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General Information
Meeting Arizona State Standards ………………………………………………………………… 4
Recommended Reading ………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Classroom Applications
Anticipation and Reaction Guide …………………………………………………………………… 12
Concept Map …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
Role Playing …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
Act-By-Act Writing Topics ……………………………………………………………………………… 15
Journal Writing ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
Creating a Character ……………………………………………………………………………………… 22
Performing a Scene ………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
Additional Activities ………………………………………………………………………………………. 26
At first glance, the most “unlikely couple” of all would be the typical twenty-first century student
and the Bard … a very unlikely couple, indeed! Today’s teenager is interested in surfing the ‘net,
texting, and listening to their iPods … definitely not reading the works of someone who died
almost 400 years ago! But when these very modern teenagers are exposed to the works of
Shakespeare, his timeless topics of finding love, lasting friendships, being betrayed, and finding
redemption are relevant to their lives because of their own experiences with human nature. And
we thank you, dear educators, for being committed to bringing Shakespeare alive to your
students!
We hope you find the enclosed information, activities, and resources helpful and entertaining. If
you have any suggestions for activities or topics not already found in this study guide, please
feel free to contact me via e-mail at angee@mosaic-edu.com or by phone at 480.510.3808. We
are always interested in hearing new ways to excite your students (and you!) about
Shakespeare and live theatre.
Happy teaching!
Concept 3: Functional
Functional writing provides specific directions or information related to real-world tasks. This includes
letters, memos, schedules, directories, signs, manuals, forms, recipes, and technical pieces for specific
content areas (Additional Activities, page 26).
Students justify the perception of a performance and critique its production elements (attending and
discussing Southwest Shakespeare Company’s performance of Macbeth).
“MACBETH: Read-Aloud Play for the Classroom,” Scholastic Scope Magazine: January 23, 2006, Volume
54, Issue 10, ISSN 0036-6412, pages 4-10. This is an easy to read adaptation of the play written in
modern language. An excellent resource for increasing student understanding of the plot before reading
the full text. Call 1-800-SCHOLASTIC for reprinting information.
No Fear Shakespeare: Macbeth; Spark Publishing, New York, NY: 2003. Presents the original text of
Shakespeare’s play side-by-side with a modern version; includes marginal notes and explanations along
with full descriptions of each character. This is an especially useful tool for struggling readers.
Reference Books
Discovering Shakespeare’s Language by Rex Gibson & Janet Field-Pickering
The Friendly Shakespeare by Norrie Epstein
How to Speak Shakespeare by Cal Pritner and Louis Colaianni
Shakespeare From Page to Stage by Michael Flachmann
Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human by Harold Bloom
Shakespeare: To Teach or not to Teach by Cass Foster and Lynn G. Johnson
Shaking Hands With Shakespeare by Allison Wedell Schumacher
Teaching Shakespeare into the Twenty-First Century edited by Ronald E. Salomone
Picture Books
A Child’s Portrait of Shakespeare by Lois Burdett
All the World’s A Stage by Rebecca Piatt Davidson
Shakespeare for Kids: Macbeth by Lois Burdett
William Shakespeare and the Globe by Aliki
Websites
www.swshakespeare.org - see what’s new at Southwest Shakespeare Company
www.folger.edu - access to primary documents and lesson plans for teaching Shakespeare
http://nfs.sparknotes.com - this is the “No Fear Shakespeare” website that presents the original text of
Shakespeare’s plays side-by-side with a modern version.
www.teachersfirst.com/shakespr.shtml - on-line quizzes and surveys related to particular plays; also has
related sites with information about Elizabethan England
In what time period is The 11th Century, which is the period of the original story.
this production set?
Is this switched from No.
the original text?
Have any characters No.
been cut?
Have any characters Yes. Scholars can support the combining of the Bloody Sergeant,
been combined? Why? Macbeth’s Messenger, and Seyton into one since they all serve Macbeth
and could easily have been intended as the same character.
Other comments: This is a fairly straightforward, traditional telling of the story. Smoke
and fog effects are used and strong violence called for by Shakespeare
in his writing. There are some supernatural aspects of the story, such
as the so-called witches or Weird Sisters.
The next scene introduces us to Duncan, the King of Scotland. When Duncan learns that
Macbeth has killed the traitor Macdonwald, he decides to give Macbeth the title of Thane of
Cawdor, another traitor who is to be executed. This information is revealed to Macbeth and
Banquo in the next scene when they encounter the Witches, who also predict that Banquo will be
the father of kings. Macbeth’s imagination and ambition are sparked by their predictions, and he
begins to imagine himself as king, and what needs to be done to attain the crown.
After reading a letter sent to her by her husband describing what the Witches predicted, Lady
Macbeth prepares herself to convince Macbeth that he should do whatever it takes to be king.
She encourages Macbeth to kill Duncan while he is visiting their castle, Inverness. And thus the
plot is set in motion: with the prediction of the Witches and the support of his wife, Macbeth
resolves to kill Duncan, which begins the bloody trail of bodies that leads to his own destruction.
Written soon after the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the script commemorates the accession
of her successor to the throne of England through its focus on the Scottish heritage of James I,
his notorious bouts with insomnia, and his interest in witchcraft and magic (evidenced by the
king’s publication of a treatise entitled Demonology in 1597). Shakespeare even provides a
fictitious genealogical line of descent through which James becomes a descendant of Banquo’s
son, Fleance, thereby dignifying his reign through antiquity.
Published in the 1623 First Folio edition of Shakespeare’s plays, Macbeth was probably written
and first performed in 1606, soon after the infamous Gunpowder Plot, a conspiracy by Catholic
extremists to blow up the Parliament building and all the heads of state on November 5, 1605.
The many references to Jesuits, equivocation, and the role of divine providence in protecting the
realm all point to Shakespeare’s use of this specific historical event, which is now celebrated
throughout England as Guy Fawkes Day. Although the play was initially produced in 1606, the
first historical evidence of a performance at the Globe Theatre occurs in April 1611, when the
astrologer Simon Forman recorded it in his diary.
Macbeth has remained one of Shakespeare’s most popular plays for nearly four hundred years.
It even has its own superstitious mystique, which forbids actors from saying the name “Macbeth”
inside a theatre lest it bring down a curse upon them.
--Michael Flachmann
Shakespeare: From Page to Stage
“On an obvious level Macbeth is free to refrain from murdering Duncan. On an only slightly less obvious
level he was bound to do it. One does not have to opt for one of these versions of the play, for they are
both intolerably superficial. What Shakespeare makes us feel, and feel inwardly, is the extremely tenuous
division between the 'free' act and the 'determined' one, and the imaginative possibility of a world in
which the balance has been imperceptibly tipped towards evil, so that man writhes and sprawls vainly on
a greased slope that ends in perdition.”
--Wilbur Sanders
“To mankind in general Macbeth and Lady Macbeth stand out as the supreme type of all that a host and
hostess should NOT be.”
--Max Beerbohm
PLAYS: 37 (give or take) – 10 tragedies, 260: Hours it takes to read the 936,443
10 histories, 13 comedies, and 4 romances; words in The Complete Works of William
however, it is possible that he may have Shakespeare, if you read at the rate of 60
written a few more! words per minute
1 PENNY: Price of the cheapest theatre 90%: Percentage of U.S. high schools
ticket in Shakespeare’s day that require the study of Shakespeare
* according to the Complete Public Domain Text
** according to Scholastic Scope Magazine, January 2006 issue
My mentor John Houseman once related a story about his experiences with Orson Welles when they
produced the first professional African-American production of a Shakespeare play. Often referred to
as The Voodoo Macbeth because it was set in Haiti, they had employed actual voodoo drummers.
After the play opened, the only bad review they got was from Percy Hammond, drama critic of the
New York Herald Tribune, who vilified the production. At the theatre, John was met by the group of
drummers who, pointing at the newspaper review, asked, “He bad man?” Houseman replied, “Yes,
he bad man.” “He VERY bad man?” they asked again. Houseman said, “Yes, he VERY bad man.” The
next day Houseman and Welles returned to the theatre to be told by the theatre manager that the
drummers had been up all night drumming and chanting in the basement. John and Orson looked at
each other with amazement, for in that afternoon’s paper, it was reported that the critic, Percy
Hammond, had been taken ill and hospitalized. He died within the week.
The so-called “curse of Macbeth,” which forces many in the theatre to refer to it as “The Scottish
Play” for fear of bringing “something wicked” upon themselves, is the stuff of theatre legend. In the
very first known production of the play in 1606, Hal Berridge, the boy who played Lady Macbeth, died
backstage. It’s reported that Shakespeare himself had to go on in the role. In Amsterdam in 1672,
the actor playing Macbeth substituted the blunt stage dagger with a real one, and with it killed the
actor playing Duncan right in front of the live audience.
In his last performance on stage, the great Elizabethan actor Edward Alleyn claimed he saw a fourth
Witch. He retired. In 1849, supporters of rival actors, the American Edwin Forrest and the British
John Macready, rioted in front of the theatre in which Macready was appearing as Macbeth. Thirty-
one people were killed. In 1934, the Scottish Play went through four different lead actors in ONE
WEEK at the Old Vic. Also in 1934, British actor Malcolm Keen turned mute on stage and his
replacement developed a high fever and had to be hospitalized. Both the director and the actress
playing Lady Macduff were involved in a car accident on the way to the theatre, and the proprietor of
the theatre died of a heart attack during the dress rehearsal.
In the 1937 Old Vic production starring Laurence Olivier and Judith Anderson, Michel Saint-Denis
(another of my mentors at Julliard) nearly died in a traffic accident. Olivier himself almost died when
a falling sandbag just missed his head. In addition, Olivier’s sword broke on stage, flew into the
audience, and hit a man who later suffered a heart attack. Just before the production opened, the
favorite dog of Lilian Baylis, the theatre’s founder, died. The next day, Lilian Baylis herself died. In
the Stratford Festival production of 1938, an old man had both his legs broken by his own car in the
parking lot and Lady Macbeth ran her car through a store window.
In 1942, three actors in another production of Macbeth died, and the costume and set designer
committed suicide. Diana Wynyard sleepwalked off the rostrum in 1948 and fell down 15 feet. In
Bermuda, 1953, Charlton Heston suffered severe burns on his groin and leg from tights that were
accidentally soaked in kerosene. An actors’ strike crippled Rip Torn’s 1970 production in New York
City; two fires and seven robberies plagued the 1971 version; and, Kenneth Campbell, who played
Macduff, was mugged soon after the play’s opening in the 1981 production.
And finally, Abraham Lincoln was reading Macbeth to a group of friends – the scene following the one
in which Duncan was assassinated. A week later, President Lincoln was assassinated.
1 2 3 4
Disagree Strongly Disagree Agree Agree Strongly
Rating Rating
(BEFORE (AFTER
Statement
seeing/reading seeing/reading
Macbeth) Macbeth)
You can’t always be in control of what you do because some things
are “meant” to happen.
Explanation:
People are in charge of their own lives; fate has nothing to do with it.
Explanation:
If you love someone, you will do what he/she asks you to do.
Explanation:
If you want to succeed, you have to remove the obstacles that are in
your way, no matter the consequences.
Explanation:
Part Two: What reactions would Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, Macduff, or the Witches have to these same
statements? After reading and/or seeing the play, respond to these statements from the viewpoint of one
of these characters. Then, taking on the role of the character, debate these issues!
FATE
HONOR
AMBITION
GUILT
AFTER READING: What role did this concept play in Macbeth? Which character exemplified this
concept? Cite specific examples from the play to support your opinion.
After you role-play, stay in the role so that your classmates and teachers can ask you questions.
Construct a scene based upon the following situations:
1. Imagine that you are trying to decide whether to do something you know is very wrong,
but which will benefit you. A friend says, "Come on, just do it. Do you want to be a loser
all your life?"
2. Again, imagine that you are trying to decide whether or not to do something you know is
very wrong, but will benefit you. Your friend says, "Yeah, that's a tough decision, but if
you don't do it, someone else will, so you might as well do it."
3. You have done something illegal and then gotten caught. You now have a choice either to
admit that you did it or tell a lie to cover it up. How far would you be willing to go to cover
up your own wrongdoing? What role does fear play in your choice of action? What other
considerations weigh in your decision?
• Macdonwald is a traitor because he joined forces with the Irish against Duncan. Macbeth
defeats Macdonwald and “unseamed him from the nave to th’ chaps/And fixed his head
upon our battlements” (sliced him from his navel to his jaw, cut his head off, and stuck it
on the castle wall). King Duncan’s reaction is “O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman!” Does
this description of Macbeth’s behavior make you think he is a loyal subject willing to do
whatever it takes to defend his king, or is he simply capable of great violence? How is
Macbeth’s behavior both “fair” and “foul,” considering which point of view you take?
• Not only was Macdonwald a traitor, but the Thane of Cawdor was also a traitor by joining
forces with the King of Norway. What does this suggest to you about the state of affairs
in Scotland?
• Shakespeare opens Scene 3 with the Witches discussing evil deeds they have been up to
or are thinking about doing. Considering that Shakespeare’s audience truly believed in
witches, compare and contrast the way his audience and a modern audience could react
to this scene.
• The Witches predict that Macbeth will be king and that Banquo’s children will be kings.
Which do you think would be better: to be a ruler yourself or your children and
grandchildren to be future rulers? Why do you think this?
• How do Banquo and Macbeth differ in their reactions to the Witches’ predictions?
• Although he did not need to kill the Thane of Cawdor to earn that title, Macbeth’s thoughts
immediately turn to thinking of murdering Duncan to earn the title of king. What does
this reveal about Macbeth’s character and the effect the Witches’ predictions have on him?
• In Scene 4, Macbeth considers the necessity of murdering Malcolm, Duncan’s son, after
Duncan gives the title of Prince of Cumberland to Malcolm: “The Prince of Cumberland –
that is a step/On which I must fall down or else o’erleap,/For in my way it lies.” Thinking
about Macbeth’s behavior so far in the play, do you think he is a cold-blooded murderer,
or is he a victim of the Witches/Fate?
• Lady Macbeth’s soliloquy in Scene 5 that begins “The raven himself is hoarse,” has been
viewed by some scholars as a frightening expression of unnatural evil and somewhat
misogynistic. How do you interpret this speech? Does she hate being a woman? Is she
truly evil? Or is she extremely ambitious and willing to do whatever it takes to get her
husband on the throne?
• Based on Scenes 5 and 7, describe the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.
• In the soliloquy beginning “If it were done when ‘tis done, then ‘twere well,” Macbeth is
having second thoughts about murdering Duncan. What are the reasons he gives as to
why he shouldn’t kill Duncan? He says the only thing motivating him is ambition, “which
o’erleaps itself/And falls on th’ other.” What do you think he has decided at this point in
regards to murdering the king?
• In Scenes 5 and 7, Lady Macbeth makes several violent references to motherhood and
infants: she wants her breast milk to turn to “gall,” and would dash “the brains out” of her
baby rather than break a promise she made to Macbeth. However, the Macbeths do not
have children. There is textual evidence that Lady Macbeth had a child: “I have given
suck, and know/How tender ‘tis to love the babe that milks me.” However, it seems that
the child has died. Do you think her words reveal hidden feelings about being childless?
Act II
• Why do you think Macbeth is imagining that he is seeing a dagger? What does this tell
you about his state of mind before killing Duncan?
• After killing Duncan, Lady Macbeth has to take the bloody daggers from Macbeth and
plant them at the murder scene. Why do you think Macbeth is unable to do this himself?
What line from the end of Scene 2 shows that Macbeth is already feeling remorse for
killing Duncan?
• Duncan’s sons, Donalbain and Malcolm, are sleeping in the room next to their father.
Why do you think Shakespeare included this information in this scene? What do
Donalbain and Malcolm decide to do after discovering their father has been murdered?
• Lennox in Scene 3 and Ross and Scene 4 talk about unusual events from the night before.
What are these unusual events and how do they tie into Shakespeare’s audience’s belief
about the divine right of kings and what happens when a king is murdered?
• Macduff discovers that Duncan has been murdered. Write a letter from Macduff to his wife
describing what has happened, who he suspects has killed the king, and how he feels
about Macbeth being appointed as the new King of Scotland.
• In Scene 2, how do you think Lady Macbeth is feeling about the murder of Duncan? What
does she mean when she says, “Tis safer to be that which we destroy/Than by destruction
dwell in doubtful joy”?
• Macbeth arranges to have Banquo and Fleance killed while they are out riding their
horses. He doesn’t discuss this with Lady Macbeth: “Be innocent of the knowledge,
dearest chuck,/Till thou applaud the deed.” Why do you think he isn’t sharing this
information with her, considering that she was helped him murder Duncan? Do you see
other signs that there is a shift in their relationship since Duncan’s murder?
• In Scene 3, a third Murderer joins the two Murderers. Who do you think it is: Macbeth,
Lady Macbeth, one of the Witches, or someone else? Why do you think this?
• What is Macbeth’s reaction to Banquo’s ghost? What does this tell you about Macbeth’s
state of mind?
Act IV
• This act begins with the very famous “Double, double toil and trouble” scene. Research
the ingredients the Witches put in the caldron to create their brew to make the
Apparitions appear.
• What are the three statements that the Apparitions say to Macbeth? How does he
respond to these statements?
• What does the outcome of Scene 2 reveal to you about Macbeth as a ruler?
Act V
• What has happened to Lady Macbeth? What lines are “confessions” to the murders of
Duncan, Lady Macduff, and Banquo?
• What is the Doctor suggesting when he says to the Gentlewoman, “Remove from her the
means of all annoyance,/And still keep eyes upon her”?
• What is Macbeth’s reaction when he learns of Lady Macbeth’s death? Do you think he
sounds heartless, or do you think he expected this to happen?
• When Macduff reveals that he “was from his mother’s womb/Untimely ripped,” what does
Macbeth realize about the Witches and their prophecies? Do you think he regrets his
actions? Why or why not?
• Write a three-part response: 1) indicate the meaning of the quote, 2) connect the
quote with other parts of the play, other literature, or personal experiences, and 3) discuss
your personal feelings about the quote, the character, or the action.
• Write a completely personal expression. Take off from the quote and free-write
wherever your thoughts make take you: into fantasy; reflections on your day; problems you
are experiencing or have experienced; or people you care about.
• Write a poetic response. Write your own feelings to the quote or continue the dialogue
using Shakespeare’s style. Or, write a poem reflecting a theme or idea suggested by the
quote.
• Copy the quote and illustrate it. In lieu of writing, draw the characters or illustrate the
action in whatever detail you like, from symbolic representation to realistic characterization.
• Reply to the character. Write a letter to the character, either from your point of view
or from the point of view of another character in the play.
Act I
Act II
1. “Is this a dagger which I see before me,
The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee.
I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.
Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible
To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but
A dagger of the mind, a false creation,
Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?” (Macbeth, Scene 1)
Act III
1. “Naught’s had, all’s spent,
Where our desire goes without content.
‘Tis safer to be that which we destroy
Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy.” (Lady Macbeth, Scene 2)
3. “It will have blood, they say. Blood will have blood.” (Macbeth, Scene 4)
Act IV
1. “Double, double toil and trouble,
Fire burn, and cauldron bubble.” (Three Witches, Scene 1)
Act V
1. “Out, damned spot! Out, I say! … Why, then, ‘tis time to do ‘t. Hell is murky! … Yet who
would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him … The thane of Fife
had a wife. Where is she now?—What, will these hands ne’er be clean? … Here’s the smell
of blood still. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand … To bed, to bed
… give me your hand. What’s done cannot be undone. To bed, to bed, to bed!”
(Lady Macbeth, Scene 1)
Choose one of the characters from Macbeth and answer the questions below. Remember, all of
your decisions MUST be based on what you know about the character from the script. Yes, you
are trying to create a three-dimensional character, and you will need to INFER some of the
information, but your choices must be true to the script!
Character’s Name:
How old is my character? Does my
character act his/her age?
Although your students may be initially nervous about performing in front of their classmates,
you can make the experience non-threatening by participating in it yourself … you will show your
students that even YOU can do it, and probably provide them with some good laughs!
1. Ask students to choose a scene from the play to memorize. Students can choose one of
the suggested scenes or choose another scene from the play after checking with the
teacher. To ease students into performing Shakespeare, you may want to have them use
the SparkNotes No Fear Shakespeare version of the play for their performances.
2. The teacher can model both effective and ineffective scenes (you can have fun with this,
especially when modeling the “ineffective” scene!). Ask a student to read the lines of one
character as you perform the role of the other character. Then ask students to point out
which elements of the performance were successful and which were not. On the board,
write down a list of bad habits that can distract the audience or take away from the
performance, such as fidgeting, monotone voice, inaudible volume, mispronunciations,
and speaking too quickly. Then write down a list of elements that a successful
performance should contain: eye contact with the audience, voice inflection, sufficient
volume, evidence of understanding, pronunciation, and appropriate speed with the proper
pauses.
3. Allow some time in class for students to practice their scenes. Pair student groups
together (rotating with different groups at each practice session). Have students practice
with their partner groups; the groups should offer constructive criticism, using the
included checklist to help them make constructive suggestions.
The following requirements are graded on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 being lowest and 5 being
highest):
_____ knowledge of lines (did not miss any lines; very few awkward pauses)
_____ stage presence (commands the audience’s attention; use of eye contact;
not constantly looking at the floor or shifting feet; did not stand in one spot
without moving)
_____ use of voice (use of pauses; easy to hear and understand words)
• Act I, Scene 3, Lines 30-88 (five characters) The three Witches makes predictions for
Macbeth and Banquo.
• Act I, Scene 7, Lines 32-82 (two characters) Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth that he
must murder Duncan if he wants to be king.
• Act II, Scene 3, Lines 1-38 (two characters) Macduff wakes up the Porter.
• Act III, Scene 3, Lines 1-24 (five characters but one does not have lines) The three
Murderers attack Banquo and Fleance.
• Act III, Scene 4, Lines 32-122 (five characters but one does not have lines) Banquo’s
ghost appears to Macbeth.
• Act IV, Scene 1, Lines 1-104 (eight characters) The three Witches gather around the
cauldron and reveal further predictions to Macbeth.
• Act V, Scene 1, Lines 1-69 (three characters) Lady Macbeth has been driven insane by her
guilt.
• Act V, Scene 8, Lines 1-34 (two characters) Macduff avenges the death of his family and
kills Macbeth.
• Write a diary from the perspective of one of the main characters from the play. The diary
may be from the timeframe before, during, or after the play’s events. You will need
several entries, and you may want to include personal keepsakes. Remember that
thoughts and feelings are very important in a diary.
• Make several drawings of some of the scenes from the play and write a caption for each
drawing. Put all the drawings and captions in chronological order on a poster board to
create a storyboard of the play.
• Create a newspaper that reports the various events of the play. You could include a front-
page story that reports the play’s main conflict and its resolution, a features article about
one of the prominent and wealthy characters from the play (similar to an article about a
celebrity), sports and entertainment relevant to the setting of the play or the interests of
the characters, a society page detailing the various wedding celebrations, a weather
report, etc.
• Construct a model of the Globe Theatre. You may construct it out of any materials that
you wish. Be sure to consult reliable sources to help you design your model.
• Create a sculpture of a character from the play. You may use any combinations of
materials – soap, wood, clay, sticks, wire, stones, old toy pieces, or any other object – to
create your sculpture.
• Create a comic strip that depicts a few scenes from the play. You may draw, use
computer graphics, use pictures from magazines, use photos your take yourself, or any
other way you wish to graphically create your comic strip.
• Create a movie poster for the play using two or more of the following media: paint,
crayons, chalk, coloring pencils, ink, markers, etc. You may want to choose modern-day
actors to star in the movie and include their names and/or pictures on the poster. Look at
current movie posters to help you determine what information to include on your poster.
• Create a “Wanted” poster for one of the characters from the play. Include a picture or
drawing of the character, his/her name and “alias” (either one stated directly in the play
or one that you create), the “crime” that he/she is wanted for, and a quote from the play
that best represents the character. The quote can either be lines spoken by the character
or something that is said about that character by another character.
Please feel free to use the back of this form to include any additional comments.
Did the confirmation packet provide you with the information you needed? Why/why not?
Did you find the Teacher Guide helpful? What did you particularly like/dislike?