EARTHQUKE RESISTANT BUILDING

Introduction
Earthquake is the movement in the earth crust due to a fault
or disturbance deep in the earth crust. Earthquake is the
result of release of large strain energy, which travels in all
directions as seismic waves. The starting point of
earthquake is called epicentre and the shaking is measured
by an instrument called seismograph. There are two types
of waves, the surface waves and body waves. The body
wave is somewhat like compression and expansion which
causes cracks in the earth surface. It is again divided into
two types that are the love wave and reyleigh waves which
causes side to side, and up and down shaking respectively.
The major destruction is created by the surface wave
because the up and down, and side to side shaking occurs at
the same time. The love wave destroys the roads and
pumps and reyleigh waves destroy the foundation of the
building. It is an interest of scientific research unless it
affects the people. Areas like Japan get more affected by
earthquake. Thus the earthquake resistant building is a must
in these areas.
GENERAL BUILDING
BUILDING
 The general buildings are
directly raised from the ground
and when the ground shakes,
the building collapses.
 They are made of concrete
which is brittle and cracks
easily.
 The wall takes the load.
 Vibration during the earthquake
collapses the walling of the
building as there is no
dampening.
 The columns and beams are of
same size.
 The walling is done by concrete
without buttress which is not
suitable.
 The roofing is done by
concrete, which has the danger
of sudden cracking of slabs.
 Usually there is no provision
for the columns to act together.
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
 The base of this resistant building is having
sand and steel rolls in two layers as isolators
so that it do not allow the vibration to reach
the main members of the building. Steel rolls
of both horizontal and type are given which
act as a barrier against the horizontal and
seismic waves. Columns are not raised from
the ground.
 This model is made of steel, which is ductile
and gives sufficient time before complete
failure. Steel also act as a buttress.
 Here the columns and beams take the load and
is made of steel.
 Dampers are given in the columns and beams
to reduce or control the vibration.
 The columns are oversize to function
elastically and the beams are manufactured to
function plastically. Beams are also given in
between the columns and are attached by L-
locks.
 Paper rolls do the walling with the steel sheets
at both sides for support.
 A single steel waterproof sheet that removes
the danger of sudden failure does the roofing.
The roof is also tied tightly by L-locks.
 In this case a continuous tie is provided at the
roof level so as to make the columns act
together.
The building in our model has been designed as earthquake
resistant building for common people, by employing the above
vital principles. If required the steel can be replaced by strong,
processed paper materials.
Unique features of the building
Use of ductile materials
The ductile materials are the materials which has the ability to fail with slow
reduction of sectional area in contrast to sudden cracking of brittle materials.
These materials provide sufficient time before complete collapse.
Therefore all the components of building have been made of steel as ductile
material.
 Foundation Isolations
The earthquake vibration is prevented to reach the main members of the
buildings by providing the sand cushion in the foundation soil.
The vibration absorbing capacity of the confined sand mitigate the amplitude
of the vibration

 Steel and paper roles as base isolators

Steel or paper roles under the base helps the whole building to
slide horizontally along with the seismic waves, without affecting
the main members of the building.
 Dampers
Dampers are mechanism to decrease the amplitude of vibration by
dissipating the energy of vibration. Common examples of dampers are
shock absorbers in the vehicle and dampers in physical balance.
In the earthquake resistant buildings, dampers are provided both in columns
and beams to control the horizontal and vertical amplitude of vibration.

 Continuous bands
Continuous steel wires hold the vertical columns together and prevent them
from bending excessively outwards.
 Flexible walls
Paper roles inside light steel buttress makes the wall flexible and light to
make the system suitable for sustaining post earthquake tremors.
  Seamless roof

Continuous roof without joint is known as seamless roof. This avoids the
danger of joint failure during earthquake.

Conclusion
For moderate earthquake area where there is shaking of low
amplitude occurring frequently the main members of the
building will not be collapsed and the other parts of the
building will have repairable damage. Under the moderate
shaking some parts of the building may have to be
replaced. And under strong shaking the main members may
sustain severe damage, even irreparable, but the building
would not collapse. The amount of damage should be
concerned in the buildings, like hospitals, fire stations that
should be repaired immediately after the earthquake to
continue the emergency services. The model also can be
implemented in Gujarat is an earthquake zone in India.
Thus, safety of people and contents is assured and disaster
is avoided by the idea of making an earthquake resistant
building.