MOMENTUM TRANSFER (VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN LAMINAR

FLOW)
Shell Momentum Balances: Boundary Conditions

(Rate of momentum in) – (Rate of momentum out) + (Some of forces acting

on system) = 0

Flow of A Falling Film

Rate of z momentum in across surface at x (LW )(τ xz ) x

Rate of z momentum out across surface at x+∆x (LW )(τ xz ) x + ∆x

Rate of z momentum in across surface at z=0 (W∆x v z )(ρv z ) z =0

Rate of z momentum out across surface at z=L (W∆x v z )(ρv z ) z = L

Gravity force acting on fluid (LW∆x )(ρg cos β )

Thus, momentum balance:

(LW )(τ xz ) x - (LW )(τ xz ) x + ∆x + (W∆x v z )(ρv z ) z =0 - (W∆x v z )(ρv z ) z = L +
(LW∆x )(ρg cos β ) =0

Because v z is the same at z = 0 as it is at z = L for each value of x, the third

and fourth terms just cancel one another.

Divided by (LW∆x ) :

⎛ τ xz −τ xz ⎞
lim ⎜⎜ ⎟ = ρg cos β
x + ∆x x

∆x ⎟
∆x →0 ⎝ ⎠

d
τ xz = ρg cos β or τ xz = ρgx cos β + C1
dx

At x = 0, τ xz = 0 Î τ xz = ρgx cos β
 dv z
But τ xz = − µ
dx

dv z ⎛ ρg cos β ⎞
So: = −⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x
dx ⎝ µ ⎠

⎛ ρg cos β ⎞ 2
Integration results in: v z = −⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ x + C 2
⎝ 2µ ⎠

At x = δ , vz = 0

ρg δ 2 cos β ⎛⎜ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎞
2

vz = 1− ⎟
2µ ⎜ ⎜⎝ δ ⎟⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

ρg δ 2 cos β
Maximum velocity: v z ,max =
2µ

Average velocity:
Wδ

∫ ∫ v dx dy
z
1
δ
ρgδ 2 cos β 1 ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ x ⎞ ρgδ 2 cos β
2

vz = 0 0
= ∫ v z dx = ∫0 ⎢⎢1 − ⎜⎝ δ ⎟⎠ ⎥⎥d ⎜⎝ δ ⎟⎠ = 3µ
Wδ
δ 0 2µ ⎣ ⎦
∫ ∫ dx dy
0 0

Volume rate of flow:

Wδ
ρgWδ 2 cos β
Q = ∫ ∫ v z dx dy = Wδ v z =
0 0
3µ
Film thickness:

3µ v z 3µQ 3µΓ
δ= =3 =3 2
ρg cos β ρgW cos β ρ g cos β

Where, the mass flow rate per unit width of wall Γ = ρδ v z

Force F of the fluid on the surface:

⎛ ρgδ cos β ⎞
LW LW
dv z
F = ∫ ∫ τ xz x =δ dy dz = ∫ ∫ − µ x =δ dy dz = (LW )(− µ )⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = ρgδLW cos β
0 0 0 0
dx ⎝ µ ⎠

The above correlations aplly for laminar flow: Re < 1000, Re = 4δ v z ρ / µ

Flow Through a Circular Tube

Rate of z momentum in across cylindrical surface at r (2πrL )(τ rz ) r

Rate of z momentum out across cylindrical

surface at r+∆r (2πrL )(τ rz ) r + ∆r

Rate of z momentum in across annular surface at z=0 (2πr∆r v z )(ρv z ) z =0

Rate of z momentum out across annular surface at z=L (2πr∆r v z )(ρv z ) z = L

Gravity force acting on cylindricall shell (2πr∆rL )(ρg )

Pressure force acting on annular surface at z=0 (2πr∆r )( p0 )

Pressure force acting on annular surface at z=L (2πr∆r )( p L )

Momentum balance:

(2πrL )(τ rz ) r - (2πrL )(τ rz ) r + ∆r + (2πr∆r v z )(ρv z ) z =0 - (2πr∆r v z )(ρv z ) z = L + (2πr∆rL )(ρg )
+ (2πr∆r )( p 0 − p L ) = 0

Divided by (2πL∆r ) :

⎛ rτ rz − rτ rz ⎞ ⎛ p0 − p L ⎞
lim ⎜⎜ ⎟=⎜
r + ∆r
+ ρg ⎟r
r

∆r ⎟ ⎝ L ⎠
∆x →0 ⎝ ⎠
d
(rτ rz ) = ⎛⎜ Ρ0 − ΡL ⎞⎟r where Ρ = p − ρgz
dr ⎝ L ⎠

⎛ Ρ0 − ΡL ⎞ C1
τ rz = ⎜ ⎟r +
⎝ 2L ⎠ r

⎛ Ρ0 − ΡL ⎞
Because τ rz = 0 at r=0 Î τ rz = ⎜ ⎟r
⎝ 2L ⎠

dv z
But τ rz = − µ
dr

dv z ⎛ Ρ − ΡL ⎞ ⎛ Ρ − ΡL ⎞ 2
So = −⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟r or v z = −⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟r + C 2
dr ⎝ 2 µL ⎠ ⎝ 4 µL ⎠

(Ρ0 − ΡL )R 2 ⎡ ⎛r⎞ ⎤
2

Because vz = 0 at r = R Î vz = ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
4 µL ⎣⎢ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎦⎥

Maksimum velocity:
(Ρ0 − ΡL )R 2
v z ,max =
4 µL

The average velocity:

2π R

∫ ∫ v rdr dθ (Ρ
z
− ΡL )R 2
vz = 0 0
= 0
2π R
8µL
∫ ∫ rdr dθ
0 0
Volume flow rate:
π (Ρ0 − ΡL )R 4
Q=
8µL

Force of the fluid on the wetted surface of pipe:

⎛ dv ⎞
Fz = (2πRL )⎜ − µ z ⎟ r = R = πR 2 (Ρ0 − ΡL ) = πR 2 ( p 0 − p L ) + πR 2 Lρg
⎝ dr ⎠
HEAT TRANSFER (TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS)

Shell Energy Balances: Boundary Conditions

(Rate of thermal energy in) – (Rate of thermal energy out) + (Rate of

thermal energy production) = 0

Heat Conduction With An Electrical-Heat Source

An electrical wire of circular cross section with radius R and electrical

conductivity ke ohm-1cm-1 with current density I amps cm-2. The rate of heat
I2
production per unit volume is S e =
ke
Rate of thermal energy in across cylindrical surface at r (2πrL )(q r r )

Rate of thermal energy out across cylindrical surface

at r+∆r (2π (r + ∆r ) L )(q r r + ∆r )

Rate of production of thermal energy by electrical dissipation (2πr∆rL )S e

Energy balance: (2πrL )(q r r ) - (2π (r + ∆r ) L )(q r r + ∆r ) + (2πr∆rL )S e =0

Divided by (2πL∆r ) :

⎛ rq r − rq r ⎞
lim ⎜⎜ ⎟ = Ser
r + ∆r r

∆r ⎟
∆x →0 ⎝ ⎠

S e r C1
or
d
(rq r ) = S e r , integration results in: qr = +
dr 2 r

Se r
at r = 0 qr is not infinite, so qr =
2

dT dT S e r
But q r = −k so −k =
dr dr 2

Se r 2
Integration results in T =− + C2
4k
 Se R 2 ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞ ⎤
2

At r = R T = To Î T − T0 = −
⎢1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
4k ⎣⎢ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎦⎥

Se R 2
Maximum Temperature: Tmax − T0 =
4k

2π R

∫ ∫ (T (r ) − T )rdr dθ
0
Se R 2
Average temperature: T − T0 = 0 0
2π R
=
8k
∫ ∫ rdr dθ
0 0

Heat flow at the surface (for length L of wire):

Se R
Q r = R = 2πRL = πR 2 LS e
2
MASS TRANSFER (CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION)
Shell Energy Balances: Boundary Conditions

(Rate of mass of A in) – (Rate of mass of A out) + (Rate of production of

mass A by homogeneous chemical reaction) = 0

Diffusion Through a Stagnant Gas Film

 ∂x A
N Az = −cD AB + x A ( N Az + N Bz )
∂z

cD AB dx A
For N Bz = 0 Î N Az = −
1 − x A dz

Mass balance (S= cross section area of the column) :

SN Az z − SN Az z + ∆z =0

dN Az
Divided by S∆z and ∆z approaches zero, gives: − =0
dz

d ⎛ cD AB dx A ⎞
Or ⎜ ⎟=0
dz ⎜⎝ 1 − x A dz ⎟⎠

d ⎛ 1 dx A ⎞
Simplified to: ⎜ ⎟=0
dz ⎜⎝ 1 − x A dz ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 dx A ⎞
Integration gives: ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = C1
⎝ 1 − x A dz ⎠

Second integration gives: − ln (1 − x A ) = C1 z + C 2

Boundary conditions: at z = z1 x A = x A1

at z = z 2 x A = x A2
 z − z1
⎛ 1 − x A ⎞ ⎛ 1 − x A2 ⎞ z 2 − z1
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 − x A1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 − x A1 ⎠

z − z1
⎛ xB ⎞ ⎛ xB 2 ⎞ z2 − z1
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ xB1 ⎠ ⎝ xB1 ⎠

Average concentration;

z2

x B ,avg ∫ (x B / x B1 )
= z1
z2
x B1
∫ dz
z1

x B 2 − x B1
x B ,avg =
ln( x B 2 / x B1 )

The rate of mass transfer at the liquid-gas interface:

cD AB dx A cD AB dx B cD AB ⎛x ⎞
N Az =− = = ln⎜⎜ B 2 ⎟⎟
z = z1
1 − x A1 dz
z = z1
x B1 dz
z = z1
(z 2 − z1 ) ⎝ x B1 ⎠
 cD AB
N Az = (x − x )
Or z = z1
(z 2 − z1 )(x B )ln A1 A2

N Az =
( pD AB / RT ) ln⎛⎜ p B 2 ⎞⎟ = ( pD AB / RT ) ( p − p )
Or z = z1
(z 2 − z1 ) ⎜⎝ p B1 ⎟⎠ (z 2 − z1 )( p B )ln A1 A2

Diffusion With Homogeneous Chemical Reaction

Here, gas A dissolves in liquid B and diffuses into the liquid phase. As it
diffuses, A also performs an irreversible chemical reaction: A + B Æ AB.
Mass balance:
SN Az z − SN Az z + ∆z − Skc A ∆z = 0

k = first order rate constant for the reaction.

dN Az
And then, + kc A = 0
dz

If A and AB are present in small concentrations, then we may use:

dc A
N Az = − D AB
dz

d 2cA
Then, − D AB + kc A = 0
dz 2

BC1: at z=0 cA = cA0

BC2: at z=L NAz = 0 or dcA/dz = 0

Integration with considering the Boundary conditions results in:

⎡ ⎛ z ⎞⎤
cosh b1 ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟⎥
cA
= ⎣ ⎝ L ⎠⎦
where b1 = kL2 / D AB
c A0 cosh b1