UNIT-I

2 mark Questions
SL.NO TOPIC QUESTIONS
. NO.
1. 1 What are the three membranes that enclose the eye?
2. 1 Define cornea.
3. 1 Define sclera.
4. 1 Define choroid.
5. 1 What are the divisions of choroids? Explain each.
6. 1 What is meant by lens?
7. 1 Which condition is referred to as cataract?
8. 1 Brief about retina.
9. 1 What are cones and rods?
10. 1 Define fovea.
11. 1 What is meant by photopic and scotopic vision?
12. 1 What is meant by blind spot?
13. 2 Define subjective brightness.
14. 2 What is meant by brightness adaptation?
15. 2 Define Weber Ratio.
16. 2 What are the 2 phenomena which demonstrate that
perceived brightness is not a simple function of
intensity?
17. 2 Define Mach band with neat sketch.
18. 2 Define simultaneous contrast with neat sketch.
19. 3 What are the 2 process to convert the continuous
data to digital form?
20. 3 Define sampling and quantization.
21. 3 What is a pixel?
22. 3 What is meant by dynamic range of an image?
23. 3 Give a mathematical expression for the number of
bits required to store a digitized image.
24. 3 Define spatial resolution of an image.
25. 3 Define line pair.
26. 3 What is meant by grey level resolution?
27. 3 What is false contouring?
28. 3 What is meant by aliasing and aliased frequency?
29. 3 Define sampling rate.
30. 3 Define Moire pattern.
31. 3 What are the steps involved in zooming?
32. 3 Define nearest neighbor interpolation.
33. 3 What is bilinear interpolation?
34. 3 Define image shrinking.
35. 4 Define neighbors of a pixel.
36. 4 Define 4, 8 and m-adjacency.
37. 4 Define digital path.
38. 4 Define connected component and set.
39. 4 Define region and boundary of an image.
40. 4 Define distance Euclidean distance, city block and
chess board distance.
41. 4 Define linear and non linear operations in image
processing.
42. 5 Give the equation for Fourier transform pair.
43. 5 Write the equation for DFT.
44. 5 Write the magnitude and phase spectrum of Fourier
transform.
45. 5 Define power spectrum of DFT.
46. 5 Write the equation for two dimensional discrete
Fourier transform pair.
47. 5 Write the magnitude and phase spectrum of
2DFourier transform.
48. 5 Define power spectrum of 2D Fourier Transform.
49. 5 Write the relation between samples in spatial and
frequency domains.
50. 5 Define FFT.
51. 5 Define successive doubling method.
52. 5 State the periodicity property of 2D DFT.
53. 6 Define DCT.
54. 6 List the properties of DCT
55. 7 What is Walsh hadamard transform.
56. 7 List the properties of Walsh Hadamard transform.
57. 8 State Haar transform.
58. 9 Define KL transform.
59. 10 Define Slant transform.
60. 5 State the scaling and rotation properties of 2D-DFT.

UNIT-II
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES
2 mark Questions
1. 1 What is meant by the term spatial domain?
2. 1 Write the expression to denote special domain process.
3. 1 Write the expression to denote Gray level transformation
function.
4. 1 How is the negative of an image obtained?
5. 1 Write the general form of log transformation.
6. 1 Write an expression for power law transformation.
7. 1 Define Gamma and Gamma correction.
8. 1 Why is gamma correction important?
9. 1 Define contrast stretching
10. 1 Define gray level slicing.
11. 1 Define bit plane slicing.
12. 2 What is histogram in image processing?
13. 2 Why are histograms used?
14. 2 What is meant by histogram equalization?
15. 2 Define histogram matching.
16. 2 Summarize the procedure for histogram matching
17. 3 Which operators are functionally complete?
18. 3 What is meant by region of image processing?
19. 3 Give an equation representing the difference between 2
images.
20. 3 What is mask mode radiography?
21. 3 Describe the process of image averaging.
22. 4 What are the names used to describe a filter in image
processing
23. 4 Define filter.
24. 4 What are coefficients?
25. 4 Give an expression for linear filtering of an image of size
MxN with a filter mask of size mxn.
26. 4 What is meant by linear spatial filtering?
27. 5 What is the use of smoothing filters?
28. 5 Why smoothing filters are called averaging filter?
29. 5 Define the term weighted average.
30. 5 Give an expression for general implementation for
filtering an MxN image with weighted averaging filter of
size mxn.
31. 6 Define median filters.
32. 6 What is salt and pepper noise?
33. 6 List the advantages of median filter.
34. 6 Define Max filter.
35. 6 Define Min filter.
36. 7 What is the objective of sharpening?
37. 7 State the applications of sharpening.
38. 7 Write the conditions for defining first derivative.
39. 7 Write the condition for defining second derivative.
40. 7 Write the expression for first order derivative.
41. 7 Write the expression for second order derivative
42. 7 Write the properties of first derivatives.
43. 7 Write the properties of second derivatives.
44. 7 Compare the response between first and second derivative.
45. 8 Define isotropic filters.
46. 8 Why isotropic filters are rotation invariant?
47. 9 Give an expression for the Laplacian used for image
enhancement?
48. 10 What is unsharp masking?
49. 10 Write the expression for unsharp masking.
50. 10 Define high boost filtering and write its equation.
51. 10 Write the steps for filtering in frequency domain.
52. 11 Define zero phase shift filters.
53. 11 Define notch filter.
54. 11 Define impulse function strength.
55. 11 How is smoothing achieved in frequency domain?
56. 11 Write the transfer function of 2D ideal LPF, butterworth
LPF and 2D Guassian LPF
57. 11 How is sharpening obtained in frequency domain?
58. 11 Write the transfer function of Butterworth and Guassian
HPF.
59. 11 Define high boost, unsharp masking and high frequency
emphasis.
60. 11 Draw the block diagram representing Homomorphic
filtering.

UNIT-III
IMAGE RESTORATION
2 mark Questions
1. 1 Give an expression for the degraded image in spatial
domain.
2. 1 Give an expression for the degraded image in frequency
domain.
3. 1 Draw the block diagram of image degradation/restoration
process.
4. 2 Define white noise.
5. 2 What is the principal source of noise in digital images?
6. 2 Write an expression for the PDF of Guassian random
variable.
7. 2 Write an expression for the PDF of Rayleigh noise.
8. 2 Write an expression for mean and variance of Rayleigh
noise.
9. 2 Write an expression for the PDF of Erlang noise.
10. 2 Write an expression for mean and variance of Erlang
noise.
11. 2 Write an expression for the PDF of exponential noise.
12. 2 Write an expression for mean and variance of exponential
noise.
13. 2 Write an expression for the PDF of uniform noise.
14. 2 Write an expression for mean and variance of uniform
noise.
15. 2 Write an expression for the PDF of impulse noise.
16. 2 When an impulse noise is called uniform noise?
17. 2 What is meant by salt and pepper noise?
18. 2 What are terms used to define salt and pepper noise?
19. 2 Why impulse noise is called salt and pepper noise?
20. 2 Define periodic noise.
21. 3 How are the noise parameters estimated?
22. 3 When is automated analysis required for estimation of
noise parameters?
23. 3 What are the three principal ways to estimate the
degradation function?
24. 3 How is the degradation function estimated by image
observation?
25. 3 Write an expression for degradation function in estimation
by image observation.
26. 3 How is the degradation function estimated by
experimentation?
27. 3 Write an expression for degradation function in estimation
by experimentation.
28. 3 How is the degradation function estimated by modeling?
29. 3 Write an expression for degradation function in estimation
by modeling?
30. 4 What is meant by inverse filtering?
31. 4 What is the major disadvantage of inverse filtering?
32. 5 Why do we use least mean square error filtering?
33. 5 Give an expression for Weiner filtering.
34. 5 What are the terms used to refer Weiner filter.
35. 5 In what condition does the Weiner filter reduced to
inverse filter?
36. 5 What are the difficulties presented by Weiner filter?
37. 5 Give an expression for the Min of a Criterion function.
38. 5 What is residual vector?
39. 5 What are the steps for finding the desired value of γ.
40. 6 Define geometric mean filter.
41. 6 Plot the PDF of Guassian noise.
42. 6 Plot the PDF of Rayleigh noise
43. 6 Plot the PDF of Gamma noise
44. 6 Plot the PDF of exponential noise
45. 6 Plot the PDF of uniform noise
46. 6 Plot the PDF of impulse noise.
47. 7 Define blind convolution.
48. 7 sketch the degradation estimation by impulse
characterization
49. 7 Draw the image and histogram resulting from adding
Guassian noise.
50. 7 Draw the image and histogram resulting from adding
Rayleigh noise.
51. 7 Draw the image and histogram resulting from adding
Gamma noise.
52. 7 Draw the image and histogram resulting from adding
exponential noise.
53. 7 Draw the image and histogram resulting from adding
uniform noise.
54. 7 Draw the image and histogram resulting from adding salt
and pepper noise.
55. 8 Define pseudo inverse filtering.
56. 9 What is singular value decomposition?
57. 9 List the properties of Singular value decomposition.
58. 4 Give an expression for inverse filter.
59. 5 Compare and contrast Weiner and constrained least square
filter.
60. 5 Which algorithm can be used to improve the speed of
convergence?

UNIT-IV
IMAGE COMPRESSION
2 mark Questions
1. 1 Define the term data compression.
2. 1 List some applications of Lossless compression.
3. 1 What are the two operations in error free compression
techniques?
4. 2 What is meant by variable length coding?
5. 2 Define Huffman coding.
6. 2 Why Huffman code is called block code?
7. 2 Why Huffman code is called instantaneous code?
8. 2 Why Huffman code is called uniquely decodable?
9. 2 Write the steps in Huffman coding.
10. 2 List all the other near optimal variable length codes.
11. 2 How a truncated Huffman code is generated?
12. 3 How a shift code is generated?
13. 4 What is arithmetic coding?
14. 3 List the factors that cause coding performance to fall short
of bound.
15. 4 What is LZW code?
16. 4 List the applications of LZW code.
17. 5 What is bit plane coding?
18. 5 List the methods of bit plane decomposition.
19. 6 Define constant area coding.
20. 6 Define white block skipping.
21. 6 What is run length coding?
22. 6 What is relative address coding?
23. 6 Define direct contour tracing.
24. 6 What is meant by predictive differential quantizing?
25. 7 Define double delta coding.
26. 7 State the principle of lossless predictive coding.
27. 8 What is predictor?
28. 8 What is prediction error?
29. 9 Define differential coding.
30. 9 State the principle of lossy compression.
31. 9 Define Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
32. 9 Define decision level of quantizer.
33. 9 Define reconstruction level of quantizer.
34. 10 What is transform code?
35. 10 Define adaptive transform coding.
36. 10 Define non adaptive transform coding.
37. 10 Define forward and inverse transformation Kernel.
38. 10 What are transformation coefficients?
39. 10 When is a forward Kernel said to be separable?
40. 10 When is a forward Kernel said to be symmetric?
41. 10 Write the transformation Kernel pair.
42. 11 Define Walsh Hadamard Transform.
43. 12 Define discrete Cosine Transform.
44. 12 Define transformation coefficient masking function.
45. 12 What is meant by sub image selection in transformation
coding?
46. 12 Define Zonal coding.
47. 12 Define Threshold coding.
48. 13 What are the 3 basic ways to threshold a transformed
image?
49. 13 Define Wavelet code.
50. 13 List the difference between Wavelet and Transform
coding system.
51. 13 How can the effectiveness of quantizer be improved?
52. 13 What is dead zone?
53. 14 What are the three different coding system defined by
JPEG standard?
54. 14 What is JPEG 2000 standard?
55. 14 Define tiles in JPEG.
56. 14 What is explicit and implicit quantization?
57. 14 Define packets.
58. 14 Define I-Frame.
59. 14 Define B-frame.
60. 14 Define P-Frame.
 Unit-V

IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND REPRESENTATION

2 mark Questions

1. 1 What is the purpose of image segmentation?

2. 1 What is an edge?

3. 1 List the properties of second derivative around an edge.

4. 1 Define edge point.

5. 1 Define edge segment.

6. 1 Define gradient of an image.

7. 1 Define direction of gradient vector.

8. 2 Define Laplacian of a 2D function.

9. 2 Define Laplacian of a Guassian function.

10. 2 What are object point and background point?

11. 3 When threshold is called Global?

12. 3 When threshold is called Local?

13. 3 When threshold is called Dynamic or adaptive?

14. 3 Write the algorithm to obtain the single global threshold T.

15. 3 Why adaptive thresholding is called so?

16. 3 What is meant by multispectral thresholding?

17. 3 Write the basic formulation for region based thresholding.

18. 4 Define region growing.

19. 4 What are the problems in region growing?

20. 4 State the two criteria for a pixel to be annexed to a region.

21. 5 List the steps for region splitting and merging.

22. 5 Define quadtree.

23. 6 What are chain codes?

24. 7 What is meant by polygonal approximation?

25. 7 Describe minimum perimeter polygon.

26. 7 Describe merging technique in polygonal approximation.

27. 7 What are the difficulties in merging technique in polygonal

approximation?
28. 7 Describe splitting technique in polygonal approximation.

29. 8 Define convex hull.

30. 8 Define convex deficiency.

31. 9 What is meant by length of a boundary?

32. 9 Define the diameter of a boundary.

33. 9 Define major axis of a boundary.

34. 9 Define minor axis and basic rectangle of a boundary.

35. 9 Define eccentricity of a boundary.

36. 9 Define curvature.

37. 9 When a vertex point is called convex?

38. 9 When a vertex point is called concave?

39. 9 Define corner point of a boundary.

40. 1 Define Fourier descriptors.

0
41. 1 Define area of a region.
1
42. 1 Define perimeter of a region.
1
43. 1 Define compactness of a region.
1
44. 1 What is the purpose of texture descriptor?
2
45. 1 What are the three principal approaches used to describe
2 texture of a region?
46. 1 Define statistical approaches for describing texture.
2
47. 1 Define Structural techniques for describing texture.
2
48. 1 Define spectral techniques for describing texture.
2
49. 1 What are the three features of Fourier spectrum useful for
2 texture description?
50. 1 What are the two choices involved in representing an image?
3
51. 1 Draw the model of an ideal digital edge.
4
52. 1 Draw the model of ramp edge.
4
53. 1 Why is the zero crossing property useful?
4
54. 1 For a 3x3 region of an image draw the gray level
4 representation.
55. 1 What are Roberts cross gradient operators?
4
56. 1 What are prewitt operators?
4
57. 1 Compare and contrast Prewitt and Sobel masks.
4
58. 1 Sketch gray level histograms that can be partitioned by a single
5 threshold.
59. 1 Sketch gray level histograms that can be partitioned by
5 multiple thresholds.
60. 15 What are the criteria that increase the power of a region
growing algorithm?
 EC1009-DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

16 MARKS

UNIT I- FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

1. 1 Explain the steps involved in digital image processing.

(Or) Explain various functional block of digital image processing
2. 2 Describe the elements of visual perception.
3. 3 Explain the elements of digital image processing system with a neat
diagram.
4. 4 Describe image formation in the eye with brightness adaptation and
discrimination
5. 5 Write short notes on sampling and quantization.
6. 6 Explain the basic relationships between pixels?
7. 7 Explain the properties of 2D Fourier Transform.
8. 8 Explain Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in detail.
9. 9 Explain Hadamard transformation in detail.
10. 9 Discuss the properties and applications of
1) Hadamard transform 2) Hotelling transform
11. 10 Explain Haar transform in detail.
12. 11 Explain K-L transform in detail.
13. 12 Explain Discrete Sine and Walsh transforms with a suitable algorithm.
14. 13 Explain Slant and Wavelet transforms in detail. (16)

UNIT II- IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

1. 1 Explain the types of gray level transformation used for image

enhancement.
2. 2 What is histogram? Explain histogram equalization.
3. 3 Discuss in detail about Histogram processing of a digital image.
4. 4 Discuss in detail the homomorphic and derivative filters.
5. 5 Discuss the image smoothing filter with its model in the spatial
domain.
6. 6 What are image sharpening filters? Explain the various types of it.
7. 7 Write a detailed note on image enhancement in the frequency
domain by
(i) Low pass filtering (ii) High pass filtering.
8. 8 Explain spatial filtering in image enhancement.
 9. 9 Explain image enhancement in the frequency domain.

UNIT III- IMAGE RESTORATION

1. 1 What is image restoration? Explain the degradation model for

continuous function in detail.
2. 2 Explain the algebra approach in image restoration.
3. 3 What is the use of wiener filter in image restoration? Explain.
4. 4 What is meant by inverse filtering? Explain.
5. 5 Explain the adaptive filter. And also what are the two levels of
adaptive median filtering algorithms.
6. 6 Explain singular value decomposition and specify its properties.
7. 7 Explain image degradation model /restoration process in detail.
8. 8 What are the two approaches for blind image restoration? Explain
in detail.
9. 9 What is meant by Constrained least squares filtering? Explain.
10. 10 Explain the various noise models.

UNIT-IV- IMAGE COMPRESSION

1. 1 What is data redundancy? Explain three basic data redundancy?
2. 2 What is image compression? Explain any four variable length coding
3. 3 Explain about LZW coding.
4. 4 Explain about Lossy compression?
5. 5 Explain the schematics of image compression standard JPEG.
6. 6 Explain how compression is achieved in transform coding and explain
about DCT
7. 7 Explain arithmetic coding
8. 8 Explain about Image compression standards?
9. 9 Discuss about MPEG standard in detail
10. 10 Explain the image compression models in detail with a neat diagram.
11. 11 Explain about bit plane coding.
12. 12 Discuss about JPEG standard in detail

UNIT V -IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND REPRESENTATION

1. 1 What is image segmentation? Explain in detail
2. 2 Explain Edge Detection in details?
3. 3 Define Thresholding and explain the various methods of
thresholding in detail?
4. 4 Discuss about region based image segmentation techniques.
Compare threshold region based techniques.
5. 5 Explain the concept of Thresholding in image segmentation and
Discuss their merits and limitation.
6. 6 Define and explain the various representation approaches?
7. 7 Explain the Boundary descriptors in detail with a neat diagram.
8. 8 Explain regional descriptors
9. 9 Explain the two techniques of region representation
10. 10 Explain the segmentation techniques that are based on finding the
regions directly
11. 11 How is line detected? Explain through the operators