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INTERODUCTION :
Nanotechnology is a field of applied science focused on
the design , synthesis , characterization and applications of materials and
devices on the nanoscale.
* Nano size or nano means one billionth of a meter i.e 1nm =
1/1,000,000,000 meter
• when a bulk materials is changed into Nano sized particle then the
properties are also changed .
• physical properties ------- ex ; melting points
• chemical properties ------- ex :Reactivity and reaction rates
• Electrical properties ------- ex : conductivity
• Optical properties ---------- ex : color , transparency
Ex : Bulk gold looks yellow but 12 nm nanosized gold particles look red
colours
Ans : The material that has structured components with at least one
dimensions and lies less than 100nm scale range is known as nanomaterial .
Ex ; carbon nano tubes ,C60 , etc
Nano materials are constructed by two process
1.Top –down techniques : In this process we start with bulk material and
go on grinding or etching it to nanoscale by some suitable techniques .
Carbon nanotubes are classified in to two types on the number of graphite sheets
rolled .
1. Single walled nano tubes [SWNT’s] 2.Multi walled nano tubes [MWNT’s]
Mechanical Properties:
1. Strength:
Carbon nano tubes are one of the strongest and stiffest
materials known, in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus
respectively. This strength results from the covalent sp 2 bonds formed
between individual carbon atoms.
Under excessive tensile srrain, the tubes will undergo plastic
deformation, which means the defirmatin is pertmanent . this deformation
beings at strains of approximately 5% and can increase the maximum
strain the tube undergoes before fracture by releasing strain energy.
2. Electrical Property:
Carbon nano tubes can be metalicor semi conducting
depending on their structure. This depends on the symmentry oand
unique electronic structure of graphene, the structure of a nanotubes
strongly effects its electrical properties for a given (n,m) nanotubes.
If n=m the nano tube metallic if n-m is multiple of 3. then the
nanotube is semi conducting with a very small band gap, otherwise the
nano tube is a moderate semi conductor. The metallic nantubes can have
an electrical current density more than 1000 times greater than metals
such as Ag and Copper.
3. Thermal property:
All nano tubes are expected to be very good thermal conductors along the tube,
exhibiting a property, known as “Ballistic Conduction”.but good insulators
laterally to the tube axies. It is predicted that carbon nano tubes will be alde to
transmit upto 6000 watts per meter per Kelvin at room tempareture . the
temperature stability of carbon nano tubes is estimated upto 28000 c in vaccum
and about 7500c in air.
4. Vibrational Properties:
Atoms in carbon nano tubes are continuously vibrating back to forth
they have two normal modes of vibrations.
• A, G mode: it involves “In” and “out”.
• E2g mode: here oscillation between “sphere and ellipse”.
→ +other butanes+CO2+H2O+CO
i) Electric arc
Graphite Fullerene soot
ii) Condensation (C60 + C70)
Chromatography
Fullerene soot C60 + C70
Over Al2O3
Structure:
Fullerenes look like a soccer ball. It contains 20 six membered rings and 12 Five
membered pentagonal rings and five membered rings, but five membered rings are
connected only to six membered rings
a) Aromaticity:
Fullerenes are stable and unreactivity the SP2-hhybridised carbon atoms. Which
are at their energy minimum in planar graphite, when graphite bent to form the closed
sphere or tube, which produce angle strain. The main reaction of fullerenes of
electrophillic addition at 6, 6 double bonds which reduces angle strain by changing of SP2
carbon in to SP3-carbon and also bond angles to reduce by 1200 to 1090. This decrease in
bond angles allow for the bonds to bend less when closing the sphere or tube, and thus,
the molecule becomes more stable.
b) Solubility:
Fullerenes are soluble in organic solvents as they are covalent in nature.
c) They can be reduced electrochemically and react with alkali metals to form solids
such as K3C60. This compound behaves has super conductors below 180K.
d) It reacts with Pt which adds to form complexes.
Applications:
The fullerene derivatives have been found to exhibit conducting, magnetic, optical
and mechanical properties.
1. Fullerenes can easily accept electrons, so it is used charge carrier in batteries.
2. Fullerene can be used as organic photo voltaic.
3. Alkali metal fullerides are super conductors.
4. It can also be used as a soft Ferromagnetic.
5. Its spherical structures make it suitable for the use of.
6. They also act as Inhibitors to the activity of HIV virus.
7. They find use in catalytic chemistry and bimolecular recognition.
Ex: They are used catalyst as they to accept and to transfer of Hydrogenation. so
conversion of methane into higher hydro carbons.
8. Fullerenes are powerful antioxidants so as there prevent cell damage or death.
9. Fullerenes are added to polymer to create copolymers.
10. Combination of nano tubes and fullerenes are used in molecular pumps and
pistons.
11. Fullerenes are in LCD, Touch screens, cell phones and ATM’S.
12. Fullerenes are used in cancer therapy.