THE IMPORTANCE OF GARDEN TOURISM IN

MADEIRA ISLAND
Raimundo Quintal, PhD
Centre of Geographical Studies
Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning
University of Lisbon
(raimundo.quintal@sapo.pt)

Abstract: In Madeira Island, since the mid eighteenth century, the birth of “quintas”,
parks and gardens keep working as spaces for acclimation of about 2,500 species from all
continents except Antarctica. Thanks to the outstanding landscape quality and flora richness
they are an important niche in the tourism made in Madeira. This can be confirmed by the
number of paid admissions in the three most important gardens – Botanical Garden, Monte
Palace Tropical Garden and Palheiro Gardens. A total of 583,583 paid visits to these three
gardens ensured an income of about € 3.5 million in 2008.
A valence still embryonic in Garden Tourism is related to the implementation of the
concept of Botanical Hotel. Apart from leisure in the spacious garden of the hotel, guests have
access to detailed information on flora, can consume fruit, vegetables, aromatic and medicinal
plants, and can even take part in conservation tasks.

Keywords: Madeira Island, Phytodiversity, Garden Tourism, “Quinta”, Botanical

Hotel

1. INTRODUCTION

The Garden Tourism is a niche specialized in tourism visits to gardens that are notable
for botanical richness, the color of its flowers and the art of connecting natural elements.
Keukenhof is the main show-garden of the powerful industry of Dutch bulbs and
perhaps the greatest accomplishment of this niche tourism in Europe. It opens the doors to the
public only in April and May and in that short period receives about 700,000 visitors, who
pay to see the spectacular show of color provided by flowers of bulbous plants, with special
emphasis on tulips, daffodils, hyacinths and fritillaries.
The traditional passion of the English for the plants and the growing number of
television programs on gardening and botany in Europe, USA and Japan are the main causes
of the success of this tourism niche in the last decade of the second millennium and the first
years of the XXI century in the UK. The gardens and exhibitions at the National Trust, the
English Heritage, the National Gardens Scheme and the Royal Horticultural Society recorded
a strong increase in the number of visitors. Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, usually considered
the most important botanical garden in the world, and Wisley, the main garden of the Royal
Horticultural Society, a global reference for gardening lovers, are two cases of great success.
Aware of the importance of this tourism niche, the British government since 1995 has
financed with funds from the National Lottery the major botanical gardens and the creation of
the Eden Project in Cornwall, which also benefited from EU funds in order to contribute to
the economic recovery of a region where traditional activities were fading away.

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 The Eden Project and the modern Alnwick Garden in Northumber County, North East
England, for their outstanding quality, attract people from all over the world, serving as
anchors for economic development of the regions where they are located (MINTER - 2004).
But not only in Holland and England the gardening practice and visits to gardens are
growing. Across Europe the number of magazines and books about gardens has grown
exponentially in recent years, and garden centers and gardening sections in building material
shops have seen a considerable increase in sales. The cities are getting green roofs and interior
courtyards. The reason for this is the underlying desire for a piece of nature, to follow a
simple life and have a refuge in one’s home, with living spaces for peace and leisure "(DIE
GARTEN - 04/10/2007).
In Brazil, the Botanical Garden of Curitiba established itself as a tourist attraction,
being a real postcard of a city where urban planning has achieved satisfactory results
(ASUNCION, 2008).
In Canada, Buchart Gardens annually receives more than a million tourists from
around the world. Created in 1904 in an old limestone quarry on Vancouver Island, the garden
is now a tourist hot spot of the province of British Columbia on the Pacific coast. Van Dusen
Botanical Garden in Vancouver is also considered one of the great attractions of Canada.
Kirstenbosh National Botanical Garden located in Cape Town, was established in
1913 with the aim to preserve the rich indigenous flora of the Western Cape. In 2004 it was
listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage. It is a symbol of South Africa and one of the main
tourist attractions of the southern tip of Africa.
The Garden Tourism is also booming in New Zealand. According to statistics from the
Ministry of Tourism, the gardens occupy one of the top ten attractions for tourists from
England, Germany, USA, Japan and Australia. Domestic tourism is also increasing. To
capitalize on the potential of the North Island gardens, the Northland Garden Cluster was
created.
After the presentation of successful cases of Garden Tourism on a global scale, it is
time to consider the importance of gardens as a tourism niche on Madeira Island.

2. MADEIRA- ISLAND OF “QUINTAS”, PARKS AND GARDENS

Madeira island is of volcanic origin, covers an area of 758.52 km2 and in 2008 the
resident population was estimated at 242,760 inhabitants.
It’s located in the Atlantic Ocean at a latitude between 32º38'N and 32º52' N and
longitude between the 16º39'W and 17º16' W. The distance to the west coast of Africa (Cape
Blanc) is 796 Km. From Lisbon it distances 978 Km (Figure 1).
The image of Madeira as the Garden Island emerged "with the first Portuguese
navigators in the XV century. The epithets are mixed up with the idea of paradise, conveyed
by the Christian thought. In the XIX century, with the increase movement of passengers
through the port of Funchal, the exclamation by the beauties of the island and its celebration
in several ways also increased. The gardens of Madeira captivated the attention of visitors
since the very begging (VIEIRA, 2008).
In addition to literary texts in the XIX century, the gardens of Madeira began to news
in some journals. The prestigious publication The Gardener's Chronicle published an article
illustrated with a picture of the Funchal Municipal Garden, 06 October 1888, and another with
the dragon trees that lived in the Quinta do Til, 20 October 1888.

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 Figure 1 - Geographical location of Madeira

Figure 2 - Picture of the Funchal Municipal Garden,

The Gardener's Chronicle, 06 October 1888

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 Since the nineties of the XX century the gardens of Madeira have become a frequent
presence in the travel, landscaping and gardening magazines in Europe. They have also
earned approaches praise in reference books, eg, Des Jardins en Europe (1992), Les Jardins
du Délire - plantes et jardins insolites en Europe (1994), Gardens of Europe - A Traveller's
Guide (2007), 1001 Gardens you must see before you die (2007), Merveilleux Jardins de l’
Atlantique (2008).

Figure 3 - Article about the Quintas of Madeira in the magazine

"Mon Jardin & Ma Maison", April 2008

In 1999 Funchal won the contest "Turismo num Portugal Florido", which gave the city
the chance to represent the country in the contest "Flowered Cities and Towns of Europe -
2000". The quality of the “quintas”, parks and gardens of Funchal were recognized by the
international jury with the "European Gold Award - 2000", distinction that has never been
awarded to any other city in Portugal.
The gardens of Madeira are home to about two thousand five hundred plant species
from all continents except Antarctica. This exceptional richness results from the combination
of a set of ecological and historical factors. The subtropical climate, neutral soils or slightly
acidic and with a good component of organic matter, and the availability of water irrigation
in summer to ensure easy acclimation of plants brought by migrants from the host countries,
purchased by the English families for their “quintas”, imported from the major marketing
centers or experienced in the Botanical Garden and later broadcast.
In the gardens of the south coast and small sheltered areas on the north coast, as in
Arco de S. Jorge, the predominant plants are from tropical and subtropical regions. The colors
of the landscape throughout the year mainly depend on the various systems of flowering.
Spectacular flowering trees such as the blue jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia), the pride of
Bolivia (Tipuana tipu), the silk floss tree (Chorisia speciosa), the frangipani (Plumeria rubra)

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and the African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata), considered the structuring core of
architecture and the essence of the subtropical gardens, which has a strong presence in the
landscape (QUINTAL, 2008).
In the XVIII and XIX centuries British richest traders, specially due to Madeira wine,
chose the parishes of Monte, Camacha and Santo da Serra to build their “quintas” – vacation
houses surrounded by extensive gardens with richly ornamented alien species and local flora.
The choice of these sites by the English was related to the humid and cooler climate than in
the coast, closer to the English weather, better for the acclimation of plants brought from the
British Isles. Madeiran of large possessions followed the British in the choice of sites to build
their “quintas” where they spent their leisure time, especially during the summer heat wave
(QUINTAL, 2003).
In these localities, between 500 and 800 meters, there is a strong presence of London
planes (Platanus x acerifolia), European beeches (Fagus sylvatica), copper beeches (Fagus
sylvatica var. purpurea), common oaks (Quercus robur) and red oaks (Quercus rubra), which
recreate the ambiance of English parks and Western Europe. Color changes resulting from the
birth, maturation, aging and loss of leaves of deciduous trees mark the seasons.
Thanks to the landscape quality and botanical richness, the gardens are an important
niche in the tourist island of Madeira. Throughout the year there is a huge number of tourists
who wander through the public gardens of the historic center of Funchal whose entrance is
free and there’s a very significant number of those who pay to visit the three most important
gardens located in the periphery of Funchal.

2.1. MADEIRA BOTANICAL GARDEN

The Madeira Botanical Garden was established in April 30th, 1960 by resolution of the
Junta Geral do Distrito Autónomo do Funchal (General Board of the Autonomous District of
Funchal). For the installation Quinta do Bom Sucesso was the chosen one, also known as
Quinta Reid, that was acquired September 18th, 1952 to Manuel Gomes da Silva (VIEIRA -
1985).
The Botanical Garden includes an arboretum, a garden and the house was the
residence of the Reid family between 1881 and 1936, which together cover 6.6 ha, between
250 and 350 meters of altitude. Beyond this basic core, there are over 7.4 ha on the eastern
slope of Ribeira de João Gomes until near the Levada do Bom Sucesso, at an elevation of
approximately 150 meters.
By resolution of the Regional Government of 04th September 2009, the Madeira
Botanical Garden is now known as Botanical Garden Eng. Rui Vieira (1926-2009), in honor
of the first director of that institution, which since its creation has developed an important
work in the botanical research, focusing on the study and conservation of the flora of Madeira
and Selvagens archipelagos.
Besides being a scientific center, the Botanical Garden offers exceptional visits in
which is possible to combine the knowledge with pleasure. The flora of Madeira can be found
on the slope of the Ribeira de João Gomes and two cores within the garden.
In the area devoted to succulents are represented lots of species of the families of
Cactaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Aloeaceae, Crassulaceae, Aizoaceae and Asteraceae, native to
arid regions of America, Africa, Asia and Australia.
The area of agro-industrial plants are populated with an interesting collection of
tropical and subtropical fruit trees.
In the area of medicinal and aromatic plants visitors will find a collection of species
used in cooking and in popular medicine in Madeira.

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 There are specialized areas in palms and cycads, a greenhouse with orchids and
bromeliads, and a little area of clipped trees and shrubs with clearly defined shapes as living
sculptures.
For many visitors the more attractive sector is the choreographed garden, with a neat
geometric design, created with sub-shrubs and perennial herbs of many colors.
In 1991 the Louro Park became part of the Botanical Garden, an exhibition of exotic
birds from tropical regions.
The Botanical Garden is open every day except Christmas Day, from 09 am to 18 pm.
Adults pay € 3. The ticket for young people from 7 to 18 years costs € 1.

Figure 4 – Madeira Botanical Garden, the area of succulents

(Source: Raimundo Quintal, 11.04.10)

According to the figures in Table 1, in the period 1999-2009, the year with fewer
entries was 2001 (236,715), while the record occurred in 2007 (346,536). Between 2007 and
2008 there was a slight decrease of 0.45%, while between 2008 and 2009 the decrease in
visitors was 1.1%.
Excluding free entries, mostly students and users of charities, the paid inputs, mainly
consists of tourists, whose evolution can draw the following conclusions:
- Growth of 51.7% between 1999 (215,997) and 2008 (327,605). In these ten years,
there was only a slight decrease in the number of paid admissions between 2000 (216,852)
and 2001 (215,560);
- Decrease of 2.6% from 2008 (327,605) to 2009 (319,103), which corresponds to less
than 8,502 paid entries.

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 Table 1 - Entries in the Madeira Botanical Garden, 1999-2009
Year Total Free Paid
Entries Entries Entries
1999 240,616 24,619 215,997
2000 241,841 24,989 216,852
2001 236,715 21,155 215,560
2002 260,603 21,904 238,699
2003 261,970 15,654 246,316
2004 272,849 18,648 254,201
2005 274,218 17,183 257,035
2006 334,307 14,940 319,367
2007 346,536 20,004 326,532
2008 345,002 17,397 327,605
2009 340,301 21,198 319,103
Source: Regional Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources

In Table 2, the paid entries are recorded in each month during the period 2004 to 2009.
March had the highest number of visitors in 2004 (29,477), April took first place in 2007
(41,942), 2008 (40,770) and 2009 (40,574). May was the month that lead in 2005 (24,434)
and 2006 (43,702), this being the absolute monthly maximum.

Table 2 - Variation of monthly paid admissions at the Madeira Botanical Garden,

2004 - 2009

Month 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

January 18,393 20,997 18,063 20,541 21,004 19,577

February 20,054 18,631 20,080 23,713 25,560 22,240
March 29,477 23,050 34,358 33,510 34,754 35,295
April 27,032 20,597 38,466 41,942 40,770 40,574
May 19,783 24,434 43,702 34,515 33,430 33,870
June 22,927 21,762 23,859 27,855 27,051 27,336
July 22,573 16,364 21,538 23,164 22,304 22,015
August 24,085 25,795 28,444 27,833 27,522 27,745
September 18,053 19,145 23,184 25,365 25,764 25,266
October 16,296 28,155 27,640 25,874 26,187 26,986
November 22,256 23,194 22,507 23,169 25,009 23,406
December 13,272 14,911 17,526 19,141 18,250 14,793
Total 254,201 257,035 319,367 326,532 327,605 319,103

Source: Regional Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources

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 The higher numbers in these three months is closely linked to the idea that spring is
the season of flowers, although this garden throughout the year has a wide variety of
flowering plants. During the period in question, December has always been the lowest when it
comes to monthly visitors.
The average daily attendance ranged from 442 visitors per day in December 2004 and
1410 visitors per day in May 2006. In December 2009 the average number of visitors per day
was 477, which represents 35.3% of visitors every day throughout the month of April (1,352).
Another extremely significant element for assessing the importance of gardens as a
tourism niche is the relationship between the number of guests in hotel establishments and
Madeira Botanical Garden paid admissions. The data presented in Table 3 show that in the
period 1999 to 2009, the rate ranged from 25.4% in 2001 and 35.2% in 2006.
Tourists who visit the Botanical Garden make it integrated in tours organized by travel
agencies and accompanied by official guides or individually.
Located about 3 km from Funchal, the Botanical Garden is served by very frequent
bus careers, with good accessibility. Since September 2005 it is connected to the parish of
Monte by cable car. The paid admissions increased from 257,035 in 2005 to 319,367 in 2006.
This growth of 24.2% (over 62,232 entries) results in the new access created by the cable car
and the increasing number of tourists visiting Madeira.
This trend continued until 2008 the best year ever, with 327,605 paid admissions,
equivalent to 32.3% of 1,013,281 guests of the hotels in Madeira. The record of entries made
by the Regional Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources, which is responsible
for the supervision of the Botanical Garden, reveals that through the north door with direct
access to the cable car station, 62,621 visitors entered, or 19.1% of tickets were sold.

Table 3 - Relationship between the number of guests in hotel establishments and

the paid admissions at the Madeira Botanical Garden, 1999-2009

Year Guests in Hotel Paid Entries

Establishments in Madeira B /A
in Botanical (%)
Madeira Garden
(A) (B)
1999 698,744 215,997 30.9
2000 745,088 216,852 29.1
2001 849,261 215,560 25.4
2002 839,529 238,699 28.4
2003 856,482 246,316 28.8
2004 842,213 254,201 30.2
2005 864,870 257,035 29.7
2006 908,095 319,367 35.2
2007 967,134 326,532 33.8
2008 1,013,281 327,605 32.3
2009 911,345 319,103 35.0

Sources: Regional Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources;

Regional Directorate of Statistics - Madeira

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 As mentioned earlier, in 2009 there was a 2.6% decrease in paid admissions at the
Botanical Garden for 2008. However, given the balance between the number of visitors and
number of hotel guests, it follows a positive trend from 32.3% to 35%, which is justified by
the recession of 10% in the total number of tourists staying in hotels in Madeira. Due to
affordable prices and increasing promotion, the crisis which in 2009 began to affect tourism in
Madeira, had slight impact on the Madeira Botanical Garden revenue.

2.2. MONTE PALACE TROPICAL GARDEN

The Monte Palace Tropical Garden has an area of nearly 7 ha and is located in the
parish of Monte, between an altitude of 475 and 567 meters, about 6 km from the Funchal city
center. It occupies the space of the old Quinta do Prazer created in 1803 soon after the
division of the Quinta do Belmonte built from 1773 by Charles Murray, consul of England.
Quinta do Prazer was purchased in 1897 by Alfredo Rodrigues, Madeira businessman
who built the hotel, which opened in 1904, surrounded by many trees on the edge of a lake
with fountains and water cannons. The Monte Palace name came up then.

Figure 5 - Hotel Monte Palace was open between 1904 and 1944. After a long period of
neglect, the palace was restored and since 1991 is the residence of the owner.

(Source: Raimundo Quintal, 09.05.08)

The hotel closed in 1944 and the garden entered a long process of degradation until
1987, when José Manuel Rodrigues Berardo bought the Quinta Monte Palace. After three
years of major restoration works of the building and the upgrading of the garden, on 5Th
October 1991 the Quinta was opened to the public with a new name - Monte Palace Tropical

9
Garden, a designation that isn’t in line with its phytogeographical spectrum, predominantly
subtropical, with an important component of flora from temperate climates.
In the difficult process of eradication of the invasive species there was especially care
in the conservation of indigenous trees that had withstood many years of neglect. Stinklaurels
(Ocotea foetens), bay trees (Laurus novocanariensis) and Canary laurels (Apollonias
barbujana) of great size, three rare Madeira cheesewoods (Pittosporum coriaceum) and an
extraordinary Madeira juniper (Juniperus cedrus subsp. maderensis) were preserved.
The botanical heritage was greatly enriched with a set of species of genus
Encephalartos from southern Africa. This collection of cycads is among the ten world’s most
valuable and is one of the main attraction of the garden.
The introduction of azaleas, rhododendrons, heathers, lings, silver birches, Monterey
cypresses, Italian cypresses, thujas, common beeches, cooper beeches, common oaks, red
oaks, proteas, silver trees, pincushions, tree ferns, palms and yuccas contributed greatly to the
extraordinary phytodiversity the garden stands today. Since April 2002 still live in the garden
four monumental olive trees, transplanted from Alqueva.
The creation of a sector with indigenous flora aimed to show visitors the forest that
existed there when the first settlers arrived in the XV century.
Contrasting with the natural look of the area's indigenous flora, the two cores that
intend to reproduce the ambiance of Japanese gardens convey a sense of exoticism.
In addition to an exceptionally rich flora, the garden has many beautiful ponds stocked
with koi fish, which originate from China, a collection of tile panels of Hispano-Moorish XVI
century and Portuguese production from the XVI to XX centuries, sculptures, gates, stone
windows, coats of arms and altarpieces.
As of June 30th 2004, in the garden area now operates the Monte Palace Museum with
two permanent exhibitions. The exhibition African Passion shows a large collection of stone
sculptures from Zimbabwe, works by artists from Tengenenge dating from the 60’s of the XX
century. The exhibition Secrets of Mother Nature is composed of an impressive collection of
minerals and gems.
The Monte Palace Tropical Garden is open every day except Christmas Day, from 10
am to 18 pm. The ticket costs € 10, and free entry for young people up to 15 years.
The analysis of Table 4 shows that the total input tripled between 1999 (75,479) and
2008 (232,186). From 2008 to 2009 (207,764) the trend inverted and a decrease of 11.5% was
registered.
The free entries increased from 7,340 in 1999 to 19,693 in 2008, representing an
increase of 168%. From, 2008 to 2009 (18,263), there was a decrease of 7.3%. Given that in
2009 there wasn´t a reduction of the field trips of the students of Madeira, the decline in the
number of entries is explained by the smaller number of young tourists.
The paid admissions experienced an increase of 54.6% between 2000 (78,126) and
2001 (120,811), a result of the strong increase of the accessibility with the cable car starting
its functions at November 15th, 2000, between the Garden of Almirante Reis in Funchal’s bay
and Monte.
The entries are mostly paid by tourists. Between 1999 (68,139) and 2008 (212,493)
they were always increasing. In 2009, 187,857 visitors paid to visit this garden, less 24,636
than in 2008, with a decrease of 11.6%.

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 Table 4 - Entries to Monte Palace Tropical Garden, from 1999 to 2009

Year Total Free Paid

Entries Entries Entries

1999 75,479 7,340 68,139

2000 85,591 7,463 78,126
2001 129,135 8,324 120,811
2002 144,096 7,056 137,040
2003 171,920 13,214 158,706
2004 172,880 10,819 162,061
2005 172,613 15,085 157,528
2006 192,674 14,803 177,871
2007 218,086 17,146 200,940
2008 232,186 19,693 212,493
2009 207,764 18,263 187,857

Source: Berardo Foundation

Table 5, the registration of paid admissions from January 2004 until December 2009,
reveals that the month of April registered the highest turnout in the six years, while the
months of March and May alternated in second place.

Table 5 - Variation of monthly paid admissions in Monte Palace Tropical Garden,

2004 - 2009
Month 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

January 9,852 9,704 9,423 11,810 12,306 10,210

February 12,981 10,554 10,837 14,126 15,187 12,428
March 17,059 15,398 16,741 18,968 21,110 18,851
April 18,151 17,283 19,550 22,136 23,785 21,547
May 15,573 16,061 18,755 19,718 21,040 20,037
June 12,289 14,073 15,388 17,001 18,340 15,913
July 13,005 12,495 15,674 16,970 19,410 16,653
August 15,950 16,177 17,850 19,390 20,833 19,715
September 14,983 14,880 16,346 17,439 19,730 17,565
October 13,294 13,131 15,215 18,423 18,205 15,541
November 10,761 10,293 12,360 14,423 13,627 11,945
December 8,163 7,479 9,732 10,536 8,920 7,452
Total 162,061 157,528 177.871 200,940 212,493 187,857

Source: Berardo Foundation

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 In the period under review, December was the month with the fewest visits, with the
exception of 2006 when the figure was slightly lower in January.
The average daily attendance ranged from 240 visitors per day in December 2009 and
793 visitors per day in April 2008.
Although not a lush flowering garden, it is particularly attractive with the
monumentality of its trees and the collection of Encephalartos, which at first glance look like
small palm trees, these figures show that the tourism niche gardens in Madeira is very much
conditioned by the stigma of Spring flowers of central and northern Europe.
Table 6 shows that 68,131 paid admissions in 1999 accounted for 9.8% of the 698,744
tourists who were staying in hotels in Madeira.
The accessibility generated by the cable car has boosted the number of entries in 2001
and its relative significance increased to 14.2%.
The year 2008 was the best ever, with 212,493 paid admissions, equivalent to 21% of
1,013,281 guests.
In 2009 the number of guests fell to 911,322 and 187,857 paid admissions accounted
for a rate of 20.6%.

Table 6 - Relationship between the number of guests in hotel establishments and the
paid admissions in the Monte Palace Tropical Garden, from 1999 to 2009

Year Guests in Hotel Paid Entries B /A

Establishments in Quinta (%)
in Monte Palace
Madeira
(A) (B)
1999 698,744 68,139 9.8
2000 745,088 78,126 10.5
2001 849,261 120,811 14.2
2002 839,529 137,040 16.3
2003 856,482 158,706 18.5
2004 842,213 162,061 19.2
2005 864,870 157,528 18.2
2006 908,095 177,871 19.6
2007 967,134 200,940 20.8
2008 1,013,281 212,493 21.0
2009 911,322 187,857 20.6
Sources: Berardo Foundation; Regional Directorate of Statistics - Madeira

In the eleven-year period under review there was a positive evolution in the relation
between the number of guests in hotel establishments and the Madeira paid entries, which
reveals the importance of the Monte Palace Tropical Garden as an attraction for tourists
visiting the island. For this success has contributed an incisive and persistent advertising in
hotel receptions, television programs in Portugal and abroad, specialized texts in magazines
and articles about gardens in guidebooks.
The negative trend between 2008 and 2009 is a symptom of the economic crisis that
began to be felt in the tourism of Madeira, with clear reflections in this niche.

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 2.3. PALHEIRO GARDENS

Palheiro Gardens is located on a small plateau to the northeast of Funchal, about 550
meters of altitude.
The largest Quinta of Madeira began to be constructed in 1804 by João Carvalhal
Esmeraldo, 1st Conde de Carvalhal. In 1885 it was bought by an Englishman John Burden
Blandy and still remains in possession of his descendants.
The formal garden and Ribeiro do Inferno, which has a natural look, has 14 ha
presently occupied with about 630 species of ornamental plants. To these must still be added
the hybrid and a long list of cultivated plants.
Spring surpasses all other seasons in the number of species flowering, deserving a
special emphasis on the high number of natural Southern African geophytes belonging to the
genus Aristea, Babiana, Dierama, Dietes, Gladiolus, Ixia, Moraea, Ornithogalum, Oxalis,
Sparaxis, Tritonia, Tulbaghia, Veltheimia, Wachendorfia, Watsonia and Zantedeschia.
Flowering together with these are the geophytes of the genus Iris, Lilium, Narcissus
and Scilla from Europe and Asia, the genus Sisyrinchium from South America and the genus
Arthropodium indigenous of New Zealand.
It is also in the spring that most of the climbers start to bloom, being particularly
notable the pergolas of Wisteria floribunda and Wisteria sinensis.
Among the many shrubs that display their flowers in spring, a few deserve special
mention the pride of Madeira (Echium candicans), the shrub trefoil (Teline maderensis) and
the honey spurge (Euphorbia mellifera) of the local flora, the Carolina allspice (Calycanthus
floridus) and the Californian allspice (Calycanthus occidentalis) of North America, the red
flowered silky oak (Grevillea banksii), the rosemary grevillea (Grevillea rosmarinifolia) and
the common waratah (Telopea speciosissima) of Australia.
The tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) and the locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) of
North America, the rose apple (Syzygium jambos), the handkerchief tree (Davidia
involucrata), the foxglove tree (Pawlonia tomentosa) and the oriental cherry (Prunus
serrulata) of China, the saurauia (Saurauia nepaulensis) of the Himalayas, the turpentine
(Syncarpia glomulifera) and saw banksias (Banksia serrata) of Australia and the red horse
chestnut (Aesculus x carnea) of horticultural origin, are some of the trees that begin to bloom
in spring.
The monumental Christmas trees (Metrosideros excelsa), originally from New
Zealand, strongly mark the image of the garden with its extraordinary red bloom in June and
July. In summer, the flame trees (Brachychiton acerifolius), coming from Australia, lose their
leaves and are covered with showy red flowers.
Winter is the season with fewer species in bloom. However, this deficit is overcome
by the rich variety of flowering camellias (Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua, Camellia
granthamiana, Camellia reticulata), which are associated with a flashy set of magnolias
(Magnolia denudata, Magnolia liliflora, Magnolia x soulangiana, Magnolia stellata),
banksias (Banksia ericifolia, Banksia integrifolia), proteas (Protea cynaroides, Protea
magnifica, Protea neriifolia), rhododendron (Rhododendron arboreum, Rhododendron
ponticum), strawberry snowballs (Dombeya cacuminum) and flowering cherries (Prunus
campanulata, Prunus cerasifera 'Pissardii').
When in 1804, the 1st Conde de Carvalhal started to build the Palheiro Gardens, he had
a goal of creating a space of pleasure and relaxation where he could get friends and
distinguished visitors.
These functions remained with the 2nd Conde and with successive generations of the
Blandy family, who were shaping the morphology of the garden and introducing species to
their liking and to satisfy personal caprices.

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 Since the time of the 1st Conde the Quinta opened to the Madeiran population once a
year on May 1st. Due to the great environmental impact and to prevent degradation of the beds
in a period of intense flowering, such openness is no longer made since the 70’s of the XX
century (QUINTAL, 2007).

Figure 6 – A flame tree, indigenous of Australia, stands out in the area of the Palheiro
Gardens known as Jardim da Senhora

(Source: Raimundo Quintal, 07.07.09)

In November 2006 the Palheiro Gardens received the prize which rewards best garden
“Relais & Châteaux” in the world.
The garden is open from Monday to Friday, including holidays, between 09.00 and
16.30. The entry of an adult costs € 10.5. Young people between 15 and 17 years pay € 4.
Table 7 shows the evolution of paid entries in the period 2000 to 2009. As for the free
entries it was only possible to know that in 2008 there were 350, far from the value recorded
in the Botanical Garden and the Monte Palace Tropical Garden. This difference is explained
by the fact that the Palheiro Gardens doesn’t have an environmental education service.
The year 2000 was the one with largest number of paid admissions (54,391) and 2009
registered the lowest value (39,690). In 2009 there were less 3,795 tickets sold than in 2008,
representing a fall of 9.2%.

14
 Table 7 - Entries in the Palheiro Gardens, from 2000 to 2009

Year Paid
Entries
2000 54,391
2001 50,172
2002 45,288
2003 41,545
2004 48,193
2005 43,991
2006 42,452
2007 42,962
2008 43,485
2009 39,690
Source: Palheiro Gardens

The monthly distribution of visits (Table 8) shows that April was the month with the
largest number of entries in 2004 (6,942), 2005 (6,776), 2007 (6,642), 2008 (6,528) and 2009
(6,323). March was the month with the highest affluence in 2006 (6,223).
December was always the month with the lower number of visitors, with the absolute
minimum occurring in 2009 with 1,118 paid admissions.
The relative significance of the months of March, April and May ranges between 38.7%
(2008) and 42.9% (2006) of total annual receipts, clearly indicating the concentration of visits
in the months of spring.

Table 8 - Variation of monthly paying visitors on Palheiro Gardens, 2004 – 2009

Month 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

January 2,421 2,909 2,521 2,798 2,508 2,229

February 3,867 3,334 3,312 3,694 4,325 3,499
March 6,479 5,606 6,223 6,138 5,329 5,352
April 6,942 6,776 6,133 6,642 6,528 6,323
May 5,927 5,535 5,865 5,403 5,068 5,212
June 4,517 4,365 3,774 3,661 3,663 3,810
July 3,087 2,547 2,300 2,506 2,852 2,384
August 3,188 3,048 2,754 2,472 2,479 2,007
September 3,556 3,164 2,953 2,613 3,514 2,930
October 3,258 2,784 2,871 3,101 3,386 2,693
November 3,020 2,276 2,244 2,394 2,325 2,063
December 1,940 1,647 1,502 1,540 1,508 1,118
Total 48,193 43,991 42,452 42,962 43,485 39,690
Source: Palheiro Gardens

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 The data in Table 9 clearly shows that from the three analyzed gardens, Palheiro
Gardens is the one with the lowest number of visits and the only one to reveal a negative trend
in the period 2000 to 2009.
The 54,391 visitors in 2000 had a significance of 7.3% compared to 745,088 tourists
that were accommodated in hotels in Madeira. While the number of guests grew to 1,013,281
in 2008, there was a decrease in the number of entries 43,485, which led to a decline in the
relative value to 4.3%.
This regression can’t be explained by the poor quality of this garden. Palheiro Gardens
is the most famous garden of Madeira and the most referenced in European garden and
landscape magazines as well in specialty books.
The first cause is a discrete information in hotels and tourist offices. Only with a
persistent and very appealing marketing can convince the non-specialized tourist to a paid
visit to this garden, since they can visit many gardens in the city center for free.
The second cause is related to accessibility. The bus lines have a very weak frequency
and inconvenient schedule. The garden didn’t benefited from the appearance of a cable car in
the period under review, a clear disadvantage in relation to the other two gardens with paid
admissions. It’s the farthest from the city center and as such the trip by taxi is more expensive.
The fact that the garden is closed on Saturdays and Sundays also contributes to the
lower influx of tourists.

Table 9 - Relationship between the number of guests in hotel establishments and the
paid admissions in Palheiro Gardens, from 2000 to 2009

Guests in Hotel Paid Entries

Year Establishments in Palheiro B /A
in Gardens (%)
Madeira
(A) (B)
2000 745,088 54,391 7.3
2001 849,261 50,172 5.9
2002 839,529 45,288 5.4
2003 856,482 41,545 4.9
2004 842,213 48,193 5.7
2005 864,870 43,991 5.1
2006 908,095 42,452 4.7
2007 967,134 42,962 4.4
2008 1,013,281 43,485 4.3
2009 911,322 39,690 4.4
Sources: Palheiro Gardens; Regional Directorate of Statistics - Madeira

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 3. THE IMPORTANCE OF GARDENS AS TOURISM NICHE

The analysis of data in Table 10 allows us to draw a set of lessons for understanding
the importance of gardens as a tourism niche. The record of overnight stays in hotels Madeira
(1,013,281) occurred in 2008, the same happened to the visits to the three main gardens
(583,583). In 2009 more passengers disembarked at the port of Funchal (425,433) than in
2008 (394,960), but the number of guests (911,345) suffered a downturn of 10%. If we add
the number of guests to the number of transit passengers, we can see that the island of
Madeira in 2008 was visited by 1,408,241 tourists and in 2009 the total number of tourists
was 1,336,755, which corresponds to a decrease of 5.1%.
The paid admissions in the three gardens reached 57.6% in the number of guests in
2008 and 60% in 2009. Although there isn’t any secure statistical data, it is known that many
tourists in transit use the few hours ashore to visit one of the three most famous gardens.
Made by weighting the number of guests more transit passengers, the relative significance
was 41.4% in 2008 and 40.9% in 2009. These figures show the great importance of Garden
Tourism as a niche in the tourist island of Madeira.

Table 10 - Number of guests in Madeira hotels, passengers in transit at port of Funchal

and paid admissions in the gardens, 2004-2009

Guests Passengers Paid Paid Paid

Year in in Entries Entries Entries C+D+E C+D+E
Hotel transit in in in A A+B
Establishments at port of Botanical Monte Palace Palheiro (%) (%)
in Funchal Garden Tropical Gardens
Madeira Garden

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

2004 842,213 280,252 254,201 162,061 48,193 55.1 41.3

2005 864,870 300,659 257,035 157,528 43,991 53.0 39.3
2006 908,095 284,306 319,367 177,871 42,452 59.4 45.3
2007 967,134 325,597 326,532 200,940 42,962 59.0 44.1
2008 1,013,281 394,960 327,605 212,493 43,485 57.6 41.4
2009 911,345 425,433 319,103 187,857 39,690 60.0 40.9
Sources: Berardo Foundation; Palheiro Gardens, Regional Secretariat of Natural Resources;
Regional Directorate of Statistics; Madeira Ports Administration.

In 2008, 60% of the entries in the Palheiro Gardens were individual tourists and 40%
of the entries were organized groups by travel agencies. In Monte Palace Tropical Garden the
relative value of individual visits was much higher, reaching 90%. In the Botanical Garden
organized groups accounted for 34% of visitors who paid the entry. The 583,583 visitors paid
in three gardens ensuring a total income of about € 3.5 million.
From 2008 to 2009 the number of visitors decreased 6.3%. The 546,650 paid
admissions produced about € 3.2 million. These figures suggest that the effects of the
international economic crisis began to be felt in 2009 in this tourism niche.
From 2004 to 2009, April was the month with the highest number of paid admissions
to visit the gardens (371,177) and ranked second among the guests (560,547). August was the
month with the greatest number of guests (584,077), while the number of visitors reached
287,287 in the gardens. Weighting the paid admissions in the gardens by the number of
guests, it results in a rate of 66.2% in April and 49.2% in August. These data suggests that the

17
tourists who came to Madeira in the spring, mostly from western and northern Europe, visited
the gardens more than the summer tourists, coming mainly from southern Europe.

4. A NETWORK OF HIGH QUALITY GARDENS

Madeira Island has a patrimony that can project it to a higher level in the market for
Garden Tourism in Europe. To achieve this there must be a network of gardens, public and
private, of high quality, which ensures at least a week of varied visits from a botanical,
landscape and history standpoint.
The Madeira Botanical Garden, the Monte Palace Tropical Garden and Palheiro
Gardens should continue to be the three main anchors, requiring, however, significantly
improvement of their information content in order to provide more exciting visits.
On Palheiro Gardens most species are not identified and the ones bearing plates fail
for insufficient information or even exceeded, being far from what is done in Monte Palace
Tropical Garden. In the Botanical Garden the outdated tablets identification should be
replaced with a new design more attractive and in line with international standards.
In the three gardens should be created spaces with interactive information about the
most emblematic species by the monumental habit, rarity, ornamental value, economic
interest and its use in traditional medicine or in cooking.
Another key task for a bigger and better disclosure would be the reformulation of the
three websites, improving the content, using texts in different languages and constantly
updated images of species in bloom.
The Quinta Palmeira, located in the central part of Funchal amphitheater between 172
meters and 235 meters above sea level, covers an area of 4 ha and has an extraordinary
botanical heritage, which includes a number of other species that comprise the collections of
the three analyzed gardens. To integrate the network of high quality gardens, this private
garden, now severely degraded, needs requalification and upgrading works, ranging from the
treatment of diseased plants, the arrangement of the beds, the improvement of sidewalks, the
identification of plants and information about the cultural heritage, which most valuable item
is a window of the house where Christopher Columbus would have lived in Funchal. It also
needs to implement an advertising campaign in the city and the hotels, and create a space on
the Internet with substantial and updated information.
The Quinta Jardins do Imperador is located in Monte parish and has an area of 4.5 ha.
It saves a botanical and historical heritage, which justifies its inclusion in the group of
reference gardens. To achieve this, it’s urgent to proceed with the rehabilitation work of the
garden and the forest, orientated by Eng. Rui Vieira between 2002 and 2004. It is also urgent
to recover the house where the Emperor Charles of Austria lived and died on April 1st, 1922.
The recreation of the romantic ambience of the XIX century associated with the memory of
the exile of the Austro-Hungarian imperial family, are essential to the success of this Quinta
as a tourist attraction, which unfortunately hasn’t happened so far by inability of the company
that since 2002 had the concession granted by the Regional Government.
The Monte Municipal Park, created in the last decade of the XIX century, maintains
the original romantic features. Located between the Monte Palace Tropical Garden and the
Quinta Jardins do Imperador, it’s visited daily by hundreds of tourists who can enjoy freely
over three hundred species of plants.
In the center of the city tourists have the opportunity to freely visit the Park of Santa
Catarina, the Municipal Garden and the Garden of Santa Luzia, with a huge variety of tropical
and subtropical species, most of which are different from those that thrive in gardens of
Monte or in Palheiro Gardens. In addition to providing pleasant moments of leisure the

18
municipality green spaces have trees and shrubs carefully identified, which is a valuable aid
for anyone wishing to know the flora.
Quinta Vigia, Quinta Magnólia and Quinta das Cruzes, located in the downtown area
of Funchal, possess a remarkable variety of plants originating from tropical America, Africa,
and the tropical regions of Asia, Australia and Oceania. They are part of the heritage of
Madeira, the first one (Quinta Vigia) is the official residence of the Government President, the
second (Quinta Magnólia) has a sports complex and the third (Quinta das Cruzes) integrates a
museum.
A visit to these three gardens is free of charge, although at the Quinta das Cruzes the
access to the museum is paid and in Quinta Magnólia the use of the tennis courts is also paid.
All fail for lack of an attractive and accurate identification of species, as well as undesirable
maintenance for a high quality garden. These lapses are entirely manageable with a less
bureaucratic management and greater sensitivity.
The Quinta Magnólia already has an approved project, which includes the construction
of new tennis courts, improving the maintenance circuit and upgrading the garden. It will be
an excellent opportunity to implement a new management model, which exceeds the current
division of the two regional offices.
With the same need in agility in managing is Quinta das Cruzes, which museum
benefited from extensive restoration work, but the redevelopment of the garden falls far short
of the need to achieve excellence.
The parish of Camacha in Santa Cruz municipality has its name attached to “quintas”
with monumental trees. Unfortunately many have already disappeared and others were
amputated, losing their identity.
The Quinta das Almas, despite the long period that the abandonment was voted on and
a fire in August 2010 is one of the few “quintas” of Madeira, which maintains the structure
that was born in the mid-nineteenth century. It has good conditions to work as an anchor for
sustainable development of the parish of Camacha that crosses an economic and social crisis.
But to operate as a tourist attraction of high quality, a major investment must be made in the
reactivation of agricultural areas with new eco-friendly practices, the house should be
recovered with a new cultural role and the rehabilitation of the garden will respect the
architecture and preserving the rich collection of trees, some of them with monumental habit.
The village of Santo da Serra still has a number of “quintas” of the XVIII and XIX
centuries that show some worrying signs of deterioration as a result of lack of availability of
funds for necessary maintenance of the existing owners. The Quinta do Serrado das
Ameixieiras, by its area and the remarkable beauty and botanical heritage should be
considered as a priority in a recovery program of “quintas”.
The Quinta do Santo da Serra "built in 1842-43 by John Blandy, grandson of the first
member of the Blandy English family that settled in Madeira, was bought by the Junta Geral
many years ago, and today is a large open space for recreation and leisure for all public, but
the house is reserved for the regional government" (Vieira, 2003). This “quinta”, which
remains the hallmark of XIX century English landscape, is able to integrate the network of
gardens of high quality, needing a job for species identification and information regarding the
monumental trees.

5. THE CONCEPT OF BOTANICAL HOTEL

A valence still embryonic in Garden Tourism is related to the implementation of the

concept of Botanical Hotel. Apart from leisure, in the garden of the hotel, guests have access
to detailed information on flora, may consume fruits, vegetables, aromatic and medicinal
plants, and can even take part in conservation tasks.

19
 The Hotel Casa Velha do Palheiro is inserted in the Palheiro Gardens. It has good
conditions to take over as a botanical hotel. However, so far the guests only enjoy a passive
form of visit to the remarkable garden.
The Quinta do Arco, in the parish of Arco de São Jorge on the north of the island, is a
hotel made up of small houses scattered in a garden populated by a rich community of
indigenous plants associated with a wide variety of exotic species. It also has a rose garden,
open to the public in the spring and summer with an outstanding collection of old and modern
roses. It is an excellent option, especially for rose lovers.
The hotel Quinta Splendida is assumed as a hotel with a botanical garden. In truth this
is not a botanical garden because it lacks the scientific research component, but has a large
collection of plants, consisting primarily of tropical and subtropical species, which
distinguishes it from all other hotels in the little town of Caniço. Plants bearing tablets of
identification, allows the guests to get on with the garden beyond a component of leisure. For
interested customers more there’s a weekly guided tour.
The Quinta Jardins do Lago is a five star hotel that has a garden of 1.4 ha with
approximately 500 species, mostly tropical and subtropical. This garden, located on a plateau
at about 1.5 km from Funchal, has been conducting courses on ornamental plants and
gardening techniques, and is developing a very important job of multiplication of rare
ornamental plants in the gardens of Madeira.

Figure 7 - Quinta Jardins do Lago

(Source: Raimundo Quintal, 24.11.10)

In September 2010, on the land annexed to the garden, the Associação dos Amigos do
Parque Ecológico do Funchal (Association of Friends of the Ecological Park of Funchal)
created in cooperation with the hotel, a nursery of indigenous species of Madeira. Besides the
20
production of plants for reforestation of the burnt area in the central mountain, in August
2010, the nursery was designed and is growing with the aim of reusing waste containers.
Thus, planting is made in used boxes of polystyrene, the plants are transplanted to tetra brick
packs or plastic bottles, which are placed in used plastic boxes and stowed on pallets. Hotel
guests can cooperate with the volunteers of the association.

Figure 8 - Nursery of native species of Madeira Island - Quinta Jardins do Lago

(Source: Raimundo Quintal, 04.01.10)

The Vila Porto Mare resort is located on the Lido quarter, just west of downtown
Funchal. Rather than the normal for that area, the hotel has a large garden (13,400 m2) with a
strong presence of plants from Australia and the Pacific Islands, Central and South America,
Southern Africa and Tropical Asia. In this garden there’s a clear predominance of evergreen
trees and shrubs, and the rhythm of the seasons is mainly marked by colorful flowers
throughout the twelve months of the year.
The sugar cane, vines and banana, the three most striking plants of the agricultural
landscape of Madeira, live with ornamental plants and inspire the visitor to the economic
history of the island.
Since 2008 there has been a cultivation of horticultural, medicinal and aromatic plants,
with the aim of providing guests with new smells and tastes. The garden was also enriched
with endemic species of Madeira, with particular focus on xerophytic coastal plants.
Aiming at an ecologically sustainable management, irrigation is done with water of the
Levada dos Piornais, which drastically reduced the consumption of drinking water. In 2008
equipment was installed to produce organic compost from aerobic fermentation of the leaves,

21
grass clippings, coffee grounds, egg shells, leftover fruit and vegetables, which noticeably
reduced the use of chemical fertilizers.
The plant collection consists of 455 botanical taxa, subtracting the cultivars and
hybrids, there are 385 species, which places the Garden of Vila Porto Mare Resort in the
Class of Exceptional Botanical Richness. The plants are identified with cards, which provides
information on the scientific name, common names in Portuguese and English, family and
geographical area of origin. All this information is available online at
http://vpmgardens.blogspot.com/.

Figure 9 - Corner of aromatic and medicinal plants in the Garden of

Vila Porto Mare resort

(Source: Raimundo Quintal, 12.05.09)

6. A NEW STRATEGY TO PROMOTE THE GARDENS OF MADEIRA

Most visitors look for gardens as places of pleasure, fixing their attention on
monumental trees, the most attractive corners and in flowers. A narrower range, choose
Madeira to deepen knowledge in botany, floriculture, gardening or landscaping. In visits to
gardens, usually lengthy, gather information on the identity of the species, flowering periods,
multiplication techniques, adaptation to weather and soil conditions, showing particular
interest in indigenous and tropical species.
Madeira Island is able to attract more tourists to their gardens. To achieve this goal it
is necessary:
- Create a high quality Garden Trust that provides non-repetitive visits to specialists
for a week;

22
 - Prepare the gardens to accommodate families, with entertainment programs for the
different generations;
- Positively discriminate in matters of taxation on the owners of the gardens with
Exceptional Botanical Richness;
- Link the promotion of the Flower Festival, with a program of visits to gardens and
natural areas rich in indigenous flora, extending from one to a three-week period
festival;
- Enjoy the great weather to take courses on ornamental plants and outdoor
gardening throughout the year;
- Increase visits to gardens in the months of December and January.
To attract tourists in winter is essential to transmit a very impressive image of the
gardens of Madeira with blooming trees, while in central and northern Europe the trees are
bare. Like the pioneering experience of the Garden of Vila Porto Mare resort, websites and
television documentaries must be created in order to convince garden lovers that spring
spends the winter in Madeira.

Acknowledgement

The author wishes to thank Mrs. Nancy Policarpo, Research Fellow at the IGOT-UL
(Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon) for the translation.

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