Chapter 9-Electronics (Teacher's Guide)

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics
CHAPTER 9: ELECTRONICS
9. 1: USES OF THE CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (C.R.O)
9.1.1: Thermionic Emission
1. What is Thermionic Emission?
Thermionic Emission is the release of electrons from a heated metal cathode.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. (a) Label the figure of a vacuum tube:
Figure 9.1
toward the anode by the high

electrons emitted are accelerated …………..
(b) The figure shows …………
s
potential
…………………… difference between the cathode and anode.
cathode ray
(c) A beam of electrons moving at high speed in a vacuum is known as a ………………..
3. Factors that influence the rate of thermionic emission

Factor Effect on the rate of thermionic emission
Temperature of the cathode When Whenthe thetemperature
temperatureofofthe thecathode
cathodeincreases, thethe
increases, rate
ofrate
thermionic emission
of thermionic increases.
emission increases.
Surface area of the cathode AAlarger surface area of the cathode
larger surface area of the cathode increases thethe
increases rate of
thermionic emission.emission.
rate of thermionic
Potential difference The
Therate
rateofofthermionic
thermionicemission
emissionisisunchanged,
unchanged,whenwhenthe
between the anode and potential difference
the potential increases,
difference but thebut
increases, emitted electrons
the emitted
cathode. accelerate
electronsfaster towards
accelerate the towards
faster anode. the anode.
9.1.2 Properties of Cathode Rays

1. List the four characteristics of the cathode rays.
They are negatively charged particles.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………..
They travel in straight lines.
(ii) …………………………………………………………………….
They possess momentum and kinetic energy.
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………
They are deflected by magnetic and electric field.
1
(iv) ……………………………………………………………………
Energy Change in A Cathode Ray
Figure 9.2
By using the principle of conservation of energy,

, v = velocity of electron
Maximum velocity of electron, V = Potential difference between Anode and
Cathode
e = Charge on 1 electron = 1.6 x 10 -19 C
m = mass of 1 electron = 9 x 10 -31 kg
1. In a cathode ray tube, an electron with kinetic energy of 1.32 × 10-14 J is accelerated.
Calculate the potential difference, V between the cathode and the accelerating anode.
[ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C]
Solution:
1
Kinetic energy  mv 2  eV
2
1.32  10 -14  1.6  10 19 V
V  8.25  10 3 V
2. In a vacuum tube, a cathode ray is produced and accelerated through a potential

difference of 2.5kV. Calculate…
(a) The initial electric potential energy of the cathode ray.
(b) The maximum velocity of the electron.
[ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C; m= 9 x 10 -31 kg]
Solution:
(a) Electric potential energy  eV  1.6  10 19  2.5  10 3  4  10 16 J
1 14 4  10 14
(b) mv  eV  4  10
2
v2   31
2 v  8.89  1016  2.98  10 8 ms -1
2 9  10
3. If the potential difference between the cathode and the anode in a CRO is 3.5 kV,
calculate the maximum speed of the electron which hit the screen of CRO.
[ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C; m= 9 x 10 -31 kg]
Solution:
1
mv 2  eV  1.6  10 19  3.5  10 3  5.6  10 16
2
5.6  10 16
v2  31
 2  1.24  1015 v 1.24  1015  3.53  10 6 ms -1
9  10
2
9.1.3 Structure of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
1. Label all parts of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope below.
Focusing Anode
X-plate
Cathode Acceleration
Anode Fluorescent screen
Filament
Y-plate
Figure 9.3
2. Fill in the blank all components and its functions.

Main part Component Function
Filament When a current passes through the filament, the
filament becomes hot and heats up the cathode.
Cathode Emits electrons when it is hot.
Electron gun Control Grid  Control the number of electrons hitting the
fluorescent screen.
 Control the brightness of the spot on the screen.
Focusing To focus the electrons onto the screen.
Anode
Accelerating To accelerate the electrons to high speed.

Anode
Deflecting system Y-Plates To deflect the electron beam vertically.
X-Plates To deflect the electron beam horizontally.
Fluorescent Glass surface To convert the kinetic energy of the electrons to

screen coated with a heat and light energy when the electrons hit the
fluorescent screen.
material.
3
9.1.4 : The working Principle of the Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope.
1. Fill in the blank the structure of CRO.
Brightness
Focus
Y-shift X-shift Figure 9.4
Y-Gains Time-base
Y-input Earth X-input
9.1.5 Uses of the CRO.

1. The uses of cathode-ray oscilloscope are:
(a) To measure a D.C or A.C voltage
………………………………………..
(b) To measure a short time intervals
……………………………………….
(c) To display the waveform
……………………………………….
To measure a D.C voltage:

The unknown voltage, V = (Y-gain) × h
To measure a A.C voltage:
Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp = (Y-gains) × h
1
Peak voltage, Vp = (Y-gains)  (h)
2
1
Effective voltage or root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s = Vp
2
Short time intervals, t = no. of divisions between two pulses × time-base value.
2. If the CRO in figure uses Y-gains of 1.5 Vcm-1, calculate the value of Vpp.
Solution:
V  1.5  2.0  3.0 V
Figure 9.5
4
3. The figure shows a trace on a CRO set at 5 Volt per division on the vertical axis.
(a) What is the maximum voltage (peak voltage)
indicated?
Solution:
1
Peak voltage, Vp = (Y-gains)  (h)
2
1
V P  5 V/div   4 divs
2
Figure 9.6
V P  10 V
4. Figure shows a trace on an oscilloscope for an a.c source.

If the Y-gain is set to 1.5 Vcm-1 and the time-base is 2 ms
cm-1.
(a) Calculate the peak voltage,Vp of the a.c source.
Solution:
1
V P  1.5 Vcm -1   4 cm
2
Figure 9.7
V P  3.0 V
(b) Calculate the frequency, f of the a.c source.

Solution:
T  4cm  2 ms cm-1
1
T = 8 ms f =  125 Hz
T
(c) Sketch the trace displayed on the screen if the settings are changed to 1 Vcm-1 and 1
ms cm-1.
5. The diagram shows the trace on the screen of a CRO when an

a.c voltage is connected to the Y-input. The Y-gain control is
set at 2 V/div and the time base is off.
Calculate the value of :
(a) Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp
(b)Peak voltage, Vp.
(c)Root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s
Solution:
Figure 9.8
5
(a) Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp = (Y-gains) × h

= 2V/div × 6 divs
= 12 V
(b) Peak voltage, Vp = 6 V
1 1
(c) Vr.m.s = Vp =  6  4.24 V
2 2
5 divs
6. When two claps are made close to a microphone which is connected to
the Y-input and earth terminals, both pulses will be
displayed on the screen at a short interval apart as shown in Figure 9.9
figure below. Measure the time lapse between the two
claps.
Solution:
Length between two pulses = 5 divs
Time taken, t = 5 divs × 10 ms/div
= 50 ms
Time interval = 0.05 s
10ms/div
7. Figure shows the trace displayed on the screen of a

CRO with the time-base is set to 10 ms/div. What is the
frequency, f of the wave?
Solution:
Distance for two complete wave = 2 divs

 Time taken = 2 divs ×10ms/div
= 20 ms
1 1
frequency, f = = = 50 Hz
T 20 ms Figure 9.10
8. An ultrasound signal is transmitted vertically down to the sea bed. Transmitted and
reflected signals are input into an oscilloscope with a time base setting of 50 ms cm-1. The
diagram shows the trace of the two signals on the screen of the oscilloscope. The speed
of sound in water is 1200 ms-1. What is the depth of the sea?
Solution:
Time taken for ultrasonic waves to travel through a distance of
2 d  time between P and Q
 5 cm  50 ms cm -1  250 ms  0.25 s
2d
Speed of ultrasonic waves, V 
t
1200  0.25
Hence, d   150 m
2
Figure 9.11
9.2 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES
6
9.2.1 Properties of Semiconductors

1. Semiconductor is
a group of materials that can conduct better than insulators but not as
……………………………………………………………………………..
good as metal conductors.
…………………………….
2. Give the examples of pure semiconductor:
Silicon
(a) ……………………………
Germanium
(b) …………………………...
Selenium
(c) ……………………………
9. What is the “doping” process?
Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of other substances called dopants
………………………………………………………………………………………………
such as Antimony and Boron to a semiconductor, to increase its conductivity.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Base on the figure, complete the statement below.
(a) n-type semiconductors
Figure 9.12
pentavalent
Silicon like Silicon doped with ………………atoms such as ……………
antimony or
increases the number of free electron. The phosphorus atoms have
phosphorus ………….
five valence electrons, with ……
…….. four being used in the formation of covalent bonds.
The fifth electron is free to move through the silicon. The silicon has ….
negative electrons as majority charge-carriers and it thus known as an n-type
…………………..
semiconductor.
7
(b) p-type semiconductors
Figure 9.13
trivalent atoms such as …………

Semiconductor like Silicon doped with ……………….. Boro
three n
or indium has more positive holes. The Boron atoms have only ………….
one of the covalent bonds has a missing electron.
valence electrons; hence ……….
This missing electron is called a ‘positive hole’. The majority charge-carriers in
positive holes and this semiconductor is thus known
this semiconductor are the ……………….
as a p-type semiconductor.
9.2.2 The p-n junction (Semiconductor diode)

1. What is the function of semiconductor diode?
The function of semiconductor diode is to allow current to flow through it in one direction
………………………………………………………………………………………………
only.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Label the p-n junction below and draw a symbol of the diode.
p-type n-type
Positive hole Negative electron Symbol
p-n junction
Figure 9.13
8
3. (a) Forward-biased
(i) positive terminal and the n-
In forward-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to ………………….
negative terminal of the battery.
type is connected to the ……………………
(ii) Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in forward-bias.
+ -
The bulb is light up 
The bulb does not light up
Figure 9.14
(iii) Draw arrows to show the current, electrons and holes flow in the diagram.
(b) Reverse-biased
(i) In reverse-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to ………………….
negative terminal , and the n-
positive terminal of the battery.
type is connected to the ……………………
(ii) Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in reverse-bias.
- +
The bulb is light up 
The bulb does not light up 
Figure 9.15
4. Draw arrows to show the current, electrons and holes flow in the diagram.
5. What the meaning of rectification?

Rectification is a process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using a diode.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
9
6. The figure shows a half-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to CRO.

(i) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the time-
base is on.
Figure 9.16
(ii) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a
capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.
Figure 9.17
7. The figure shows a full-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to CRO.
(i) Draw arrows to show the current flow in the first half cycle and
to show the current flow in second half cycle in the diagram.
(ii) Sketch the waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the
time-base is on.
a
To CRO
.
Figure 9.18
10
(iii) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a
capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.
a
To CRO
Figure 9.19
8. What is the function of the capacitor?
Acts as a current regulator or smoother.
……………………………………………………………………………………………....
9.3 TRANSISTOR
9. 3.1 Terminals of a Transistor.
1. What is a transistor?
A transistor is a silicon chip which has three terminals labeled as base, collector and emitter.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Draw and label the symbol of n-p-n transistor and p-n-p transistor.
Collector, C Collector, C
Base, B Base, B
Emitter, E Emitter, E
n-p-n transistor p-n-p transistor
3. State the function for each terminal in a transistor.

(a) The emitter, E :
Acts as a source of charge carriers, providing electrons to the collector.
……………………………………………………………………………….
(b) The base, B :
Controls the movement of charge carriers (electrons) from the emitter (E) to the collector (C).
………………… ……………………………………………………………
(c) The collector, C:
Receives the charge carriers from the emitter (E)
………………………………………………………………………………...
11
9.3.2 Transistor circuit

1. (a) Transistor circuit with 2 batteries.
BE Base circuit
: ………………………………….
CE Collector circuit
: ………………………………….
Ib Base current
: ………………………………….
Ic Collector current
: ………………………………….
Limit the base current
Ie R1 : …………………………………...
Limit the collector current
R2 : …………………………………...
Figure 9.20 Supply energy to the base circuit
E1 : …………………………………...
Supply energy to circuit.
(b) Transistor circuit with 1 battery. E2 : …………………………………...
Potential divider
Rx : …………………………………...
Potential divider
Ry : …………………………………...
Remember:
Ie = I b + I c
Ie > I c > I b
Ie Ic >>>>Ib
Figure 9.21 No Ib, No Ic
2. The working circuit of a transistor used as a potential divider can be connected as shown
in figure. The voltage across Rx and Ry can be calculated as follows.
 Rx   Ry 
Vx   V VY   V
R R  R R 
 x y   x y 
12
(a) Figure shows a transistor circuit. The bulb can be lighted up when potential difference, V
across resistor P is 2V and resistance P is 10 k. Calculate the maximum resistance, S so
that the bulb is lighted up.
Solution:
 Rp 
Vp   V
Bulb R R 
 s p 
 10  10 3 
2 V   6 V

 Rs  10  10
3
 
RS  10  10 3  30000
RS  20000   20 k
Figure 9.22
9.2.3 Transistor as an Automatic Switch.

1. Complete the statement below.
RX
IC
Battery voltage IB
Base voltage RY
IE
Figure 9.23
The switching action is produced by using a potential divider. In a working circuit

variable resistor
shown in figure, a resistor, RX and a …………………………. are being used to form a
zero and
potential divider. If the variable resistor is set to zero, the base voltage is ……….
off
the transistor switches ………. However, if the resistance of the variable resistor is
increases When the base voltage reached a certain
increased, the base voltage will…………….
minimum value, the base current, IB switches on the transistor. A large collector current,
IC flows to light up the bulb.
2. What type of transistor is used in an automatic switch circuit?

Transistor n-p-n
………………………………………………………………………………………………
13
3. (a) Light Controlled Switch

(i) Complete the statement below.
10 k R
IC
1k
6V
IE
LDR
Figure 9.24
Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that functions as a light controlled switch.
light-dependent resistor (LDR) has a very high resistance in the …….…
The ……………………….. dark and a low
bright light
resistor in ………………... resistor The LDR and R form a potential
R is a fixed …………….
divider in the circuit.
low resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base
In bright light, the LDR has a very ……….
low to switch on the transistor.
voltage of the transistor is too ……..
large and the voltage across the LDR is
In darkness, the resistance of the LDR is very ………
high enough to switch on the transistor and thus lights up the bulb. This circuit can be
………
on the bulb at night.
used to automatically switch ……
(ii) Complete the table below.

Condition RLDR VLDR R VR Transistor (ON or OFF)
Daylight high OFF
low low high
Darkness high high low low ON
Remember Ic >>>>Ib
(iii) How can the circuit in figure be modified to switch on the light at daytime?
The circuit can be modified by interchanging the positions of the LDR and resistor R.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) A Heat-Controlled Switch
14
(i) Complete the statement below.
Thermistor Diode Relay
RB
Alarm
R
Figure 9.25
Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that function as a heat controlled switch.
thermisto
A ……………..is high when it is
a special type of resistor. Its resistance becomes very ………
r When the thermistor is heated, its resistance …………
cold. drops rapidly. At room
high resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base
temperature, the thermistor has a ……….
voltage of the transistor is too low to switch on the transistor.
resistance drops considerablely compared to R.
When the thermistor is heated, its …………….
Therefore, the base voltage VB is high enough to switch …….
……………., on the transistor. When the
on
transistor is switch on, the relay switch is activated and the relay is switched ………. The
circuit can also be used in a fire alarm system.
(ii) What is the function of a diode is used in the heat-controlled circuit?

To protect the transistor from being damaged by the large induced e.m.f in the relay
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
coil when the collector current, IC drops to zero.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iii) Complete the table below.
Temperature RThermistor VThermistor
R VR Transistor (ON or OFF)
High high ON
low low high
Low high high low low OFF
Remember Ic >>>>Ib
mA
9.2.4 Transistor as a Current Amplfier R2 IC
1. Complete the statement below.

R1
A
15
R IB
IE
Figure 9.26
A transistor functions as a current amplifier by allowing a small current to control a
collector current IC is primarily determined by the
larger current. The magnitude of the ………………….,
base current
………………….., big
small change in the base current, IB will cause a ……..
IB. A ………..
change in the collector current, IC. The current amplification can be calculated as follows:
I C
Current Amplification 
I B
2. Name the type of the transistor used.

n-p-n transistor
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What will happened to the readings of the miliammeter, mA and microammeter, A when
the resistance of R is reduced?
The readings on miliammeter and microammeter increase.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. A transistor is said to have two states, the ‘ON’ state and ‘OFF’ state.
(a) Explain the meaning of the ‘ON’ state of a transistor.
When a transistor is in the ‘ON’ state, currents flow in the base and in the collector circuit.
………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Explain the meaning of the ‘OFF’ state of a transistor.
When a transistor is in the ‘OFF’ state, there is no current in the base and in the collector
………………………………………………………………………………………
circuit.
………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) What is the function of the rheostat, R?
To change the base current.
………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) What is the function of the resistor, S?
To control and limit the base current.
………………………………………………………………………………………
9.4 Logic Gates
9.4.1 Analysing Logic gates
16
1. What is a logic gate?

A switching circuit that is applied in computer and other electronic devices.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Complete the table below.
Gates Symbol Truth table
A
Y
AND gate
B Input Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR gate
Input Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
A 1 0 1
Y 1 1 1
B
A Y
NOT gate
Input Output
A Y
0 1
1 0
NAND Input Output

A B Y
gate
0 0 1
0 1 1
A 1 0 1
Y 1 1 0
B 17
A
Y
NOR gate
B Input Output
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
9.4.2 Combinations of logic Gates

1. Find the output Y for each combination of logic gates.
0011
A P 1100
Y
0100
B
0101 Figure 9.27
The truth table:
Input Output
A B P Y
0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
2.
0011 P
A 1100
18
Y
1000
B
Q 1010
0101
Figure 9.28
The truth table:
Input Output
A B P Q Y
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
3.
0011
A X 0001
B
0101 Y
The truth table: Figure 9.29 0100
B
1010
Input Output
A 0011 B B X Y
0 A 0 1 P 0 0
0 1 0 1110 0 1
1 0 1 0 Y 0
0110
1 1 0 1 0
0111
4. B Q
0101
19
Figure 9.30
The truth table:
Input Output
A B P Q Y
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0
5.
P R
S
Q
Q
The truth table: Figure 9.31
Input Output
P Q R Q’ S
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0
Input J
Light
detector L
Air-conditioner
6. Figure shows a logic gate system which switches on an air-conditioner automatically.
Heat
detector Input K
20
Figure 9.32
Keys:
The light detector (Input J): In the day, logic “1”.
At night, logic “0”.
The heat detector (Input K): Hot, logic “1”.
Cool logic “0”.
(a) Complete the truth table below:
Input Output
J K L
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 1
(b) Based on the truth table in (a), state the conditions in which the air-conditioner conditions
in which the air-conditioner will operate and function normally.
- On a hot day or daytime – On a hot night
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Reinforcement Chapter 9
Part A: Objective questions
21
1. Which of the following is not a property D. 12.5 V

of cathode rays? E. 15.0 V
A. It is positively charged.
B. It travels in a straight line. 5. In p-type semiconductor
C. It can be deflected by magnetic field. A. The number of holes are equal to the
D. It can be deflected by electric field. number of electrons.
B. The number of the holes are more
2. Cathode rays consists of than the number of electrons.
A. Fluorescent particles C. The number of the holes are less than
B. Light rays from a screen the number of electrons.
C. Beams of fast moving particles
D. Light rays from hot filament 6. Which of the following is not true about
diode?
3. A beam of electrons is being deflected A. It can be used to rectify alternating
due to a potential difference between current.
plates P and Q. B. It can only conduct electricity when
P it is connected in forward in forward
Figure 9.33 bias in a circuit.
C. It is formed by joining an n-type and
Q a p-type semiconductor.
D. The majority charge carriers in the
Which of the following statements is not diode are electrons.
true?
A. The potential at plate P is positive. 7. The figure 9. 35 shows the arrangement
B. The deflection would be greater if of silicon atoms after an atom P is doped
the potential difference is greater. to form an extrinsic semiconductor.
C. The deflection would be greater if
the electrons are moving faster.
D. The electron beam will return to Figure 9.35
straight line if a suitable magnetic
field is applied between the plates.
4. The figure 9.34 shows the trace Which of the following is not true?
displayed on a CRO with the Y-gain A. The conductivity of the
control is turned to 3.75 V/div. semiconductor increases.
What is the maximum value of the B. The semiconductor becomes an n-
potential difference being measured? type.
C. The majority charge carrier is
electron.
D. Atom P is a trivalent atom.
Figure 9.34
8. The figure 9.36 shows a rectifier circuit.

Which of the following statements is
A. 2.5 V
true?
B. 5.5 V
C. 7.5 V
22
A. P and Q only
P
B. P, Q and R only
C. R and S only
Q D. P, Q and S only
11. Which of the following circuits shows

Figure 9.36 the connect directions of the base current
A. A rectifier changes d.c to a.c. IB, emitter current, IE and collector
B. Device P allows current to flow in current, IC?
any directions.
C. Device Q acts as a rectifier.
D. The rectifier circuit would still work
if device P is reversed.
9. The figure 9.37 shows a circuit

consisting of two diodes and a bulb.
When the switch is on, the bulb does not
light up.
What needs to be done to light up the
bulb?
Figure 9.37
A. Replace the diode with a new one.

B. Reverse the connection of the diode.
C. Increase the number of bulbs.
D. Connect a resistor in series with the
bulb.
10.
Figure 9.38
Figure 9.38 shows four identical bulbs,
P, Q, R and S, and four electronic
components connected in a circuit. 12. Which of the following statements about
Which of the following bulbs will light a transistor is not true?
up continuously when the switch is on? A. A transistor can act as an amplifier
23
B. A transistor can act as a relay switch.

C. The function of a transistor is the
same as that of two diodes.
D. A transistor is a combination of two
types of semiconductors.
Figure 9.41
Figure 9.39
A. 3 k
B. 4 k
C. 5 k
13. What is the function of the transistor D. 6 k
circuit shown in figure 9.39? E. 7 k
A. As an amplifier
B. As a rectifier 16. The figure 9. 42 shows a transistor
C. As a switch device circuit being used to amplify sound.
D. As a modulator
M-microphone
14. The figure 9.40 shows a transistor being C- Capacitor
used as a current amplifier. S- speaker
IC
IB
Figure 9.42
Figure 9.40 Which of the following is not correct
about the circuit?
Which of the following is correct? A. T is an npn transistor
A. IB > IC B. The capasitor prevents d.c current
B. IB = IC but allows a.c current to pass through
C. IB < IC it.
C. Speaker amplifies the sound.
15. Figure 9.41 shows a circuit consisting of D. R1 and R2 act as potential divider.
a transistor which acts as an automatic
switch. When the potential difference 17. The figure 9.43 shows a logic gate
across the thermistor is 3 V and the circuit with input signals, X and Y.
resistance of the thermistor is 1000 ,
the resistance value of resistor, R is ..
Figure 9.43
Which of the following is the output

signal?
24
What is gate X?
A. AND
B. NOR
C. OR
D. NAND
18. The figure 9.44 shows a logic gate
circuit. 20. The figure 9. 45 shows a combination of
three logic gates in a logic circuit. When
inputs P and Q are both 1 output Y is 1.
Figure 9.43
J
Which of the following is the output Y
signal Z? K
A. 0110
B. 1010
C. 1110 Figure 9.45
D. 0101
Which of the following logic gates can
19. The figure 9.44 shows the combination be used to represent J and K?
of three logic gates.
J K
A. AND NOR
B. NAND NOR
Figure 9.44
C. OR AND
D. NOR AND
The truth table for the combination of
tree logic gates is as follows.
Part B: Structured Questions.

1. Figure 9.46 shows a trace obtained on an oscilloscope screen when an a.c voltage is
connected to the Y-plates of an oscilloscope.
Scale: 1 division = 1 cm Figure 9.46

The Y-gain is set at 3 V/cm
The time base is set at 5 ms/cm
(a) Explain what is meant by thermionic emission.

Emission of electrons from the surface of a metal by heat.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Determine the peak voltage of a.c voltage.
2 x 3 = 6V
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Determine the time for one complete oscillation on the screen.
2 x 5 = 10 ms
………………………………………………………………………………………………
25
(d) What is the frequency of the a.c voltage?

f =1/T=50 Hz
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) With the same a.c voltage applied to the oscilloscope, the time-base setting is altered to
2.5 ms/cm and the Y-gain setting is altered to 2 V/cm. On the space below, sketch the
new trace would appear on the oscilloscope.
2. Figure 9. 47 shows a full wave bridge rectifier. The a.c supply has a frequency of 50 Hz.
Figure 9.47
(a) When the polarity of the a.c supply voltage is positive at A, state the two diodes which
are forward biased.
D1 and D3
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) When the polarity of the a.c supply voltage is negative at A, state the two diodes which
are forward biased.
D2 and D4
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Using the axes in figure 9.48, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor, R.
Voltage/V
Time/ms
Figure 9.48
26
(d) On the figure 9.49, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor if a capacitor is
connected across the resistor if a capacitor is connected across the resistor R parallel with
the resistor.
Voltage/V
Figure 9.49 Time/ms
(e) Explain how the capacitor causes the voltage across the resistor to vary with time in the
way that you have drawn.
The charging of the capacitor by the power supply and the discharging of the capacitor
………………………………………………………………………………………………
through the resistor will smooth the output.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. A student wants to build a simple lift motor control system which operates using two buttons,
A and B for a two-storey building.
A: Up button
B: Down button
The lift motor only activates when someone presses any one of the buttons. Figure 9.50
shows the circuit that can be used to activate the motor.
12 V
Logic gate
A
X 240 V
B
Relay switch Motor
0V
Figure 9.50
Keys:
Buttons A and B : When pressed, logic “1”
Not pressed, logic ”0”
X Output : Motor is activated, logic “1”
27
(a) The truth table below shows the operations of the logic gates in a lift motor control
system.
Input Output
A B X
(i) 0 0 0 Using the keys given,
0 1 1 complete the truth
1 0 1
1 1 0 table.
(ii) Name the logic gate in the circuit in the figure 9.50.
AND Gate
…………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) In the space below, draw the logic gate symbol in 3(a)(ii).
(b) Why is a relay switch needed in the circuit?

Activates large current in the main secondary circuit supply// small
………………………………………………………………………………………………
current at the output cannot activate the motor.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) The door of the lift is fitted with a light transmitter and a detector which is a light
dependent resistor, LDR. If the light dependent resistor detects light, the relay switch is
activated and the lift door will close. Figure 9.51 shows an electronic circuit for the
control system of the lift door.
Figure 9.51
240 V
Motor
R
(i) State the relationship between the resistance and the intensity of light received
by the light dependent resistor, LDR.
The higher the light intensity, the lower the resistance of the resistor.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
28
(ii) Complete the circuit in figure 9.51 by drawing the resistor and the light
dependent resistor using the symbols given below.
Resistor Light dependent resistor
(iii) Explain how the circuit functions.

– High light intensity produces lower resistance and high base voltage
…………………………………………………………………………………
- A bigger base current flows and activates the transistor
…………………………………………………………………………………
- A big collector current flows through the relay switch and activates
…………………………………………………………………………………
the circuit of the door motor.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
Part C: Essay Questions

1.
(a) The diode, bulb and battery in circuit X and circuit Y of figures 9.52 and 9.53 are
identical.
29
Figure 9.52 Figure 9.53
(i) What is meant by a direct current and an alternating current? [2 marks]

(ii) Using Figures 9.52 and figure 9.53, compare the connection of the diodes and the
conditions of the bulbs. Relating the connection of the diodes and the conditions of
the bulbs, deduce the function of a diode. [5 marks]
(iii) State the use of a diode. [1 mark]
(b) A semiconductor diode is made by joining a p-type semiconductor with a n-type

semiconductor. Describe and explain the production and the characteristics of a p-type
semiconductor and a n-type semiconductor. [4 marks]
2. Figure 9.55 shows four circuits W, X, Y and Z, each has an ideal transformer and the circuit
are used for the purpose of rectification.
Circuit W
Circuit Y
Circuit X Circuit Z
(i) What is meant by rectification? [1mark]

(ii) Explain the working principle of a transformer. [3 marks]
(iii) You are asked to make a 12 V battery charger. Study the circuits W, X, Y and Z in
figures 9.55 and consider the following aspects:
30
Type of transformer
The number of turns in the primary coil and in the secondary coil.
Type of rectification
Characteristics of output current
Explain the suitability of the above aspects and hence, determine the most suitable
circuit to make the battery charge. [6 marks]
3. A student carries out an experiment to determine the relationship between the collector
current IC to the base current IB of a transistor.
R1 = 1k
A2
IC
R2 = 2k
R2 = 56k IB 6V
A1 T
Figure 9.56
Transistor T is connected to fixed resistor R1 =1k and R2 = 56 k and a rheostat R3 as
shown in figure 9.56. The battery supplies a voltage of 6 V to the transistor circuit.
Rheostat R3 is adjusted until the current IB detected by microammeter A1 is 10 A. The
collector current, I2C recorded 3by miliammeter
2 A23is shown in figure 9.57(a).
2 3
1 1 4 4
1 4
0 0 5 5
0 5
mA
(a) IB = 10A
Rheostat R3 is then adjusted to lower value so that microammeter A1 gives IB = 20 A, 30
A, 40 A, 50 A and 60 A. The corresponding readings of IC on miliammeter, A2 are
shown in figure 9.57(b), 9.57(c), 9.57(d), 9.57(e) and 9.57(f).
31
31
mA mA
(b) IB = 20A
(b) IB = 30A
2 3 2 3
1 4 1 4
mA mA
0 0 5 5
(c) IB = 40A (d) IB = 50A
2 3
1 4
mA
0 5
(e) IB = 60A
(a) For the experiment described identify…

The base current, IB
(i) the manipulated variable : ..………………………………
32
(ii) The collector current, IC
the responding variable : ………………………………..
(iii) the fixed variable The supply voltage
: ………………………………..
32
(b) From the figure in 9.57, record the collector current, IC when IB = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
60A. Tabulate your results for IB and IC in the space given below.
IB/A IC/mA
10 0.8
20 1.6
30 2.4
40 3.1
50 3.9
60 4.8
(c) On a graph paper, draw a graph of IC against IB.

(d) Based on your graph, determine the relationship between IC and IB.
Ic is directly proportional to IB
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Figure 9.58 shows a microphone connected to a power amplifier. When the microphone
has detected a sound, an amplified sound is given out through the loudspeaker. The sound
becomes louder if the volume of the amplifier is turned on to increase the power.
Power amplifier
loudspeaker
Volume control
Microphone
Figure 9.58
Using the information based on the observation of the brightness of the bulbs,
(a) Make one suitable inference.
(b) State one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated.
(c) Design an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b). Choose suitable
apparatus such as a diode, rheostat and others.
In your description, state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment,
(ii) Variables in the experiment,
33
(iii) List of apparatus and materials,

(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus,
(v) The procedure of the experiment, which includes the method of controlling
the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding
Scheme Part : No. 4variable,
(vi) : The
(a) Inference The strength
way youofwould tabulate
the output the data,
signal of the amplifier depends on the input current of the
(vii)
amplifier. That way you would analyse the data.
(b) Hypothesis: The larger the input current in an amplifier circuit, the larger the output current.
(c) (i) Aim: To determine the relationship between base current and collector current of a
transistor amplifier circuit.
(ii) Manipulated variable: Base current, IB
Responding variable : Collector current, IC
Fixed variable : Supply voltage
(iii) Apparatus and materials: npn transistor, 2 batteries, microammeter, miliammeter,
rheostat, connecting wires.
(iv) Functional arrangement of apparatus.
mA
A Battery
Battery
(v)- The rheostat is adjusted until the readings of microammeter for base current, IB = 25 A.
- The readings of the miliammeter for collector current, IC is recorded.
- The steps are repeated for the values of microammeter, IB = 50, 75,100,125A.
(vi) Tabulation of data:
IB/A IC/mA
25.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
125.0
(vii) Plot a graph of IB against IC

IB/A
34
IC/mA
Scheme Part C : No. 1

(a) (i) – In a direct current, the current flows in one direction only.
- In a alternating current, the current changes reverses it direction periodically.
(ii) - Circuit X : the diode is forward biased, the bulb is lighted.
- Circuit Y : the diode is reversed biased, the bulb is not lighted.
- Function of a diode: Diode only allows current to flow in one direction only.
(b) – A p-type semiconductor is produced by adding trivalent impurity material such

as boron or gallium to silicon.
- In a p-type semiconductor, majority of the charge carriers are the positive
holes.
- A n-type semiconductor is produced by adding pentavalent impurity material
such as phosphorus or arsenic to silicon.
- In a n-type semiconductor, majority of the charge carriers are the free
electrons.
Scheme Part C : No. 2

(i) Rectification is a process of converting alternating current to direct current.
(ii) -When an alternating current flows in the primary coil, a changing magnetic field is
produced.
- The changing magnetic field is linked to the secondary coil through the laminated
iron core.
- As a result, a secondary coil is in a changing magnetic field, this procedures an
induced e.m.f at the two ends of secondary coil.
(iii) -It must be a step-down transformer to step down the voltage from 240 V to 12 V.
-The ratio:
The number of turns in the secondary coil 12 1
 
The number of turns in the primary coil 240 20
- A full-wave rectification is better than a half-wave rectification, because a half-

wave rectification loses half the input power as heat.
- 35
A smoothing capacitor is required to change the pulsating d.c to a constant d.c.
- The most suitable circuit to be used is circuit Z.
36

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5

Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

9. 1: USES OF THE CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (C.R.O)

9.1.1: Thermionic Emission

1. What is Thermionic Emission?

Thermionic Emission is the release of electrons from a heated metal cathode.

2. (a) Label the figure of a vacuum tube:

toward the anode by the high

3. Factors that influence the rate of thermionic emission

9.1.2 Properties of Cathode Rays

By using the principle of conservation of energy,

2. In a vacuum tube, a cathode ray is produced and accelerated through a potential

9.1.3 Structure of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

1. Label all parts of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope below.

2. Fill in the blank all components and its functions.

Cathode Emits electrons when it is hot.

Accelerating To accelerate the electrons to high speed.

X-Plates To deflect the electron beam horizontally.

Fluorescent Glass surface To convert the kinetic energy of the electrons to

9.1.4 : The working Principle of the Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope.

1. Fill in the blank the structure of CRO.

Y-shift X-shift Figure 9.4

Y-input Earth X-input

9.1.5 Uses of the CRO.

To measure a D.C voltage:

4. Figure shows a trace on an oscilloscope for an a.c source.

(b) Calculate the frequency, f of the a.c source.

5. The diagram shows the trace on the screen of a CRO when an

(a) Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp = (Y-gains) × h

7. Figure shows the trace displayed on the screen of a

Distance for two complete wave = 2 divs

9.2.1 Properties of Semiconductors

(b) p-type semiconductors

trivalent atoms such as …………

9.2.2 The p-n junction (Semiconductor diode)

Positive hole Negative electron Symbol

The bulb is light up 

The bulb does not light up

The bulb is light up 

The bulb does not light up 

5. What the meaning of rectification?

6. The figure shows a half-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to CRO.

3. State the function for each terminal in a transistor.

9.3.2 Transistor circuit

Figure 9.21 No Ib, No Ic

9.2.3 Transistor as an Automatic Switch.

The switching action is produced by using a potential divider. In a working circuit

2. What type of transistor is used in an automatic switch circuit?

3. (a) Light Controlled Switch

(ii) Complete the table below.

(b) A Heat-Controlled Switch

(i) Complete the statement below.

Thermistor Diode Relay

(ii) What is the function of a diode is used in the heat-controlled circuit?

9.2.4 Transistor as a Current Amplfier R2 IC

1. Complete the statement below.

2. Name the type of the transistor used.

1. What is a logic gate?

NAND Input Output

9.4.2 Combinations of logic Gates

The truth table: Figure 9.31

(a) Complete the truth table below: