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Chapter 14. Acids & Bases Arrhenius Definition of Acid & Base
Bronsted-Lowry Definition of Acid & Base Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs for Acid
7–1
Chapter14: Acids & Bases
In the reaction:
NH4+(aq) + NO2-(aq) ↔ HNO2(aq) + NH3(aq)
What is the conjugate acid of NO2-(aq)?
A. NO2-(aq)
B. HNO2(aq)
C. NH3(aq)
• Water can act as an acid or as a base. • Equilibrium constant for H2O dissociation is known
as the ion product constant for water.
H2O(l) → H+(aq) + OH–(aq)
• The concentration of OH– ions in a household • pH of a solution is the negative logarithm of the
ammonia cleaning solution is 0.0025 M. What is hydrogen ion concentration (in mol/L).
7–2
Chapter14: Acids & Bases
Demonstration: pH of Common
Household Items
Many Household
Items Span
Entire pH Range
7–3
Chapter14: Acids & Bases
Which direction will this reaction go if Acid Ionization Constant: the equilibrium constant
proton transfer is from the stronger acid to for the ionization of an acid.
the stronger base?
HA(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + A–(aq)
HF(aq) + NH3(aq) ↔ F–(aq) + NH4+(aq)
A. Left to Right Or simply: HA(aq) → H+(aq) + A–(aq)
ACID Ka CONJ. BASE Kb Diprotic and polyprotic acids yield more than one
HF 7.1 x 10 –4 F– 1.4 x 10 –11 hydrogen ion per molecule.
HNO2 4.5 x 10 –4 NO2 – 2.2 x 10 –11
C9H8O4 (aspirin) 3.0 x 10 –4 C9H7O4 – 3.3 x 10 –11
One proton is lost at a time. Conjugate base of first
HCO2H (formic) 1.7 x 10 –4 HCO2 – 5.9 x 10 –11
step is acid of second step.
C6H8O6 (ascorbic) 8.0 x 10 –5 C6H7O6 – 1.3 x 10 –10
C6H5CO2H (benzoic) 6.5 x 10 –5 C6H5CO2 – 1.5 x 10 –10
CH3CO2H (acetic) 1.8 x 10 –5 CH3CO2 – 5.6 x 10 –10 Ionization constants decrease as protons are
HCN 4.9 x 10 –10 CN – 2.0 x 10 –5 removed.
C6H5OH (phenol) 1.3 x 10 –10 C6H5O – 7.7 x 10 –5
7–4
Chapter14: Acids & Bases
CO2(aq) + H2O(l) —> H2CO3(aq) <—> 2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) 4. Summarize the changes in concentration of HA, H+, A–
using an I.C.E. table.
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) —> H2O(l)
HA (aq) → H +(aq) + A-(aq) • Values are substituted into the below expression and
solved for a positive solution to x.
Initial (M): 0.50 0.00 0.00
Change (M): –x +x +x − b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
Equilib (M): 0.50 – x x x 2a
Simplifying Assumptions
Another Equilibrium Calculation
For weak acid problems, Ka is very small.
Consequently, the amount of dissociated acid, Calculate the pH and the concentrations
x, is negligible relative to the initial of all species present in 0.050 M HF. Ka
concentration. for HF is 3.5 x 10-4.
7–5
Chapter14: Acids & Bases
D. 0.10%
7–6
Chapter14: Acids & Bases
Kb for CH3NH2 is 4.4 x 10-4. Calculate Ka for Salts that produce basic solutions are those formed
from weak acids and strong bases.
the methylamine ion, CH3NH3+.
Salts that produce acidic solutions are those formed
A. 7.82 x 10-8 from strong acids and weak bases.
B. 3.9 x 10-9
C. 2.3 x 10-11
Example: NaCl
Derived from NaOH (strong base)
and HCl (strong acid).
Neither Na+ or Cl- will react with
water and change [H+] or [OH-]
Basic Solutions from Salts Formed Acidic Solutions from Salts Formed
from Weak Acids and Strong Bases from Strong Acids and Weak Bases
7–7
Chapter14: Acids & Bases
7–8
Chapter14: Acids & Bases
For binary acids in the same group, H–A bond For binary acids in the same row, H–A polarity
strength decreases with increasing size of A increases with increasing electronegativity of A and
and acidity increases. acidity increases.
7–9