Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Abstract—This paper carries on the deep research to the to give a deep analysis to the DG affection upon protection,
influence of Distributed Generation ˄ DG ˅ introduction in and understand its affective mechanism to build the more
distribution system to over-current protection sensitivity, and concrete set amending principle.
proposes the protection revision method. In this paper, it
presented the unit-current method to analyze influence
II. THE EFFECT OF ONE DG INJECTION TO THE
characteristic on current protection with DG. It is proved both in
theory and by simulation: (1) the single DG influence PROTECTION SENSITIVITY
characteristic is a quadratic curve, which is determined by the
DG short-circuit impedance and the DG injection position; (2) A. Effect of single DG injection to the protection sensitivity
the multi- DG influence characteristic curve is superimposition of When the three-phase fault occur to a multi-source system,
each DG influence characteristic curve approximately; (3) The it always can be reduced to the following form as fig.1(a),
DG arrangement which has the minimum influence to the where the spot 3 is the system infinite source, spot 2 is the
protection is: DGs are connected in the order of the capacity
from small to large at both sides of the central point of the system distributed generator, and their corresponding path reactance
short-circuit impedance. According to analyzing results, it is are X 3 * , X 2 * respectively, and E K * is the appended source
proposed the inverse time current protection curve revision for the fault spot.
method for the downstream fault and the reverse verification for
X 3*
the upstream fault to keep the protection coordination 3 X 1*
relationship and coordination margin, in this way it eliminates a
I 3* X 2* K
the influence of DG to the protection. 2 I 1*
I 2* EK*
Index Terms— protection sensitivity; DG injection location;
protection sensitivity influencing characteristic curve; unit-
current method ; branch coefficient. (a)
U s
I. INTRODUCTION *
X 3k * K
186
978-1-4244-1888-6/08/$25.00
c 2008 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: Tabriz University. Downloaded on October 31, 2009 at 03:30 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
current : f X′3* = −2 X 3* + l
; let f ′ ( X 3* , X 1* ) = 0 ,and yields the III. THE EFFECT OF MULTI- DG INJECTION TO THE
X 2*0 PROTECTION SENSITIVITY
stationary point X = l ,where the quadratic form f come to
3*
2 A. Analysis of two DG injection effect to the protection
l2 sensitivity
the maximum value, and the extreme point is ( l
2
, 4 X 2*0
) ,with
I 3K * being at the minimum value. That is when DG is at the
middle of the sum impedance 2l , from the main source to the
fault point, the protection sensitivity reach the minimum value I f
with the most serious influence of DG. And while at around
Fig3 the two DG injection to the single feeder
the position of 2l ,the quadratic form f is of the minimum
change rate, that is when DG is moving nearby the center It can be seen in fig 3, the DG1 is close to power source
point ,the protection current change rate is the smallest, and side, and DG2 is close to the load side. Where X G , XG2L are
1L
with DG moving towards both ends of the line(away from the the power side resultant impedance before the DG1,DG2
middle point), the current change rate increases. This is
because when the DG connection position change, the connection point respectively, and X G1R , X G2R are the load
protection current branch coefficient change as well as the side resultant impedance after the DG1,DG2 connection point,
system sum short-circuit impedance do, these two kind of and X 12 is short-circuit impedance between the two DGs.
opposite tendencies affect the protection current all together. Assume DG1 is firstly connected to the system, and the
X 2* denotes the DG short-circuit impedance value, and it protection current branch coefficient is:
does not affect the position where the extreme point appears, X G1
C1 =
but do affect the extreme value and the current change rate X G1 L + X G1
When adopt X 2*1 2
< X 2* , there is f 1 m ax > f 2 m ax . Shown in fig After DG1 is connected to the system, the new system
2, extreme point of the curve a is bigger than that of curve b. resultant short-circuits impedance is l = X G //X G1 + X G ˈand
1
1L 1R
It is noted that for the same system when the DG is in the as exist X G = X 12 + X G1 L // X G 1 then after two DG connected
bigger short-circuit capacity (the short-circuit impedance is
2L
−2 X 3* + l
imposition. Here the 1st term is the DG1 influence on the
f X'13* = X 12* protection branch current when it moving at the original
'2 −2 X 3* + l
f =
X 3* 2
X 2* system l ; the 2nd term is the DG2 influence on the protection
(0, 0) ( 2l , 0) (l , 0) X 3*
branch current when it moving at the new system l 1 ,
I 3* simultaneously the parameters C1 , l are affected by the change
1
(0, 1l )
b'
a' of DG1 location and short-circuit capacity. When the DG1
X
(l , 0) capacity and position are fixed and DG2 moving far away
3*
Fig.2 Protection current influenced characteristic curve of one DG injection power source, the 2nd term extreme point appears at the new
to the single feeder system resultant impedance center point, namely at l , and the 1
2
2
extreme value is 1 l 1 , where the system branch fault
C1 4 X G 2
current I 3*(2) arrives its minimum value, and the DG2 influence
to the protection current is the biggest. The two DG
connection corresponded protection sensitivity influencing
187
Authorized licensed use limited to: Tabriz University. Downloaded on October 31, 2009 at 03:30 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
characteristic curves are shown in fig4. 1
f ( X G1( 2) L )
li −1 = l i − 2 + f Gl i − 1
c i −1 i−1
…
1 l1
1′
l1 = l + f
c1 G 1
impedance before the ith DG connection position(the system one close to the end of system, when it move in the system,
source side), X G is the short-circuit impedance after the ith protection current extreme point appeared when DGi moves to
iR
the li −1 position. So the more DGs are connected to its system
DG position (the load side), there is : X G = li − X G , and 2
iR iL
i −1
Ci is after the ith DG connected, its system source side source side( before side), the bigger of ∏ 1 , the smaller
resultant branch current coefficient. j =1 cj
Assume after the DGi is connected to the system, and at its of li −1 , the protection current extreme point corresponded DGi
system source side have existed i-1 DGs with the determined
connection position of li −1 is more migrating to the system
connection position and short-circuit capacity. And the existed 2
i-2 DG at the system source side is regarded as a combined source side.
branch, then according to the two DGs case denoted by
formula (3), can get the combined branch current as: C. Effect of multi- DG connection order to the protection
sensitivity
1 (5)
I 3*( i ) = Noticing˖
X G( i−1) L X G( i−1) R 1 X GiL X GiR
li − 2 + + X G iL X G iR X Gi −1
X Gi−1 Ci −1 X Gi = f Gli ˈ Ci −1 =
X Gi i
X G( i−1) L + X Gi−1
Study the relationship between li − 1 and li , can be seen from
The substitution of above two formula to the formula (5), and
fig 5: li = li −1 − X GiL + X GiL //X Gi transform to:
1
X Gi I 3*bh =
Substitute Ci = and reduced i −2
1 li−1 i − 2 1 1 li
X GiL + X Gi l + f Gl1 + " + ∏ f +∏ < f
1
j =1 c j Gi−1 j =1 c j ci −1 Gi
1 X GiL X GiR 1
to li = li −1 + =
ci X Gi
l + f Gl1 + " + ∏
i−2 §
1 ¨ li−1
<f G +
( )
X G( i−1) L + X i −1,i X GiR X G( i−1) L X i −1,i X GiR
+
·
¸
1
c j ¨ i−1 X Gi X Gi−1 X Gi ¸
X GiL X GiR li
j =1
© ¹
Make = f G , yield: ˄7 ˅
X Gi i
The third item of the parentheses in the formula (7) has
1 nothing to do with the DG connection order and position, and
l i = l i − 1 + f Gl i the first, second item of the part is the combination current
ci i
188
Authorized licensed use limited to: Tabriz University. Downloaded on October 31, 2009 at 03:30 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
capacity from the smaller to the bigger at the both sides with the I DG 2 > I dif to guarantee the relay R2 is to operate before R3,
l in this way it maintains the coordination in the reverse
the center point of the system i − 2 , the DG influence to the
2 direction. And in the case of I R1 f − I R 2 f < I dif or I R 2 f − I R 3 f < I dif ,
1 li−1 the reverse coordination will no longer maintain, then such
protection sensitivity is smaller. If the item of f is protection as the direction protection need to be adopted.
c j Gi−1
A. Protection revision method for the downstream fault in DG
layer-by-layer expanded forward, with i reduces, WKH
system
D G i − 2 D G i − 1 … D G 2 D G 1 Dlso conforms to the above
rule. So for the system with the short-circuit impedance
l there is: When the DG are arranged in the short-circuit
capacity from the smallest to the biggest at the either side of
l
the center point of the system, the DG influence to the
2
protection sensitivity is the smallest.
189
Authorized licensed use limited to: Tabriz University. Downloaded on October 31, 2009 at 03:30 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
B. Protection coordination check in reverse direction for penetration and the position, observe the influence curve of
upstream fault in DG system protection sensitivity, exist the following three-dimensional
t plot as in fig 8: The simulation result is consistent with the
above analysis in theory.Increase the DG penetration to 40%,
10 60% and the above, the protection sensitivity extreme point
IR3f IR2(rev) IR2f
will appear when DG at the bus 2 and bus 1 separately.
1
tR3f R1rev
R2rev
0.1 Idif
R3
0.01
I
1 KA 10
Fig. 8 Revision of coordination curves of relays for upstream fault with DG
curve of R 2rev operation current I R 2 ( rev ) . Only in case the DGa position at bus 1,change the DGb position from bus
of I R 2 f > I R 2 ( rev ) , the protection R2 operate before R3, that is the 2 towards bus 5, to observe the protection current changing
rule. (2) Change the two DG connection order and their
protection closest to the fault point to operate first. If take the
position, to observe the protection current changing rule. The
difference value I dif between the protections R 2 and R 3 the
simulation result is shown as in table 1:
identical operation time corresponded currents is constant TABLE I
approximately, then there is I R 2 f − I R 3 f > I dif the condition for THE DGS-BETWEEN INTERVAL AND MUTUAL LOCATION CHANGES VS RELAY
FELT FAULT CURRENT
the protection coordination being kept in the reverse
direction. It also can be seen for the upstream fault, the bigger Sequence DGa location DGb IF˄A˅
is the DG short-circuit capacity, the more does the DG code location
approach upstream, the bigger short-circuit current is provided 1 1 2 161.2
to the upstream fault, and the more beneficial is to keep the
2 1 3 167.1
protection coordination in reverse direction.
3 1 4 197.4
V. SIMULATION AND EXAMINATION 4 1 5 255.6
5 2 1 172.3
Use MATLAB simulate to validate the influence of DGs in
7 2 4 205.4
different number, different short-circuit capacity, and different
8 2 5 257.2
connection position upon protection sensitivity. The OC
setting is set according to the maximum load current, and the 9 3 4 221.4
relay is installed at bus 1 shown in fig 9. 10 4 3 204.7
It can be seen from the data group of 1, 2, 5 of table 1 that
the protection sensitivity minimum point is appeared with DG
at around bus 2, drifting towards the system source side, away
from the midpoint of short–circuit impedance of the system.
Other data of the table indicate that, the more the DG group
position is to far away the mid-point; the less influence is to
Fig9 DG injection system simulation model the protection current. Simulation result can be found
consistent with the above theory deduction
(1) DG is the 4.5MW synchronous generator, simulate .
three phase fault happened at the end of feeder, change the DG
190
Authorized licensed use limited to: Tabriz University. Downloaded on October 31, 2009 at 03:30 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper uses unit-current method to study the effect of
DG introduction in distribution system to over-current
protection sensitivity. According to analyzing results, it is
proposed the inverse time current protection curve revision
method for the downstream fault and the reverse coordination
check for the upstream fault to keep the protection
coordination and coordination margin in distribution system
with DG, in this way it eliminates the influence of DG to the
protection.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] De.Britto.T.M, Morais.D.R, Marin.M.A., "Distributed generation
impacts on the coordination of protection systems in distribution
networks",Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition:
Latin America, 2004 IEEE/PES, vol.8, pp:623 – 628,Nov. 2004 .
[2] Doyle, M.T.,Reviewing "the impacts of distributed generation on
distribution system protection" Power Engineering Society Summer
Meeting, 2002 IEEE, vol.1pp:103 - 105. ,2002
[3] Davidson, I.E., “Modeling and analysis of a multi-bus reticulation
network with multiple DG. Part II. Electrical fault analysis",AFRICON,
2004. 7th AFRICON Conference in Africa2004 Vol.2,pp:811 - 814
[4] IEEE Std. 1547-2003, IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed
Resources with Electric Power Systems.
[5] Thomas Ackermann,Vatery Knyazkin. "Interaction between distributed
generation and the distribution network: operation aspects".IEEE ˈ
2002,2:1357-1362
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
191
Authorized licensed use limited to: Tabriz University. Downloaded on October 31, 2009 at 03:30 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.