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Tissue-is a group of similar cells that have a common embryonic origin and function
together to carry out a specialized activity
Tissue Types
A. Epithelial
B. Connective
C. Muscle
D. Nervous
These tissue types surround all the body’s cells
Have 2 major subdivisions
1. Intercellular fluid
2. Plasma
Cell Junctions
There are 3 types of cell junctions
1. Tight junction- which forms a fluid tight seal between cells (found in
epithelial cells)
2. Anchoring junction- it fastens cell to each other or to an extra cellular
material
-Contains desmosomes which attach to cells with microfilaments (like
cement)
3. Communicating Junctions- gap junctions permit both electrical and chemical
signals to pass from one cell to another
Epithelial Tissue
A. Function is to cover surfaces of the body, line interior cavities
B. Closely packed together with lots of cell junctions
C. Arrange in continuous sheets
D. Apical (outside or free) surface and Basal (bottom) surface
E. Avascular without a direct blood supply
F. Basement membrane is a thin extra cellular attachment between epithelium
and connect tissues below
G. Has nerve supply
H. High rate of mitosis (cell division)
I. Function is for protection, secretion, and filtration
Naming of Epithelial Tissue
1. Arrangement of layers
a. Simple- 1 thick cell layer
b. Stratified-several thick cell layers
c. Pseudo stratified- only one thick cell later but cells can be twisted to
appear multilayered
2. Cell Shaped
a. Squamous- flat
b. Cuboidal- cube-shaped
c. Columnar- upright rectangle shaped
d. Transitional- can change shape (usually cuboidal to squamous)
To get name add layer arrangement to the cell shape
A. Simple Squamous
a. Structure: single layers of flat cells
b. Location: lining of the blood vessels, and air sacs of lungs
c. Function: Diffusion, and Osmosis
B. Simple Cuboidal
a. Structure: single layer square shaped cell, nucleus large and round
b. Location: tubules of kidneys
c. Function: secretion and absorption
C. Stratified Squamous
a. Structure: many layers of flat cells
b. Location: outer layer of skin, vagina, esophagus
1. outer layer of skin is keratinized (filled with waterproof
keratin)
2. no nucleus is present
3. vagina and esophagus is non keratinized so it says moist
c. Function: protection
D. Stratified Cuboidal
a. Structure: many layers of square cells
b. Location: ducts of adult sweat glands, ducts of salvatory glands
c. Function: protection
E. Stratified Columnar
a. Structure: several layers of rectangular cells
b. Location: mammary ducts, male urethra
c. Function: protection and secretion
F. Transitional
a. Structure: Appearance is variable, transitions between squamous
and cuboidal in the top layers, it is stratified.
b. Location: urinary bladder, portions of urethra and uterers
c. Function: Permits distention without injuring cell
Glandular Epithelium
A. Exocrine Glands
1.secrete their products into ducts
2.sweat glands, oil glands, and earwax glands
B. Endocrine Glands
1. Ductless glands, secrete material directly into the tissue space
2. Is absorbed into the blood
3. Estrogen, testosterone, growth hormones
Connective Tissue
Its general features will usually consist of 3 basic elements, ground substances,
and fibers
1. cells are usually embedded in the ground substance matrix with fibers
providing it with strength
2. Does not have a free surface
3. Has a nerve and blood supply (except for cartilage)
- bone heals faster than cartilage due to direct blood supply
4. Ground substances (matrix) is secreted by connective tissue
Connective Tissue Cell Types
1. blast cells- cell that produces tissue (osteoblasts)
2. cyte cells- cells that maintain daily metabolism (osteocyte)
3. clast cells- Cells that breakdown tissue (osteoclast)
Connective Tissue Matrix
1. the matrix contains protein fibers embedded in gel, fluid, or solid ground
substance
2. matrix substance supports cells and binds them together
3. fibers
a. collage fibers contain protein collagen, white when alive, show up
pink or purple on slides
b. elastic fibers contain the protein elastin that can stretch and snap back
c. Reticular fibers-specialized collagen fibers, is the coating of
glycoprotein, they form a fishnet patter to hold soft organs together