3.5.2 Prestressed Concrete: Kansas Department of Transportation Design Manual

Kansas Department of Transportation Design Manual
3.5.2 Prestressed Concrete

Table of Contents
KDOT LRFD Prestressed Beam Design Guidelines Summary .............................................1
3.5.2.1 General - Precast Prestressed Concrete I-Beam ........................................................3
3.5.2.2 Design Loads ............................................................................................................4
3.5.2.3 Properties and Stresses .............................................................................................4
3.5.2.4 Prestress Losses ........................................................................................................7
3.5.2.5 Continuity, Restraint and Flexure ...........................................................................10
3.5.2.6 Design for Positive Moment: ..................................................................................11
3.5.2.7 Design for Factored Positive Moment Resistance ..................................................13
3.5.2.8 Design for Factored Negative Moment Resistance .................................................15
3.5.2.8.1 Mild Reinforcement ...........................................................................................17
3.5.2.9 Design for Shear ......................................................................................................17
3.5.2.10 Diaphragms ...........................................................................................................18
3.5.2.11 Bearings and Expansion ........................................................................................20
3.5.2.12 Prestressed Concrete Deck Panels .........................................................................20
3.5.2.13 Transportation .......................................................................................................20
3.5.2.14 Lifting Devices ......................................................................................................21
3.5.2.15 Prestress Beam Plan Details ..................................................................................22
List of Tables
Table 3.5.2.1-1 Prestressed Beam Length Harp Criteria ...............................................................3
Table 3.5.2.1-1 Prestressed Beam Length Harp Criteria ...............................................................3
List of Figures
Figure 3.5.2.15-1a Geometry For a K-6 .......................................................................................23
Figure 3.5.2.15-1b Geometry For a K-4 ......................................................................................24
Figure 3.5.2.15-1c Geometry For a K-3 .......................................................................................25
Figure 3.5.2.15-1d Geometry For a K-2 .......................................................................................26
Figure 3.5.2.15-2a Standard Prestressed Concrete Beam Details (BR300a) ................................27
Figure 3.5.2.15-2b Standard Prestressed Concrete Beam Details (BR300b) ...............................28
Figure 3.5.2.15-2c Standard Prestressed Concrete Beam Details (BR300c) ................................29
Figure3.5.2.15-2d Standard Prestressed Concrete Beam Details (BR300d) ................................30
Figure 3.5.2.15-3 General Notes and Quantities (BR301) ...........................................................31
Figure 3.5.2.15-4 K4 Beam Details (BR302a) .............................................................................32
Figure 3.5.2.15-5 K3 Beam Details (BR302b) .............................................................................33
Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

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Figure 3.5.2.15-6 Typical Abutment Diaphragm .........................................................................34

Figure 3.5.2.15-7 Typical Pier Diaphragm ...................................................................................35
Figure 3.5.2.15-7a Optional Abutment Diaphragm ......................................................................36
Figure 3.5.2.15-8 Typical Concrete Intermediate Diaphragm ......................................................37
Figure 3.5.2.15-9 Temporary Diaphragm Details (BR 305) .........................................................38
Figure 3.5.2.15-10 Typical Bearing Pad Layout ..........................................................................39
Figure 3.5.2.15-11 Typical Camber Diagram ...............................................................................40
Figure 3.5.2.15-12 Concrete Placing Sequence ............................................................................41
Figure 3.5.2.15-13 Computation of Fillets (Conventional Deck) .................................................42
Figure 3.5.2.15-14a Computation of Fillets (P*S panel Deck) ....................................................43
Figure 3.5.2.15-14b Computation of Fillets (P*S Panel Deck)(Cont.) .........................................44
Figure3.5.2.15-15 Prestressed Concrete panel Details (BR303) ..................................................45
Figure3.5.2.15-16 Variable Section Single-T ...............................................................................46
Figure 3.5.2.15-17 Double-Tee Beam ..........................................................................................47
List of Appendixes
Appendix A Prestress Beam Guidelines ......................................................................................50
Appendix B Harp Strand Force Calculator ...................................................................................51
Appendix C Prestressed Girder (Transportation Stress Check) ....................................................54
References
References .......................................................................................................................................1

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Disclaimer:
Disclaimer:ThisdocumentisprovidedforusebypersonsoutsideoftheKansasDepartmentof
Transportationasinformationonly.TheKansasDepartmentofTransportation,theStateofKansas,its
officersoremployees,bymakingthisdocumentavailableforusebypersonsoutsideofKDOT,donot
undertakeanydutiesorresponsibilitiesofanysuchpersonorentitywhochoosestousethisdocument.
Thisdocumentshouldnotbesubstitutedfortheexerciseofaperson’sownProfessionalEngineering
U
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personusingthisdocumentagreesthatKDOTwillnotbeliableforanycommercialloss;inconvenience;
lossofuse,time,data,goodwill,revenues,profits,orsaving;oranyotherspecial,incidental,indirect,or
consequentialdamagesinanywayrelatedtoorarisingfromuseofthisdocument.
TypographicConventions:
Thetypographicalconventionforthismanualisasfollows:
NonitalicreferencesrefertolocationswithintheKDOTBridgeDesignManuals(eithertheLRFDorLFD),
orHyperlinksshowninred,asexamples:
x Section3.2.9.12Transportation
x Table3.9.21DeckProtection

ItalicreferencesandtextrefertolocationswithintheAASHTOLRFDDesignManual,forexample:
x Article5.7.3.4
ItalicreferenceswithaLFDlabelandtextrefertolocationswithintheAASHTOLFDStandard
Specifications,forexample:
x LFDArticle3.5.1

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KDOT LRFD Prestressed Beam Design Guidelines Summary

Section Properties
• For Strength Limit States use Article 5.7.2
• For Fatigue and Services Limit States, use gross un-cracked and un-transformed sections
without reductions for reinforcement per Article 5.7.1
• Composite sections use the effective flange = tributary slab width, Article 4.6.2.6
Concrete Stresses
LRFD Design Stress Limit, (ksi) at Service Limit States
Stage Stresses, (ksi) Article (s)
Initial Compression 0.60 f'ci 5.9.4.1.1
* Initial Tension 0.24 f ′c 5.9.4.1.2
Final Compression 0.60 f'c 5.9.4.2.1
Final Tension 0.0948 f ′c 5.9.4.2.2
Final Allowable Compression 0.40 f'c 5.9.4.2.1
with LL+1/2(Peff+DL)
Final DL Compression 0.45 f'c 5.9.4.2.1
Shipping & Handling Com- 0.60 f'c 5.9.4.2.1

pression
* Shipping & Handling 0.24 f ′c 5.9.4.1.2
Tension
* Where As is proportioned as stated in Article C.5.9.4.1.2
Properties
The coefficient of thermal expansion is a function of the aggregate material used; aggregate types
ranging from 3.0 - 9.0 x 10 -6/oF, with calcium carbonate aggregates on the low end and silica
aggregates on the high end. KDOT will use: Normal Weight Concrete = 6.0 x 10 -6/oF
Concrete Strength and Strand Usage

• Use 0.5 in. 270 ksi strands for K2 and K3 with f'ci = 4 ksi and f'c= 5 ksi
• Use 0.5 or 0.6 in. 270 ksi strands for K4 with up to f'ci = 5 ksi and f'c= 6 ksi
• Use 0.6 in. 270 ksi strand for K6 with f'ci = 5 ksi and f'c= 6 ksi
• Do not exceed f'c= 6 ksi
Note: Adjust f'ci in 0.10 ksi increments per span as needed, limit f'ci to 0.80 - 0.85 f'c
Calculation of Losses
• Include elastic shortening per Article 5.9.5.2.3
• Use the “Approximate Method” for time dependant losses, Article 5.9.5.3; this calculated
value can be used as a lump sum for software which does not have the “Approximate
Method” available.

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Diaphragms
• Use temporary intermediate diaphragms for the following conditions
Up to 40 ft. spans: none are required
40-80 ft. spans: use at first and third quarter points
80 -120 ft. spans: use at first three quarter points
Greater than 120 ft. spans: use a special design
• Temporary diaphragms are property of the contractor, to be removed from site
• Use CIP diaphragms at all supports (detail per Bridge Design Manual)
• Use CIP intermediate diaphragms when the structure is heavily skewed or splayed
Time to Continuity (Article 5.14.1.4.4)
• KDOT assumes continuity is made at approximately 50 days; use this to calculate camber
The minimum beam age will be 28 days at the time of continuity
• Restraint moments are not used in determining beam design moments
• The CIP continuity diaphragm is considered partially effective per Article 5.14.1.4.5
• Full continuity is assumed at interior supports for determining the required slab reinforce-
ment at the Strength Limit State
Analysis (+M) regions
• Beam self weight will be resisted by considering simply supported member conditions for
Service and Strength Combinations
• Non-Composite DL will be resisted by considering simply supported member conditions for
Service and Strength Combinations
• Composite DL will be resisted by considering simply supported member conditions for Ser-
vice and Strength Combinations
• Live Load and Dynamic Load will be resisted by considering simply supported member con-
ditions for Service and Strength Limits States.
Analysis (-M) regions
• Composite DL will be resisted by considering the members as continuous
• Live Load and Dynamic Load (LL/IM) will be resisted by considering the members as con-
tinuous
• As a minimum, reinforce the slab per Article(s) 5.7.3.2, 5.7.3.3 and 5.7.3.4
• As a minimum, develop the slab reinforcing steel past the quarter point of the longest span,
in-lieu of Article 5.14.1.4.8, and then begin to stagger the bars to be cut-off
Strand Extension (Article 5.14.1.4.9a)
• Provide positive restraint moment capacity at piers and abutments by extending strands a
minimum of 36 in. to resist 0.6*Mcr
• As a minimum extend six strands; four on the bottom and two on the top
Confinement /Splitting (Article 5.10.10)
• Do not exceed 3 in. spacing within the splitting zone defined as a region h/4 from the beam
end
• Do not exceed 6 in. spacing within the distance of 1.5d for the confinement reinforcing steel
Shear (Article 5.8.3)
• Do not exceed 18 in. spacing, or exceed 6 in. change in spacing, or reduce the shear capacity
of the section by more the 50% at any cross-section along the member

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3.5.2.1 General - Precast Prestressed Concrete I-Beam
Design precast prestressed concrete I-beams as a series of simple span beams in accordance with
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Multiple span prestressed bridges shall be made
continuous over the intermediate supports. KDOT considers multi-span structures to have par-
tially effective connections, as described in Article 5.14.1.4.5, and are considered to be continuous
for loads applied after continuity is established only for Strength Limit States. Beam section
properties will be based on un-cracked and un-transformed gross sections without reductions for
reinforcement.
Negative moment reinforcement in the slab will be proportioned for the effects of the continuous
composite dead load, live load and shall support a moment based on the Strength I Limit State.
For the negative moment regions, the members shall be assumed fully continuous with a constant
moment of inertia. The composite section properties shall be based on the slab thickness minus ½
in. for wear, on all deck slabs. Prestressed concrete bridges, up to 500 ft. in length, may be
designed monolithic with the piers and abutments; semi-integral abutments can be used to isolate
thermal movements.
The following is the order of evaluation that should be considered for prestressed beam strand
arrangements. First, use parallel prestressed strands when possible. Second, use debonded strands
to relieve compression in the bottom of the beam, near the end of the beam, for longer beams and/
or add additional strands to the top to resist tension on the top of the beam at release. Finally, if
parallel strands will not work for the length or required capacities, the bridge engineer should harp
the strands. Follow Table 1 for minimum length limits, (L) required for harped strands:
Table 3.5.2.1-1 Prestressed Beam Length Harp Criteria
Beam / Strand Economic Range E min 0.5” Strand Harp 0.6” Strand Harp
K-2 40-60 ft. 19 in. L > 30 ft N/A
K-3 50-70 ft. 28 in. L > 45 ft N/A
K-4 60-100 ft. 35 in. L > 55 ft L > 65 ft
K-6 90-120 ft. 53 in. N/A L > 100 ft
As shown in Table 1, consideration should be given to using only straight parallel strands on short
prestressed beams due to the high hold-down force required. Table 1 is based on using the mini-
mum strand eccentricity from the geometry shown in Figures 1a-1d, adjusting strand eccentrici-
ties at beam ends can increase these controlling hold down forces. Use Appendix B Harp Strand
Force Calculator to verify hold down forces. Additional strands may be needed in the top of the
beam to limit tensile stresses in the top of the beam at transfer. Local prestressed manufactures
have indicated that up to 8 strands can be added, in-lieu of harping, for a more economical beam.
This is due to the costs associated to the hold down hardware and labor.

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The harped strand hold-down points on prestressed beams shall normally be located at the 0.4 and
0.6 points. The vertical force required to deflect the strands downward in the beam shall be lim-
ited to 4 or 5 kip per strand and 38 or 45 kip per hold-down device for 0.5 and 0.6 in. strand
respectively. In certain instances, these values could be increased depending upon the type of
hold-down device used. The designer will verify the manufacture’s prestressed hardware infor-
mation during shop plan review. Show the vertical uplift force per strand and the total uplift force
per hold down device Figure 3.5.2.15-4 K4 Beam Details (BR302a) within the design plans. For
beams with a single harp point, at the 0.5 point, the hold down force will be taken as having two
vertical components unlike the single vertical component from two harp points.
Debonding of strands in the end region of beams may be used to control excessive compressive
stresses due to the prestressing force. Strands may be debonded by encasing the strand in a plastic
sheath along a certain portion of the length; typically strands are debonded in 5ft increments. PCI
Journal (1981).
Do not debond strands which will be extended per Article 5.14.1.4.4.9a. In addition, the following
shall be incorporated in members where debonding is included:
Article 5.11.4.3 Partially Debonded Strands
• Not more than 40% of the strands at one horizontal row will be debonded
• Not more than 25% of the total strands can be debonded
• The exterior strands of each horizontal row shall be fully bonded
• Symmetric debonding about member centerline is required
• Not more than 40% of the debonded strands, or four strands - which ever is greater - shall
have the debonding terminated at a section
• Shear investigation shall be made in the regard to the reduced horizontal force
3.5.2.2 Design Loads

• Noncomposite simple beam dead loads are loads that the beam supports prior to the time that
the slab concrete has cured. Generally, these loads include the weight of the beams, dia-
phragms, fillets, slab, and construction loads.
• Composite dead loads are the loads that the beam and slab, acting as a composite section,
carry after the slab has been cured. These loads would include the weight of the curb, para-
pet, railing and the weight of the initial and/or future wearing surface.
3.5.2.3 Properties and Stresses

Prestressing Steel: Use seven-wire low-relaxation strands only.
• Use 0.5 in. strand in K2, K3 and K4 Beams.

• Use 0.6 in. strand in some K4 Beams on all K6 Beams.
Consideration may also be given to using 0.6 inch strand on long K4 Beams to alleviate conges-
tion. If 0.6 inch strand is used on one span of a bridge, then use 0.6 inch for all spans of that
bridge.

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The fabricator will use 0.6 in hold down hardware whenever 0.6” strand is used.
design steel area (0.5 in. seven-wire strand) = 0.153 in2
design steel area (0.6 in. seven-wire strand) = 0.217 in2
Allowable strand stress is as follows:
fpu = 270 ksi tensile strength

fpy = 243 ksi yield strength
The modulus of elasticity for the strand is Es = 28,500 ksi
Jacking Load (0.5 in low-relaxation) = 0.75 fpu = 202.5 ksi (per Table 5.9.3-1)
= 31.0 kip/strand
Jacking Load (0.6” low-relaxation) = 0.75 fpu = 43.9 kip/strand
Initial Stress (fpt) = Jacking stress (fpj) - Initial losses
fpj = Jacking stress, ksi

ƒpt = Stress in prestressing steel immediately after transfer, ksi
Initial losses = Elastic Shortening Δ f pES
Note: Steel relaxation at transfer has been removed from the specification for the “Approximate
Method”, which KDOT uses to determine time dependent losses.
KDOT assumes strand release to be 18 hours. If a higher strength concrete is used, resulting in a
higher required initial strength, then the time to strand release may be increased. This would result
in higher initial steel relaxation losses, not accounted for by the current method used.
In general, the maximum initial effective stress is limited to:
fpe = the effective stress at service limit state after all losses
= ƒpt < 0.80ƒpy (194.4 ksi)
Intermediate Grade Reinforcing Steel:

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fy = 60 ksi yield stress
fs = 24 ksi stress in mild reinforcement at

nominal flexural resistance
Cast-In-Place Concrete:
fc’ = 4 ksi compressive strength @ 28 days
Prestressed Concrete Strength(s):
Prestressed concrete K-section I-beams should generally be designed for 5 ksi at 28-day concrete
strength. Using K-sections for span lengths greater than the recommended range may require
higher strength concrete. However, it may be more economical to increase the beam height in per
inch increments rather than to increase the concrete strength. Note, when the beam height is
increased the minimum distance (cover) to top strand remains the same at 3 in.
The 28 day strength (fc') shall be rounded to the nearest 0.250 ksi (5 ksi, 5.250 ksi, etc.).
Do not require a higher fc' than that required by the design modified by the rounding criteria
defined above.
For beams made of 5 ksi concrete, it is KDOT policy to specify a compressive strength at time of
release of f'ci = 4 ksi unless otherwise shown on the plans. If release strengths in excess of 4 ksi
are required, the concrete release strengths for each size beam shall be shown on the plans.
• Round computed release strengths to the nearest 0.100 ksi.
• Temporary allowable concrete compressive stress before losses due to creep and shrinkage is
0.60 f'ci as specified in Article 5.9.4.1.1.
It is also KDOT policy to limit the temporary tension stresses (before losses due to creep and
shrinkage) to 0.09480 f ′ ci ≤ 0.20 ksi or (3 f ′ ci psi).
• Under certain circumstances, the 4- #4 bars shown in the prestressed beam standards may be
used to increase this temporary tension stress to 0.24 f ′ c as specified in Table 5.9.4.1.2-1
and commentary in Article 5.9.4.1.2.
• Include transportation stresses as shown in Section 3.2.9.11 and Appendix C. The transporta-
tion tension stress is allowed to be 0.24 f ′ c or (7.5 f ′ c psi) if the stress in the mild rein-
forcement in the top of the beam is proportioned to satisfy Article C5.9.4.1.2.
Final maximum compression is checked under Service I limit state and final maximum tension is
checked under Service III limit state. The difference between Service I and Service III limit states
is that Service I has a load factor of 1.0 for live load while Service III has a load factor of 0.80.

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Stress Limits in prestressed beams due to the prestressing force, service loads and prestress losses
shall be limited per Table 5.9.4.2.1-1 Which is summarized below:
Concrete Stresses
Stage Stresses, (ksi) Article (s)
Initial Compression 0.60 f'ci 5.9.4.1.1
* Initial Tension 0.24 f ′c 5.9.4.1.2
Final Compression 0.60 f'c 5.9.4.2.1
Final Tension 0.0948 f ′c 5.9.4.2.2
Final Allowable Compression 0.40 f'c 5.9.4.2.1
with LL+1/2(Peff+DL)
Final DL Compression 0.45 f'c 5.9.4.2.1
Shipping & Handling Com- 0.60 f'c 5.9.4.2.1

pression
* Shipping & Handling 0.24 f ′c 5.9.4.1.2
Tension
* Where As is proportioned as stated in Article C.5.9.4.1.2
3.5.2.4 Prestress Losses

The current LRFD Specification describes a “Refined Method” and a “Approximate Method” of
calculating Time-Dependent losses. Article 5.9.5.3 describes the Approximate Estimate of Time-
Dependent Losses which is used by KDOT for standard precast sections. The KDOT standard
precast section meet the requirements in the commentary of the “Approximate Method”.
All losses of the prestressing force on a member are interrelated. Prestress losses may be catego-
rized as either instantaneous or time-dependent.

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Δ fpES = Instantaneous losses are due to anchorage set, friction and elastic shortening of the con-
crete however; only elastic shortening is considered for this method.
Δ fpLT = Long-term time-dependent losses are those due to creep, shrinkage and relaxation of the
steel.
General losses follows Article 5.9.5
Δ fpT = The sum of all losses = Δ fpES + Δ fpLT
Losses before the slab is cast (instantaneous):
Elastic shortening is computed as follows:
Δ fpES = (Ep / Eci) fcgp
Ep = 28,500 ksi
Eci = Modulus of elasticity of concrete at transfer

= (33,000W3/2 f ′ c ksi.)
W = 0.145 kcf for normal weight concrete.

fcgp = Concrete stress at the center of gravity of prestressing steel
due to prestressing force and the dead load of the beam
immediately after transfer. (At this stage, the initial stress in
the tendon has been reduced by elastic shortening of the
concrete and tendon relaxation during placing and curing of
the concrete.)
Pi Pi ec2 Mg ec
f cgp = ------ + ------------ – ------------
Ag Ig Ig
In computing fcgp, the prestressing steel stress may be assumed to be 0.70 fpu for low relaxation
strand. This assumption is checked after the calculation of the loss, iterations may be necessary.
The alternative equation may also be used which gives a direct solution for Δ fpES (Equation
C5.9.5.2.3a-1).

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A f ( I + e2 A ) – e M A
Δ f pES = -----------------------------------------------------------------------
ps pbt g m g m g g
-
2 A g I g E ci
A ps ( I g + e m A g ) + -----------------
-
Ep
where:
A ps = 2
area of prestressing steel ( in )
Ag = gross area of section ( in 2 )
E ci = modulus of elasticity of concrete at transfer (ksi)
Ep = modulus of elasticity of prestressing tendons (ksi)
em = average prestressing steel eccentricity at midspan ( in )
f pbt = stress in prestressing steel immediately prior to transfer (ksi)
Ig = 4
moment of inertia of the gross concrete section ( in )
Mg = midspan moment due to member self-weight (kip-in)
Losses after the slab is cast (long term):
Equation 5.9.5.3-1 below describes three time-dependent loss elements: the first term is creep
loss, the second is shrinkage, and the third is relaxation.
f pi ⋅ A ps
Δ f pLT = 10.0 ⋅ -----------------
- ⋅ γ h ⋅ γ st + 12.0 ⋅ γ h ⋅ γ st + Δ f pR (Equation 5.9.5.3-1)
Ag
γ h = 1.7 – 0.01 ⋅ H 5 -
γ st = ---------------------
( 1 + f ′ ci )
where:
f’ci = compressive strength at the time of initial prestressing, (ksi)
fpi = prestress steel stress immediately prior to transfer, (ksi)
H = average annual ambient relative humidity, (%), Use 65% for

Kansas

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γ st = Correction factor for specified concrete strength at time of

prestress transfer
γh = Correction factor for relative humidity of the ambient air
Δf pR = Loss due to relaxation of steel after transfer, (ksi)

(an estimate of 2.4 ksi, is taken for low relaxation strands)
Note: The summation of losses Δ fpLT may be entered as a lump sum, if the software being used
does not have the refined method available.
T.Y. Lin (1975) wrote that, “An error in computing losses can affect service conditions such as
camber, deflection, and cracking. However, it has no effect on the ultimate strength of a flexural
member unless the tendons are unbonded or the final stress after loss is less than 0.5 fpu”(p.88).
3.5.2.5 Continuity, Restraint and Flexure

The effectiveness of continuity is controlled by construction timing and the potential for cracking
or tension in the bottom of the continuity diaphragms. For partially effective continuity the
reduced live load, in the positive moment regions, is then the remainder amount above the rota-
tion, at the beam end, which close the cracks and/or places the bottom of the diaphragm in com-
pression. A positive restraint moment would reduce the live load capacity. As a result of the extra
moment required to close the tension cracks at the bottom of the continuity diaphragms.
Calculations for the final allowable stresses in the past used full continuity for live loads. Positive
restraint moments were then added to the final load and checked against a higher allowable at
mid-span.
Article 5.14.1.4.5 states to be fully effective:
• The precast beams will be at least 90 days old at the time continuity is made, or:
• The bottom of the continuity diaphragm shall be in compression considering superimposed
permanent loads, settlement, creep, shrinkage, 50% live load and temperature.
Waiting 90 days before allowing the diaphragm to be poured is not a reasonable solution. The
reduction of the live load, for only the portion in excess of that which causes compression of the
bottom of the continuity diaphragm, may have limited benefits for service combinations and is
potentially unconservative. KDOT assumes the deck slab is placed 50 days after transfer, at
which time the continuity connection is assumed to occur; this time is used to calculate camber
and fillets for grading purposes. The alternative to a reduced live load capacity for the service
combinations is proportion to long-term creep and shrinkage is difficult to calculate and is
potently unconservative. That is why KDOT has adopted a simple span design at the service level
limit states. The following is the policy for the flexure design of prestressed members

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• As in the past non-composite dead loads are resisted by simple span conditions.
• Composite dead load (rail and future wearing surface) are resisted by simple span conditions.
• Live load beam design for positive moments are resisted by simple span conditions.
• Slab design, in the negative moments regions, are designed to resist negative moments
assuming 100% continuity.
• Anchor the slab reinforcement by extending to the 0.25 point + development length before
beginning the staggered cut-off (not more than 50%) of the longitudinal deck slab reinforce-
ment. Using this anchor location is slightly different than described by Article 5.14.1.4.8.
• Positive moment continuity steel (strands extended into the pier diaphragm) will be provided.
It is assumed that by following the above criteria, the potential positive restraint moments are bal-
anced with the less-than-fully-effective continuity at the diaphragms. Thus, the additional
demand in the positive moment region due to restraint moments are already accounted for and
should not be included elsewhere. See Commentary C5.14.1.4.2.
3.5.2.6 Design for Positive Moment:

Prestressed concrete members will meet both the service load and strength requirements of
AASHTO. For analysis purpose, the beams are assumed to act as un-cracked members subject to
combined axial and bending stresses. The sign convention used for a section is that tensile
stresses are positive and compressive stresses are negative.
In the use of the combined fiber stress formulas, the signs should be assigned by observation.
The general formula for combined fiber stresses is:
M
f = –P
--- ± -----
A S
Top and bottom fiber stresses due to prestressing and design service loads are:
F Fe M nd ⎛ M cd + M cl
f ct = – --- + ------ – --------- – ⎝ -------------------------⎞⎠
A St St St ′
M nd ⎛ M cd + M cl⎞
fcb = – F
--- – Fe
------ + --------- + -------------------------
A Sb Sb ⎝ Sb ′ ⎠
where:
fct = top fiber stress
fcb = bottom fiber stress
F = total prestress force after losses

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e = distance from centroid of prestressing steel to centroid of beam at

section being investigated
Sb = noncomposite section modulus for bottom fiber
Sb' = noncomposite section modulus for bottom fiber
St = noncomposite section modulus for top fiber
St' = composite section modulus for top fiber
Mnd = moment due to dead loads on noncomposite section
Mcd = moment due to dead loads on composite section
Mcl = moment due to live load plus impact on composite section
A = gross noncomposite cross-sectional area of beam
Temporary Stresses:
After the total design loads are satisfied by the design equations, initial stresses at strand release
from the application of prestress forces should be investigated. Temporary stresses are computed
as follows:
fct F F i e c M nd
= – -----i + ---------
- – ---------
A St St
At midspan of beam
fcb F F i e c M nd
= – -----i – ---------
- + ---------
A Sb Sb
fct F Fi ec
= – -----i + ---------
-
A St
At end of beam f cb F Fi ec
= – -----i – ---------
-
A Sb
Where:
fct or cb = initial concrete stress due to initial prestressing at top or bottom of beam
Fi = total initial prestressing force minus losses Δ fpES at release
ec = distance from centroid of prestressing steel to centroid of prestressed

noncomposite beam at center or end of the beam

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Si = noncomposite section modulus for top or bottom fibers of the beam
Mnd = Moment due to beam dead load
3.5.2.7 Design for Factored Positive Moment Resistance

Prestressed concrete members will resist the simple span positive moment from non-composite
dead loads and composite live loads, as well as composite dead loads. Computing the ultimate
flexural capacity for a prestressed concrete member is essentially the same as for a conventional
reinforced concrete member. The basic difference between the two is in the stress-strain relation-
ship of the prestressing steel and intermediate grade reinforcing steel.
The factored resistance Mr shall be taken as:
Mr = φ Mn
Resistance factors at the strength limit state are (Article 5.5.4.2):
φ = 1.00 for flexure and tension of prestressed concrete *
φ = 0.90 for shear and torsion
φ = 1.00 for tension in steel in anchorage zones
*Tension controlled region (strain in steel > 0.005)
M n = A ps f ps ⎛ d p – a---⎞ (Based on Equation 5.7.3.2.2-1)

⎝ 2⎠
(assuming a rectangular section with only prestressing steel present)
fps = fpu ( 1 – k ----- ⎞⎠ (Equation 5.7.3.1.1-1)

c
where:
dp
f py⎞
where; k = 2 ⎛ 1.04 – --------
- k = 0.28 for lo-lax strand
⎝ f pu⎠
The above equation provides an approximate value of fps. AASHTO allows the use of this equa-
tion provided requirements of Article 5.7.3.1.1 are met.
The procedure for computing the nominal moment capacity of a composite prestressed concrete I-
beam depends on the distance from the neutral axis to the compression face of the member. T-sec-

Version 9/09 3 -5 - 2 - 13
tions where the neutral axis lies in the flange, i.e. “c” is less then the slab thickness, are considered
rectangular sections.
The distance from the neutral axis to the compression face of the member is computed as follows
(assuming no mild steel or compression reinforcement is present):
A ps f pu
c = --------------------------------------------------------
- (Based on Equation, 5.7.3.1.1-4)
f pu
0.85f ′ c β 1 b + kA ps ---------
dp
Where:
b = effective width of flange (slab) = tributary width Article 4.6.2.6.1

dp = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of the prestressing
tendons or strands (in)
Aps = area of prestressing steel (in2)
fps = average stress in prestressing steel at nominal bending resistance (ksi)
fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing steel (ksi)
f’c = specified compressive strength of cast-in-place deck @ 28 days.
β1 = stress block factor specified in Article 5.7.2.2
c = distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face (in.)
a = c β 1; depth of the equivalent compression stress block (in.)
For most KDOT designs of prestressed concrete composite members, the rectangular compres-
sion stress block falls within the cast-in-place deck slab. When the neutral axis falls outside the
flange (i.e., flange thickness is less than “c”), the designer should use the Article 5.7.3.1.1-3 to
compute the nominal capacity of the composite member.3
Maximum steel percentage:

In the Standard Specifications the maximum percentage of steel was limited by the requirement
stating that the steel yields before the beam reaches ultimate capacity. The depth of the flexural
compressive block was compared to the depth of the steel centroid to verify adequate ductility.
Article 5.7.2 considers a section with the steel strain near the extreme fiber greater than 0.005 to
be a tension controlled region. Prestressed Beams are tension controlled. Unless unusually high
amounts of ductility are required, the 0.005 limit will provide ductile behavior for most designs.

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High ductility is required for redistribution of negative moments for continuos members accord-
ing to Article 5.7.3.5 at strength limit states.
Minimum steel percentage:
The minimum prestressing steel, from Article 5.7.3.3.2, shall be that required to develop an ulti-
mate flexural capacity at the critical section at least equal to the lesser of:
• 1.2 times the cracking capacity or

• 1.33 times the factored moment required by the applicable Strength I Load Combination.
The cracking capacity of the section shall be based upon a modulus of rupture of 0.37 f ' c ksi in
accordance with Article 5.4.2.6. Contrary to the Standard Specifications, the LRFD Specifica-
tions state that this requirement will be met at every section.
The combined moment to cause cracking is the sum of the total dead load moments plus an addi-
tional superimposed moment to reach a bottom fiber stress of 0.37 f ' c ksi in the beam. The
allowable cracking tensile stress shall be computed as:
S
M cr = S c ( f r + f cpe ) – M dnc ⎛⎝ ------c- – 1⎞⎠ ≥ S c f r Equation. 5.7.3.3.2-1
S nc
Where:
Mcr = Cracking moment capacity available to resist live load

fr = Allowable cracking tensile stress, ksi
fcpe = Compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only
(after allowance for prestressed losses) at the extreme fibers of the
section where the tensile stress is caused by external loads
Mdnc = Total unfactored dead load moment acting on the slab of the
noncomposite prestressed beam, k-in
Snc = Noncomposite section modulus for bottom fiber of prestressed
beam where tensile stress is caused by an externally applied load, in3
Sc = Composite section modulus for bottom fiber of prestressed beam where
tensile stress is caused by an externally applied load, in3
3.5.2.8 Design for Factored Negative Moment Resistance

The design for factored nominal negative moments in precast prestressed concrete members that
are constructed continuous to provide continuity is by conventional methods of reinforced con-
crete strength design. It is assumed, for the design of this section, that 100% effective continuity
is obtained at the intermediate supports by pouring a concrete diaphragm monolithically with the
deck slab and encasing the prestressed beams. Prestressed strands that are used in making the pos-

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itive moment connection should be extended a minimum of 3.0 ft., for the end of the beam. Use
Article 5.14.1.4.9a to determine the number of strands to extend. As a minimum extend four
strands on the bottom. If the strands are harped extend two strands on top as well. Extended
strands shall be located on the same row if possible and are not debonded. Do not create confu-
sion in the shop by staggering row cut-off patterns.
The negative moments acting on the composite section include the effect of maximum live load
plus impact.
The dead loads include the weight of curbs, parapet, railing, and future wearing surface. The
value of the negative moment is time dependent; therefore, an assumption needs to be made as to
when the continuity connection is made. KDOT assumes this connection to be made 50 days after
the beams are fabricated. No additional negative moment is expected by this assumption. The
negative moment reinforcement shall be proportioned by strength design to resist
1.25(DC)+1.5(DW)+1.75(LL+IM). Check fatigue and crack control as well. See Section “3.9.12
Reinforcement for Deck Slabs” for additional discussions.
The factored resistance Mr shall be taken as:
Mr = φ Mn
Resistance factor at the strength limit state is Article 5.5.4.2:
φ = 0.90 for flexure and tension of reinforced concrete
(Based on Equation 5.7.3.2.2-1)
M n = A s f s ⎛ d s – a---⎞
⎝ 2⎠
(assuming a rectangular section with non-prestressed tension reinforcement)
The distance from the neutral axis to the compression face of the member is computed as follows
(assuming no prestressing steel or compression reinforcement is present):
As fs
c = -------------------------
- (Based on Equation 5.7.3.1.1-4)
0.85f ′ c β 1 b
where:
b = width of beam bottom flange

ds = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of
non-prestressed tension reinforcement
As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement

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fs = stress in mild steel tension reinforcement at nominal

flexural resistance (ksi), as specified in Article 5.7.2.1
fs = fy when c/ds < 0.6
fc' = compressive strength of beam concrete @ 28 days.
β1 = stress block factor specified in Article. 5.7.2.2.
c = distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face.
a = β 1 c; depth of equivalent compression stress block
3.5.2.8.1 Mild Reinforcement

KDOT designs require mild longitudinal reinforcement to be used at the top of each beam to resist
tension stress at the top of the member due to transportation and erection of the member.
3.5.2.9 Design for Shear

Two design procedures are available in the LRFD Specification for shear and torsion design of
concrete members: (1) the sectional model as specified in Article 5.8.3 and (2) the strut-and-tie
model as specified in Article 5.6.3.
The sectional method (Section 3.5.1) is used whenever sectional forces (shear, axial, moment and
torsion) need not consider how the force effects were introduced; this is appropriate for most situ-
ations other than those described below:
Article 5.8.1.1 directs the designer to use the strut-and-tie model whenever the distance from the
point of zero shear to the face of a support is less than twice the effective depth of the beam, or
when a load that causes at least one-half of the shear at a support is within twice the effective
depth. Strut-and-tie models should also be used in members with abrupt changes in cross-section,
openings and draped-ends, deep beams and corbels. The sectional model can be used for the
design of regions of concrete members where plane sections remain plane after loading. This
would include typical bridge beams, slabs and other regions of components where the assump-
tions of traditional engineering beam theory are valid. The current acceptable methods described
in the 4th edition are summarized below:
Article 5.8.3.4.2 - General Procedure

This design procedure (Collins et al, 1994) was derived from the Modified Compression Field
Theory (MCFT, Vecchio, and Collins, 1986) which is a comprehensive behavioral model for the
response of diagonally cracked concrete subject to in-plane shear and normal stresses. Prior to the
2008 interim revisions, the General Procedure for shear design was iterative and required the use
of tables for the evaluation of β and θ (see Appendix B5)*. With the 2008 revisions, this design
procedure was modified to be non-iterative and algebraic equations were introduced for the eval-
uation of β and θ . These equations are functionally equivalent to those used in the Canadian
design code (A23.2-M04, 2004), were also derived from the MCFT (Bentz et al. 2006), and were

Version 9/09 3 -5 - 2 - 17
evaluated as appropriate for use in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (Hawkins et
al., 2006,2007)
Article 5.8.3.4.3 - Simplified Procedure for Prestressed and Nonprestressed Sections

This design procedure is based on the recommendations of NCHRP Report 549 (Hawkins et al.,
2005). The concepts of this Article are compatible with the concepts of ACI Code 318-05 and
AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (2002) for evaluations of the shear resis-
tance of prestressed concrete members. However, those concepts are modified so that this Article
applies to both prestressed and nonprestressed sections.
The longitudinal reinforcement resists the additional force due to shear, i.e., the horizontal com-
ponent of the diagonal compression field. The tensile capacity of the reinforcement on the flex-
ural tension side of the member, taking into account the lack of full development of that
reinforcement, is checked using Equation 5.8.3.5-1.
When computing strains for sections in the negative moment region, be aware that only reinforc-
ing on the tension side of the beam may be used. Therefore, near a pier, the only prestressing steel
that can be used in the strain equation are the harped strands located on the tension side of the
beam.
Detailing for Shear
• At beam ends, use #5 stirrups spaced at 3 in for a distance of h/4 from the end of the beam for
the splitting zone defined in Article 5.10.10.
• For transportation considerations, continue use of #5 stirrups to a distance of one-tenth of the
beam span.
• According to Article 5.10.10.2 at no instance will the confinement reinforcement from the
end of the beam to 1.5d be spaced greater than 6 in. See Section “3.2.9.12 Transportation” for
additional requirements.
• Additionally, do not exceed 18 in. stirrup spacing within the beam. Do not exceed a 6 in.
change in spacing when changing spacing along the length of the beam will result in a
reduced shear capacity by more the 50% along the member
• Use #5 stirrups throughout the beam.
*Note: Opis design software uses the iterative general method described in Appendix B5
3.5.2.10 Diaphragms
• For typical Abutment Diaphragm Details, see Figure 3.5.2.15-6 Typical Abutment Dia-
phragm.
• For typical Pier Diaphragm Details, see Figure 3.5.2.15-7 Typical Pier Diaphragm and Figure
3.5.2.15-7a Optional Abutment Diaphragm.

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• For typical Concrete Intermediate Diaphragm Details, See Figure 3.5.2.15-8 Typical Con-
crete Intermediate Diaphragm.
• For Temporary Diaphragm Details, see Figure 3.5.2.15-9 Temporary Diaphragm Details (BR
305)
Permanent diaphragms:
Cast-in-Place (CIP) permanent diaphragms are required at all supports; see Figure 3.5.2.15-6 Typ-
ical Abutment Diaphragm for details. In general, CIP permanent intermediate diaphragms are
not preferred or required. Intermediate diaphragms are most beneficial in stabilizing the beam
during erection and offer little distribution of live load and therefore, they can be removed after
the structure has been made continuos and composite. LTRC, (2008)
Temporary diaphragms: **
Temporary diaphragms are required to stabilize beams during the construction of the deck. Plans
shall show the location of the temporary diaphragms on the plans. Locate them approximately 12
ft. from the beam ends or at quarter points - whichever is closest to the pier. Temporary dia-
phragms are required in all bays or as noted below. They are attached by either coil inserts cast
into the beam or by bolting with an open hole cast into the beam. Open hole type connections are
preferred (and shown in Base Sheet BR305) by KDOT because this detail provides for a more
modular construction (interior and exterior beams are the same). For bridges with an even num-
ber of beam lines every other bay may be sufficient to connect two beams, and thus creating frame
action see Figure 3.5.2.15-9 Temporary Diaphragm Details (BR 305) Steel temporary dia-
phragms shall remain in place until the concrete diaphragms (if required) and the deck have cured.
The Contractor will remove the diaphragms and erection angles and fill the open holes of the
exterior face of the exterior beam an prequalified epoxy grout. The plans note states that all tem-
porary diaphragms are subsidiary to other bid items.
For conventional overhang formwork supported by the exterior beams only, the plans will show
either of the following options:
a. For spans less the 40 ft long, no temporary steel diaphragms are required.
b. For spans 40-80 ft long, use two temporary steel diaphragms at locations at the first and
third quarter points.
c. For spans greater than 80 ft but less than 120 ft, use three temporary steel diaphragms
located at all three quarter points.
d. For spans > 120 ft, a special design is required.
Needle beams may be used in lieu of temporary steel diaphragms to support formwork and stabi-
lize beams during construction, as accepted by the Engineer. Needle beam support and framing is
considered to be falsework and is subject to the falsework review requirements as per the KDOT
specifications. (See Section 5 of the Bridge Manual).
** Note: This does not replace the requirements for erection controls on structures over traffic.

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3.5.2.11 Bearings and Expansion

At release of the prestressing force, I-Beams are subject to end cracking due to corner flange
stress when the beam cambers up. To resist cracking of the beam, end steel bearing plates should
be used on all spans 60 ft or greater. For spans less than 60 ft bearing plates may be required as
directed by the Bridge Engineer. Also, bearing plates should be used on the web of all double-tee
beams. The prestressed beams should be supported on ¾ in. thick - 60 Durometer Elastomeric
leveling pads at the pier and abutment bridge seats. The width of the pads should be the bearing
plate width and a minimum length of 8 in. The pad should be designed to support the dead load
of the beam and slab. The bearing stress should not exceed 800 psi in accordance with Article
14.6.6.3.2. See Figure 3.5.2.15-10 Typical Bearing Pad Layout.
For prestressed bridges on sloping grade, the clearance between the edge of the abutment bridge
seat and the beam will be considered so that no edge load occurs on the beam from contact with
the abutment seat. Evaluate the compressive strain and creep deflection in the beams. For grades
1.5 percent or less, the ¾ in. leveling pad should be adequate.
For grades between 1.5 percent and 4.0 percent, a beveled pad should be used. For grades
exceeding 4.0 percent, a beveled steel plate welded to the end steel bearing plate should be con-
sidered. Provide a minimum pad edge thickness of ¾ in. At no time shall the prestressed beam be
in contact with the pier beam except by means of a leveling pad (with type B material) or and
expansion device.
3.5.2.12 Prestressed Concrete Deck Panels

Prestressed concrete deck panels are discussed in Section 3.2.2.4 Reinforcement for Deck Slabs
(see LRFD Bridge Design Manual Section 3.9). An example of the use of the prestressed panels
is shown on Figure 3.5.2.15-5 K3 Beam Details (BR302b). The panels shall be supported on an
expanded polystyrene bedding. As an alternate, the panels may be placed on a mortar bed of non-
shrinking grout upon request of the contractor.
Raking direction on the tops of prestressed panels shall be perpendicular to the prestressing
strands. When prestressed panels are used on prestressed beams, support of the overhang brack-
ets presents a problem. Place note on the plans stating that the Contractor may add extra bars in
the beams at his expense for welding or attaching hangers for overhang brackets.
3.5.2.13 Transportation
During transportation, prestressed beams may be subjected to dynamic forces. This “bouncing”
of the beam can reduce the dead load on the member which could result in critical tension stresses
in the top of the beam. The designer should check these stresses by assuming support points for
beam transportation at 5.0 ft. from the end of the beam or to the first tenth point of the span,
whichever is greater. Check tension in the top of the beam over the temporary support due to the
cantilevered moment. To approximate the dynamic load effects, assume a beam dead load of “3g”
on the cantilevered portion (PCI Design Handbook, 1985, p. 5-17).
Also check the tension in the top of the beam at the harp point of the strands using the reduced
span length due to the temporary supports. Again, use “3g” for the overhang force, but use the
normal beam dead load (“g”) when computing forces between the supports. Allow a maximum

Version 9/09 3 - 5 - 2 - 20
temporary tension stress of 0.24 f c′ i ksi or7.5 f c′ i psi. This upper limit is allowed only if the
stress in the mild reinforcement at the top of the member meet the requirements of the commen-
tary for Article C5.9.4.1.2.
For additional information on the handling of beams, see: (PCI JOURNAL, 1987, p.87-101).
See Appendix C Prestressed Girder (Transportation Stress Check) for Example calculations for
transportation stress check
3.5.2.14 Lifting Devices

Do not use 0.6 in strand for lifting loops. If a beam requires two lifting devices at each end of the
beam, state clearly on the plans that the fabricator should use both devices when moving the
beam. The following example may be used as a guide for determining the number and depth of
strands required for beams larger than the typical K4 beam.
Note that many variables are involved when estimating the capacity of a lifting device. These
may include: embedment depth, lifting angle, strand loop diameter, fabrication of multiple loops,
and the amount of dynamic load to name a few.
DESIGN EXAMPLE: Design lifting devices for a 100 ft K4 Beam.
Assumptions: Factor of safety =4

45 degree lifting angle
Given: Strand = ½” diameter low-lax (fs’ = 270
ksi)
K4 beam mass = 671 lb./ft.
Total beam load = 100’ x 671 lb./ft./1000 = 67.1 kip
½ beam load = P = 33.55 kip
Allowable Kips per = 0.75 fs’(As) = 0.75(270 ksi)(0.153 in2)
strand
= 31 kip/strand
No. of strands = P (1/Sin 45°)(F.S.) / Allow. kips/
strand
= 33.55 kip (1.4)(4) / 31 kip/strand
= 6.1 strands required
6.1 strands / 2 strands = 3.05 loops required
per loop
Use 1 - 3 strand lifting loop

Determine length of strand embedment required: (Ref. Missouri Report 73-5C “End Connec-
tions of Pretensioned I-Beam Bridge”)
Embedment Length = Le = 0.337 (fs) (F.S.) + 8 in.

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Assume a factor of
safety of 2.0
Tension per strand = 33.55 kip/ 3 loops x 2 strands per
loop
= 5.6 kip/strand
fs = 5.6 kip/strand / 0.153 = 36.55 ksi
in2
Le = 0.337 (36.55) 2 + 8 = 32.6"
Conclusion:
Use 33" embedment
3.5.2.15 Prestress Beam Plan Details

The following details illustrate strand locations and beam geometry which should be used for
KDOT designed projects.

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Figure 3.5.2.15-1a Geometry For a K-6

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Figure 3.5.2.15-1b Geometry For a K-4

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Figure 3.5.2.15-1c Geometry For a K-3

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Figure 3.5.2.15-1d Geometry For a K-2

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Figure 3.5.2.15-2a Standard Prestressed Concrete Beam Details (BR300a)

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Figure 3.5.2.15-2b Standard Prestressed Concrete Beam Details (BR300b)

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Figure 3.5.2.15-2c Standard Prestressed Concrete Beam Details (BR300c)

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Figure3.5.2.15-2d Standard Prestressed Concrete Beam Details (BR300d)

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Figure 3.5.2.15-3 General Notes and Quantities (BR301)

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Figure 3.5.2.15-4 K4 Beam Details (BR302a)

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Figure 3.5.2.15-5 K3 Beam Details (BR302b)

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Figure 3.5.2.15-6 Typical Abutment Diaphragm

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Figure 3.5.2.15-7 Typical Pier Diaphragm

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Figure 3.5.2.15-7a Optional Abutment Diaphragm

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Figure 3.5.2.15-8 Typical Concrete Intermediate Diaphragm

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Figure 3.5.2.15-9 Temporary Diaphragm Details (BR 305)

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Figure 3.5.2.15-10 Typical Bearing Pad Layout

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Figure 3.5.2.15-11 Typical Camber Diagram

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Figure 3.5.2.15-12 Concrete Placing Sequence

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Figure 3.5.2.15-13 Computation of Fillets (Conventional Deck)

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Figure 3.5.2.15-14a Computation of Fillets (P*S panel Deck)

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Figure 3.5.2.15-14b Computation of Fillets (P*S Panel Deck)(Cont.)

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Figure3.5.2.15-15 Prestressed Concrete panel Details (BR303)

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Figure3.5.2.15-16 Variable Section Single-T

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Figure 3.5.2.15-17 Double-Tee Beam

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Appendix A Prestress Beam Guidelines
LFDandLRFDPrestressedBeams AASHTO Requirement

Code AASHTO KDOT
StrandType&Properties
SevenWireLowRelaxationStrands(Dia) 1/2" X X
TensileStrength(Fpu)(ksi) 270ksi 5.4.4.11 X
YieldStrength(Fpy)(ksi) 0.90fpu =243ksi 5.4.4.11 X
ModulusofElasticity(ksi) 28,500ksi 5.4.4.2 X
StrandArea(in2) 0.153in
2
X
Mass/Wtperunitlength(lbs/ft) 0.521lbs/ft
TransferLength(in) 60ds =30" 5.11.4.1 X
StrandType&Properties
SevenWireLowRelaxationStrands(Dia)K4orK6Only 0.6" X X
Mass/Wtperunitlength(lbs/ft) 0.732lbs/ft
2 2
StrandArea(in ) 0.215in X
TransferLength(in) 60ds =36" 5.11.4.1 X
LFDRatingStressLimits (ksi) (psi)

InitialAllowableCompression 0.60*f'ci 9.15.1 X
InitialAllowableTension 0.0948*SQRT(f'ci)<=0.20ksi 3*SQRT(f'ci)<=200psi 9.15.1 X X
FinalAllowableCompression 0.60*f'c 9.15.2 X
FinalAllowableTension(NoteBelow) Zero Inv or 0.19*SQRT(f'
ZeroInvor0.19 SQRT(f c)Oper
) Oper ZeroInvor6
Zero Inv or 6*SQRT(f'
SQRT(f c)Oper
) Oper 9.15.2 X X
FinalAllowableDLCompression 0.40*f'c 9.15.2 X
FinalAllowableSlabCompression 0.60*f'c 9.15.2 X
FinalAllowableCompression 0.40*f'c 9.15.2 X
(LL+1/2(Pe+DL))
IfratinganLRFDdesignedbridgeverifytheInventoryratingfactorfortheHSdesigntruckis1.10orgreater
=====> VisittheFactorsTaboftheMemberAlt.foreachmemberandsettheASDFactorforP/SConcreteTensionforInventorytoZERO <======
TheOperatingratingfactorshouldbegreaterthan1.0fortheHETloadratingtruckusingasinglelane(S/7)andfullimpact.
LRFDDesignStressLimits (ksi) (psi)

InitialAllowableCompression 0.60*f'ci 5.9.4.1.1 X
I iti l All
InitialAllowableTension(WithAsproportionedasperFig.
bl T i (With A ti d Fi
0.24*SQRT(f'ci) 7.5*SQRT(f'ci) 5.9.4.1.2 X X
C5.9.4.1.21)
FinalAllowableCompression 0.60*f'c 5.9.4.2.1 X
FinalAllowableTension 0.0948*SQRT(f'c) 3*SQRT(f'ci) 5.9.4.2.2 X X
FinalAllowableDLCompression 0.45*f'c 5.9.4.2.1 X
FinalAllowableCompression 0.40*f'c 5.9.4.2.1 X
(LL+1/2(Pe+DL))
SlabInterface
InterfaceType IntentionallyRoughened X
InterfaceWidth TopFlangeWidth 5.8.4.1 X
Cohesion(ksi) 0.28ksi 5.8.4.3 X X
FrictionFactor 1 5.8.4.3 X X
K1 0.3 5.8.4.3 X X
K2 1.8ksi 5.8.4.3 X X
P/SProperties
InitialLossElasticShortening 5.9.5.2.3 X
LongTermLossMethod(AASHTO,LumpSumorPCI) AASHTOApproximateMethod 5.9.5.3 X X ModifiedPCI
JackingStressRatio(lowrelaxation) 0.75 5.9.3 X X Setonplans
P/STransferStressRatio(lowrelaxation) LeaveitBlank X
(
TransferTime(18hrs=0.75days)y) 18 X
AgeatDeckPlacement(days) 50 X
FinalAge(days) 27375 X
LossDataAASHTOPercentDL 0% X
LossData,"LumpSum"(ksi)
FinalLoss Notused
CompositeLoss Notused
ContinuousLoss Notused
LossData"PCI"(ksi)
UltimateCreepLoss X seeBridgeDesignManual
MaturityCoefficent 0.75 X Use28days,0.75
UltimateShrinkageLoss X seeBridgeDesignManual
Shrinkage/Time
BeamCuringMethod,MoistorSteam Steam(assumed) X
SlabCuringMethod,MoistorSteam Moist X
DeckDryingTime 14Days X
Time
CuringTime(18hrs=0.75Days) 0.75 X
TimeContinous(Days)
Time Continous (Days) 28 X
TimeComposite(Days) 50 X CamberCalcs
ServiceLife(years) 75 X
TimeofAnalysis(years) 75 X
LRFDShearComputationMethod
GeneralorSimplified General 5.8.3.4.2 X X
MaybeSimplified 5.8.3.4.3 X
Miscellaneous
Humidity 65% X
SustainedModularRatio 2 5.7.1 X

Version 9/09 3 -5 - A1 - 50

Version 9/09 3 - 5 - A1 - 51
Appendix B Harp Strand Force Calculator
Input
Strand Eccentricity (in)............................................................... e 45

Beam Length(ft)...................................................................... Lb 60
Strand Diameter (in)..................................................................... θ 0.6
Cross Sectional Area (in 2 )............................................................ Area 0.217

(Note: Use 0.153 in2 for 0.5" strand and 0.217 in 2 for 0.6")
Ns 6
Number of Strands being harped (each)...........................
Strength of Strand (ksi)................................................................. fu 270
Pu 45
Maximum Prestressing Force per strand (80% max for guts) (kip) ....
PS_Force_Max Area fu .80
Harp Location (tenth point less than or equal to 0.5) ...................... Harp 0.4
(must be symmetric)
Harpn 2
Number of Harp Locaions(each)..............................................
(typically two are used)
Calculations
ϕ § atan § e · · 360
Angle for Harp from Horizontal (degrees).................. ¨ ¨ L Harp 12 ¸ ¸ 2 π
© © b ¹¹
Angle for Harp from Vertical (degrees) ................... β 90 ϕ β 81.119
2 π ·
Pu cos §¨
2
strandper β¸
Harpn © 360 ¹
Hold down force per strand (kip)............................. Planper_stand strandper
Total hold down force per device (kip).................... Total strandper Ns

Total device Total

Version 9/09 3 -5 - A2 - 51
Appendix B Harp Strand Force Calculator
Results
PS_Force Pu if Pu d PS_Force_Max Total Total if Total d 38
"Greater than 0.80 Guts" otherwise "Check Manufacture" otherwise
strandper strandper if strandper d 5 θ = 0.6
strandper if strandper d 4 θ = 0.5
"Check Manufacture" otherwise
Checks
Prestressing force per strand (80% GUTS max.) (kip) ...... PS_Force 45
strandper "Check Manufacture"

Hold down force per strand (kip) (4 for 0.5" and 5 for 0.6" strand)..
Planper_stand 6.947
Total hold down force per device (kip) (38 kip max)............. Total "Check Manufacture"
Total device 41.682

Version 9/09 3 - 5 - A2 - 52
Appendix C Prestressed Girder (Transportation Stress Check)
From the shear & moment diagrams, it can be shown that by moving the supports inward, the
dead load moment between the support is reduced by a constant value. As can be seen the shape
of the moment diagrams are the same from support to support of the transported beam. Therefore
the value of the reduction is equal to the cantilever moment plus the value of the moment, for the
beam supported at the ends, at the location of the transportation support.

Version 9/09 3 -5 - A3 - 54
Worked Example:
Assume supports at 7.0’ from beam ends during transportation.
w = 720 lb/ft
2 ( 7.0 x 3 x 720 lb/ft ) + ( 77.0 ′ x720lb ⁄ ft )
R y = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 42.84 kip
2
Results from PSCOG Computer Run
Initial Conditions:
A. Stress at Support
P = 1,018.7 kip A = 2
692in
V = 31.8 kip = 3
St 9, 754in
M = 9,080 k-in = Pe = 3
Sb 9, 815in
2
Moment= 3W ( 7.0 ) -′ =
M + 7.0 ′ × V + ------------------------
2
Moment = 9, 080 k – in + 2, 671k – in + 635 k – in = 12, 386 k – in
f c Top = P--- – Moment , 018.7 -k – 12

--------------------- = 1--------------------- , 386 k – in- = 202 psi compression OK
-------------------------------
2 3
A St 692in 9, 754in
f c Bot = P , 018.7 -k + 12
--------------------- = 1---------------------
--- + Moment , 386 k – in- = 2, 734psi compression OK
-------------------------------
A 2 3
Sb 692in 9, 815in

Version 9/09 3 - 5 - A3 - 55
Allowable Stresses:
Allow Comp. = 0.6 f c ′ f c ′ will be the average of Initial and Final f c ′

Allow Comp. = 0.6 × 5, 440psi = 3, 260psi
, 931psi + 5, 947psi- = 5, 440psi
f c ′ = 4----------------------------------------------------
2
= 3, 260psi
Allow Ten. = 5 f c ′ = 5 5, 440 = 370psi
B. Stresses at Hold Down
2
W ( 29.5 ) - – R ( 29.5 ′ )
Moment = M + 36.5 ′ × V + 3W × 33.0 ′ × 7.0 ′ + ---------------------- y
2
= 9, 080k – in + 13, 928k – in + 5, 988k – in + 3, 759k – in – 15, 165k – in = 17, 590k – in
f c Top = P--- – Moment , 018.7 k- – 17

--------------------- = 1--------------------- , 590 k – in- = 331psi Tension OK
-------------------------------
2 3
A St 692in 9, 754in
f c Bot = P
--- + Moment , 018.7 k- + 17
--------------------- = 1--------------------- , 590 k – in- = 3, 264psi Comp. OK
-------------------------------
A 2 3
Sb 692in 9, 815in

Version 9/09 3 -5 - A3 - 56
MathCadd Example:
Transportation Stress Calculations:
Beam Data: K4+2

D 56in L 82ft HarpPt 33ft 0.4*L Use_As.top 1 1=yes, 0=no
Near Beam Ends

b top 24in
2
Pps 910.4kip A 692in
Enter f'c at time of transportation stresses.
2
As an approximation, try the average of As.top 0.78in
3
Vps 30.9kip St 9754in Initial and Final.
fpc 5290psi fy 60ksi
3
M ps 8850kip in Sb 9815in
Calculations
kip
W A 150 pcf W 0.721
ft
fc_comp_allow 0.6 fpc fc_comp_allow 3.174 ksi
fc_ten_allow 0.24 fpc ksi if Use_As.top = 1

fc_ten_allow 0.552 ksi
5 fpc psi if Use_As.top = 2

min 0.0948 fpc ksi 0.200ksi otherwise

Version 9/09 3 - 5 - A3 - 57
References
ACI-ASCE Joint Committee 323, (1958). “Tentative Recommendations for Prestressed

Concrete,”
AASHTO, (2007). LRFD Bridge Design Specification, 4th ed. American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
AASHTO, (2002). Standard Specification for Highway Bridges, 17th ed. American Association
of State Highway and Transportation officials, Washington, DC.
Laszlo, G. & Imper, R., (Nov.-Dec. 1987). Handling and Shipping of Long Span Bridge Beams,
PCI Journal, p.87-101.
Lin, T.Y., & Burns, H. N. , (1975). Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures, p.88.
LTRC, (2008). Technical Summary Report 420, Assessing the need for Intermediate Diaphragms
in Prestressed Concerte Bridges.
PCI Handbook, (1985).Precast and Prestressed Concrete, 3rd Edition, Chapter 5.
PCI Journal, (1981).Use of Deboned Strands in Pretensioned Bridge Members, Vol. 26, No. 4.

Version 9/09 3 -5 - 2 - 1

Version 9/09 3-5-2- 2

3.5.2 Prestressed Concrete: Kansas Department of Transportation Design Manual

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Kansas Department of Transportation Design Manual

3.5.2 Prestressed Concrete

Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

Figure 3.5.2.15-6 Typical Abutment Diaphragm .........................................................................34

Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

KDOT LRFD Prestressed Beam Design Guidelines Summary

Shipping & Handling Com- 0.60 f'c 5.9.4.2.1

Concrete Strength and Strand Usage

Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

3.5.2.1 General - Precast Prestressed Concrete I-Beam

Table 3.5.2.1-1 Prestressed Beam Length Harp Criteria

Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

Article 5.11.4.3 Partially Debonded Strands

3.5.2.2 Design Loads

3.5.2.3 Properties and Stresses

• Use 0.5 in. strand in K2, K3 and K4 Beams.

Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

Allowable strand stress is as follows:

fpu = 270 ksi tensile strength

The modulus of elasticity for the strand is Es = 28,500 ksi

Jacking Load (0.6” low-relaxation) = 0.75 fpu = 43.9 kip/strand

Initial Stress (fpt) = Jacking stress (fpj) - Initial losses

fpj = Jacking stress, ksi

Initial losses = Elastic Shortening Δ f pES

In general, the maximum initial effective stress is limited to:

= ƒpt < 0.80ƒpy (194.4 ksi)

Intermediate Grade Reinforcing Steel:

Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

fy = 60 ksi yield stress

fs = 24 ksi stress in mild reinforcement at

fc’ = 4 ksi compressive strength @ 28 days

Prestressed Concrete Strength(s):

Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

LRFD Design Stress Limit, (ksi) at Service Limit States

Shipping & Handling Com- 0.60 f'c 5.9.4.2.1

3.5.2.4 Prestress Losses

Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

General losses follows Article 5.9.5

Δ fpT = The sum of all losses = Δ fpES + Δ fpLT

Losses before the slab is cast (instantaneous):

Elastic shortening is computed as follows:

Δ fpES = (Ep / Eci) fcgp

Eci = Modulus of elasticity of concrete at transfer

W = 0.145 kcf for normal weight concrete.

Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

Ag = gross area of section ( in 2 )

E ci = modulus of elasticity of concrete at transfer (ksi)

Ep = modulus of elasticity of prestressing tendons (ksi)

em = average prestressing steel eccentricity at midspan ( in )

f pbt = stress in prestressing steel immediately prior to transfer (ksi)

Mg = midspan moment due to member self-weight (kip-in)

Losses after the slab is cast (long term):

f’ci = compressive strength at the time of initial prestressing, (ksi)

fpi = prestress steel stress immediately prior to transfer, (ksi)

H = average annual ambient relative humidity, (%), Use 65% for

Volume III US (LRFD) Bridge Section

γ st = Correction factor for specified concrete strength at time of

γh = Correction factor for relative humidity of the ambient air

Δf pR = Loss due to relaxation of steel after transfer, (ksi)

3.5.2.5 Continuity, Restraint and Flexure