QUANTUM FIELDS IN CURVED SPACE N. D. BIRRELL P.C.W. DAVIES CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS“Eokicrwmre pre aac 8 Contents a i or Ma gc nein Gente fi hs ee tin Spence ‘ine ase apie an Gh ey Rid pcePreface The sje of quanta eld her incurs sting pp nan toa as yet tac hey of quantum gai, far ren "werendou portance during the st decade te thi ook we ane fempied to collet and uly the st suber of pape tbat have Ceatbatedt the pi eeop i se Te Book lo eas Some oil mater, peas Io tention with pie detector The eaeot tended Lo Be both pedal an archival. We se no previous asian wi he sabe, he et shold ‘eeay be ama with tse quantum ei hery atthe eel of Bjorke & Dro 965) 4nd wih ger ly ae vel ot Weber Usa oe Manet, Thorne & Wheres (173, The hoe developed ee place, The feat ae ran 1 the at of coments and ‘hbsviaions on page aol te extent erences a bora preparing hook wehe den pon he aerial faery re suster ef author Ta apt sertan paced material acting ta the autor) me fave ltt ade what we comer tbe ‘that miner ies om te egal pian, ‘The blk ofthe tx was wien whe we nok opto st the Departent of Matcnaty, Rigs Cilegs London We ae get indeed to eany cali thee and cheer for sistance, Spe Tanke arecvendes to TS. inch SM Cheam, A. Dow 8 Doak, Md. Dal, LH, Ford, SA ulin, C3 ha, G Kenta. Parker and RM, Wal for eral seating of econ of mama aly we sal ket thank MJ. Bate or ping te matt sod the Scece Hee Cone fr Feuil apprePreface to the paperback edition Since te book fat went to pres, bre have Ree er inpotet acbeen ge developed epeiaiy ia conneton white phewmenon faymmety breaking and reslertos othe ey eal ere, we oth igh temperatures and pact cacatue ae saan A rest conan of this wrk as bee te oman a th salad lation unvese scenario in wich he aie unfergus ae Ser sein he very arse This wort bs occ ateaton awe mote ‘guastomfel thors nde Siterspace a ate ealclaton oo") (Cambie Universy Prey 198 Fuster ents of trea! mare fave reeny Been obtained coneringaramber ofthetopexsonisredinisbook Menon shold erm of se work of M8 Fawost who has aly eel’ the ‘qusotum ses eso ora Schwa lack te (Commu, Mat Phys, 810983 03, ansot WG Ussah &RM Walden hne sand ‘ethermasyannic prope Mack ses by apeaing othe secs ot scereratedmirorscese tobe event hrzon Pp. Re D.28 98 a 2 (589, 271) ler baw sso Shen over Rell tenes in ger ineniooalspucetins in wbich Cunt ané other vacuum ees ecome important Fo arevew se E Wie, Nae Py B68 412 Fal; mach fare nor at ee done ca the properties pte tector, example the pape by KI. Hinton ih.) Phys 4. Gen lyn 16983, 195) ‘We ae gril f9 KJ. Hiaton, J Phuc SD, Vowin and WR Wake for stance in cevsn the fs Note aed 1986 repiaing Conventions and abbreviations ‘ur sottion or gust el hor sil Glo thao orken & the temo ot Mise, Thorne & Whe 97) Tat Ye metie signature Is (4 == =h Ryu Bip ns Rm, Foul cum te changed for or otton fo hon ed Mice Tos & Whaskr (+ +) eomeations by changing he sis fy, DEE, A jy Ryo Tb eng Ry ad Thang Fr the mojosy he bok we ase nis which he fe The felonng sei yl nd abevatin at sd nouphou Re) Fagen pat1 Introduction Thiel dei wns emarkabl progres in the eontton fa nes testy ofthe forces of nate. he eetronapeec tn soak inlracon hae ried void dessin wih the Weiner. Seay tnery (Weisberg 167, Sal 968, while aco to cerpeae te song nerston as desribed by quate cvundynani os eee ‘theory seem to be acing ise wt held ro id "tori (Georgi Glshow 19 fora oie se Che & Mls Ivey trait aod apart om the ote thee ass of tut aan eisai to provide witha guts amewore. Te guseoaton ofthe aviation eld batten pssd ih wet ncaa aod vip ‘ve the past fty yas oreo sce ta 197518 To aa Som saison quanta ther ol ray emai Pegs ‘hetoxthopteurentappreaches ace supeteaiy ets eek the gzavon i eae as ony one mentees tile at ese Dates ining bot emions a Boys Festa, ran coos, io & Ferre 1976, Deer & Zune 916; fr aren ea "Newnenbias Frees 195, tn the abeeaee of vie ery of gunn gray, ean one sy ‘nyhing ual about he inten ofthe atonal Eldon gota ‘wckground el irae wth quate mater Soa sence 18h teil hear of quatam estan eo xan, Set 19, chops 1 Ove ay teres bop ht a sia rep es es guar aspects gray, is wih he panna Blé sete oga ‘lai bc ground whl tema lar quntints heal Adepig Ensen’ neal ory of atity a denilon of psy nett the oj of gant el theory ie a ured bacroced Spacline. nic i th sabe of his bok 1 nas ‘origalypomied out by Planck (189) tht he univers2 bodaton constans Gand cold becobied to ve toy fname eit of Fenty the Planck length (hie) ~ hte 10" an ao te te Pc e(Ghic)) = 39> f0-*"5 he paiaton! ft intent ot ‘natn eeevodyaamsrIQEDS then tn ie te lac enh ppees nthe ok ofcouping ootaot Unie. D, boweve ew {Be coupg conan sis denon (dsl the Pas et Tas dimesons Electecan become ane whee eth nine se ‘he quntin pvt teres fal low the Pack vale. Wen ths tie owe over athe whole sneet os mal etrbton expan “The Pack vats terse matteo at whish al theory of quintam seat, peerably nope io carer, mt Ibvoked Neverthe one might hope tat when he tances an ies ‘pevtonl el wil he nels Ashe Pack lengths sma eu ‘overs fen below the sofa tome nc th ppt oe Jmichsope ora semis hos ‘Thereishoweter = oben withthe rong Acorn fo the ‘ualece peng whitest they una einetcteerss ‘Bavi al arms rter and ee) couple equ sonst gras, CConcquenty,wheneer x clase ckproun! frail Feld pe iy ene ins noni way a al a of sane nd tne ‘ener intresting uaa fll efor Thi the BA Ten of gay ease al temper nore gh any al re Tapio ths emplinon tay ilbe posi to proud witha semiclassical desipton ta erry casa relly Une fue Wises to dsous the propagation of gration nave a 4 sna thckaroundpacetine Although oes alin wth the cs sn quo, thes daturtane that epeset te giao wave Se separa fou the bckgoun pectin! Iran 3 ‘ntti oth ed ideo Eis cqoatons con bet na term hat enables her oe talen oe the aha ates patel ‘a this pi, seems reasons Lo suppose thatthe grain” than the geome So longa oe reals wll car of lank sn fuss panty avaible is aprornation wil be ape fo {ution Whebererseoneshoslscla tor hit ae provi for ‘ueating photon emission by an atom immerse ina background dette ot suet ld ei 967 as 64.1 he sisting ois oan apron tthod thi appoch ec mete of se bag ‘pact, atd Jy talento be guts eld peopogsng tas ‘opsgitor fra tr fll Sins seer fp oh ove ay ‘of the gravitational coupling constant G, nod s0 are aways of compara te maputue, Tau a te onelnop lew, the qeatcaton the OD{Pavan in the bckrome sf, gully a ptt a the Station ofthe mater feds ‘iat ese, tat th cnet Tat bacgroud pect he onvatinal sn el teary ric semoned ty ean obj als normal veg Gee}, When ic acgrosadisonea, ower a moe chorale proce ecenary ime te the ava els Th sth deve known tsnnormelanan dis “alt tor QHD, mich an gaged by dns Dace maul, charges and wavelonctons, Only fe uatey ot ates sud tobe enorme a usa! quale QED. fete Stas of « "enounalzale theory, Tas “‘enomateby depends ily ot at th the ong conta ew mere te oni. G bas usaf th tata ims aes Toe pk sana powernuningarguneat corn wnenag waves oho lvegenses mich ove Higher or tomy inthe apm oes Iran 5 tain aon a powers of 9 roe gravitons Feyotan diagrams ‘uth malig ops oe 2 Tete etorhip etn the ete of Giergence alte number asic ope tran, ‘ample, Dal 1975 sod that with icrevsing ners of oop one ‘countermoreandinae viet verges Teanga UWaity “uorencrmalzle with each new oder more new pl ‘hat the quantization ofthe patios! Geld ha ot been aan one nc the expansion af the nie they sf wavity ad mater at sone parca aurber 0 log then te fte nomi ‘vege quantities cate emoved by renoralanion ea ite uber ‘pial quantities Foresamp we shal ea cape he one. Toop lel esoumazaton of G the conalopca conta A a Be Theory tte Ths, nase th ted ey old te conse shouldbe wate that pe ats etry out qutteation by ‘sand atouod Ma pustine, aka gy the Miho pce tens) (LD, then the sora ant be cated et 8 erally evant way rea Daf 975, Tis combed with ‘ier tlie (Chisesen& Duf 10) eis ono conser Go ‘ropgnting in backprwnd i rary met ge Tnhisbook we constr for hemos pre the guatn heny feaiy los mater untae de lop keel Fort ater el the “hese elds the ete ton defini cpt 6) FT he oly ‘te comtition fom the pains which of moth ode she loopexpanson an expt Sab 96) he teoy tested ‘heone oop lel conan en te compete ary to ont eed elt moraly-tercing tater ele ae cla he hry ‘hea the ene ose cotton ote mater fi showe in an (lp 2 Asis the ets of tations ener ate lds Prise) "ia ae mst oe served in th abet auch mele los ater eld dinpransshoaldbeinaded nou desons Homer ies who work fons oer we should ten be to alae gre agra ako wtb artary members ooops a uo be content with the nonsenomalabiy ef araty, Hover cach exe Bon op‘ Cabanas ronipteneseryaeee ee tees onan ontiedyc nagar ena et cnn edt portant te wanes Is hye nding some wih ‘Stserational snimaenes “The tao can emp wih heey dys nti ty he ‘somichsptiss was oo ely open to distexperineaal viento in the imi-ineenth coy due to the sala atom lee, Neverthe th aly eloped hoy ma apie of ccs bead ‘tenon donts and pedting new pheaomena ints dys a ould be ecked Silay, ope byes seat pay wee it ame propery undesiod ade nee sores eso Investigation of he lit of avy om gutta els dis aes sic ne mrk of cing (839, Aker te Setond Wil ee ‘elites ners th he wot of aterm telat lonely ‘elton the olga connces of prt cation They nee ampere by th Ick of semis shag for studing the ses stergy-momestun eso Tote grisly bed quo Taide Thesvessenir sip or tao ean Hea eto theimpananeeotquntmefectonite yoo pv itafte te makes pie A, ks eget mare ae bavi, cam polation lect, akin to owen QR. ca ado gre ech comping (Te vay hte te Srinary (Makowski Space) quate hry a fom the al {ua gtviy thot, le ors wee esone sei ‘late forthe sight shan sd fu smite Einstein equation might som ha parte pai ae ttl tom the vaca dhe 7 sod tot be conserved ner Hawke showed hat usonsred <>, fubect to te dominant cowry fondly eal tat energy. and este should ana remain postive ie Hawhig & Ey 97) was Insole wih pute eatin Hoeven of he usa ares Steurved space glia thoy stat satin svc ne pave ste neyo the vasa sete lating ae lomiaat energy condom, and. crvumentng Hawking’ rel (Zetec & Pabeiy 1911) Th pre eatin iscompe wi ‘osered (T,> The ory ot olin he egy seins shaones th nay tothe avon of pacetine singular ae $7.4, Wi Hawking dave) of tetsu! bck bok emison, embod with thse impcoingwecaigus fr computing {he mabe a en copia so! otal he pal ign oe ached ‘Sled conor anoabes andthe eter tobe aed abe eae Savon of apropate quanto sa thr ow ined sentat ‘ot fhe eel sult ee chaptr that ol ewes i ‘nesta fet sone of teste apis eau ta riot View. We'have td to avin making vag tate of feaciniansin operon ey - what hypothetical oes merge sesgion ofthe concn of abn se and of arte deters A cena eutre ofthe Book cuper 6 es am exhaustive account of "elation an rerormaationehagas Several maths ave samples bt co ui thom a8 ouch as posse. Acne with hes esa Toe ll range of techies Genlope in the ear chapter re thn Aepleesora Sees discussion ick hls hich epee bie Inport od fssnuting pyalimplstiens fo elon of Te eters, We have been ub or eared tenth on the tesrodsnumic aspects skal ad the pos een toe etl gravtional felis nor haven bee ale Loge dtd Inration , 2d the impitions of quantum spite single In aio, ‘Thefnl cape ates tog pond what maybe cones he fast ound of rete inthe sujet of sunt fel than eared spacetine Here ne rely oatine th eeraanton othe ttt ll ‘eteocnay toate non grstonineston Spal noe sents on ses sub a he alls fl nd pt literate oa Pattie creation and sacoum sc, and whether thet th ‘enormazblet Miko space suas QED. ot 29° toy emai Fenormaiablein te pene ofa nei poly aso pcg sieve ina boo ftir that her wil be some agg ees ‘The sue ssl apy eve apd many ghps tai to eed ‘Neverthe hela ear ort a witnend prio econshton sed restos tha wehave bee bets pew anomaly eobeet and ‘stcontaine scout2 Quantum field theory in Minkowski space In this cuper shall summatze the een ext of oxy Minkovel space quate hese, ih whe ne asta he sc ara working nos Age del lth oman can ete re spaced on vl oposite ono wodieton Inthe ater cpt we allo detente gen ere. Mos ofthe deal ana wil rete oa naar Bel ot he si “important features of ire pace quantum fel theory la emerge wih he ‘nina of mathemati cgi, Mach ofthe caper il be iia fo ebooks sch a jovken & Dre 195) the ener nol take spel ote i ele a he ‘Sergnce(Q2 ae hee wl ply sen en wha allows. Spel lpia ao stacheso Gren ns tet i can $27 Tae reader maybe enfin ih thea Green fentos sad ele ueletnaton A thee wl te esi a tndesandng fe funtm back Hote yten an oul th top ge ee "Fil ahowph we sal at develop To ou fra ing the Feynman pthanterltchige, edo tthe sta of the pthantegralie the wrk on repormaliaton chaps and go Interacting ete neared paces chpter 9. While ts tasty fr in $28 may be fod bop 2 Sealer (Cone ala el ln tin points.) ofan sineesonal Makowsls posting staying the el ston ich+m9-0 en 14nd isthe Mskowsian eric ton, Thewuamy 24, Sali felt " quantiond. In wha flows ws shal oqueyabbreint he spacetime Poin (0) =. a guation (21) ons be oberon he Laggan desiy Pm He me) ro by contreting he tin fewer es) fd desnding ht for vristions with eget 0 6 88-0, eo) One sation 2.) satynicet te a ost amit es, en andthe Cartesian components fc ae the ales ‘The modes 28) ae sai ob poste regueney with repel se cigoanctiae ft opeator ee Sag Am lank with >. an 480 ~i fleets teosenonene ==] peo 9 te dots pute hyperplane tian Thenthe fare kpw em2 Qutum fld heoy 2 Atnowshsuce yee em =H. en Foroany purposes more coavenien ori te slions 4 the ine lo nos tae shoe ea cs (mae a Te coer fom coon odie (bon) sermaizaton ope sould repaceeacfah [evanenen=0 Buataant=a eas Tokens =i} Son a compe reno bar wth alr pou 29) 20 9a he Hal Llvatend tetera em aad obotd ew lett Tn be Heeabeg pte the quant ste san a ibe spice. A eaves hss i hs Hier space sth ovale Fock epeatton The orale st ket vector ote) canbe conse am he {fwicki be dice shorty Te ate) hate propery hat I0>=0, vk any ‘The ste otic by operation om 0) wth of le one pate Yaeger) aah >, ea, IAD hyo ae dine any a a reese, en In) =a 1B 1Q> ea ‘The bas erate oi acing 0 ADa “ ‘Quan fl ory Minna space 2.3 aery-mometim Teapot sgianceofese Fock tae inset toexmie te Haalioniun as moneotun operators forte fl. These nts ue obaied tom the eies-energ-minctum lnnot. Ts hen (se (189) 0 “ Top= tab, Ingt"® at gn 2 a Tee tg ho em ars wor in terms of Minkomsi coordinates Sobttig fon (217) [227 and 228 and integration over at {or te Hamitosua and moneetum compote! operon pete. Cla, both and sonst withthe pears Nelm ismeExrg—0 sy “Te sane fs een y aking is expectation lc forthe COM ID=4, aw d=m aan ‘Thus theexpetton valet operator Ni he ines hat the ety the et vector unde he abe Sia 238) 9 ‘peraterfor the mode fr Ny ao unter operate or Hoos ‘Fisaons235)elestitnc Wares igerstsol Hand P Forensh Sareea en th nue) and Pee by yal ‘pein, We ean thelr interpeth a ateling the mer of a, acho ene and monn fa the ee ees ‘Th the wate hytyen,) 4 sae conta quan ne ‘Retning to (223 and (224, awh pha interpretation i ow sable fr te operators another eds he naar of Tht rferedtoasnaamizon cpt oa an elon oo Spec interes ates oe ate. This the o-psti, oF cme est wich los nme Fom (230, Weald abo x fatto ents, 896 fd quanta se prt. However option (231) reveals term J foto OO) = OM) T40= Dhow en6 at ld hy Minow sce Nor al i theta ide of (238) soma; ti atl fite by peta oe neal 2.9) wth conte ay om ina The Futon cotits poles a leer vles of m0. The oan aking deat quae Gite oetiing the The it hat (29 seg parently a that Ye vc ‘onfaasan inne deny of cnr. Te trwbl cores om the eto feaar fel AS w has no upper bound the seropoittvrgy eat be els in cared scene trouhout Housnc, fh Spsean, hi ‘exsiycteumvered Eber teach ano masa non gravatoa by ania amount witout afecingaberabie quanto Tsay complished y singly owing ana he! tern a3) or mone amt by fi noma ony pation, ented ys ich ‘peatrsapyet i undersond hat l ansible aperaor stand a th oem eo bas sper i sig the expansion (219) fog inte fe made, we have babe Z DinOa bolting baby Fw (219 andthe asad cs ey paw So. mein ha en ra oe sae ele The {he spn} eon els ¢ pomeses the Laprangan denny # = iWor B79) ee tease Land ae Daa hat 6 5 {Se orexample, Delbourgo & Pasa 1974 forthe propeteso-nate ‘5 wienions) Vavation of inthe action = [0s lento the Diese extn Wey =0 ean ‘or pte fas m The el cai nor ltl (which ivenll 8 Qe fd hry i Mans ace the Die matics 73) ‘A complet set of mode tlatlons of the Die equation ven i nufinl=Nateseresre, f aay he fame cosas pose and neputve eeey spire wh Lf (oe fo example, Bjoren & Del 1985, chap 3a IO enn Iaoependent sn aes a tenn acco to Weak: Paso Weal E Elvin. tesdrdtom. seo] es0) sl creer 8, Bs, a anne ecg ine (ENOL QOL Syd as ‘hat 6) te ceabonopersto for quia nx rode of monty ‘err watd pias bie dante quant nao omen (TA comay (at spen Phil) and dl sees eton Spear dnd tone ato ae he spose etl estat fn chrved sacle in 38 26, Resramapnt ed » 26 letomagnte Tectonics pin Ge eb ye Lana i he Mawel td ategth tne, Vato fe action $= fs the vile P50, 250) Avram dy 43405) sh wee Als) is a atbiary siete slr fenton This samge Invariance prevent the sepermar quanti the heey aed nat ebro, sal by adsngto he Lagrangian deny gauging whe isa porate ermine te bic gage = bin he Femme the ie es Ing Ue.) 20, (250) nthe Feynman gauge these ution rus to 4-0 pst toa age, ee,» Qa ld hoy est space este ple ave modes fs te gem by The quatzation ofthe ds no rosea mh te same tay fo the sa el ower, bate the Phys plon has aly te indpenen: ransvee! Seg Gees whee Levent covet chieof ane esheras et alou potest onan quale. ‘hersln obane6 donot immedi mate pylons Tosblaiog parse epeaion ofthe goat theory he scaled Gupta Fle formats canbe wid (Oapta 180 ler 190, the tenbook Weatment of Jac & Rebh 1955, Boga & Sion innead tenth ntiznion of he etvomapine Ba y he pty esa approach nc roduc 3px et, tes-ale est exinent Bete tsing thi hove sujet ren fants tbe Med wit various Green fonctions ofthe wave equation, Treating Me commattor an attra te ea enced pany 1605.9 Caen ge0) 68 Ps. Oat. geeDD> 6 i tuown atthe Pai-oedan ot Schwinger Santon while > ie Sootetne called Hadumarceleucatayfncton, The Grea tion ane pit slo ther pon and maine hee) pat ah 2. Gree ane u rte h= Clgeiate}0> Seer olge9i010> C The Feyman poptestor Gi defied asthe tine oder product of og.29= corissoorntey ALrIG"eae) AP =NeIns) — OOH wont eo Boe ete Heys 09# Gt em Ge) = —Ba.2) Kee em Using th fa gation (2.4 lee ha, a ety the Laem ysis) —0 an Obi oy cea sa me we) ar (D.4m)0, a9 =81e— a Th Green anctns «debe te opin ofl itunes Integral eresesatione forthe Geen fenton can be oan tyQuart fd hry dons ce 22. Gren tions 5 ea 226 C) —e)- ete a ‘rl Cone ae contour cer thn Gn atthe ey propaga infu dnetsons functions For Dire spots ne aes Sax} = OndeaFL®) pay™ an fd hey kama space (20) whieh en ten al ste 15,158 COBEOATENOD MAL) = cIbterL00> HP RA, ‘The Feynman propagate fr the cstonngntic fil is dhe by esxd= 8) sh eu ae ne, ig 8 a udhoul-ecenDaneetne=M aay ss een re om nn fy mie ie ‘he contour foc he iter in 28) the san a for Gye 3 partslar ithe Fey gauge =) Dudist)= nae 2) Note sso thatthe gaoge-eaking erie senoned by ating then (288) becomes nine Tat, ulate pne-esking tem presen the deel operator othe chad eel boot mer, saninston of the integral repraenatiogs ofthe Feynman Grew functions soe as (296/428 reveals ae athena! pops at is este explied in pact! cleans. tsps o he onto for Gath complex © ane shows hat Ihe ote eon ence the cncous ssl lored by an mite sce andthe esas rchnged ts totatedanclokwe though 0 alo te Imapinary 1 aus rom sto es. the sation aie fs tangolox-= =a thevavabere= = itande =i place od ill longer ert the poe For example sil cit oe obs aoe wun egeneonnenref’ SERB MAH Norn 27. Gree ins 2 1 he Fuses Ge anton which sts (C.-W igre #6=21 sn M290) 2 ihe tie opertor ae a ae tae Ree ich the Abeta oan enna Ean spe, ae "han on Minow pce Th oerepond to conaeing te popes eld fn Eacean Spe The sdaotg of Fuse ld thor tat elie oprto haa igi, vel-éined inverse, teeate the posi te ill ops esation 29) fe othe nasty ete ha he seal a Hee ‘ten mathemati cone! o woik in ican spas td ae tack to pewdosciécn suctin. wing (2, tthe od of the Calsition. The boundary conditions fr the Feyunan ponaptor se ‘hms imposed by this poco (Note ha ane tte other {cotous inf. a8 Be orotate witht nent he pole) Fors "ane det sion nt ome of ured sins ee Canela {Rate (977) ad Wal UN ‘The Green fans itadosed so far have all ben ellie 8 ‘aestion vals of prose tld pete pte state oye ‘ectin sate Thee Greafincionr neat fo deen ya 410 tenperature However 4 stan at aonaeo teapot lst by ape sate Stone tha ately tbe oe ‘ches The Grice uncon fr yams a none temperate ie ‘hus en byte avetage over allure gaa ote enpo in vale othe ross felt operates it hoe pe sue Kado & Bayt 16 Abnkosox, Gorka Dyalnkink 1963, Match 1987, Fer ‘ask 7 ‘Stops, puree being an isa ofthe Manoa (2th wth nea sgemalue Tent nl ale be au cgemtate fhe ual nner operate Wf 232th uber sigevelem ey Sn oee ‘beans parc od eee ate ail anegulibean yen stenpertire Tis ese by and cna ene te Toe Probably thse system nl bene site) tae By 5) pour a926 Qatar i Mika space Ding olsen constant he chemi peni 2a Rerrmnae 95) the sand partion fonctioe, a 0 the heey pote. The Ady= Lecglale. 296 Tooting the quatun dest oem ned by p= exp{0+ 8) as» m= Goel. 9H ‘Ths eaatemen of val tial probity Besomer Hos EH! =I em (2965) ede e209) ea aie en ons tt 9) pe an by tecnsenbleaverage(, Forexampl om.) we dentate cite mn Bua) Ge Ate ‘owing important pope of hve thal Gren tions GFeaweal-Cheriaxiesy, non ‘hie ation cbse om he Heaters eqtons of ation apf abe wt 103) ss ftw: Split x)= le Motel ery) eLearn mgr ice) 22, Gran ics a Letra emt ce) = ee Moire Rael) = opt ee 21084 oper AB = From 103} pers fr the ote Gene Fao inte oka or exampl, an 267 allows ta. Weave e108) ad he hei pote! ben lad woe my hve ned the itr & onthe righthand ide Nets Bower, he forsee e105 sue th commutator of fe sald 8 cbr is lows fom 8) and heal anya expectation al eel ‘This wi oon gneal e te eas llering Ucar whee Te lucegal in) commaatr can be an aertn (Usg2 108 and elton sucha 20 oer Gree sions se can wrt itera reprecnatioes forthe hema Geen fansons Sting With Gy we anne (2105) (0 wes Rois norm tohs.09 ies) (02 [ deioix are orme 05 ‘which sean aly bei fom (276 nie appropiate sham ta* fH eA m0) aun Wwe sho wit the Fou anor of Gj o7tex)=078 [" dager"? a0 he, roan (26, a} =0"la)—s-t0h 10%) ‘The eltion 24049 mpi tat eee)Ey Qt eho in Minko space Emu surpasra ‘Thats hthermal Gree fncton sae wien asa inet magn. ‘nthe spin ease, bea the feds atone alter fan conse sp Seciaex) pany ss tan he pod corton (2108, Ope the bis a mage Wessex 2.8 Patines quinn ‘The canonical taszaton shee out in§24ionly on of ve Toe =soins eng les (265, noting that Ga ecomben in pace of the canola onion relatos 215) The ashe 2114) has the avanage of "sng coe totbe spt cera oss oes ngl ut (218 forthe ceo ang aension operators aa pbuh perboe ‘rast (3 the cova un cai apronctenateegulen ‘ater quantization tetas epi el sued to he gos ‘cate ofthe fanctonl asia enum in ques at Seay, she C* algebra approach sf Segal {ID ort tev ofthe ‘eno this apgrosch oc spain, sa 978) 1861 powerl apyoach o quantum ravi aud tote quatatn et intersting ils ith the stent proces of reaoraaton A ae Stal ae conf se his ele ste shape sl ge shor reve nti ection More deta eaten eb dio Rawk 196, Abs Lee 197} Taper 1974 Frampton 7 Nish (Osan leon & Zube 98 The tien othe te eto integral foal 9 ith n= comoaiy~ foterentstey ifs) ass taken over the space of fnsions 6 with am apeopite wear. The ‘tetas amped om thei acai the fal es out mie pee oa sures whe roding pre When Makosi pce vacoum 0) and oe tae 2101= 00 toys by Kntonaldestistion of with eset 1 hat es og. dH0>.—( am). au ving the connected tears Greta functions of the story (© denoting that ely conetes Feyman diagrams ae ned Petra ha ‘an camp we one the ase he sc fe ith Sit om ested testn ere 2 he fel Lagrangian 2.2) and te ifn! tor{ t » Qe fd hoy Minkowski ce Ste] fatal 401 +0? av] en here ave dard Boundary em. Using 2118 te espns in "ay 30K, 06) [Jeeiaas 2419) 139) ex no-3 ex ~ Gute, eu inerting he destin of the Ferman peter teens wl eld mine cntat tel eae baad fr 2499) omy te est wi = fes[ ofa 1 tHe. toni) 2 [overae osesmtn | ena fosea= Afrarrerce 4 fener a Aopeton of (287 and 288) nthe Yt {0 sows thal R=! stetrooagnc ll aed on theabore uve deep cto! pre2 st fd hoy Minn apace IB, het 8 pigeon om (238) ws nee te rgsnheinemedt ages tens ‘vee ue opt and Gres fnion 28 Bost yam pina tpn fhe tans el emponere Hesse sy vernon fe nga and one eovaases tbe sacl ston 4 ten uae he action ofthe sige ranoroaon ison in ea lb rena yh cote ioe anarnton Tse calles soe ue op nce nh 8 Pato te pl ‘rt oc ane eon a} ha dean ee oe Seine nega occas tw samy br re oh Prot selamg crest Hower wih tc aoa ee seater ue ere he‘ eee cal wpa enema een ea “One nay tcc ht ws pind ou by Fase Popov (96M, Yaron at gue to end ofc beeing “Reraingnrhewlspay ove ape ony vey ete Frad=0 the orga 4 byte snug ausoumation 28) 1 Fanon rane [emai soiny e134 sere pantie tego pon 14) FRAY, ‘tage For ceampl in the a Se 28, Pahneralguazain » Fade aaa Fate +OA= reas ks a9 239 seria [aon enn ih ies shown fo be nus evant When ssid tothe peste 213}. ion he sor at ashes ‘9, sambolicy. FLAS}=MA. The intel tn 2131) canton he AF )aeran“*mepl—eleay ay insert wing (2177, the uit operator yl A) SCAJSEFLADY tne S,S5 laa sees 0 As a he # ns Joteafaraaasensstoa[sfeaies] ain foo whi 6 obvious tha the Sterand ofthe AEN tga indent of A. Mene we may Gert out Although at hie mel iinspendent ofthe elds 4 0: spb ded tt om (21) 10 tran ew dnt tht docs nt sro topnty 2= faraastraner {i forstaetoy+runatsite toa} 1a martin (2140) we haved the at tha he actor SCF in the mrad 2138 re 1 the ype 2198, emia os te tere 234) Tiesto ofthe neration oe hypesuc Fl) =O dees an, rte, intrad etae HFA) to he itera, bt agQuantum field theory in curved spacetime reo by ary sua of paid Reman see. Te Woner 1973, Hawg Elis (1971 or ner, Thee & Whe The tsi seeriztion of th partie cone 4 cod psn ssudlyacompished Wha et cay the pk neeaion a entre) ser the meiting~ and’ meaning of the parle suchas for sate sncetines te contep sees well dfned wie notes Embark ypon a phiesopi cure abou he ening of patie Insead merle osulon dey a wha anata pre deter tn ths coast operon sense that we dine patie eared Spacetine Albough this approach boen ste foe, we et Ios desope rennet aril decton on ‘asharound gratin ld, me presen tiled and rsp analy fade edluiionefpriis na quasi saci ee hat ones to me eat withstand quasi el en, foe we knw sat t Bes go08spprainatn othe ele sony tspunding wes hat las heute eels thatthe gh Hob acre of the spatin, aod pe pul oo the ea rope, dea wih 36. This ulate in he socalled DeWitt, Stinger epesetaton oy gent the spun (1) Neen ‘enomlztion thor 30 eral hat he eran expen sano be ovesephasted We easton at 1 end ty nthe Fist inanos wi atention onsen athe phys ear ane ‘ead in dpth when the sttguetaplons Fae eee taste Thesetonon te conormal act, rch case ole, tad ‘eal ipportant or ner appitions. expecially t emcee clo lose ensmolgyal prise rest td quot ncun san 1 inal section on biherapin fi a sured sprstine mel & ‘ery-mometa Lenz (519) 185) wb equ aa 1 Spc sre Ppeulo-Riomaonan muni ormore deed ucusion ec Howling 19731 These sno maybe oe ere tan ete omc a vile gaat ed theory or example se Av es & Storey 1978 for quaatam Bald Theory nowobaly, hyperbnie spaces Th aierentibsy cooshionesere he euisene of lle {alton andthe lta hyperbly eau thee of Cry Te plcodo-Riemaian mee, aoc with he ie erent Map, feibede, oOo oult— 0 slave n=, Srl coordinate paths wth asia, may be en We al eqn moke we of Pease snfomal ingrans (Peete 1960 for depen the anal suocte a pati Thais dee eat ‘ables the whole of sn ante spacetime to be terested ie Saga crpatmarfold y aping a onoma nfrmaon othe ‘ete sate. Coaformal ranertiony, heh sunk orth the ‘manifold. ust be dsinguihe om cori asain8 Qsarna d haoy ese spoetine ‘hich merely label ie corde in sme ch, ing the guotely ech onchanes. 8 nfl tesaslonton af the mete ay Be Aesabed by enled Bute ie (6) ny ‘oe we eatndos, aon-vanisig fit felfnon he ‘From sic airansfornuonal thee he cotomaltanformation eet of vrous oer ass canbe deve For earl te Ehrman Rcesr and Res seal wae epee Pr ahh P DMM, + Oe) 2) Ry oR, OR, IU," He tN as R20 10, 9 y= he 90"10,.0,9" ow tom wish ne oan he owing sl ansomate: [eo +n —anyo—ne-E0 4e~2Ri = BS re 20EC 2H Be 5) Co nore. —aP 0-8] os Bo) EO. on Minow! space, whic bas th ie Senet ata —aet os We feu work in eof ol eooediats, un dened by Bare) cd In wich hee ment 38) coe 4 ws 4 Se sneae » Sep ph ud oman a om a det we sec fr eeu do" ou earebecemet|® Pay we now peo cofrma! mayan wi Hac ef tee snorateor=, | es he conformally. i sana i neo by ‘This tas tesa formar the oat Mickowskisaslie semen 30), butt coverhe compat regon( 13 episod ind 4 Theta ofthe confor assem 516) tat bee 1 ai ai to he ovndar ins om the gram “Tebony olte iuecontaeserl estes fates iste ‘ha all all ays remain at 48d the Penrve narnia trsfonutions lee teal cones savin. Thu any cil else ty posed mith teil ys draws tual in Minkons sce ‘Clay lays wil termite he iagson! Dos as bcd 7 and and eile fee and pact iit eet ‘Aeymptotcly tine es eomerge om pout mated? tae ime wy) ands” (ysis) Silay, sympa ‘pei ine converse peat iy. "The als hte app sino four diana Miko pac ‘ch put on ike diagram conden apt ent or poten2 Qu td hoy ered pacing degra trident of ones ef dando he ‘ond ia thc Sow 89 at tae Satynte guidance cue qoat cin Thelseoadcige bere Sigua of te wots octet yt, as he GE Son, say ben by compan ee.) and 0) Thre ne {be Krskal corde snd over th wholepane™ cb “The ovina i-ag hes epee r= Din the pant and Fate This angry ne Ket eta a se i ‘ee teren un pcton ofte Rest er Te anol cnet ‘ally Minkowski spactin reson arb the el of edgar, Smet ential tobe vg-and diamond marked eee tha he “fe mly 3-07 2hgr= +) tao ay 0 sector a el a tere ee y= ‘het t= eqrecig an outa reed tae he i oa tea pea telou cretn er ets d to aoe 1 Salty $o0 petunia) ie ceret he bt Stars reed 8 eon THE ey gene a 1 as TE sorte pene tf cure at wi bls Seow run) The wos eee sad Back a ttlchoescmge ca anit" iathterpece row These The aximalyexcended Keusalepucetime i everywhere exept at + atjanlatonaevasum Bsa cgaon tear ee {a fot cect lm om ego fs ste ‘xutonon apy tien outs dso eget ‘Stee ana oben nebo cones Me ‘hc eo of Kila egeaion Hames Fqnh0=0 ean 32, Seal fl uation o eee arene Sogn ‘isa Omaneraladeret fataess wher the apustine Ie confers to Minkowais space The omer then admit a sna Kiliog voc bls nach sss he 2.2 Scalar equation tothe Miokowski space cave, We sat with Lagtangian deny oe $38) Foy 9 se hes Bld and he sins of he Fld una, The foun beaee the seafarers by Uheterm 229% whee arama acor ad Ra the Rc set Pes), Uo? + ERI) 020“ anther cred pase a8 herent spain densi Sein he atin ofthe aston with (0,0? + sme er aw Oe gen 8 S420) ah az 1 hater as n=O the ao an bene the eld egos ae rane ns 9 (371 InSe, rn 23) leat [0 +4281 — 9-0 (0 aks. (oon if oueiRetit—atetas 824) here i = 1 wih treet nit etx toga tbe suche typersutace Y and GE isthe volume lenen oe Ete ‘Theinde sensi ceprenes the fquunies een o abe heads. The fel 9 may Re expan 2 6 Elgato taut 1390) 32, Sear ft quaization 6 ot by apg th yell =5,. 2, ean The cotton ea sac sats Fock sac ea tes prow ‘however, there ian inherent ambiguity inthe formalin (Fling 197%) In Minkows ge tse fx maura set of ogee stanly (21 ae Jntwrn, these natural coordinates are associat with he Poincar grou, he clon of whic Ives the Makows! ne senent hang’ Seats, te vstor Of Isa King veer of Mahon mace 19> ipo equeey Te ace vain we sco othe therewilbe no Kling vests all with wich to dene postive equncy Imes tn some spe clase pci oe may be et serait tanstoratns, example tations aston ot ‘Makowski space But eenfssucordonts do ex ne sales (hey do ot soy the secs pyecal sates a gua ld oy 2 thar Minkowsht space contrat In goal, hou a sch ied nordinatesareualitc nano tral me decompo a $ bus onthe sparition ofthe wave eatin (228) n tee peg ‘orate il seni lode he bal pi of neal ety, ‘sores tough the pile of gene carne sat evens ‘ems are pascal ersevact Conse teers, second comple cehonasnal st of mode fs ‘The eld@ay be sip in th sts b= Ean ato 039 This dasompostion a. des ne vacum sate) 59-0, 94 ss)Sur a0 aan. as 1936, The matics fae called Bogota refit al by i oy mtinuh fi (oo 139) Eyuning te exptsion (0) and (332 and making we of 30.839) aim Sos +638 4,= Sata, —steh, 1339 Plow Bi Ja 39 Pleabn— Pas) =0 0) 1) wi ot be ated a) = Fag #0 aay sn cotat (533 a at he npedaion vl othe outer N= fa the uber of sage parties i the sate 0) inaty = 3, oa hic toy thatthe cn ofthe mes ona Jatin ew, mode 22, Scar ol onan = Note that ar postivetaqency mes ithespestorame nae eg et fal eying Haym ~iaty 020 04) (28) which can be writen #2 = sam and Bae # ae toatinaton af alone fo, coaacng cy postive feguenees ‘ih espa tthe gO Tota e090 at well as,0) =O. awed ante scone com Pang d = ERE Maden ebad lili Bama ds (BM) Inthe notation ued hese we hve, for ame ere fsepeat ine The mates et (TaD yg eanbethovgh ol wth estion amp Snr eee Sor wantin Bom the vite ng he) tally ly st,> Thee ‘atc, fr the vacuum o ean pare amples one Bnd (DeWit POO ee Maca Reve acl oTyO>= ° eas) ime 9 repent al tit permaons af (-/) and vate! Ay“ Qe theory tn ard spacetime ‘Te many-putice to many pats pes yb on in Brel Io ion tthe pte ata und Bogoaboy softs. we a sed varius Gre anton inode fn 27. The we wana ‘non wil ete ete Gre nt ns asin 27 sep that po thei santos necuredspeetine equa 6, andere matte tke nthe penton ofthe wun tt 0) Using 201 ceed Spacetime genealzuony oe Gren ution qaonn 73-4273) rs COMM gee D> a} [E,t0? + SRONIGaseI® Loa ek 8) inplaeof12 74 Wisp to not tha 8.49 by doesnot py hese) appeting 48 sor does tenets te soon hse ‘tderng, bundy conditoat mat beinposed on theslaion e349) endo wil ot bea snp ard wil oped the bal ete ek the piu ise under conten (Fr tape raiaon wht 3 "eed ats sore lt resin setter ako ty ofthe saci crvatic} Dea devsion mae epagion Inuted pact athe propessn fren fon have be Be for example, Py DeWitt & Bree (190 ga Patan 199) 3 Meaning of he parte comet ate dts In parca the stat of motion ofthe measuring device car allet whether setstor will not always reise the sme partis deta enon it ‘culerning tet 1a ct thi ch twin Mikowsl space ‘cueaced Sector wil reer qua cr the vac sae dete 93. Mean of be porte cnep parle decors 49 he sel ata of Minkowski space 0 hat thee wique acu eis at bu atthe commen Vacuum seed (eof hemes 2.1) ithe aged acum for lta mea Seva hoaphou te spacetne Ths baie te vac deal {219 iiovarno unr the Pinar gr ad oat mt feted ‘Oo oft sons are om be deslpen of hs su ha ben he vcaliation tn te paris sonst doce tsa te ee silane Patcesan gst thar reso onsome ete oot thro ete an eatin oer depend quay about eh One ‘nilicetouset thepreens fates bt without pclae nen tah reason or tbe nebolwses fth pastc orcep it lab ‘ature Thode are defied on the wb ofspctne ora eats ge Sesompion, nd hee he umber peta deb tet 8 pale dtstorcaied by him wl depend, for camp othe ‘meer’ ele pas hist. Te obtain ane bjs real he of 4 fed one" must construct Inalfned qantey, atch se a sh8>-wbichassomeva parla alate point xofspcting The sestesar ic objtve i the sens ta ftw ed ates the ‘on ffenestr devin cn bated the by th nl este anstormation For exami i617 els) = or ‘mans protester the spustne canbe ele a bgt say Mithowskag in the remot pst anor fie. Ue thos ‘Scimstances techie Oke waist Minkowssan vcua dll op (2ib)hasaweundestond pyc mctning ict eben opr ‘cconing wal net observers in he septic ental kes ‘obetcoeynonlywcepteddea af acum Werte woke ete at ‘ts aur pare stats ata pepe aot aca Thi soe ‘ithe te Minka space orsame ther spice igh syn ‘sth Ei sac nese Wher pate sacle conser0 Quanta fd ory in ceed specie 1g the case of masses, comformally coupled Geld, 2 conformally At ‘Since we wock in the Heisenberg petre if we choose the sate ofthe quan Elina ein tee acon sete il on {hat aate daring te tueqent eralaton. However, wil son he lors at er tne, cated then eon, toy alg ye (tetra i eit particer nth ac sate npr ‘utvac thats a mtr ener ast forest ot ‘gon wll dete the press of ptises. We exp thr) at Feld Tis sa especialy useful desi fhe aed out regions a “Minkovsla tht alert herein the ut eton rae he presence of qusta Analogous proceso pare eatin eral Elesromaportfelsare wellknown peloresiope Goan 177 where "erento euler Wouks ate pea The post of ser parse 3) Scbroinger (98, while ter ey wk de fo Det (95, ‘akanass& Uaezana (195) and Tarr 19a, The tho euimet of parce production hy an eral pena ell mi sien by Pathe (18615 1969) sad Sen Urbanite 96,198. Seto deo Unruh 1976 apd De Wit (97) eons lane pare wth itera ener lvls abel by th ery coup ‘ia smnopole interaction with 2 sale Geld We werk iu fanetons ey wore = Ue detator proper ting, The deter ‘ntti deed by th interacton Lapa lg) whee ‘leas Coupling content td mis be detectors enol ae ‘pean. Sopone th ld inthe vasa sat iy) dened by 2 tenstontoanescled sate) For sulci arallcthe ampli ie thstranstion maybe ge y st nde prartatin theory e808 EO] mt 25, Meanigof te parle consepprie deers — {The iis of tegration may besoin a» salle tava proved "at he detector coupling ruc! of adc outa hat Inert Usa eaguaton the en vehton of) hse HIE) = BIE), meabore anton ample atv wo she sassy) eae eae rsa CU ———_—M hist = [PRE Gab yDer® Ar ‘We mat now tak in seount that (5) 0 a indpendent ‘aril but steiner tary Suppo town beri wold ne rea tuen ender sy decease f™ ecungnt tort nna eH Esthet eH) Hower ashy Ey the argument of he lation fim on eu emer ous it cn Mos te otkerhand intend (3) Read chen amore complied tnt, teitegralin (woul cohae yids uncton an te ‘et woul Pe nonzto Io such a case of meres ct the "anton protmbaty vo al gob & aa tained ty squaring the2 Quan fl hry i card spain OL ICEIMO} PFE Fh, esl Fite [ e[* deemmnarinaen Oss) Serer, a0 detcrnine by th one fequency Wihinan Geet Fenton G” seine by 24h tops bth ope hatte Steir ests eperenss tet af iy moon Te ema ‘ky depends onthe mero sstre o he detector ee Tbe eats of dct jest Mahon ee wich Owe aey=aae sof ransom probaly wl dens atte uuasiion ample 930 ‘ouput fran iit oper incneval Than been eda fou $5) bessetheWighinantancion ill eafuacton oe ox) Tha the double legtton race to 4 Fouts tron fete pt fenton male by a fit ine test This ef crennstanc ewes aren aaa hoc, and may be dea wits by adbatilly Sitch ofthe coping a so 2S cele ‘To simpli the fooning exes we now sett aati to ‘ty evant rom (276, one te appropiate omar ft be Dehua Weer ian, 88h 95 Mean ofthe parte cnep: price daeewrs 53 ‘bre the sol imaginary pst b> 0, can be iter wig the Meee) =(Pja aso, Inthe ete of he nil a a0 ony 1850, egtion 3.9) teeomee Das) = tear an Iver ate bsrbea postin tot ~~ it and aera 21338 nt aes a a container los heen oon init seoilinthelowertal pas sce, = Howes ag Fokin te inepand sat Ar =i bhi the ope al loa ote ‘ul ef, a expected. No pes ae dete Asano ual hi pei gui le, come that he stor moves along a hyper tajctory i the fone SSyeD rae ait amcontne 06 his erseisa detector tasters nel ih aston ‘nthe tame ofthe éettr or eanpi Rin (6), Thedetesors re asiaiea 5 [oeemeSt- hereme ave absorbed postive stn oft Ung the enty oxen 1365 Dre ears Ea early Scbiting tis in (8a pearing the Fourier aor withthe hep of canta integral lePy om ied hay cared pacctine | bat the eguia betncen te acl deltoid the ed ithe fate) he same ay thal ch would hae bee ahd ba ‘ier remaioe’danictcerted, bal immersed int bath thea T= 1/Rety = acceraton ey eas) -nhce he olimae opntat t beady dered forte ee i211) sar dena or Gj # tore compat) Paling x20, 025 fr a2) and (259) gies es mason Bl, { Dpran= -eet Fan eka, we bere the ena values inp. Tet cata this res wth he 09 fnction fr the aster nserver nner quanta Geld i he ow asa ae) Wan be eet fom D by making we of 247) nthe rn Dae) = DUay)4 DC 4. I plying his ent 10360 noing (840, on beers hat | aa Dp%A9 | ere fp ao Ts gen by 69. We consid a te vaca) ‘Gren function ors unity aerated detector i The sae a he ‘heal Gree funtion fora nl dete, ‘What does rman pial? Kt ifen ata tht & wa sclert bce ols he dato Dies 1975, Ua 199) ‘ven though the ld is tte scum sate My) an eo Ines obsees ae cosetoe oo pres ae dteed Shae ‘Cerin th nested dtestor abet enya wake trator ‘td ate, t af were the i herr. Howe np le $24 Oly iby) = Tansorming to the acca fame sig the wea nvr traormation lie pes Ol Tf) = tsb soled and wart seers ae tha em ergy -omeatu ofthe il vans, Tisas es the dtapon ‘abo eis pa for the quate tt eke the alee cit, but lly the poeomenog is more aa adcation tht ‘vaditosal quanta pre consp appeal onl in ey ese 25, Mea of te pl cen: pal dean $8 Hest) canot spy they terete dete, Awan we rune exciton th the pce coc smerny Moreover teeter donc Lome! iaconpanedby heap ofogeasion ieee) i) ‘hsnenn at oh ed ot fl a ec Tie esplamting sons ys srt of te gee th igs soa the seen fhe desorbed Stn tocouping the il cates mao gta wich ross ectaetana easing Te ok Jt ne ‘Stem eto seh sane ele eng ena at ett evar grr smite te eto as {hedentoc shanna mates pad anon Bao the dear stot th ct et te aampen ether Sted gent Henny te gto uae defn fs gests een satcan eck pc cn be ae thatch laos be ot Steet sc are sy vu Snes te oa Mito ted const tn em yt cies Ss a ches tesa ae concep oe dn of ted ctr a bec nal mrs cp sec satan test al th Hen, ir Msc pce neon ‘acum fis echt or seta pa soca lteeseene othe aslnated shen tne "ed by tees {tier nonin toe The ooh hen stan as trey tial ober ee lng chron ge be two tetiing aes wil pes ona caer of wet Ol Seep thigh yn it face eae Utter pare adhe tect eg sbraven wi ae to iene 4 sped tha dnl mate opt the eprint det 6 carat ipcinety rept cbc seat foe) and te orm Sat [) by me Roe el Paton Expl wil be ene und 37 Unoteresingtocamie bea en essa festa vac le at amanyprieate( ced pone om Fev Then Gp ty ARS PR n> =O-(5.034 Pn conach+ Lista eel 0)Pasing ce coaiuumlint height had scl repcedby| % amu fl ey med pine td a ea Whe mite mb sy of genta ape t ines Askwith ha ere of eof Somme deter rps anon 235 if ee a solitons ey | shee Tis the il uation or white dtr sutsed oa. ty = ‘he a otegation maybe performed yes 9A oh Minato be} ‘ina ar cnt oop com =m and te = ea nay be pred 9 sed | TT _ bere ££ E[L Leal] This expesion i eadiy undestond Psa. Asthe decor noes hough he tops ath sation 2 Datta isin wth eoeay wl ot sles quate om axl 43 Moning ofthe parle cncpt: pice dtcos 57 oe mo bt a wholeangs, vars om esi ner ay modes heard dectonta eshed is cso na iveion The factor [Ut =o)tt sf and [toll +a we exis te wal Dope be and eit ators espa d once the espouse functions options ee tl bet ‘lqunt within be oe angnae nel the Dope sing ‘Given th agers fe pte onc in te penal evans oe wight wonder what meng shoe be atthe to te Holey ‘ocens xan fos inte at sto, an parte he tant the eipaon vale forte wb anata snd shee bean, genre ism Sine ration ets 8) an he pte ‘geal ie spl elton doe ext Conner spacetime hf Symptons stati in the rete pat and ite and est te ‘ssi ste athe i reponse ih he wad page ate ‘odes fhe fort Ths ewe py no pre tate ale ‘ei Gttor in hein tegen would serial eterno a ‘Ofcourse. he spncetine ly arympotey at he pe its fieinersin 38aren longer etl speaking int, Werke ie ‘ume tat he ocngpte detector ints adel avi ‘ore he deer cters th nonstate Silay eo ‘spo. the Geo wl be aaaly switched oy ae te sparc ‘ion his eased This able a come ows oa he i ‘hous he pactine Were aye tie Acad rearhed. itp smamption of resting am iter to ae Station ng ate iteing 6 ruse uaa they, and 0 long a ne rato ofieraction ery mach rater than the paras ‘tation ofthe deteot by the suiting proce il wl be sele nike ution then mses wis longi gee le wae of Suey, e211 What, theron wil parle seer bea ‘hetnvccum date thot sein? Cats anil detector ont ‘ected ahs tha ake thelorm 2 Ia he ou eon wee, ites we abl gow reper the pence of ee genta the Fel in the vac ate To fin out wha ts decor Soest oe mst ata Ga aso with (3.5) the Wish uncon ona ag he iovacuun alate thou reson. Taal generally ba compete Saoton ofthe postion arabes x Homer nthe mp coe= ut fd ony bored cee omogenous univers such ate anympoticlysai spatial Roberton” Walter model G* will began uadrsplil raul | exer ecaagansnin = foagsine' 079 sesame. on tn a TERMS ST se sya maya eng aoe eatetntete jinn ‘Strona nso aoe er SOUSA ea ayaa Beaty tt i dap a eg | { i | | | Puc B- em ec = 0 that WSba at Aue 8 Stig (89) ito 875) yids Parte) seg) Jermosy hacen +B Inspston of 8.9) hows that, cate ofthe dependence a, G* ‘ped m positon oly tough x, ei vain weer aa tealsons expe Illows met or he that nen x and Mire rented to the eral tet tjesoni (32, the pine ependene aggro 6". Te ete reson (39) these Incaton indepen a epee on roe of hmosenet Tio segontheuende ate spy sandal pane waren sth an tegration (355) ae mens ane 9 nctione Toeony 3 Comoe! parte eeton single name 3 Toe detector reponse aston ot Ui ie FUE) Bon 6 get T "Tie HH ye oe SFE PO he eB) BH beer snp ne ave tte the tein net othe y= oveand chosen the Roberson” Walker salar ote totic fepon Thi response ncn i este 0 ha ated th a8 ior ath sata with partis in odes pean sate pine evel opin 8) mh ipl fern of ts es pies he nro of 8h tue of quant cated in nde K bythe song motion, a ‘compe coming Of cous, he eof 3 Stn Ihe on ‘ison whchth cl ese ftom based vation of 7, > woul ao ea th out repo ea ects 1 that paces mimo na psa 34 Coogee: singe example “ome how, pac, patie ceo cn aii 2 spacie wih Matowskian i and out eon e shal cose astple xu, A she space ea tovcinesonal Rottaon- Waller sve ih 22a? erent? wan bee the spatial sos expd or contrary a dese by ‘esas fncon a Itong hee ine prt hso- ls contrainte y= a whee r= [ate ny (51) ay be sca a acide as} = Ci? dy ‘heen hve dein the'ouormal let Ca) =a Tis emt Thelin eneats mane cofol to Makow spe se £3 1h« Quoted ry cred pete Seppo ou sof ‘ero the laps and ft he pine beso mes Minkowski since} CWin4e Bq te | ie 7, We conser the pradicton of mae nina coped Sslarpurics inthis spacetime, an svesgaion fs ened oa by ‘Bernal & Daaea 197% Nate that in tm incase minal so ‘stnormal sooping ae euvaest e (227), } Sinee Co} m0 a fnetin of = he spi coos spat epurt he arbi athe cal mode nos apeaing I (hy Sutin (85 pase of int he alr cqvtn€24, m | =O and th eis pen by I, one bana ear eat sonaled mode which tehve tie the pose gutsy Mow 34 Cosmolnal perl eetiona ange exanle 61 space mds 2.1) the emote past > a jae eu) Hep ite a5 pa 2st) MSPs feb f9t tp HO aon) Stately, aan ee eae do) Sy a! 89 on=He, the other hand, te sods which behave ke pov Eegensy Mowsi msn th ot repon as y+ ate oun tote Minn =U ela. Gf cosh io + ho iohio- (p51 ~ta gy) 699) Tar Mrmr (lay ait and uo" ar nt cau which means tat he Rogsaboy wefan.) mas bea tanishing Tose exp nce oe ein eusormation propio pee anton mole, Abani &Stegtn 1963, Fgunoaan 6) (1533) rs fw a 38) Wins marina bate) 1390) ~ (2) tinal fon Con) Mme, Itoi) 2g Eton) fo io(Se) Race ; Comparion of 90) wit 3.39 reve thal the Bogut oeficients sre geen by cL 76L O77) See the Be Baw 93a Quan fd hry cad psig roe (101) a |390 one obtains | | 09 Taisho) from which the nocalation comin Me ee ae eo ven by (395), We can therefare describe this quagum development as thet 94] ie eos of te peo ation ae ty vest pyl Sectpon inthe nie mir and ean se ‘tas co pie rodnton oc Tn ran amp fs cx {ye San tey coffin popantng na ‘pectioe at tcl fo Mkowal ue et fol, Pe odio ats per owen efor okey oem fram, eich prvi # gh sn he ene oducts poet an be eins hn fhe eon a te ‘rsonime ero ote got flr as Tor cy ‘Poin Ht ley oh peed la el | 3S Adabatie aco | 55. adr rac © When tirbuing the prdacton of Gilt guna tothe huang _ziatonl fel ses atresia hws ot eng posted sing te paso espsnsion Cea no pte ae onthe ast sateen Moreen (895 epee ‘nal desy of pss whch wer ot prc in hei eon, Oe ‘eal al expec that cnr aking plat wa needs ine, sing the pod of expan, mould esl» parle deny somes hyeen zt sd the alos pen by 95, Unfors, these nae Mee donot sland ep 1 Srey. As stoned in 33, whew spacetime curves, no atta sion of Ports generally avaible Ta pe of thy beast of te spel ‘nnmery of the Roterson-Waller spacetinn oo can ey pt banlutsoaoierie ie theamoring sev nbscthe ees ‘oaatig pes scopic One mph en money pers inthe esatsion ion wth be cation ocomoving parle ees Ths pect wl te stad in the nse ven for restos of symmetric dtto of price i schemas abe, parilenuner ina econo ‘wetness measure inberely enceta the args pre “rein at overan itera rs hentoutevea presse aaron aticleaunber, nets choos atch that 4a Howes there {so an uncetainty Ons" the umber of pale doe the eaenbegeoegy~ tine nace eli haste otal eta ‘hep autor over ine reli Packr 190) aN Egy ih tos minum aie 2A when Ae QnA, Soto as Iai 0.cemy so, tanner! une n s no vanshine Insp oi we Kaow rm be ssc of tard Mowe sce ute theory that hee mas en snort of appoint to the ced spe theory for which the patie number isnot ‘ening; we dole al chat 36exping wien The abore shy argane su ggsiatitecteaton te paiceis or ths ‘ans ofthe press high tex the aie os well porte suet become 9 wl once Ho ca thse et bs tae more preci? ‘Thedenity na atop pretion wil sia depend oa he siwour ofthe eapansion atin Inthe lin of yeny wea efunsion We oul exen ine creation atta lly ter cheb evens "Be Minkowski spe bor Ipecion (395 eens yoQs al sory ced spacetime Timi sacned Momever he parca ils mach move shar 0 | The evan owns paraete loy mich som aml yh ora This condi ear 10 understand play One expe the ‘ae Foveamach ttn se pain pdoston serpent Siptesied Thus, the tgh kde recap exe tery acy Sian, he production of Sehonat pci expen sa hans arian ldo spy te pre ex ma oe a ecteaioner beh or quanta von septeed | npn nti ot ein inert utile decors ep in thee energie modes orly eee sequent Toe fed ich Joan allaoderaty «onde apne vacieosi the high eterah cee The slower thy sas of expanton dig te f ‘anyciqunin Se potaityuciocipeceany neeeserags ‘and nthe approximation of apg ayaa ht ay te be creed a ol fh expansion ees apy wien | sagen mee cvins tart mato te weet ns tf tou be abe tes we mel sated hy the example oe | nts sue fo Rost Walar wed unnenebtateinand os | ‘Str isete word ine, st ea dt go nth ah ‘eruy waves So ong th mass eer ema pate athe 85, Adbaiscsm 6 slo tunity, However, for the lower mks, see wil be quanta ‘etre sigalg eakown of th cag aproinaon oa ‘acum eS ears appl ifthe fel ct bein aman. Parteino outst Moreover cae tin pow tana sara ‘aly godin thee nencombiaionat hemlet there are no static in oF out regions, an approximate defisition of ‘mut be fond of skin hoe enact ode slusans of he fd eaten Untsone i aoe ene ost tothe Miahowsi pact yy smite enviagedasecorstracon ha ener the hla ‘sonein i, relia a detonate for whch these ma fle proton bythe caneiag ges, Sh » com its ho ec sen by Parker (1965, 156, 96 171, 192) and as tee ue dlpe by Parke & Fling 978 Fung Pushes ea 196, Foting 197) bunch, Crt olin 978, Ras oto He 1978, 197 ane Bon os) To nv a pec atbematildeipion ofthe above ens wil vey nal some vt of Mba expansion te ld es We ‘cde tata ald for cont coupled elt fed nai tn inte refeenses cited above. Theline deen or he pase is a cer Fiae] hc me tae yo be» C= fgcton afb conformal ae, Bese of the Ronogeney the patil section the oe lon the weve | emution ae epoitie N= BHI MCE 9) here AIM Fora conrmally coup fill sae he gtaion Zun)-+astnniah= a t= + Cie 6101) anon (3.00) eminent of thecal euaion of main fora amen onto ith ine-epenen quency fr example ings« (Quota ld heey ince spacing endlam who length slowly shred trey eres the ptod ‘howe lng he pela enh dee inflow {jv isan adi lnvart and be manber of quanta omer inept ofhow gratis changin pendant eg Inthe conmelopn prob, me sl fi ht, sty, th umber cua Ge, parte name han abt nvran, especie ot ‘lg ion, 50 long eexpanson at Fgtaion (3100) pce the fumal WRLyp ions Wave etin~ 109} Thetis ofcourse an brary phate fo phi n(2.103 tha a Speed by gags Jeri othe er Tithe spacetime tly arg then eda em (.103) eal coated soa Zreth ander approximation oso SanardMinkowat space modes ly) Scant ‘Solitons (10) amy te pposinated ty eration sing Wa th lowest dr Bosh 196th nc eaten that of Low [M37 Chakraborty 197} To lay the omnes proper, hl temporary eae by 9/7 "With si devi 100) y be writen 2M Peete mtn =0 cus 5 Adit acne o stati PCy anil eae whe pay by teagan ge Fapproiaatoa EM Wir anetparson ne powers of pelea fe "recall te th aba order From (10s eae he oe dation hat ne et oi number deve aon a dnesoal rounds ht x asay hemes The mt eatin of 10) el reece perenne ome legen Minkons pace son nh este os Bie aE