site address is given as http://www.grainger.com.

Find: Select an A-type V -belt with a length of 32 in. List the manufacturer, description, and price.

Analysis: A product search of the web site gives:

Item #:

Mfg. Name:

Description:

Price:

lA095 Browning

A Type V-Belt-32", 12" Top Width-5/16" Thick-RMA #A30 $8.22

SOLUTION (19.14D)

Known: A web site address is given as http://www.grainger.com

Schematic and Given Data:

Electric Motor

n = 1780 rpm 55% rated power

Driven Machine

Assumptions:

1. The fluid coupling is the type shown in Fig. 19.10.

2. The motor and coupling performance curves are given in Fig. 19.11.

3. The rated motor output corresponds to 1750 rpm, 100% rated torque.

Analysis:

(a) The 1780 motor rpm corresponds to approximately 2% slip. Machine input rpm

is 1780 (0.98) = 1744 rpm. •

As assumed, 100% of motor torque reaches the machine, hence 2% of the motor

power is converted to heat. •

(b) From Fig. 19.11, at 100% rated torque, slip = 3.5%. •

(c) From Fig. 19.11, at maximum coupling torque, the stall speed is approximately

775 rpm. •

At this point, the motor delivers 168% of the rated torque at 77511750 = 44% rated speed. Hence power is (1.68) (0.44) = (0.744) times rated power, or

approximately 74% of rated power is converted into heat. •

SOLUTION (19.16)

Known: A fluid coupling connects an electric motor to a driven machine. The motor and coupling curves are given.

Find: Determine the factor by which the fluid coupling diameter could be reduced if the (i) power required is reduced by half (ii) the rotational speed is doubled.

19-15

Schematic and Given Data:

Electric Motor n = 1750 rpm Power = 10 kW

Fluid Coupling -- 10 kW size

Driven Machine

Electric Motor n = 1750 rpm Power = 5 kW

Fluid Coupling -- 5 kW size

Driven Machine

Fluid Coupling

Electric Motor n = 3500 rpm Power = 5 kW

Driven Machine

Assumption: The fluid couplings are geometrically similar (given).

Analysis:

1. From Eq. (19.7), T oc ro2n5. Hence, power oc ro3n5.

2. If power is halved, D5 can be halved, giving n~ew = 0.5 D~k:I .

3. Dnew =fu DOld = 0.87 DOld

4. If power is halved and ro is doubled, then with D ~ a,

Dnew = DOl~ = D and Dnew = 0.574 DOld

•

•

19-16

SOLUTION (19.17)

Known: A hydrodynamic torque converter is used to provide a known torque multiplication of the known torque of a motor.

Find: Estimate the torque applied to the one-way clutch.

Schematic and Given Data:

Driven Machine

Driving Motor Torque = 100 N m

(Hydrodynamic Torque Converter - provides a 2.4 torque multiplication

Assumption: The hydrodynamic torque converter is like the one represented in Fig. 19.13.

Analysis:

1. From Eq. (19.9), T, + To + T, = 0; where T, is the reaction torque applied by the one-way clutch.

2. With To = -2.4 Ti: we have T, + (-2.4 Ti) + T, = o.

3. Solving for T, gives Tr = 1.4 Tr. •

19-17