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Continental J.

Water, Air and Soil Pollution 1: 1 - 5, 2010


©Wilolud Journals, 2010 http://www.wiloludjournal.com

SEASONAL VARIATION IN DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND ORGANIC POLLUTION INLDICATORS OF


LAKE CHAD BASIN AREA OF BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
1
Kolo, B.G; 1Ogugbuaja V.O, and 2Dauda, M
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria and 2Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri.

ABSTRACT
Surface water and sediment samples from six (6) sampling stations of Lake Chad were
monitored for seasonal variations in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and some organic pollution
indicators (BOD, COD and TOC). Sampling points were on the basis of human and aquatic
activities around the lake. Determinations were conducted on-sites with Jenway portable
meters for DO; while Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD) were determined by standard methods, respectively. Results show variations in values
with season with DO value ranging between (5.70+0.29 – 6.66+0.30) with Baga wet season
having highest DO (6.66+0.30mg/l) and low BOD value of 3.20+0.21. The BOD was higher
during the wet season than the dry season. In conclusion, the results of the pollution indicators
obtained in this study area show that Lake Chad is less polluted and could support aquatic
process. However, further monitoring is needed to evaluate the extent of pollution in terms of
toxic heavy metals, pesticides, and biological activities.

KEYWORDS: Surface water, Aqueous sediment, Dissolved oxygen, Season pollution


indicators, Lake Chad, Borno.

INTRODUCTION
Organic pollution indication study is an important way of ascertaining the level of pollution of a given river, lake or
pond. The measurement of dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) could indicate the level of pollution of a given stream or river (Manahan, 2005). Lake Chad has a
water surface area exposure, fluctuating in size between 25, 000 and 15,000 Km2 and up to 2,000 Km2 during severe
drought. This corresponds to a water volume of 20 – 100 x 109 m3. The average water depth is 2 m, with depth of as
much as 7 m in the northern part of the basin and 11 – 12 m in the southern part (SATTEC, 1992). The highest water
level of the Lake in recent times is 283 m above msl (Durand, 1995) while during the Sahel drought its level is as
low as 277 m msl. The Lake’s highest water level is attained between Nov. and Jan. within a year. Thereafter,
evaporation exceeds river inflow and the Lake level gradually declines until July. The water level is completely
dependent on the amount of inflow from the Chari and Lagoon Rivers, as the effect of evaporation can be
considered as relatively constant. 90 – 95% of the Lake’s inflow (41 x 109 m3/year) is derived from these two rivers.

The Nigerian sector of the Chad basin falls within the Sahel belt of Africa characterized by low rainfall (~ 500 mm
a-1) and high evapotranspiration (> 2000 mm a-1). Perennial water source is from groundwater, although rivers and
streams supplement seasonally. This region has experienced climatic variability recorded in different natural
archives, from the late Pleistocene to the present day. This has significantly affected the landforms and soils, surface
and groundwater resources of the area. There is often a complex relationship between climate, geomorphology,
vegetation and groundwater, where for instance reduced rainfall may create a desert landform with reduced
vegetation, while infiltration rate may increase due to permeable unconsolidated sediments and low transpiration
favoring increase recharge. The Lake Chad basin is located in the southwestern part and constitutes approximately
6.5% (152, 000 km2 ) of the basin.(Edmunds,et al.1988) But in the short-term, reduced rainfall will lead to reduced
recharge and lowering of the water table. The soils of the area in general are sandy especially in the uplands favoring
high infiltration, while the depressions are clayey with low infiltration capacity. The unsaturated zone sediments are
sandy and unconsolidated with high permeability, although low conductivity clayey sand and clay horizons have
been encountered in some of the profiles, hampering movement of soil water. The storage and transport capacity of
the study area can easily be visualized from the unsaturated zone moisture profiles; where high moisture in clays
corresponds to high storage and low moisture content in sands relates to high transport capacity. What is apparent is

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Kolo, B.G et al.,: Continental J. Applied Sciences 1: 1 - 5, 2010

that the matrix conditions in the unsaturated zone, sometimes very subtle ones that are not immediately obvious
from the samples taken, have a profound influence on detailed soil water movement.

The Chad Formation, the youngest stratigraphic sequence in the basin, which slopes gently east and northeast
towards Lake Chad, underlies the Nigerian sector of the Chad basin. This Formation is overlain by superficial
Lacustrine, Fluvial and Aeolian deposits, which break the featureless plain of the area. These superficial deposits
create lacustrine clay flats locally known as “firki” at the eastern part and in the interdunal swells, fluvial sands and
gravel along river channels, and active and stabilized sand dunes in the northern part.

The present climatic regime in this area is simple, consisting of a long dry season (October to May) and a shorter rainy
season (June to September), which are related to seasonal winds. During the winter months the cool, dry, dust-laden
“harmattam” blows from the Sahara in the north, bringing low humidity, cool nights and warm days. In the summer
months, moisture-laden winds blows from the Gulf of Guinea in the south, bringing higher humidity, rains, and more
uniform diurnal temperature. The monsoon advances from the south so that the rains start earlier, are heavier and last
longer southwards, although in general there is high spatial and temporal variability over the entire area. The present day
rainfall at the Maiduguri station for the 2001 season is 670 mm, very much similar to the long-term average and thus
some 20% higher than the average for the Sahel drought period. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the seasonal
variations in some critical pollution indicators of the lake with a view to drawing a baseline data necessary for effective
monitoring of the region.

MATERIALS AND METHODS


Sample and sampling
A total of 4 samples were collected monthly from each of the six different sampling points to constitute
representative samples of a particular region. Pre-cleaned plastic containers were first rinsed with the water sample
before final collection. For all the samples collected, the containers were dipped well below the surface of the water
and allowed to over flow for sometime before they were covered and labeled appropriately.

Sample Preparation and Analysis


100cm3 of the water sample were transferred into a beaker and 5cm3 of aqua regia (HNO3: HCI, in the ratio of 3:1)
were added. The beaker with its content was placed on a hot plate and evaporated in a fume chamber. The beaker
was cooled and another 5cm3 of aqua regia were added again. This time, the beaker was covered with a watch glass
and returned to the hot plate. The heating was continued and a small amount of aqua regia was added intermittently
in order to complete the digestion. Another 5cm3 of aqua regia were added, the beaker was warmed slightly so as to
dissolve the residue (Skoog and West, 1975; Radojeric and Baskin, 1999). Procedure was performed for every water
sample analysed.

DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) IN WATER SAMPLE


200cm3 of water sample was collected unto a beaker and a probe of the DO meter was inserted. The DO meter was
switched ON and DO value (mg/l) was recorded after 2 minutes of automated value adjustment.

DETERMINATION OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) IN WATER SAMPLE


Using a clean graduated cylinder, 420ml of water samples was measured and poured on to an amber colored sample
bottles. The sample was cooled to about 20oC and poured into a BOD track sample bottle. To each bottle 3.8 cm
magnetic stir bar was dipped and one BOD nutrient Buffer pillow added for optimum bacteria growth. A stop cork
was greased and applied to the lip of each seal cap and placed on the neck of each bottle. To each seal cup, one
lithium hydrochloride powder was added by use of funnel and placed on the chassis of the BOD track. Tubes were
then connected; caps tightened tagged, and finally placed in an incubator. The stir bars were made to rotate properly
and appropriate test duration (5 days) programmed by pressing channel number corresponding to each bottle. After 5
days period, BOD results were read directly from the BOD track display by pressing the key corresponding to each
sample. In above analysis, as a caution, the lithium hydrochloride particles were not allowed to fall into the sample,
hence the use of funnel.

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Kolo, B.G et al.,: Continental J. Applied Sciences 1: 1 - 5, 2010

DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) IN WATER SAMPLE


20cm3 of sample, 0.4g HgSO4, and 2mg of sulphanilic acid, 10 cm3 of standard K2Cr2O7 solution and several dry
glass beads were transferred into a reflux flask. With gentle swirling, 30cm3 of Ag2SO4/H2SO4 solution were added.
The content of the flask was thoroughly mixed and refluxed for two hours. The refluxed samples were cooled and
diluted to 150cm3 with distilled water. This volume was transferred to a conical flask and 2 drops of ferroin
indicator were added and titrated against standard ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) solution until a color change
from blue to reddish brown was observed. The volume of standard FAS used was recorded as Vs (cm3). The same
procedure was repeated for the rest of the sample. (Ademoroti, 1996).

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC) IN SEDIMENT SAMPLE


The different sediment samples were dried to a constant weight in an oven. The samples were ground to fine powder
in mortar and sieved through a 0.24mm sieve. 0.3g of the sample was weighed into 500cm3 conical flask. 10cm3 of
0.5M K2 Cr2 O7 were added and the suspension was swirled gently. 20cm3 of conc. H2SO4 added into the
suspension. The mixture was swirled immediately and allowed to stand for 30 minutes. Then 200cm3 of distilled
water were added into the content of the flask followed by 10cm3 of conc. H3PO4 cautiously. This was cooled and 3
drops of ferroin indicator solution were added. This reagent was titrated against standard (0.25M) FAS solution to
wine-red colour end-point. The standard FAS titre values were recorded as Vs cm3.

A blank determination using the above procedure was carried out but without the sample sediment. The FAS titre
value for blank titration was recorded as Vbcm3. The total organic carbon of the sediment sample (TOC) were
obtained using the following expression, (Ademoroti, 1996)

(Vb − Vs ) × M × K
% Total organic carbon =
weight of sample(g)

Where,
Vb = cm3 FAS used for blank
Vs = cm3 FAS used for sample
M = Molarity of FAS
K = 1.38

RESULTS
Fig. 1 represents a plot of DO against temperature ( ͦC) with concentration coefficient (r=0.61) Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6,
respectively showed the plots of DO against BOD5; COD against BOD5; BOD5 against TOC; COD against TOC
and DO against TDS. The lowest concentration coefficient was recorded in Fig. 3 with a value of r=0.70.

10

8
9

7.5
8 r = 0.60
7 r = 0.61

6.5 7
DO, mg/L
DO, mg/L

6
6
5.5

5 5

4.5
4
4

3.5 3
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
o
Temperature ( C) BOD5, mg/l

Fig. 1: Scatterplot of Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature Profile of Lake Chad Basin (2004) Fig. 2: Scatterplot of DO and BOD 5 of Lake Chad Basin (2004)

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Kolo, B.G et al.,: Continental J. Applied Sciences 1: 1 - 5, 2010

190.0 r = 0.55
190.0 r = 0.55

180.0
180.0

170.0
170.0

160.0
C O D , m g /L

160.0

C O D , m g /L
150.0
150.0

140.0
140.0

130.0 130.0

120.0 120.0
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
BOD5, mg/l BOD5, mg/l

Fig. 3: Scatterplot of COD and BOD 5 of Lake Chad Basin (2004) Fig. 3: Scatterplot of COD and BOD 5 of Lake Chad Basin (2004)

8.0
170.0

7.0 r = 0.70 165.0 r = 0.50

160.0
6.0
155.0
5.0
150.0
B O D 5 , m g/L

C O D , m g /L

4.0 145.0

140.0
3.0

135.0
2.0
130.0
1.0 125.0

0.0 120.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
TOC, ug/g TOC, ug/g

Fig. 4: Scatterplot of BOD5 and TOC of Lake Chad Basin (2004) Fig. 5: Scatterplot of COD and TOC profile of Lake Chad Basin (2004)

DISCUSSION
The value of the pollutant indicators BOD, TOC, COD shows low level of pollutant with an applicable DO value
necessary to support agricultural activities in the sample areas. Plot of DO against temperature in Figure 1 showed
decrease in DO with increase in concentration during dry season showing higher values. This could be attributable
to the heat absorbed from the sun. Also Figure 4 showed plot of BOD against TOC with linear concentration in both
session suggesting the possibility of sorption of the organic materials in the segment which may reduce the available
oxygen for biochemical process thereby making the water to lose its oxygen content suitable for supporting aquatic
activities. Many causes of pollution results from the use of pesticides, agricultural crops and organic compounds
affects the environment and humans (Hammer, 1997; O’neal, 1983).

Plot of COD against TOC also shows similar pattern in both season with wet season having highest TOC values.
This is expected as during the rainy season because there is increase in water loads which will make the water turbid
and increases its dissolved solid contents. This will reduce the rate of penetration of high and reduce the dissolved

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Kolo, B.G et al.,: Continental J. Applied Sciences 1: 1 - 5, 2010

oxygen in the water, which consequently pollutes the water for domestic and household use. Low DO concentration
hinders lives of aquatic insects and other smaller animals, which feed on and may lead to depletion of fish in such
region. DO is important in protecting the aesthetic qualities of water. Water bodies required simple DO to avoid
onset of conditions that results in release of foul smelling, odor (Symonds, et al 1981).
In conclusion, From above, the level of pollution of the sample area is low and water is chemically suitable to
support aquatic and agricultural activities.

REFERENCES
Adermoroti, C. M. A. (1996) Standard methods for water and effluent Analysis. 1st edition, Foludex Press Ltd.
Ibadan; Nigeria. Pp. 38 – 84.

Durand, A. (1995).Quaternary sediments and climates in the central sahel. African geosciences review, 2: pp323-
614.

Edmunds, W. M., Fellman, E., Goni, I. B., McNeil, G., and Harkness, D. D. (1988). Groundwater palaeoclimate and
palaeocharge in SW Chad basin, Borno state, Nigeria . In: Isotope technique in the study of past and current
environmental changes in the hydrosphere and the atmosphere, IAEA, Vienna, pp. 693-707.

Hammer, J.M. (1997) Water Quality, Pollution Waste and Water Technology 2nd Edition John Wiley & Sons New
York PP 143-168

Manahan, S. E. (1992): Toxicological Chemistry 2nd edition Lewis Publishing, U. S. A., pp 50 – 55

Radojeric, M and Baskin, V. N. (1999). “Practical Environmental Analysis, Royal Society of Chemistry,
Cambridge, UK; pp 140 – 150.

SATTEC, 1992. Hydrogeological Mapping of Nigeria sheets 4,5,14,15,16,26,27&28. Final report prepared for
Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nigeria.

Skoog, D. A. and West, D. M. (1975) Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry. 2nd Edition, Holt Richard and
Winston Inc. New York. Pp 112 – 26.

Received for Publication: 02/09/10


Accepted for Publication: 28/09/10

Corresponding author
Kolo, B.G
Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

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Continental J. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 1: 6 - 12, 2010
©Wilolud Journals, 2010 http://www.wiloludjournal.com

HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN A TROPICAL LAGOON CHILIKA LAKE, ORISSA, INDIA


1
Sagarika Nayak, 2Gayatri Nahak, 3Debyani Samantray and 2Rajani Kanta Sahu
1
Kalinga Institute of Social Science, K.I.T. Campus, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 2Botany Department, B.J.B. (A) College,
Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 3Bioinformatics Department, B.J.B. (A) College, Bhubaneswar, Orissa

ABSTRACT
Chilika lake, the largest costal lagoon of Asia is one of the most dynamic ecosystems along the
Indian coast. The lagoon has undergone a considerable reduction in surface area due to input
from natural process and human activities. The purpose of this investigation is to document the
heavy metal concentration in sediment, surface water and possible entry to food chain.
Concentration of all elements increase in the sediments in comparison to surface water. Metal
ions are in the following order Mn> Mg> Ni> Cu>Zn> Cu> Pb> Cr. In the sediments heavy
metals like Pb, Cd, Mn, Ni, Zn, Co are present in surface water and Mg was below detection
limits. Metal concentrations in the sediment indicate an increase in the pollution load due to
movement of fertilizers, agricultural water, prawn cultivation and Motor Boat operations. An
immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required in order to protect the lake from
further pollution.

KEYWORDS: Physico-chemical parameters, Heavy metal, Sediment, Chilika Lake.

INTRODUCTION
As the human population increased exponentially the supply of water became scarce and limited because all human
activities impair the natural quality of water. Human activities often change them so completely that they become of
minimal use or unusable (Fig-3,5). They are perturbed not because they are used for some specific purpose, but
rather because they serve as the sinks for by-products such as waste and waste water and other types of contaminants
of various activities of human society (Clapham, 1981). The discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated
domestic or industrial wastewater is one of the most important causes of pollution of these water bodies. The
world’s lakes are in crisis to day, because of increasing pressure caused by population growth, accelerated
eutrophication, invasive species, over fishing, toxic contamination and climate change. All these factors seriously
undermine the sustainability of many lake ecosystems both in the developing and developed countries.

Location of Chilika Lake


Chilika, the largest brackish water lake in Asia is situated between 19028' and 19054' N latitude and 85005' and
85038' E, longitude along the east coast of India. It extends from the South-west corner of Puri and Khurda district
to the adjoining Ganjam district. It is pear shaped and broader in North-East and tappers down towards South-West.

General Description of Lake Environment


Geographically the lagoon is separated from the Bay of Bengal by a 60 KM long sandy barrier with an average
width of 150mts (Venkatratnam, 1970) in the Eastern side and rocky hills of Eastern Ghats in the Western and
Southern margin (Fig 1). The Northern side is surrounded with in the Southern most regions to about 16 KM in the
Northern part. The major part of the lake lies in Puri and Khurda district and only a narrow stretch of the Southern
region lies in Ganjam district. Annandale and Kemp (1915) estimated the water spread area of the lake to be
906sqkm during summer and 1165sqkm during monsoon months. This was supported by Mishra (1979) and
Jhingran (1915). However the report of DST, Government of Orissa (1989) indicates that the water spread reduced
to 790sqkm. A 35 KM long narrow zigzag channel known as outer channel, connect the lake with the sea. The
channel opens into Bay of Bengal through a narrow inlet near Arakhakuda. The channel opens into the main body
of the lake at Magarmukh (Mouth of Crocodile). The tidal influence is felt up to 30 km from the mouth. The lake is
surrounded by a number of hills such as Dipamundia, Kalijugeswar, Mamubhananja, Salari, Valeri, Jatia and
Ghantasila on its South and West, the Bay of Bengal on its North-East and East and the alluvial plain of Mahanadi
delta on its North. The lakes main body consists of small and big rocky, sandy, muddy or swampy islands, which
adds to the beauty of the lake. The important Islands are Krishnaprasad Gada, Kathapantha, Nuapada, Kalijai Hill,

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Sagarika Nayak et al.,: Continental J. Applied Sciences 1: 6 - 12, 2010

Barakuda, Chadeihaga, Honeymoon and Nalabana. Krishnaprasad is a bigger island having human settlement and
cultivable lands. The other Islands namely Barunikuda, Malatikuda, Badakuda, Sanakuda are covered with sand
dunes without any settlement. The lake is fed with fresh water by the distributaries of the river Mahanadi, namely
Daya, Bhargavi and Nuna opening into its northern most region and many rivulets and local stream merging with
lake on western region. The lake is connected with Rushikulya river estuary through a man made Palur Canal or
French Canal. The amount of fresh water entering the lake has been estimated as 3,75,000 cusec bringing about 13
million tones of suspended sediments (Mohanty 1988). It has been established that about one million tones of sands
moves along with the east coast of India per year in a northernly direction during south west monsoon periods. The
net literal drift along the Chilika shore being northwards, the Chilika mouth shifts northeasternly. Survey of India
report (1929-30) shows existence of three mouths, two to the north and one to the south of Arakhakuda. Locations
of inlets relative to village Arakhakuda are 1914- 6km NE, 1965- 8km NE, 1986- 4½km NE, 1991- 5½km NE. As a
consequence of the repeated changes in location of mouth, the topography of the lake has altered ultimately
affecting on the water quality and biota of the lake system. For all practical purposes the lake is divided into four
sectors; the Southern Sector, Central Sector, Northern Sector and Outer Channel Area. Jhighran and Natarajan
(1979) divided the Central zone as central-I & II on the basis of capturing fisheries. This lake plays an important
role in the social, economic, political and cultural activities of the people living around it. The fisher folk more than
one lakh from 122 villages in and around the lake primarily depend on fisheries of the lake (Fig-2). The State
Government collects a revenue of about 10 cores of rupees annually from this lake. The lake is well known of the
rich prawn fisheries, which are the main sources of dollar earning item in Orissa. The lake is known all over the
world for its residents and migratory birds (Fig-5) (more than 20 lakhs) comprising of 165 species. The rich Flora
and Fauna, scenic beauty and the famous "Kalijai" temple attract people from all walks of life (Fig-3). Thus Chilika
is considered as one of the Ramsarsite wetland and unique pride of India.

An enormous increase in pollution due to discharge of effluents from industrial units into rivers and lakes is a matter
of great concern in developing countries. Both the developed and developing countries are suffering from different
forms of water pollution. Developed countries which have water pollution problem due to industrial proliferation
and modernized agricultural technologies are now on the way of combating the problems through improved waste
water treatment technique. But developing countries with lack of technical known how, weak implementation of
environmental policies and with limited financial resources is still facing problems. In India different lakes receives
a heavy flux of sewage, industrial effluent, domestic and agricultural wastes (Galloway, 1979 and Gross, 1978)
which consists of varying hazardous chemicals and causing deleterious effects on fish and other aquatic
organisms(Helz, 1976). In addition fishing (Fig-4) and recreational activities in lakes also pollute its water. Coastal
lagoons receive a variety of pollutants from land drainage. Information on the distribution of heavy metals in coastal
lagoon water is essential to assess the accumulation levels in the organism and their possible transfer to food chain,
which governs the fishery potential. The primary sources of heavy metal pollutions in coastal lagoon are input from
rivers, sediments and atmosphere. They may be removed by biological uptake, separation into sedimentary particles
both organic and inorganic and flushing with ocean water (Kremling and Hydes, 1988).

Measurements of metal in aquatic environments are an important monitoring tool to assess the degree of pollution of
the aquatic biotopes (Kumar and Mahadeven, 1995). In aquatic environment metals can be termed as conservative
pollutant, which are added to the environment and persist forever without being broken down to harmless substances
and bacterial action as many organic pollutants are (Sengupta and Kureisly, 1989).

The present article is a part of long term study on the environmental monitoring of Chilika, reports the
concentration of heavy metals in water and sediment and its relationship with physico-chemical character of water
during post-monsoon season.

MATERIALS AND METHODS


Water and sediment analysis: Water samples were collected from 10 stations covering an area of 700 km2. Samples
of surface water and sediments were collected using clean acid washed PVC containing and transported to the lab in
an Ice box to avoid contamination. Physico-chemical charters of water were studied in the field using water analysis
kit of CPCD (APHA, 1995). Sediment samples were air dried and sieved through 0.63 u nylon sieve to get a fine

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Sagarika Nayak et al.,: Continental J. Applied Sciences 1: 6 - 12, 2010

homogenous sample. The processed samples were digested and analyzed in AAS, (APHA, 1995). Following
Vogel’s Quantities analysis method.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Observations on physico-chemical parameters during the study period are presented in Table-1. The temperature of
the lake varied with seasons. The pH of water is alkaline. Dissolved oxygen (DO) of the water varied with
temperature, illumination and different photosynthetic activity of the producers. Parameters viz. conductivity total
alkalinity, total hardness, ionic concentration of calcium, magnesium sulfate, silica, iron, sodium and potassium did
not vary much suggesting the significant influx of organic and inorganic matters from outside. The concentrations of
major parameter related to pollution like BOD, COD, Nitrates, Phosphate varied with seasons and were with
standards prescribed.

The survey of heavy metal content in the water and sediments is of great concern because of its high potential
toxicity to the various biological forms. The results of heavy metal analysis of both sediment and water are given in
Tables-2 & 3. Metal ions and their complex exhibit a wide of the toxicity to the organism that ranges from sub lethal
to lethal depending upon the time of exposure and the prevailing conditions in the ambient water (Goel, 1997).
Some metal such as Cu, Zn and Fe are essential for biological system while Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, As & Hg are highly
toxic even in low concentration.

Copper is widely distributed and in an essential metal required by all living organizer in some of these, enzyme
systems, but at higher connection it works essentially as pollution. In Chilika lake connection of copper showed
wide variation running 18 ppm to 90ppm. High Cu content in noticed in western region of northern sector and low to
concentration in observed in the outer channel. In all sediments samples copper contact in above desirable limit in
water samples Cu content range from 0.05 mg/1 to 0.29 mg/1 Although Cu content is below desirable limit. Lake
water never used for drinking purpose. The concentration of manganese ranged from 198 ppm to 590 ppm. The
sediments of northern sector close to river mouth and in the central portion of the northern sector contained higher
concentration of Mn. The outer channel is poor in Mn content than main body of the lake. The value of Zn and Cr
ranges from0.185 to 8.21 and 0.01 to 1.41 in surface water and 28-63 (Zn), 10-73 (Cr) in segments. Zn is an
essential metal where as chromium is due to a chlor alkali industries and fishing processing units in the shore of
Chilika lake. Lead is highly toxic metal and its concentration in natural water and sediment (Table-2 and 3). Increase
mainly through pesticide run off from the nearby agricultural lands as well as prawn cultivation areas the varying
quantity of lead is mainly responsible for the higher concentration of lead which at exceeds maximum permissible
limit (2-4 ppm presented by WHO (1984) higher concentration of lead in drinking water causes disruption of
hemoglobin synthesis, enzymes, damage to nervous system, kidney and brain (Walker, 1975). The maximum
allowable concentration of nickel in drinking water is not fixed either by W.H.O., 1971 or by ICMR. But the
recommended maximum concentration of nickel in irrigation water (Kannan, 1991) fixed tobe 0.5mg/l it was found
that all the samples from sediment and water contained nickel much above the permissible level.

The maximum allowable concentration and the permissible concentration of cobalt in drinking water are not fixed
yet. The mean values of cobalt in sediment and water are given in Table-2 and 3. Mercury has been observed in the
sediments of lake Chilika at a range of 89 -228 ppm (Table-2). Mercury shows a homogenous distribution but in the
extreme southern end of south sector, there is a high amount of mercury. The mercury is accumulated due to
discharge of effluent of chlora alkali industry which contains mercury. The recent sediment concentration profiles
for Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Hg are all largely controlled by changes in sediment supply of Bay of Bengal (Boyle
et al., 1998). The major water pollution problem in the area is due to trace metals used in various industries located
in the region. Sediment act as the sink for the most of heavy metals which they reenter the water column by the
various physico-chemical as biological processes. High levels of heavy metals in sediments also reflect the
deposition by the settling of dead planktons and aquatic plants.

The study results from this poorly studied lake of highly disturbed ecosystem with large scale fishing and tourist
activities highlight their important as the conservation areas because of potential threats and sensivity to fluctuating
environmental condition. Levels of heavy metals in the sediments has exide the permissible limit set by WHO,

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Sagarika Nayak et al.,: Continental J. Applied Sciences 1: 6 - 12, 2010

however the surface water levels of metals are within the limit. As heavy metals are not decomposed biologically,
they may exist in the lake for a long time and may live to long term health related problems by enter into food chain.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Authors are thankful to Kalinga Institute of Social Science, K.I.T. Campous, Bhubaneswar, Orissa for providing
necessary facilities. We are also thankful to Sabitri Nahak for typing the manuscript.

REFERENCES
Annandale, N. (ed). (1915-1924). The fauna of Chilika lake. Mem. Ind. Mus. 5(1-13):1-1003.

APHA (American Public Health Association). (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and
wastewater.19th edition, American public health Association and water pollution control federation, Washington DC.
P.1134.

Boyle, J.E., Mackay, A., W. Rose, N.L. Flower, R.J and Applety, P.G. 1998. Sediment heavy metal record in lake
Baikal: Natural and anthropogenic sources Journal of Paleolimnology 20: 135-150.

Clapham, A.K., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. (1981). Excursiion flora of the British Isles (3rd edn) Cambridge:
University Press.

Galloway, J.N. (1979). Alteration of trace metal geochemical cycles due to the marine discharge of waste water
geochemical cosmochemical. Acta. 43:207-218

Goel, P.K. (1997). Water pollution causes, effects and control, new age int. pub. New Delhi. pp. 97-115.

Gross, M.G. (1978). Effects of waste disposal operation in estuaries and the Coastal Ocean. Annual Review For
Earth And Planetary Sciences 6:127-143

Helz, G.R. (1976). Trace element inventory for the northern Chesapeake Bay with emphasis on the influence of
man. Geochmical Cosmochimica, Acta, 40:573-580.

Jhingran, U.G. and Natarajan A.V. (1973). Fishing resources of the Chilika lake and its bearing of fisheries in
adjancent areas of Bay of Bengal. Proc. Symp. Living. Resources of the seas around India. Spl. Pub. CMFRI: 365-
372.

Kannan, K. (1991). Fundamental of environmental pollution. S.chand and Co.ltd., New Delhi.

Kremling, K. and Hydes, D. (1988). summer distribution of dissolved Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn and Ni in surface around
British isles, Continental Shelf Research. 8: 89-105.

Kumar, V. and Mahadean, A. (1995). Heavy metal pollution at Tuticoin Coast. Pollution Reaserch. 14: 227-232.

Misra, P. (1970). The Chilika lake, Government of Orissa, Cuttack, P.10.

Shinha, D.K. & Srivastava A.K. (1995).physicochemical characteristics of river sai at rae baneli for premonsoon
period & after the anset of monsoon Indian Env. Prot. 14(5).340-345.

Sengupta, Raw Kureshly, T.W. (1999). Marine pollution bows and potential threas to the Indian marine
environment. (in Ends. Sinha A.K. Rambooja and Viswanthan p.n) water pollution. Conservation and management
Gyanodaya prakashan, nainital, India pp. 165-181.

Vinkataratham, K. (1970). Formation of the Barrier spit and other sand ridges near Chilika lake on the East coast of
India. Marine Geology, Amsterdam, 9(2), 101-116.

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Sagarika Nayak et al.,: Continental J. Applied Sciences 1: 6 - 12, 2010

W.H.O. (1971). International standards for drinking water. World health organization Geneva.

W.H.O., (1984). Guidelines for drinking water quality. WHO Geneva, 1984 vol.182 Recommended W.H.O.,
Geneva.

Fig 1: Chilika Map Fig: 2 Fishing

Fig3: Tourist using motor boat Fig 4: Fishing using boat

Fig5 Migratory bird Fig 6 Prawn culture

10
Sagarika Nayak et al.,: Continental J. Applied Sciences 1: 6 - 12, 2010

Table-1: Physico-Chemical Parameters of Chilika Lake Water During Post- Monsoon Season

Stations
Parameters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temperature(0C) 28.0 27.3 28.8 29.2 29.0 28.9 29.1 28.6 29.0 29.2
Transparntarency 92.0 52.0 42.0 90.0 88.0 92.0 92.0 78.0 73.8 27.0
(cm)
Depth (cm) 218.0 225.0 178.0 132.0 112.0 123.0 133.0 135.0 140.0 80.0
(pH) 08.0 08.1 08.9 08.0 08.6 08.6 08.5 08.5 09.0 09.0
Total alkalinity 72.0 65.0 75.0 72.0 60.0 48.0 48.0 40.0 40.0 34.0
(mg/l)

Total hardness 230.1 72.5 30.0 33.0 27.3 37.5 43.0 84.0 126.0 82.0
(mg/l)
Salinity (ppt) 07.3 04.0 02.3 02.0 01.8 02.0 03.5 04.2 04.9 06.3
DO (mg/l) 08.3 07.7 06.2 07.5 05.2 05.1 05.3 06.2 06.0 08.5
Nitrate nitrogen 00.5 01.3 03.6 02.1 02.1 01.6 01.6 02.2 01.3 02.1
(mg/l)
Ortho phosphate 05.6 04.0 03.1 08.0 05.1 04.1 06.7 05.2 06.2 06.0
(µg/l)
Silicate (µg/l) 22.5 48.0 49.2 68.3 68.2 80.1 66.1 46.1 37.8 44.8
1. Sea mouth 2. Dolphin site 3. Nalabana 4. Kalijai 5. Rambha 6. Badakuda 7. Sanakuda 8. Ghantisila hll 9.
Krushna prasad 10. Kaliyugeswar

Table-2: Heavy Metals in Sediments of Chilika lake (in mg/L)

Station No Mn Cu Cr Zn Pb Ni Co Hg
1 412 31 10 37 22 62 34 228
2 217 19 45 55 54 101 58 220
3 368 82 22 41 39 90 42 089
4 275 58 24 47 57 162 50 158
5 262 76 73 49 36 103 76 157
6 288 90 26 63 36 118 97 157
7 595 77 44 47 48 141 57 153
8 326 38 57 45 47 129 56 181
9 217 23 28 28 38 095 34 156
10 249 51 42 37 34 97 21 178
MPL(WHO) .05 1.0 1.0 5.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 .05
MPL- Minimum Permissible Level
1. Sea mouth 2. Dolphin site 3. Nalabana 4. Kalijai 5. Rambha 6. Badakuda
7. Sanakuda 8. Ghantisila hll 9. Krushna prasad 10. Kaliyugeswar

11
Sagarika Nayak et al.,: Continental J. Applied Sciences 1: 6 - 12, 2010

Table-3: Heavy Metals in Surface Water of Chilika lake (in mg/L)


Station Cr Cu Co Fe Cd Pb Zn Ni Hg
No.
1 0.07 0.29 0.177 1.1 0.132 0.385 0.247 0.827 BDL
2 0.082 0.172 0.072 1.287 0.132 0.415 0.245 0.507 BDL
3 0.06 0.287 0.072 2.35 0.062 0.21 0.515 0.412 BDL
4 0.01 0.192 0.097 1.335 0.055 0.22 0.232 0.295 BDL
5 1.417 0.23 0.55 10.1 0.092 0.457 8.21 0.665 BDL
6 0.035 0.19 0.141 6.1 0.065 0.212 0.395 0.28 BDL
7 ND 0.08 0.172 2.2 0.077 0.117 0.185 0.33 BDL
8 0.04 0.017 0.065 2.35 0.065 0.14 0.317 0.272 BDL
9 0.03 0.03 0.054 5.33 0.07 0.21 0.255 0.03 BDL
10 0.01 0.05 0.055 2.91 0.08 0.165 0.337 0.01 BDL
BDL- Below Detection Level
1. Sea mouth 2. Dolphin site 3. Nalabana 4. Kalijai 5. Rambha 6. Badakuda 7. Sanakuda 8. Ghantisila hll 9.
Krushna prasad 10. Kaliyugeswar

Received for Publication: 02/09/10


Accepted for Publication: 28/09/10

Corresponding author
Rajani Kanta Sahu
Botany Department, B.J.B. (A) College, Bhubaneswar, Orissa
sahurajani@yahoo.co.in

12
Continental J. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 1: 13 - 18, 2010
©Wilolud Journals, 2010 http://www.wiloludjournal.com

STUDY ON THE LEVEL OF SULPHATES, PHOSPHATES, AND NITRATES IN WATER AND AQUEOUS
SEDIMENTS OF LAKE CHAD BASIN AREA OF BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
1
Kolo, B.G; 1Ogugbuaja, V. O and 2 Dauda , M
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Maiduguri, Borno State.

ABSTRACT
Aqueous water and sediment samples from six (6) sampling points of lake Chad area were
collected and analyzed for sulphates, phosphate and nitrate levels. Determinations were
conducted by titrimetry, Brucine and Ammonium molybdo –vandate methods, respectively.
The samples were ashed and digested by standard methods before final analysis. Results show
variation in concentration of ions with respect to season and location. Higher Sulphate
concentration (2620 + 5.65µg/g) was observed in Wulgo (wet season); while highest
Phosphate of 1325+8.00) µg/s (dry season); and higher Nitrates of (3151+ 44.75µg/g) was
equally observed in Dan Baure in dry season. The variation was statistically significant
(P<0.05). Thus, Dan Baure sediments was found to have higher deposition of Phosphate and
Nitrate which might be due to high fishing and agricultural activities over long period of time
as evident by the high population of fishing and farming in the area.

KEYWORDS: Surface water, Aqueous sediments, Eutrophication, Lake Chad, Titrimetry,


Borno

INTRODUCTION
The applications of fertilizers and other particles and insecticides over a long period of time in agricultural areas
have generated a lot of concern to scientist. Deposition of suspended solids in stretches of stream will impair the
normal aquatic life of a stream (Chatwal, et al, 1990). A number of factors are responsible for the dispersion of
pollutants between the phases of an aquatic system such as the chemical nature of the pollutant species, which is
mainly associated with its affinity for dissolution in water phase or its affinity for sediments sorption. Studies of
sediment-water partitioning of pollutants in aquatic environment have been well documented (Manahan, 2005;
Brydie and Polya 2003).

The source of pollution comes either by point source or non-point source. Thus, human activities, surface run-off,
acidic deposition on lakes, rivers and oceans, volcanic activities as well as agricultural process could generate
pollutants into streams, lakes oceans and rivers (Chapman 1996).

Lake Chad has a water surface area exposure, fluctuating in size between 25,000 and 15,000km2 and up to
2,000km2 during severe drought. This corresponds to a water volume of 20-100x109m3. The average water depth is
2m, with depth of as much as 7m in the northern part of the basin and 11-12m in the southern part (SATTEC, 1992).
The higher water level of the lake in recent times is 283m above msl (Durand, 1995).

Contaminations of streams by metals is a major phenomena especially in drier parts of the world, though scarcely
toxic, it is readily reduced to nitrites which is poisonous at concentrations exceeding 10mg/l. Nitrite fertilizers are
possible source of contaminations as the ion is high in the soil (Margaleef, 1996). Nitrogenous form of fertilizers
such as urea and ammonia can be converted to nitrate quite rapidly by soil bacteria. Thus, nitrates together with
phosphate are the major cause of eutrophication in lakes (Hill, 1984; Kakulu and Osibanjo, 1988).

Eutrophication refers to the excessive fertilizing by nutrients (primarily phosphorus and nitrogen compounds) of
lakes, reservoirs, slow-flowing rivers and certain marine coastal waters which results in the nuisance growth of
aquatic plant materials, such as algae and macrophites {USEPA, (1999), APHA, (1992); Quinby-Hunt et
al.,(1986)}. The unsaturated zone sediments are sandy and unconsolidated with high permeability, although low
conductivity clayey sand and clay horizons have been encountered in some of the profile, hampering movements of
soil water (Edmunds, et al, 1998). The storage and transport capacity of the study area can easily be visualized from

13
Kolo, B.G et al.,: Continental J. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 1: 13 - 18, 2010

the unsaturated zone moisture profile; where high moisture in clays corresponds to high storage and low moisture
contents in sands relates to high transport capacity (Goni, and Edmund, W.M; 2001). Anaerobic conditions of
sediments are accompanied by the release of phosphate to the water column. Also, due to the reduction of iron and
sulphate formation, the solubility of phosphate and the recycling is increased. In many cases, the release of
phosphate from the sediments coincides with a reversal of stratified zones due to temperature (Oteze and Fayose,
1988).

MATERIALS AND METHODS


Sample and sample preparation
Aqueous water and sediment samples were collected in a pre cleaned plastic container by scooping methods.
Samples were collected from six (6) sampling points (Fig. 1) between March-April (dry season) and August-October
(wet season), respectively. Samples were kept in a refrigerator at 4oC for preservation.

The sediment samples (3g) were placed in crucibles and oven-dried at 50oC to constant weight. The samples were
then homogenized as much as practicable using agate mortar and pestle and then stoned in acidified polythene
container and labeled. 0.3g of the dried and pulverized sediment sample was weighed into a platinum crucible and 5
drops of deionized water were added to dampen the sample.

METHODOLOGY
Determination of sulphate (SO4-2)
Gravimetric method was used. 100 ml of the water sample were taken and filtered. 1: 1 v/v HCl was added in drops
until acid to litmus, three drops was added in excess and the solution evaporated to 50 ml. The solution was boiled
and the boiling BaCl2 solution was added until all the sulphate was precipitated. The precipitate was allowed to
settle by digesting in a water bath. The precipitate was filtered through a sintered glass crucible (already dried to
constant weight). The precipitate was then oven dried at 105oC to constant weight and sulphate was determined
using the equation below.
2− mgBaSO 4 × M
SO 4 (mg/l) =
ml Sample
Where:
mg BaSO4 = weight of BaSO4 in milligrams
ml sample = volume of sample taken for evaporation
M = 411.5

Determination of phosphate (PO43- - P)


Ammonium molybdo–vanadate method was used. 50cm3 of the water sample was filtered using filter paper and
transferred into a flask. 25cm3 of ammonium molybdo–vanadate solution were added to the sample and mixed
thoroughly. This mixture was allowed to stand for 5 minutes for color development (yellow). This procedure was
carried out using only distilled water, which was to serve as blank solution intended for use as reference sample.

The absorbance of the sample solution was measured using Cecil (CE) 7200, Model; spectrophotometer at a
wavelength of 400nm. This was conducted first, by introducing the blank solution into the sample cell and the cells
were replaced onto their compartment. This was followed by selecting the wavelength (nm) and zeroing the
absorbance of the blank. This was immediately followed by the introduction of the sample solution and reading the
absorbance values. The concentration of orthophosphate of the water sample was calculated using the following
expression (ASTM, 1980).

PO43- (mg/l) = A x calibration factor


Where: A = Absorbance

Determination of Nitrate (NO-3 – N) Brucine Method


Brucine Method was used. To obtain a calibration curve, standard solutions of various concentrations were prepared
from the nitrate stock solution.

14
Kolo, B.G et al.,: Continental J. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 1: 13 - 18, 2010

A number of beakers were arranged in a row. The first five (beakers) contained 10cm3 of each of standards in an
increasing order. These were followed by the samples each containing 10cm3 of the water samples. 1cm3 of Brucine
– sulphanilic acid reagent was added into each of the standard solutions and the samples. The resultant mixtures
were mixed thoroughly and allowed for 15 minutes. 10 cm3 of H2SO4 solution were carefully added to 10 cm3 of
distilled water and the resulting solution was added to each of the beakers containing both the standard nitrates
solutions and the water samples. This was allowed to stand for 20 min in the dark.

Similar treatment was performed on the blank solution except that no Brucine sulphanilic reagent was added to it.
The blank solution was used to zero the absorbance of the double beam spectrophotometer Cecil (CE) 7100 model
before the absorbencies of the standards and samples were determined at 410 nm wavelength using a DR2000
UV/Visible spectrophotometer. The resultant absorbance values were then plotted against the corresponding
concentrations of nitrate standard solutions. The actual concentrations were obtained on the calibration curve by
extrapolation. (ASTM, 1980).

RESULTS
DISCUSSION
Tables 1 and 2 represent the mean concentration levels of sulphate, phosphate and nitrates in some portions of Lake
Chad area, Borno state. From this study, it was observed that there was variation in concentration with respect to
season and location. The values were statistically significant at P<0.05. It is evident that Kirenowa has the highest
sulphate level of 5885+ 13.23mg/g; Dan Baure has the highest phosphate level of 13.25+8.0mg/g while the highest
nitrate level of 5835+6.30mg/g was observed in Marte sediments respectively.

High sulphate levels were observed in Kirenowa. Sulphates naturally occur in surface water which arises from the
leaching of sulphur compounds either as sulphate minerals such as gypsum or sulphite as pyrite or from
sedimentary rocks. Also, the variation in concentration of sulphate at different locations could be due to the fact
that the sulphate discharged to the lakes was used up as a source of oxygen by bacteria and was converted entirely
to H2S under anaerobic conditions. Phosphate and nitrate levels were a measure of level of eutrophication of a
given lake. The high concentration of phosphate in Dan Baure and nitrates in Marte suggest areas to have more
aquatic and agricultural activities. Thus, natural process, human and animal

activities as well as fertilizer run-offs into rivers could influence plant growth and decay. The use of detergents and
other addition in fishing environment could increase the level of phosphate which will be sobbed to the bottom of
the river and settle down (sediments). The rate of mobility of ions based on their size and stability could also dictate
the residual time in water before reaching the bottom of the lake.

In conclusion, the sediments of the lake had high values of sulphate, phosphates and nitrates. The concentration
varies with season and location with higher values during rainy (wet) season. However, further monitoring studies
are needed to assess the levels of pollution of the lake in terms of heavy metals, organic pollution indication and
certain biological processes.

REFERENCES
Ademoroti, C. M. A. (1996). Standard methods for water and effluent Analysis. 1st edition, Foludex Press Ltd.
Ibadan; Nigeria. pp. 38 – 84

APHA (1992). Standard Methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 18th edition. American Public
Health Association. Washington, D.C.

ASTM (1980) “American Society for testing and materials” Arrival Book of ASTM Standard. Race Street,
Philadelphia. pp 540 – 550

Brydie, J.R. and Poyla, D.A. (2003) Metal dispersion in sediments and waters of the River Conwy draining the
Llanrwst mining Field, North Wales mineralogical magazine; 67 (2):289-304

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Kolo, B.G et al.,: Continental J. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 1: 13 - 18, 2010

Chapman, D. (1996). Water quality Assessments. 2nd edition, published on behalf of

Chapman, D. (1997). Water Quality Assessment. A Guide to the use of Biota, Sediments and Water in
Environmental Monitoring. Second edition. E & FN Spon. London.

Chatwal G.R. Pandey, D.K. and Manda, K. K. (1990). Encyclopedia dictionary of environment Vol. III, Anal Pub.
New Delhi.

Durand, A., (1995). Quaternary sediments and climates in the central Sahel. African geoscience review, 2, pp. 323-
614.

Edmunds, W.M., Fellman, E., Goni, I.B. and Prudhomme, C., (1998). Spatial and temporal distribution of
groundwater recharge in Northern Nigeria. Hydrogeol. J., 10 (1), pp. 205-215.

Goni, I.B. and Edmunds, W.M., ( 2001). The use of unsaturated zone solutes and deuterium profiles in the study of
groundwater recharge in the semi-arid zone of Nigeria. In: Isotope based assessment of groundwater renewal in
water scarce regions, IAEA-TECDOC-1246, pp. 85-99.

Hill, D., (1984). Diffusion coefficients of Nitrate, Chloride, Sulphate and water in cracked and uncracked chalk. J.
Soil Sci., 35, pp. 27-33.

Kakulu, S. E. and Osibanjo, O. (1988). “Trace Heavy metal pollution status in sediments of the Nigerian Delta Dress
of Nigeria” J. Chemical Society of Nigeria, 13, pp. 9 – 14

Manahan, S.E (2005). Environmental chemistry (18th Edn). CRC Press LLC, USA. 21. pp 109-134.

Margaleef, R. (1996). . Limnology Now A Paradigm of Planetary Problems. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 220-222.

Oteze, G.E. and Fayose, S.A., (1988). Regional development in the Hydrogeology of Chad basin. Water resources,
1(1), pp. 9-29.

Quinby-Hunt, Laughlin, M. D. and Quintanilla, A. T. (1986): Instructional for environmental monitoring. 2nd edition
John Willey and Sons, New York pp. 336 – 340

SATTEC, ( 1992). Hydro geological Mapping of Nigeria sheets 4, 5, 14, 15, 16, 26, 27 & 28. Final report prepared
for Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nigeria.

USEPA (1991). United state Environmental Protection Agency; Volunteer Lake Monitoring: A methods manual.
EPA 440/4 – 91-002. Office of water, Washington, DC.

Received for Publication: 02/09/10


Accepted for Publication: 28/09/10

Corresponding author
Kolo, B.G
Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Borno State,

16
Kolo, B.G et al.,: Continental J. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 1: 13 - 18, 2010

Table 1 Mean concentration of Sulphates, Phosphates and Nitrates (mg/l) of surface water samples obtained from Lake Chad basin area, Borno state,
Nigeria

Sulphates Phosphates Nitrates

SEASONAL MEAN CONCENTRATION ± SD

LOCATION DRY WET X ± SD DRY WET X ± SD DRY WET X ± SD


March – July – Overall March – July - Overall March – July - Overall
April September average April September average April September average
Baga 06.80d ±
08.47 ± 0.34 05.13 ± 0.15 1.09 ± 0.12 1.83 ± 0.10 1.46c ± 0.11 2.36 ± 0.18 9.88 ± 0.41 6.12de ± 0.29
0.29
Marte 11.94b ±
06.00 ± 0.29 17.87 ± 3.07 2.45 ± 0.09 1.30 ± 0.08 1.88a ± 0.08 12.13 ± 1.93 6.08 ± 0.38 9.10c ± 1.16
1.68
Dan Baure 06.24d ±
07.25 ± 0.41 05.23 ± 0.05 3.46 ± 0.06 1.83 ± 0.05 2.65a ± 0.06 7.28 ± 0.71 6.03 ± 0.16 6.65d ± 0.49
0.23
Kirenowa 14.04a ± 26.25 ±
07.83 ± 0.47 20.25 ± 0.50 0.99 ± 0.05 1.19 ± 0.06 1.09d ± 0.06 3.38 ± 0.82 14.81b ± 1.04
0.49 1.26
Wulgo
09.55c ±
09.48 ± 0.32 09.63 ± 1.11 1.23 ± 0.06 1.93 ± 0.07 1.58c ± 0.07 3.78 ± 0.69 5.03 ± 1.18 4.40e ± 0.94
0.72

Monguno
11.16bc ± 32.50 ±
07.25 ± 0.25 15.08 ± 1.25 1.43 ± 0.03 2.70 ± 0.04 2.06b ± 0.04 3.03 ± 0.12 17.76a ± 3.03
0.75 5.83

Seasonal
14.29 ±
average 7.71 ± 0.35 12.19 ± 1.02 9.96 ± 0.69 1.78 ± 0.07 1.79 ± 0.06 1.79 ± 0.07 5.33 ± 0.74 9.81 ± 1.16
1.54

Mean with different letters are significantly different by Duncan multiple range test at 5%.

17
Kolo, B.G et al.,: Continental J. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 1: 13 - 18, 2010

Table2. Mean concentration of Sulphates, Phosphates and Nitrates (µg/g) of sediment samples obtained from Lake Chad basin area, Borno state,
Nigeria

Sulphates Phosphates Nitrates

SEASONAL MEAN CONCENTRATION ± SD


LOCATION DRY WET X ± SD DRY WET X ± SD DRY WET X ± SD
March – July – Overall March - July - Overall March – July - Overall
April September average April September average April September average
Baga 1068.3±27.5 1250±25.00 1159.2b 130.0±1.00 320±20.5 225b ±15.25 537.7±10.78 536.0±33.50 536.9c ±22.14
3 ±26.27
Marte 5810±65.57 5163±40.50 5486a±53.04 129.0±6.08 230±8.5 179.5b ±729 627.7±2.89 5835.0±26.30 232a ±14.59

Dan Baure 127.7±2.53 582.0±16.30 354.9c±9.41 1132.7±7.51 1325±8.0 1228.9a ±7.76 128.0±3.50 1639.5b
3151.3±44.7 ±24.13
5

Kirenowa 5885±13.23 5325±20.50 5605a±16.62 117.5±6.61 2215±7.5 1166.3a ±7.06 188.8±1.53 336.0±28.50 262d ±15.02

Wulgo 1251.6±2.89 2620±5.65 1935.5b±4.2 37.67±2.75 45.0±3.5 41.34c ±3.13 255.0±5.15 133.0±30.50 194d ±17.83
7
Monguno 625.3±3.50 530±5.20 577.7±4.35c 120.5±3.50 200±2.0 160.3b ±2.75 582.3±2.35 623.0±20.20 602.7±11.28c

Seasonal 2461.3 ± 2578.3 ± 18.86 1594.9 ± 277.8 ± 4.58 722.5 ± 8.33 500.2 ± 7.21 890.47 1265.2 ± 926.02 ±
average 19.21 8.99 ±11.24 3.75 17.49

Mean with different letters are significantly different by Duncan multiple range test at 5%.

18

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