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High Voltage Testing Of Transformer
Bachelors of Technology
in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
(Affiliated to M.D.University,Rohtak)
Submitted by:
Vivek Ambavta
Roll Number-24059
EEE 8th sem
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With profound respect and gratitude, I take the opportunity to convey my thanks to
complete the training here.
Vivek Ambavta
EEE-VIIIth SEM
Roll Number: 24059
KIIT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Introduction
A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the
first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a
varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is
called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding
and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to
the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in
proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the
secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:
By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current
(AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down" by making
Ns less than Np.
In the vast majority of transformers, the windings are coils wound around a ferromagnetic
core, air-core transformers being a notable exception.
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage
microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of power
grids. All operate with the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While
new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits,
transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains")
voltage. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which
makes long-distance transmission economically practical.
High Voltage Transformer
High voltage transformers convert votages from one level or phase configuration to another,
usually from higher to lower. They can include features for electrical isolation, power
distribution, and control and instrumentation applications. High voltage transformers usually
depend on the principle of magnetic induction between coils to convert voltage and/or current
levels.
Other important specifications to consider when searching for high voltage transformers
include maximum secondary voltage rating, maximum secondary current rating, maximum
power rating, and output type. A transformer may provide more than one secondary voltage
value. The Rated Power of the transformer is the sum of the VA (Volts x Amps) for all of the
secondary windings. Output choices include AC or DC. For Alternating Current waveform
output, voltage the values are typically given in RMS values. Consult manufacturer for
waveform options. For direct current secondary voltage output, consult manufacturer for type
of rectification.
Testing Of Transformer
As regards complex electrical equipment such as high voltage power transformers, internal
insulation is subject to defects due to several reasons associated to bad material, design,
manufacturing processesor resulting from shipment.
On-site electrical tests are for the test voltage to simulate on the transformer under testing the
equivalent stresses which may be established during service condition.
Basically, electrical tests on power transformers are grouped in type and routine tests. The
goal of a routine test is to check correct manufacture of HV insulation while the goal of a
type test is to confirm correct design of HV insulation.
In addition, the application of on-site tests may be able to be separated in:
• commissioning tests: as part of the on-site equipment commissioning procedure in order to
demonstrate that shipment and erection have not caused any new defects to HV insulation;
• on-site repair or refurbishment: as part of the repair or refurbishment procedure in order to
demonstrate that repair or refurbishment have been successfully completed and HV insulation
is free of dangerous defect; and
• diagnosis: as part of a diagnostic procedure in order to provide reference values to further
tests or to confirm results obtained from other types of test.
Up to date, on-site high voltage withstand tests including partial discharge monitoring and
measurements are the most significant tests in order to quantify HV insulation quality. The
use of a separate HV source is more informative than measurement at normal operation
voltage, as it allows investigation of the HV insulation performance with voltage.
Alternating voltages are most important for on-site tests . Other voltage shapes for simulation
of overvoltages have been used; however, they are strongly dependent on availability of on-
site testing systems.
The application of HV on-site tests has been a good practice in South America. Since 1992,
on-site HV tests have been performed in more than 110 power transformers ranging from
30MVA to 550MVA, 115kV to 765kV (AC) and 600kV (DC). Large electric power utilities
and industrial plants are the main customers to this technology.
The transformer has been visually inspected internally and partial discharges evidences have been
located in the area indicated by the previous test induced test. After that, the transformer has been
shipped back to factory and disassembled for complete repair.
.
Impulse Voltage Test Of Transformers
During the Lightning Impulse (LI) test of transformer windings with a low impedance
it is difficult to ensure a minimum time to half-value of 40 μs in accordance with IEC
60076-3 and IEC 60060-1. This is caused by the oscillating discharge
determined by the impulse voltage test generator capacitance and the transformer
impedance. In most cases using special adapted circuits can solve the problem.
Thereby the inductance Lt of the load becomes smaller with decreasing impedance
voltage vimp%, with decreasing rated phase-to-phase voltage VP-P and with
increasing power Ptot of the transformer winding to be tested. Therefore the lowest
values of the inductance Lt have to be considered by testing the low-voltage side
windings for power transformers. For a three-phase winding in a star connection the
following equation can be applied: Lt Inductance (stray inductance) of the winding to
be tested Impedance voltage of the winding to be Tested VP-P Rated phase-to-
phase voltage of the three-phase winding to be tested Ptot Rated total power of the
three-phase winding to be tested f Rated frequency
With decreasing inductance Lt the impulse capacitance Ci of the impulse voltage test
generator is not only discharged via the tail resistor Rp, but also via the low
inductance Lt of the winding to be tested. Thereby the time to half-value T2 of the LI
is reduced and the aperiodic discharge of the impulse capacitance turns to a
damped oscillating cosine shape. This is permitted in principle acc. to IEC 60076-3
[2]. However, the lower tolerance limit for the time to half-value of T2 min
may not remain under 40 μs (= 50 μs - 20 %). At the other side the amplitude of
opposite polarity of the LI voltage dmax should not exceed 50 %.
To fulfil these both requirements the impulse voltage impulse voltage test generator
must have a minimum required impulse capacitance
a) Running the impulse voltage test generator in partial operation, i.e. with the
minimum number of stages, being necessary to reach the required test voltage level.
Fig. 8: LI test of power transformers by using the Glaninger-circuit, adjustment of the time to
half-value T2 and the amplitude of opposite polarity d by means of the tail resistor R p (optimal
adjustment Rp = 60 Ohm for this example, T2 > 40 μs, d < 50 %) With a Glaninger-circuit the front time
T1, the time to half-value T2 and the amplitude of opposite polarity d of the LI test voltage can be set
almost independently, i.e. T1 with the tail resistor Rs, T2 and d with the resistors Rp und Rt (fig. 7
and 8). A variation of the Glaninger-coil inductance is as a rule not necessary. The Glaningercircuit
enables for LI testing the most effective adaptation of the impulse voltage test generator and the
transformer to be tested. An existing impulse voltage test generator can be utilised optimally.
6. Conclusion
The testing of power transformers with LI test voltage acc. to the IEC standards presupposes
special knowledge of the interaction between the impulse voltage test generator and the inductive
load. For example, there exists a close connection between the main data of the transformer to
be tested and the required impulse capacitance of the impulse voltage test generator. There are
also requirements related to the damping characteristic of the test circuit to utilise an existing
impulse voltage test generator optimally. Some basic aspects and circuitries were described
in this paper.
Oxidation of oil: Oxidation usually results in the formation of acids and sludge in the
transformer liquid. It is mainly due to exposure to air and high operating temperatures.
Pressure-relief diaphragm broken: This is due to an internal fault causing excessive internal
pressures or the transformer liquid level being too high or excessive internal pressure due to
loading of transformer.
Leakage of transformer liquid: Leakage can occur through screw joints, around gaskets,
welds, casting, pressure-relief device, and so on. The main causes are improper assembly of
mechanical parts, improper fi lters, poor joints, improper fi nishing of surfaces, defects in the
material used, or insuffi cient tightness of mechanical parts.
Moisture condensation: The main causes for moisture condensation are improper ventilation
in open-type transformers and a cracked diaphragm or leaking gaskets in sealed-type
transformer.
Transformer switching equipment troubles: Many transformers are equipped with tap
chargers and other switching equipment. The problems associated with these transformers
may be excessive wearing of contacts, mechanism overtravel, moisture condensation in
mechanism liquid, and others.
Excessive contact wear is due to loss of contact pressure from weakened springs or a contact-
making voltmeter set at too narrow a bandwidth or insuffi cient time delay. Mechanism
overtravel usually is due to defective or improper adjustment of controller contacts. Moisture
condensation is due to improper ventilation, and carbonization is due to excessive operation
and lack of fi ltering. Other
problems such as control fuse blowing and mechanism motor stalling are due to short circuits
in the control circuit, mechanical binding, or low-voltage conditions in the control circuitry
AC Hi-Pot Test
The AC hi-pot test is applied to evaluate the condition of transformer windings.
This test is recommended for all voltages, especially those above 34.5 kV. For routine
maintenance testing of transformers, the test voltage should not exceed 65% of factory test
voltage. However, the hi-pot test for routine maintenance is generally not employed on
transformers because of the possibility of damage to the winding insulation. This test is
commonly used for acceptance testing or after repair testing of transformers. The AC HV test
value should not exceed 75% of the factory test value. When AC hi-pot testing is to be used
for routine maintenance, the transformer can
be tested at rated voltage for 3 min instead of testing at 65% of factory test voltage. The AC
hi-pot test values for voltage systems up to 69 kV are shown in Table 5.9. Testing procedures
and test connections are similar to the DC hi-pot tests
TTR Test
The TTR test applies voltage to one winding of a transformer and detects the
voltage being generated on another winding on the same core. In the case of a low voltage
hand-crank powered TTR, 8 V AC is applied to the low-voltage winding of the transformer
under test and a reference transformer in the TTR set. The HV windings of the transformer
under test and the TTR reference transformer are connected through a null detecting
instrument. After polarity has been established at 8 V, when the null reading is zero, the dial
readings indicate the ratio of the transformer under test.
In the case of an electronic TTR test set, a voltage (typically 80 V AC) is applied to the HV
winding of the transformer under test. The voltage generated on the low-voltage winding is
measured and the voltage ratio between high and low windings is calculated. Voltage ratio is
proportionally equal to turns ratio. The hand-crank powered TTR, the handheld electronic
TTR, and the three-phase electronic TTR are through c, respectively.
The TTR test provides the following information:
It determines the turns ratio and polarity o • f single- and three-phase transformers, one phase
at a time.
• It confi rms nameplate ratio, polarity, and vectors.
• It determines the ratio and polarity (but not voltage rating) of transformers without
markings.
Tests include all no-load tap positions on a transformer. Tests include all load taps on load,
tap changer (LTC) transformers if connected for voltage ratio control. On LTC transformers
connected for phase angle control, ratio and polarity are performed in neutral positions only.
If tested on load taps, readings may be taken for reference for future comparison, but will
deviate from nameplate ratings. LTC taps may be confi rmed by application of low three-
phase voltage and reading volts and the phase angle for each.
• Identify trouble in transformer windings, such as open-circuit and
short-circuits of turn-to-turn sensitivity. The standard deviation as
defi ned by ANSI/IEEE C57.12.00-2006, Section 9.1 states that results
should be within 0.5% of nameplate markings, with rated voltage
applied to one winding. The TTR with accuracy of 0.1% is accepted
as a referee.