1a.

2 cost = t 2

t 2 − 2 cost = 0

f (t) = t 2 − 2 cost

f (1) = (1)2 − 2 cos(1)

= −0.0806

f (2) = (2)2 − 2 cos(2)

= 4.8322

! From the above, it shows that the root is close to x = 1.

f (t) = t 2 − 2 cost
f ' (t) = 2t + 2 sin t

! Let r1 = 1;
f (r1 )
r2 = 1 −
f ' (r1 )

⎛ −0.0806 ⎞
= 1− ⎜
⎝ 2(1) + 2 sin(1) ⎟⎠

⎛ −0.0806 ⎞
= 1− ⎜
⎝ 3.6829 ⎟⎠

= 1 − (−0.0219)
= 1.0219 ≈ 1.02 (2 decimal places)
! And
f (r2 )
r3 = r2 −
f ' (r2 )

⎡ (1.0219 )2 − 2 cos(1.0219) ⎤
= 1.0219 − ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2(1.0219) − 2 sin(1.0219) ⎥⎦

7.876 × 10 −4
= 1.0219 −
0.3376

(
= 1.0219 − 2.3329 × 10 −3 )
= 1.0196 ≈ 1.02 (2 decimal places)

! Therefore the root correct to 2 decimal places is 1.02.

PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

1b.
⎛ π⎞ 1
y = ⎜ t + ⎟ + sin t + sin 3t
⎝ 4⎠ 8

! Given amplitude y = 0.880. So the amplitude is given through some function f(t),
! hence;

π 1
f (t) = t + + sin t + sin 3t = 0.880
4 8
π 1
f (t) = t + + sin t + sin 3t − 0.880 = 0
4 8
! And so,
π 1
f (0.04) = 0.04 + + sin(0.04) + sin(3 × 0.04) − 0.880
4 8
= 0.8653 + 0.01496 − 0.880
= 0.0003
!
! Now we need the first derivative of f(t), that is,

3
f ' (t) = 1 + cost + cos 3t
8
! Let r1 = 0.04;
f (t)
r2 = 0.04 −
f ' (t)
0.0003
= 0.04 −
3
1 + cos(0.04) + cos(3 × 0.04)
8
0.0003
= 0.04 −
2.3715
= 0.03987 ≈ 0.0399 (4 decimal places)
! And
f (0.0399)
r3 = 0.0399 −
f ' (0.0399)

⎡ π 1 ⎤
⎢⎣ 0.0399 + 4 + sin(0.0399) + 8 sin(3 × 0.0399) − 0.880 ⎥⎦
= 0.0399 −
3
1 + cos(0.0399) + cos(3 × 0.0399)
8

= 0.0399 −
( 0.8652 + 0.0149 − 0.880 )
1.9992 + 0.3723
= 0.03985 ≈ 0.0399 (4 decimal places)

! The actual value of t when amplitude is 0.880 is 0.0399 (4 decimal places).

2
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

2a.
2

∫ (1 − t ) dt
3

! Using 10 strips i.e. n = 10. Therefore width, h is

b − a 2 −1
h= = = 0.1
n 10

x y0 yn odd even

1.0 0

1.1 j0.5753

1.2 j0.8532

1.3 j1.0941

1.4 j1.3206

1.5 j1.5411

1.6 j1.7595

1.7 j1.9781

1.8 j2.1982

1.9 j2.4205

2.0 j2.6458

! Simpsonʼs rule
2

∫ (1 − t ) dt
3

0.1
= [ 0 + j2.6458 + j4(0.5753 + 1.0941 + 1.5411 + 1.9781 + 2.4205) + j2(0.8532 + 1.3206 + 1.7595 + 2.1982)]
3
0.1
= ( j2.6458 + j30.4324 + j12.263)
3
0.1
= ( j45.3412 )
3
= j1.5114

3
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

2b.
2

∫e
− x2
dt
0

! Using 8 strips i.e. n = 8. Therefore width, h is

b−a 2−0
h= = = 0.25
n 8

x y0 yn y = e− x
2

0 1

0.25 0.9394

0.50 0.7788

0.75 0.5698

1.00 0.3679

1.25 0.2096

1.50 0.1054

1.75 0.0468

2.00 0.0183

! Trapezoidal Rule:
2

∫ e dt
−x 2

0.25
! = ⎡1 + 0.0183 + 2 ( 0.9394 + 0.7788 + 0.5698 + 0.3679 + 0.2096 + 0.1054 + 0.0468 ) ⎤⎦
2 ⎣
= 0.125 (1 + 0.0183 + 6.0354 )

= 0.8817
!

4
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

2b. ! Part 2 - Trial and Error for strips-accuracy

! Trial with 1 strip; This would mean width, h = 2

x y0 yn y = e− x
2

0 1

2 0.018316

2
2
∫e
− x2
dt = (1 + 0.018316 ) = 1.018136
0
2
! This is way out of the accuracy regardless to 1 or 2 decimal places. Hence 1 strip is
! eliminated.

! Trial with 2 strip; This would mean width, h = 1

x y0 yn y = e− x
2

0 1

1 0.36788

2 0.018316

2
1
∫e
− x2
dt = ⎡1 + 0.018316 + 2 ( 0.36788 ) ⎤⎦ = 0.877038
0
2⎣
! Now,
0.877038 ≈ 0.9 (1 decimal place)
≈ 0.88 (2 decimal places)
!
! And with 8 strips, the integral is found to be 0.8817, and with correcting that to 1
! and 2 decimal places, we get the same results as above.

! Therefore it is a minimum of 2 strips to guarantee an accuracy to 1 and 2 decimal

! places.

5
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

2c.!
Electrical Energy = Power x Time; Power = Watt = Joules per unit time

i.e. Power is the rate of energy generated over time.

dE
Power = ⇒ dE = Power × dt ⇒ E = ∫ Power dt
dt

100

! where ∫ I(t) ⋅V (t) dt

0

b − a 100 − 0
! With intervals of 10, gives us n= = = 10 strips
h 10

y0 yn odd even

0 501.76

10 1853.68

20 1036.64

30 1434.4

40 1788.68

50 1926

60 1348.032

70 1513.92

80 1670.72

90 2311.66

100 1547

100

∫ I(t) ⋅V (t) dt
0

10
= [ 501.76 + 1547 + 4(1853.68 + 1434.4 + 1926 + 1513.92 + 2311.66) + 2(1036.64 + 1788.68 + 1348.032 + 1670.72)]
3
10
= ( 2048.76 + 36158.64 + 11688.144 )
3
10
= ( 49895.544 )
3
= 166318.48 J or 166.32 kJ

6
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

cos θ − j sin θ
3a.! ! ! !
( cos 2θ + j sin 2θ )2
cosθ − j sin θ = e− jθ = 1∠ − θ

cos 2θ − j sin 2θ = e j 2θ = 1∠2θ

(1∠2θ )2 = 12 ∠ ( 2 × 2θ ) = 1∠4θ
1∠ − θ
= 1∠ − 5θ
1∠4θ
1∠ − 5θ = (1)e− j 5θ

e− j 5θ = cos(−5θ ) + j sin(−5θ )

= cos 5θ − j sin 5θ

π
j
3b.! v1 = 6e 3
v2 = 5 − j4
v3 = 6∠30°

π v2 = 5 − j4
v1 = 6e
j
3 v3 = 6∠30
⎛ −4 ⎞
⎛π⎞ ⎛π⎞ = 5 2 + (−4)2 ∠ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 6e j 30°
= 6 cos ⎜ ⎟ + j6 sin ⎜ ⎟ , ⎝ 5⎠ ,
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
= 6.4∠ − 38.7
( )
= 6 cos 30 + j6 sin 30( )
⎛π⎞ = 5.196 + j3
= 6∠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ = 6.4e− j 38.7°

(i) v1 + v2 − v3
⎡ ⎛π⎞ ⎛π⎞⎤
= ⎢ 6 cos ⎜ ⎟ + j6 sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + ( 5 − j4 ) − ( 5.196 + j3)
⎣ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎦

= 6 cos 60 + j6 sin 60 + 5 − j4 − 5.196 − j3

= 3 + j5.196 − 0.196 − j7

= 2.804 + j1.804

7
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

v1 − v2
(ii)
( v2 − v3 )4
=
( 6 cos 60 + j6 sin 60 ) − ( 5 − j4 )
⎡⎣( 5 − j4 ) − ( 5.196 + j3) ⎤⎦
4

3 + j5.196 − 5 + j4
=
( 5 − j4 − 5.196 − j3)4
−2 + j9.196
=
( −0.196 − j7 )4

9.41∠102.3
=
( 7∠ − 91.6 ) 4

9.41∠102.3
=
2401∠ − 366.4 

= 3.92 × 10 −3 ∠108.7

( ) ( )
= 3.92 × 10 −3 cos108.7 + j 3.92 × 10 −3 sin108.7

= −1.26 × 10 −3 + j3.71 × 10 −3

= ( −1.26 + j3.71) × 10 −3

8
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

(iii) v1v2 − v1v3

= (6e )(6.4e
j 60 − j 38.7
) − (6e )(6e )
j 60 j 30

= ( 38.4e ) − ( 36e )
j 21.3 j 90

= ( 38.4 cos 21.3 + j38.4 sin 21.3) − ( 36 cos 90 + j36 sin 90 )

= ( 35.78 + j13.95 − j36 )

= ( 35.78 − j22.05 )

( ((35.78) ) ( ))
0.5
= 2
+ (22.05)2 ∠ tan −1 −22.05 35.78

( )
0.5
= 42.03∠ − 31.6

= 6.48∠ − 15.8

= 6.48 cos15.8 − j6.48 sin15.8

= 6.24 − j1.76

9
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

3c.! Given the parameters, characteristic impedance should be calculated for a lossy
! line, where
R + jω L
ZC =
G + jω C

! where,
ω = 2π f

= 2 × π × 2.1 × 10 3

= 13.194 × 10 3

(
jω L = j 13.194 × 10 3 × 5 × 10 −3 ) (
jω C = j 13.194 × 10 3 × 10 × 10
−9

)
= j65.97 = j1.3194 × 10 −4

! Therefore,

30 + j65.97
Z =
C 3.5 × 10 −6 + j1.3194 × 10 −4

0.5
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎛ ⎞ ⎥
30 2 + ( 65.97 )2 ∠ tan −1 ⎜
65.97
⎢ ⎝ 30 ⎠ ⎟ ⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎛ 1.3194 × 10 −4 ⎞ ⎥
⎢
( ) ( )
2 2
⎢ 3.5 × 10 −6 + 1.3194 × 10 −4 ∠ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 3.5 × 10 6 ⎠ ⎥⎦
0.5
⎡ 72.47∠65.55 ° ⎤
=⎢ −4 ° ⎥
⎣ 1.319 × 10 ∠88.56 ⎦

( )
0.5
= 549431.38∠ − 23°

= 741.24∠ − 11.5 ° Ω

10
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

4a.! Given waveform

⎛ 0 when −π < t < 0 ⎞
⎜ π ⎟
⎜ 2 when 0 < t < ⎟
v(t) = ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ π ⎟
⎜ −2 when <t <π ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
! Fourier Series states
n=∞
v(t) = a0 + ∑ ( an cos nx + bn sin nx )
n =1

! where fundamental wave

T
1
a0 =
T ∫ f (t)dt
0

1 ⎧⎪ 0 π 2 π ⎫⎪
= ⎨ ∫ 0 dt + ∫ 2 dt + ∫ −2 dt ⎬
2π ⎩⎪ − π 0 π 2 ⎭⎪

=
1
2π
{
0 + [ 2t ]0 − [ 2 ]π 2
π 2 π
}
1 ⎧ ⎡⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ 2π ⎤ ⎫
= ⎨0 + ⎢⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ − 0 ⎥ − ⎢ 2π − ⎬
2π ⎩ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎭

=0

! and
2π nt
T
2
an = ∫
T 0
v(t)cos
T
dt

2 ⎧⎪ π ⎫⎪
= ⎨ ∫ v(t)cos nt dt ⎬
2π ⎪⎩ − π ⎪⎭

1 ⎧⎪ ⎫⎪
0 π 2 π

π ⎩⎪ −∫π ∫ ∫ −2 cos nt ⎬⎪
= ⎨ 0 cos nt + 2 cos nt +
0 π 2 ⎭

11
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

! Hence continuing to integrate

⎧ π
π ⎫
1⎪ ⎡ 2 sin nt ⎤ 2 ⎡ 2 sin nt ⎤ ⎪
= ⎨0 + ⎢ − ⎬
π ⎪ ⎣ n ⎥⎦ 0 ⎢⎣ n ⎥⎦ π ⎪
⎩ 2 ⎭

1 ⎧ 2 ⎡ nπ ⎤ 2 ⎡ nπ ⎤ ⎫
= ⎨ ⎢sin ⎥ − ⎢sin nπ − sin ⎥ ⎬
π ⎩n ⎣ 2 ⎦ n⎣ 2 ⎦⎭

2 ⎧ nπ nπ ⎫
= ⎨sin − sin nπ + sin ⎬
nπ ⎩ 2 2 ⎭

2 ⎧ nπ ⎫
= ⎨2 sin − sin nπ ⎬
nπ ⎩ 2 ⎭

! When n = 1;
2⎧ π ⎫
a1 = ⎨2 sin − sin π ⎬
π⎩ 2 ⎭
2
= (2)
π
4
=
π

! When n = 2;
2 ⎧ 2π ⎫
a2 = ⎨2 sin − sin 2π ⎬
2π ⎩ 2 ⎭
1
= (0)
π
=0

! When n = 3;
2 ⎧ 3π ⎫
a3 = ⎨2 sin − sin 3π ⎬
3π ⎩ 2 ⎭
2
= (−2)
3π
4
=−
3π

4 4
! Thus, an=even = 0, and for odd terms except a1= , the rest being a3,5, 7,.. = − .
π 3π

12
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

! For bn terms;
⎧0 π
π
⎫
2 ⎪ 2
2π nt 2π nt ⎪
2π ⎪ −∫π
bn = ⎨ 0 dt + ∫ 2 sin dt + ∫ −2 sin dt ⎬
0
2π π 2π ⎪
⎩ 2 ⎭
⎧ π
π ⎫
1⎪ ⎡ 2 cos nt ⎤ 2 ⎡ 2 cos nt ⎤ ⎪
= ⎨0 + ⎢ − + ⎬
π⎪ ⎣ n ⎥⎦ 0 ⎢⎣ n ⎥⎦ π ⎪
⎩ 2 ⎭

1 ⎧2 π
2 ⎫
= ⎨ [ − cos nt ]02 + [ cos nt ]ππ ⎬
π ⎩n n 2 ⎭

2 ⎧⎡ nπ ⎤ ⎡ nπ ⎤ ⎫
= ⎨ ⎢ − cos + cos 0 ⎥ + ⎢ cos nπ − cos ⎥ ⎬
nπ ⎩⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦⎭

! When n = 1;
2 ⎧⎡ π ⎤ ⎡ π ⎤⎫
b1 = ⎨ ⎢ − cos + cos 0 ⎥ + ⎢ cos π − cos ⎥ ⎬
π ⎩⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦⎭

2
= ⎡( 0 + 1) + ( −1 − 0 ) ⎤⎦
π⎣
=0
! When n = 3;
2 ⎧⎡ 3π ⎤ ⎡ 3π ⎤ ⎫
b3 = ⎨ ⎢ − cos + cos 0 ⎥ + ⎢ cos 3π − cos ⎥ ⎬
3π ⎩⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦⎭

2
= ( 0 + 1) + (−1 − 0))
3π
=0
! When n = even;
2 ⎧⎡ 2π ⎤ ⎡ 2π ⎤ ⎫
bn = even = ⎨ ⎢ − cos + cos 0 ⎥ + ⎢ cos 2π − cos ⎥ ⎬
nπ ⎩⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦⎭

2
= ⎡( −1 + 1) + (1 − 1) ⎤⎦
nπ ⎣
=0
! Therefore bn terms are all 0, and hence the Fourier Series is

⎡4 ∞
⎛ 4 ⎞⎤
v(t) = 0 + ⎢ cost + ∑ ⎜ − cos nt ⎟ ⎥
⎣π n =1, 3,5...
⎝ nπ ⎠⎦

4⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
= ⎜⎝ cost − cos 3t + cos 5t + cos 7t + ...⎟⎠
π 3 5 7

13
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

4b.
⎧ −T T⎫
v(t) = ⎨ Asin t ≤t ≤ ⎬
⎩ 2 2⎭
T
1
a0 =
T ∫ f (t)dt
0

π
1
=
2π ∫ Asin t dt
−π

A ⎧⎪ 0 π
⎫⎪
= ⎨ ∫ − sin t + ∫ sin t ⎬
2π ⎪⎩ − π 0 ⎪⎭

=
A
2π
{[ cost ] 0
−π
+ [ − cost ]0
π
}
A
=
2π
{[ cos 0 − cos(−π )] + [ − cos(π ) + cos 0 ]}
A
a0 =
2π
{[1 − (−1)] + [ −(−1) + 1]}
A
a0 = (4)
2π
2A
a0 =
π
! For an

2 ⎧⎪ 0 2π n
π
2π n ⎫⎪
an = ⎨∫ − sin t cos t dt + ∫ sin t cos t dt ⎬
2π ⎪⎩ − π 2π 0
2π ⎪⎭

1⎧ ⎫
π
= ⎨2 ∫ sin t cos ntdt ⎬
π ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪

1
Trig.Identity for sin t cos nt = [sin(t + nt) + sin(t − nt)]
2

2 ⎧1 ⎫
π
an = ⎨ ∫ sin(t + nt) + sin(t − nt)dt ⎬
π ⎪⎩ 2 0 ⎪⎭
π
1 ⎡ cos(n + 1)t cos(n − 1)t ⎤
an = ⎢ − +
π⎣ n +1 n − 1 ⎥⎦ 0
π
1 ⎡ (n − 1)cos(n + 1)t − (n + 1)cos(n − 1)t ⎤
an = ⎢ − ⎥⎦
π⎣ n2 − 1 0

!
14
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

And when n=1;

a1 = 0

! When n = 2;

π
1 ⎡ (2 − 1)cos(2 + 1)t − (2 + 1)cos(2 − 1)t ⎤
a2 = ⎢ − ⎥⎦
π⎣ 22 − 1 0

−1 ⎧ ⎡ (2 − 1)cos(2 + 1)π − (2 + 1)cos(2 − 1)π ⎤ ⎡ (2 − 1)cos(2 + 1)0 − (2 + 1)cos(2 − 1)0 ⎤ ⎫

a2 = ⎨ ⎥⎦ − ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎬
π ⎩ ⎢⎣ 22 − 1 22 − 1 ⎭
−1 ⎧ (1)(−1) − (3)(−1) − [(1)(1) − (3)(1)] ⎫
a2 = ⎨ ⎬
π ⎩ 22 − 1 ⎭
−1 ⎡ 4 ⎤
a2 =
π ⎢⎣ 2 2 − 1 ⎥⎦

! so when n is even,
1⎛ 4 ⎞
an = − ⎜ ⎟
π ⎝ n 2 − 1⎠
! and when n is odd,
an = 0
! By inspection the fully rectified shows all cosine terms hence bn must be 0.
! Therefore the Fourier series for an amplitude, A and period, T gives the
! following.

2A ∞
⎛ 1⎛ 4 ⎞ 2π n ⎞
v(t) = + ∑ ⎜− ⎜ 2 ⎟ cos t
π n = 2, 4,6,... ⎝ π ⎝ n − 1 ⎠ T ⎟⎠

! For n=2,4,6,8,...

4A ⎛ 1 ⎛ 4 ⎞ 4π t 1 ⎛ 4 ⎞ 8π t 1 ⎛ 4 ⎞ 12π t ⎞
v(t) = + ⎜− ⎜ 2 ⎟ cos − ⎜ 2 ⎟ cos − ⎜ 2 ⎟ cos
2π ⎝ π ⎝ 2 − 1 ⎠ T π ⎝ 4 − 1⎠ T π ⎝ 6 − 1⎠ T ⎟⎠

4A ⎡ 1 1 4π t 1 8π t 1 12π t ⎤
= ⎢ − cos − cos − cos
π ⎣ 2 (2 − 1)(2 + 1) T (4 − 1)(4 + 1) T (6 − 1)(6 + 1) T ⎥⎦

! And to write as the given equation in the question, let amplitude A = t, thus
! giving;

4t ⎡ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 4π t ⎛ 1 ⎞ 8π t ⎛ 1 ⎞ 12π t ⎤
v(t) = ⎢ −⎜ ⎟ cos −⎜ ⎟ cos −⎜ ⎟ cos ⎥
π ⎣ 2 ⎝ (1)i(3) ⎠ T ⎝ (3)i(5) ⎠ T ⎝ (5)i(7) ⎠ T ⎦

15
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

5a.! From the given waveform, we derive the following function, v(t).

⎧0 when 0<t <π ⎫

v(t) = ⎨ ⎬
⎩2 when π < t < 2π ⎭

! Fundamental wave
1⎧ ⎫
T

a0 = ⎨ ∫ v(t)dt ⎬
T ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭

1 ⎧⎪ ⎪⎫
π 2π

= ⎨ ∫ 0 dt + ∫ 2 dt ⎬
2π ⎩⎪ 0 π ⎭⎪

=
1
2π
{[ 2t ] }
2π
π

1
= ⎡( 4π ) − (2π ) ⎤⎦
2π ⎣
2π
=
2π
=1

! And
2⎧ 2π n ⎫
T

an = ⎨ ∫ v(t)cos t dt ⎬
T ⎪⎩ 0 T ⎪⎭

2 ⎧⎪ ⎪⎫
2π
2π n
= ⎨ ∫ 2 cos t dt ⎬
2π ⎩⎪ π 2π ⎭⎪

1 ⎧⎪ ⎫⎪
2π

= ⎨2 ∫ cos nt dt ⎬
π ⎩⎪ π ⎭⎪

1 ⎧⎪ ⎡ sin nt ⎤ ⎫⎪
2π

= ⎨2 ⎬
π ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ n ⎥⎦π ⎪⎭
2
=
nπ
{[sin 2nπ ] − [sin nπ ]}

! When n = 1;
2
a1 = ⎡( sin 2π ) − ( sin π ) ⎤⎦
π⎣
2
= ⎡( 0 ) − (0) ⎤⎦
π⎣
=0

16
PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

! When n = 2;
2
a2 = ⎡( sin 4π ) − ( sin 2π ) ⎤⎦
2π ⎣
1
= ⎡( 0 ) − ( 0 ) ⎤⎦
π⎣
=0
!
! Hence an for both odd and even terms is 0. And

2 ⎧⎪ 2π nt ⎪⎫
2π

bn = ⎨ ∫ 2 sin dt ⎬
2π ⎩⎪ π 2π ⎭⎪

1 ⎧⎪ ⎫⎪
2π

= ⎨2 ∫ sin nt dt ⎬
π ⎪⎩ π ⎪⎭

1 ⎪⎧ ⎡ cos nt ⎤ ⎪⎫
2π

= ⎨2 − ⎬
π ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ n ⎥⎦π ⎪⎭
2
=
nπ
{[ − cos n2π ] − [ − cos nπ ]}
2
= ⎡( − cos n2π ) + cos nπ ⎤⎦
nπ ⎣

! When n = 1;
2
b1 = ⎡( − cos 2π ) + cos π ⎤⎦
π⎣
2
= ⎡( −1) + (−1) ⎤⎦
π⎣
4
=−
π

! When = 2;
2
b2 = ⎡( − cos 4π ) + cos 2π ⎤⎦
2π ⎣
1
= ⎡( −1) + 1⎤⎦
π⎣
=0

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PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

! When n = 3;
2
b3 = ⎡( − cos 6π ) + cos 3π ⎤⎦
3π ⎣
2
= ⎡( −1) + (−1) ⎤⎦
3π ⎣
4
=−
3π

! Therefore this shows that

4
bn = 3,5, 7.. = −
nπ
! and
4
b1 = −
π
!
! Thus the Fourier series is

⎡ 4 ∞
⎛ 4 ⎞⎤
v(t) = 1 + ⎢ − sin t + ∑ ⎜ − sin nt ⎟ ⎥
⎣ π n = 3,5, 7..
⎝ nπ ⎠⎦

4⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
= 1− ⎜⎝ sin t + sin 3t + sin 5t + sin 7t + ...⎟
π 3π 5π 7π ⎠

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PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

5b.! From the given waveform, we derive the following function, v(t).

⎧2 sin t when 0<t <π ⎫

v(t) = ⎨ ⎬
⎩0 when π < t < 2π ⎭
!
! Fundamental wave
1⎧ ⎫
T

a0 = ⎨ ∫ v(t)dt ⎬
T ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭

1 ⎧⎪ ⎪⎫
π 2π

= ⎨ ∫ 2 sin t dt + ∫ 0 dt ⎬
2π ⎩⎪ 0 π ⎭⎪

=
2
2π
{[ − cost ] }
π
0

1
= ⎡( − cos π ) − (− cos 0) ⎤⎦
π⎣
1
= [ −(−1) − (−1)]
π
2
=
π

! And
2⎧ 2π n ⎫
T

an = ⎨ ∫ v(t)cos t dt ⎬
T ⎩⎪ 0 T ⎭⎪

2 ⎧π 2π n ⎫
= ⎨ ∫ 2 sin t cos t dt ⎬
2π ⎪⎩ 0 2π ⎪⎭

1⎧ ⎫
π
= ⎨2 ∫ sin t cos nt dt ⎬
π ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪

1
Trig.Identity for sin t cos nt = [sin(t + nt) + sin(t − nt)]
2

2 ⎧1 ⎫
π
an = ⎨ ∫ sin(t + nt) + sin(t − nt)dt ⎬
π ⎩⎪ 2 0 ⎭⎪
1⎧ ⎫
π
= ⎨ ∫ sin(t + nt) + sin(t − nt)dt ⎬
π ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪

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PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

! Continuing with the integration

π
1 ⎡ cos(n + 1)t cos(n − 1)t ⎤
an = − +
π ⎢⎣ n +1 n − 1 ⎥⎦ 0
π
1 ⎡ (n − 1)cos(n + 1)t − (n + 1)cos(n − 1)t ⎤
= −
π ⎢⎣ n2 − 1 ⎥⎦
0

! When n = 1;
π
1 ⎡ (1 − 1)cos(1 + 1)t − (1 + 1)cos(1 − 1)t ⎤
a1 = −
π ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
0

=0

! When n = 2;
π
1 ⎡ (2 − 1)cos(2 + 1)t − (2 + 1)cos(2 − 1)t ⎤
a2 = −
π ⎢⎣ 22 − 1 ⎥⎦
0

1 ⎡⎛ cos 3π − 3cos π ⎞ ⎛ cos 0 − 3cos 0 ⎞ ⎤

=− ⎜ ⎟⎠ − ⎜⎝ − ⎟⎠ ⎥
π ⎢⎣⎝ 22 − 1 22 − 1 ⎦
1 ⎡⎛ −1 + 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 − 3 ⎞ ⎤
=− ⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟
π ⎢⎣⎝ 2 2 − 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 − 1 ⎠ ⎥⎦

1 ⎡⎛ 2 + 2 ⎞ ⎤
=− ⎜ ⎟
π ⎢⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎥⎦
4
=−
3π

! Hence,
4
an = 2, 4,6,... = −
3π

! For the bn terms now,

2 ⎧ ⎫
π
bn = ⎨ ∫ 2 sin t sin nt dt ⎬
2π ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪

Trig.Identity for 2 sin t sin nt = [ cos(nt − t) + cos(nt + t)]

1⎧ ⎫
π
bn = ⎨ ∫ cos(nt − t) + cos(nt + t)dt ⎬
π ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪

! The actual value in the case of n=1 needs to be put in before the integration
! because it affects the result significantly.

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PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

! So when n = 1;
1⎧ ⎫
π
b1 = ⎨ ∫ cos(0) − cos(2t)dt ⎬
π ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭

1⎧ ⎫
π
= ⎨ ∫ 1 − cos 2t dt ⎬
π ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪
π
1 ⎡ sin 2t ⎤
= t−
π ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 0

1 ⎡⎛ sin 2π ⎞ ⎛ sin 0 ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢ ⎜⎝ π − ⎟⎠ − ⎜⎝ 0 − ⎟
π⎣ 2 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦

1
= (π )
π
=1

! Reverting to integration with variable, n

1⎧ ⎫
π
bn = ⎨ ∫ cos(nt − t) + cos(nt + t)dt ⎬
π ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪
π
1 ⎡ sin(nt − t) sin(nt + t) ⎤
= −
π ⎢⎣ n − 1 n + 1 ⎥⎦ 0

1 ⎡⎛ sin(nπ − π ) sin(nπ + π ) ⎞ ⎛ sin(0) sin(0) ⎞ ⎤

= ⎜ − ⎟ −⎜ − ⎟
π ⎢⎣⎝ n −1 n +1 ⎠ ⎝ n −1 n + 1 ⎠ ⎥⎦

! When n = 2;
1 ⎡⎛ sin(2π − π ) sin(2π + π ) ⎞ ⎛ sin(0) sin(0) ⎞ ⎤
b2 = ⎜ − ⎟ −⎜ − ⎟
π ⎢⎣⎝ 2 −1 2 +1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 −1 2 + 1 ⎠ ⎥⎦

1 ⎡⎛ sin π sin 3π ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢ ⎜⎝ − ⎟⎠ − (0) ⎥
π⎣ 1 3 ⎦
=0

! When n = 3;
1 ⎡⎛ sin(3π − π ) sin(3π + π ) ⎞ ⎛ sin(0) sin(0) ⎞ ⎤
b3 = ⎜ − ⎟ −⎜ − ⎟
π ⎢⎣⎝ 3−1 3+1 ⎠ ⎝ 3−1 3 + 1 ⎠ ⎥⎦

1 ⎡⎛ sin 2π sin 4π ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢ ⎜⎝ − ⎟⎠ − (0) ⎥
π⎣ 2 4 ⎦
=0

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PSM-NG6 ME2F06 Mathematical Methods in Elec.Eng! Gary Lim - 169732

Therefore, apart from b1 = 1, all other even and odd terms for bn = 0

Hence the Fourier series is

2 ⎧ ∞ ⎛ 4 ⎞⎫
v(t) = + ⎨ ∑ ⎜− cos nt ⎟ ⎬ + b1 sin t
π ⎩ n = 2, 4,6,... ⎝ π (n − 1)
2
⎠⎭

2 ⎡⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎤
= + ⎢⎜ − cos 2t ⎟ + ⎜ − cos 4t ⎟ + ⎜ − cos 6t ⎟ + ...⎥ + 1sin t
π ⎣⎝ π (4 − 1) ⎠ ⎝ π (16 − 1) ⎠ ⎝ π (36 − 1 ⎠ ⎦

2 4 4 4
= + sin t − cos 2t − cos 4t − cos 6t − ...
π 3π 15π 35π

-End of Assignment-

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