Lecture-1

Digital Electronics and Computer Organization

(DECO)

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A.Amalin Prince
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AAP BITS-Pilani Goa Campus 1
03-08-07

Objective : Introduction to Digital Systems

and Characteristics of Digital ICs

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Digital and Analog Quantities

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The Digital Advantage

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An Analog Electronic System

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A system using Digital and Analog
Methods

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Advantages of Digital Techniques

The devices used in digital circuits operate only in

one of the two states, resulting in a very simple
operation

Requires Boolean Algebra which is very easy to
understand

Requires basic concepts of electric network analysis

A large no. of ICs. are available for performing
various operations. These are highly reliable,
accurate and speed of operation is very high

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Contd..

The effect of fluctuations in the
characteristics of the components, ageing of
the components, temperature and noise is
very small in digital circuits.

Digital circuits have capability of memory
which makes these circuits highly suitable for
computers, calculators, wrist watches etc.

Most Digital Devices are programmable

Cost is very less

Storage and Data transfer is easy.
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Applications of Digital Circuits

Communications

Business Transactions

Traffic Control

Space guidance

Medical Treatment

Internet

Weather monitoring etc, etc….

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Levels of Integration

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Characteristics of Digital ICs

Logic Level

Fan-out

Fan-in

Power Dissipation

Propagation delay

Noise Margin

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Logic Families

Digital Integrated circuits are classified not

only by their complexity or logical operation
but also by the specific circuit technology to
which they belong. The circuit technology is
referred to as a Digital Logic Family

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Logic Families

RTL Resister-Transistor Logic

DTL Diode-Transistor Logic

TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic

ECL Emitter-coupled Logic

MOS Metal-Oxide Semiconductor

CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor

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Voltage ranges of logic inputs for positive logic.

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Example

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Fan-Out

Fan-out: The no. of standard loads that can be

connected to the output of the gate without
degrading its normal operation.
Unit: number

Standard Load: The amount of current needed

by an input of another gate in the same logic
family.

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Calculated from the ratio:

I OH I OL
or
I IH I IL
whichever is smaller

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Fan-In

Fan-In: The number of inputs available in a

Gate
Unit: number

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Power Dissipation

It represents the amount of power needed by
the gate.

It refers to the power delivered to the gate
from the power supply.( It does not include
the power delivered from another gate)
Unit: mW

Calculated from : PD ( avg ) = I CC ( avg ) × VCC

I CCH + I CCL
where I CC ( avg ) =
2
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Propagation delay

It is the average transition delay time for the

signal to propagate from the input to the
output when the binary signal changes in
value.
Unit: ns.

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Propagation
delay times

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Noise Margin

It is the maximum noise voltage that can be

added to an input signal of a digital circuit
without causing an undesirable change in the
circuit output.

Noise:
• AC noise
• DC noise

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Noise effects. (a)
Interconnection
of two gates
with induced
noise. (b) Noise
margins.

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Noise margin is
VOH − VIH or VIL − VOL
Smaller of these will be the noise margin

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 The End

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