Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
An Introduction
Sarmad Hussain
Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing,
NUCES, Lahore, Pakistan
sarmad.hussain@nu.edu.pk
Levels of Linguistic Analysis
Pragmatics
Semantics
Syntax
Morphology
Phonology
Phonetics
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Overview
Phonetics
Phonology
Computational Phonology
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Phonetics
What is Phonetics ?
Articulation
Acoustics
Perception
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Articulatory Phonetics
Voicing
Articulation
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Anatomy of Vocal Organs
[2]
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Air-stream Mechanisms
Pulmonic
Glottic
Velaric
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Pulmonic Sounds
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Glottic Egressive Sounds
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Glottic Ingressive Sounds
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Velaric Sounds
clicks
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Articulatory Phonetics
Voicing
Articulation
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Bernoulli Effect
Air pumped from the lungs applies pressure on closed glottis
High pressure opens vocal cords
High velocity air flow creates low pressure region pulling vocal
cords together again
Process is repeated, producing vibrations in the vocal cords
[3]
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Voicing
Voicelessness p
Voice b
Aspirated ph
Breathy Voice bh
Creak
Whisper [4]
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Articulation
Manners of Articulation
Places of Articulation
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Consonants – Manners of Articulation
Stop p
Fricative
Affricate tʃ dʒ
Approximant j
Nasal m
Tap
Flap
Trill
Lateral [4]
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Places of Articulation
Alveolar Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
Labial Labio-
dental
Dental
Laryngeal
[2]
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Consonants – Places of Articulation
[9]
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Consonants – Places of Articulation
Bilabial
Labio-dental
Dental
Alveolar
Retroflex
Palatal ʃ dʒ
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
Glottal
Multiple Places of Articulation [4]
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Consonantal Sounds
[10]
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Vowel – Features
Low / High
Back / Front
Round
Nasal
Long
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Vowel – Minimal Pairs
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/a/ Vocal Tract Outline
[11]
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Vocalic Inventory
Lower-high ɪ Ɨ ʊ
Higher-mid e ø=ö ɤ o
Mean-mid E ə ɚ Ω
Lower-mid Ɛ œ ʌ ɔ
Higher-low æ ʌ
Low a ɑ ɒ
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Vocalic Quadrilateral
[12]
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Diphthongs
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Gemination of Consonants
Double/long consonants
English: “misspell”, “unknown”
Urdu “ê 6”, “ 6”
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What is Phonetics ?
9 Articulation
Acoustics
Perception
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Periodic Sine Wave
Period
Time to complete one cycle (sec)
Frequency
Number of cycles per second (Hertz)
Amplitude
Maximum displacement of a periodic wave (dB)
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Complex Periodic Waves
Time
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Resonance
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Sound Wave
Sound waves are formed by longitudinal movement
of particles creating high and low pressure regions
called compressions and rarefactions
1 2 3 4
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Acoustic Phonetics
Source-Filter Model
Filter
Source
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Source-Filter Theory: Filter
F1
F2
F3
[15]
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Source-Filter Theory: Source
Amplitude
Time
[15]
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Source-Filter Theory
Combining the two results in results in spectrum of
short vowel ‘ə’ (schwa)
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Spectrogram
A spectrogram is a time-frequency-amplitude graph
representing sound
[16]
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Spectrogram
9 Articulation
9 Acoustics
Perception
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Speech Perception
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Phonology
What is Phonology?
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Phoneme?
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Phonological Features
[18]
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Phonological Features
Contrastive function:
Each phoneme differs from others in at least one
feature
Descriptive function:
Accurately describes phonetic nature of a sound
(may include redundant, non-contrastive features)
Classificatory function:
Explains and allows generalizations and common
phonological processes
[18]
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English Consonant Features
[18]
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English Vowel Features
[18]
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Phonological Rules
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Types of Phonological Rules
Assimilation
Addition of features due to neighboring phonemes
[7]
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Types of Phonological Rules
Insertion / Deletion
Addition or deletion of an entire phone
Metathesis
Change order of phonemes
[7]
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Syllable
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Syllable Structure
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Syllabification
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Prominence
Syllable(s) in a word may be more prominent
than others
Prominence can change meaning
Spanish:
término, 'end' (noun), termíno, 'I'm finishing'
terminó, 'she/he finished’
English
‘ob.ject, ob.’ject
‘con.tent, con.’tent
Syllable vs. stress timed languages
Final heavy syllable is stressed, no secondary stress
Sensitive to segmental “quantity” or moras
Every odd syllable is stress, First has primary stress
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Intonation
Rule base
Syllabification algorithm
Template or sonority based algorithm
Stress-assignment algorithm
Stress-assignment algorithm
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Thank you
References
1. http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-language-map.htm
2. http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Spring_2001/ling001/phonetics.html
3. http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec5/phonatio
.htm
4. http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/
5. http://www.ling.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/airstream_laryngeal
/vot.html
6. http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/PhonUnits/consonants2.html
7. http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~xflu/201/phonology.pdf
8. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/IPA%20in%20Unicode
9. http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Summer_2003/ling001/lecture4.html
10. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/International%20Phonetic%20Al
phabet
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References
11. http://www.haskins.yale.edu/Haskins/MISC/ASY/VOWELS/ah.html
12. http://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/E005ei-VowelsChart.htm
13. http://people.deas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/nu_lectures/lecture3%20/
formants1.gif
14. http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec4/formant
s.htm
15. http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec4/src-
filt.htm
16. A Course in Phonetics by Peter Ladefoged
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonant
s/course/contents.html
17. http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/
18. Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology by Clark and Yallop
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/teaching/intro1/i3_features.pdf
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