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Key Concepts
• acid-base reactions involve a proton transfer
• the acid donates a proton to the base
• acid-base reactions are also known as neutralisation reactions
Calculations
1. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction
2. Extract all the relevant information from the question
3. Check that data for consistency, for example, concentrations are usually given in
M or mol L-1 but volumes are often given in mL. You will need to convert the mL
to L for consistency. The easiest way to do this is to multiply the volume in mL x
10-3
4. Calculate the moles of reactant (n) for which you have both the volume(V) and
concentration(M) : n = M x V
5. From the balanced chemical equation find the mole ratio known reactant :
unknown reactant
6. Use the mole ratio to calculate the moles of the unknown reactant
7. From the volume(V) of unknown reactant and its previously calculated moles(n),
calculate its concentration(M): M = n ÷ V
Examples
1. 30 mL of 0.10M NaOH neutralised 25.0mL of hydrochloric acid.
Determine the concentration of the acid
1. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) -----> NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
2. Extract the relevant information from the question:
NaOH V = 30mL , M = 0.10M HCl V = 25.0mL, M = ?
3. Check the data for consistency
NaOH V = 30 x 10-3L , M = 0.10M HCl V = 25.0 x 10-3L,
M=?
4. Calculate moles NaOH
n(NaOH) = M x V = 0.10 x 30 x 10-3 = 3 x 10-3 moles
5. From the balanced chemical equation find the mole ratio
NaOH:HCl
1:1
6. Find moles HCl
NaOH: HCl is 1:1
So n(NaOH) = n(HCl) = 3 x 10-3 moles at the equivalence point
7. Calculate concentration of HCl: M = n ÷ V
n = 3 x 10-3 mol, V = 25.0 x 10-3L
M(HCl) = 3 x 10-3 ÷ 25.0 x 10-3 = 0.12M or 0.12 mol L-1
2. 50mL of 0.2mol L-1 NaOH neutralised 20mL of sulfuric acid.
Determine the concentration of the acid
1. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction
NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) -----> Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
2. Extract the relevant information from the question:
NaOH V = 50mL, M = 0.2M H2SO4 V = 20mL, M = ?
3. Check the data for consistency
NaOH V = 50 x 10-3L, M = 0.2M H2SO4 V = 20 x 10-3L, M
=?
4. Calculate moles NaOH
n(NaOH) = M x V = 0.2 x 50 x 10-3 = 0.01 mol
5. From the balanced chemical equation find the mole ratio
NaOH:H2SO4
2:1
6. Find moles H2SO4
NaOH: H2SO4 is 2:1
So n(H2SO4) = ½ x n(NaOH) = ½ x 0.01 = 5 x 10-3 moles H2SO4 at the
equivalence point
7. Calculate concentration of H2SO4: M = n ÷ V
n = 5 x 10-3 mol, V = 20 x 10-3L
M(H2SO4) = 5 x 10 ÷ 20 x 10-3 = 0.25M or 0.25 mol L-1
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