Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
DECEMBER 2008
The
Business
Volume 4 • Issue 12
Magazine
for the Golf Industry
Golf Club Management Visit www.compleatgolfer.co.za for back issues of GCM
Glendower
GOLF Club
A MAJOR FACELIFT
brought to you by
EDITOR’S LETTER
CONTENTS
Lead Story
Glendower revamp 4
5-Star Feature
Euphoria’s clubhouse 7
HR Development
Motivational fixes 11
from
the editor
Club Profile
Koro Creek 14
Legal
Damage to homes on golf estates 16
Glendower
A major facelift for a parkland classic
South Africa’s highly-ranked Glendower embarked on a major project to modernise its greens complexes and to
reposition its bunkering. John Botha visited the club and discovered that the changes being made will obviously
improve what was an excellent layout to begin with.
No golfer who knows Glendower would dispute a long history and the element of trust was an It was also agreed to do away with certain
the fact that this parkland layout ranks with important factor. The company’s reputation in old retaining walls of greens which were
the best in the world. Its championship cre- the industry has never been in doubt, and we simply dated and artificial-looking. The edges
dentials have been proven over the years, and are confident that the work has been done to of lakes, notably on the 2nd, 3rd and 13th,
it has, for the most part, stood up to the test highest possible standards. Importantly, our have also been reshaped to improve visibility.
of modern equipment. It has all the attributes members were involved with the whole process But perhaps most importantly, the fairway
that one looks for in a great golf course – an and at a special meeting course architect bunkering, as on many older courses, needed
interesting mix of holes, it is well routed, Sean Quinn explained what was to done in repositioning. “We looked at landing areas in
and manages to strike the balance between a two-hour presentation. Every member was the 280-metre range on all the par fours and
demanding a high degree of skill for a player given the opportunity to put forward any ideas fives and we have made adjustments where
to beat par, yet allows those of more modest or reservations over the next few weeks. The necessary,” says Quinn.
ability to have fun. Yet it was not without its members were overwhelmingly in favour of the The total changes have involved a huge
faults, minor though they may have been. decided changes.” amount of work, and while some clubs might
These are now in the process of being sorted “Originally we were approached to simply have chosen to effect these improvements
out and, without preempting results from replace the greens, which were made up of in phases over a period of time, Glendower
course ranking panels, it is a fair bet that this 90-percent poa,” says Quinn. “This involved wisely ‘bit the bullet’ and did the whole
course is going to cause a major stir. Compleat taking GPS readings which revealed some project in one go.
Golfer currently ranks Glendower as the interesting slopes and shapes that would have Besides the inconvenience of having the golf
second-best classic layout in the country, and been unplayable with the modern strains of course chopped up for the better part of a year,
once the new look is unveiled (planned for 31 bent used today. I managed to convince the this has been an expensive exercise. The cost
January 2009) there could be a photo-finish committee that subtle changes would increase of the revamp amounts to R9 million. Glen-
in the race for No 1. playability and offer an increased amount of dower operates on a surplus of about R2 mil-
The success of this club has much to do pin positions.” lion a year and factoring in the loss of revenue
with its enthusiastic, loyal membership, strong
leadership and its position; close to the city of
Johannesburg yet far enough away to avoid the
frenetic traffic and accompanying noise. But
it is the course that is the heart of a golf club,
and this layout is as good as it gets. Many
would describe Glendower as being a national
golfing treasure and, as such, the responsibil-
ity of making any changes would weigh heavily
of the shoulders of those who made this deci-
sion, as well as those who would be tasked
with carrying out the work.
“Obviously the decision to go ahead with
what is a major project was not taken lightly,”
says Paul Leishman, the man who runs this
club. “There were discussions for about four
years before work started.” Once it was de-
cided to go ahead, the question of who would
be entrusted with the design and construc-
tion was dealt with and, after various options Subtle sloping of the putting surfaces will allow for high stimpmeter readings and the new
were considered, Golf Data was awarded the shaping will offer more pin positions.
contract. “Our relationship with Golf Data has
this year of about R3 million, this constitutes a staff training, and eight of our employees have
R5-million deficit – a considerable sum. completed computer courses,” he says.
Golf Data’s Robbie Marshall makes no There are lessons to be learned from this
secret of the fact that he considers Glendower club, not least of all its commitment to its
to be one of his favourite courses, and his mission statement – to provide a world-class
association with the club goes back 18 years. facility to its members and visitors. Astute
“This was the first major project we undertook financial management has also allowed
all those years ago – when we reconstructed the club the luxury of funding this ambi-
the greens”, he says. “We never built them to Construction has been to the highest speci- tious project, but again the spirit among the
USGA specifications then, they were ‘push- fications and the new A1/A4 bent grass members deserves a mention. “In order to
up’ surfaces which we shaped. Our brief this surfaces, with state-of-the-art drainage, help with our cash-flow during this period we
time was to modernise the greens complexes, promise to be as good as any in the country. encouraged our members to ‘buy’ a dozen
which was definitely needed, without chang- rounds in advance to be used during the
ing their basic character – still retaining the revamp. The members responded positively
subtle slopes but with different bunkering. country, has had its teeing ground moved to this, although as we approach the opening
We have also made other changes which will to the right, which will further improve the of the ‘new’ course, few actually used their
move the course into the 21st century. Quite hole. The 18th green has also been changed; pre-paid rounds.
honestly we would never have wanted to make lowered and repositioned – with the approach Most importantly, Golf Data has stuck to
any radical changes to the overall design – played uphill, this was always a design flaw the tight schedule and before completion
true classics like this are rare and should be which has now been rectified. the management and committee are already
treated with the utmost respect.” With rounds of golf reduced from the looking at plans to revamp the clubhouse, but
The most noticeable change has been usual 50 000 a year to a trickle (about 500 that’s another story. As the newly-planted seed
made to the 5th hole, which has been a month), it has been a frustrating time for on the 9th green is showing signs of germina-
lengthened and converted into a dogleg which the energetic manager Paul Leishman, but he tion (the A1/A4 strain of bent), it is clear that
Go l f p e o ptolthe
swings e left.
_ a The
d _ 10th,
b i galways
. p dconsid-
f P a g e has1 used8 /this
2 quieter
8 / 0 8time
, constructively.
1 1 : 4 6 “We AM no-one at Glendower is letting the grass grow
297 Golfpeople Dale Hayes ad 8/27/08 1:33 AM Page 4
ered to be one of the finest par fours in the have used this lull to focus on C
areas
M
such
Y
as
CM MY CY
under their feet.
CMY K
■
5-STAR FEATURE
Designed by Mark Hanson, the Euphoria clubhouse has a distinctly contemporary African look with strong traditional influences.
Koro Creek
Nylstroom’s change of identity
GCM recently visited the Koro Creek Bushveld Golf Estate in Modimolle (formerly Nylstroom) and found a
thoroughly charming place that is well worth a visit.
With respect to Koro Creek’s marketing effort,
which by the amount and quality of homes
on this estate has been successful, there are
still many golfers who have not experienced
this new facility. The message is simple: get
there and play this bushveld beauty.
A little-known fact is that the original Nyl-
stroom golf club was founded in 1926, and
could boast the only course north of Pretoria
(in what was then the Northern Transvaal) to
be fully grassed. For some reason the course
moved to its current location in 1961 – still
a modest (though grassed) nine-hole layout
which served what we must assume was a
rather small community of avid golfers. This
course quietly existed, mostly escaping the
notice of the wider golfing world, which is Presently the developer’s lodge is being used as a temporary clubhouse – the opening of the
perhaps the way the locals wanted it. new facility is only months away.
This quaint facility might have continued
to exist under the radar were it not for a
certain Mr Faan Hartzer, a man who clearly by magnificent indigenous trees and plenty of halfway house is a little cramped, the struc-
had an eye for the potential of the surround- water. The beauty of the design has much to ture oozes character. The new facility, a huge
ing real estate. Hartzer acquired the golf do with using the water to best effect without thatched structure, is almost completed and
course, together with the adjoining property adversely affecting the playability of the should open early next year, and looks likely
(including an 850-hectare game farm) and course. This results in wonderful wetlands to resemble a five-star game lodge.
converted the course into a full 18 holes. and lakes greatly enhancing the aesthetic At the time of GCM’s visit to the estate,
Douw van der Merwe, together with Wonder value of most holes, with the accompanying the golf club was being managed by Pierre
Gardens, was commissioned for the design bird life, without presenting the handicap Botha, with estate manager Johan Hat-
and construction of the new project, which is golfer with unrealistic carries. tingh also assisting with matters relating to
quite honestly a magnificent layout. But nothing worthwhile comes easy, and the course. Willem Fillies was in charge of
The impression one gets when entering the new course suffered severe flooding in course maintenance, but it was thought that
the estate is that it was properly planned, the early stages of its construction. The Klein the management structure might change as
and the thatch theme not only fits perfectly Nyl a tributary of the Nyl which the early the homeowners were about to take over the
with the bushveld surroundings, but also settlers mistook for the Nile River, wreaked management of the club and course.
gives the estate a wonderful African feel. It is havoc when it burst its banks, and pictures in A small mid-week company day was being
clear that investors here, either the residents the clubhouse show the fledgling course thor- held at the course the day of our visit and
or those who are fortunate to have their oughly swamped, with water levels reaching the players were clearly taking advantage of
holiday homes on the estate, didn’t skimp on the 100-year flood line. We are told that the the most reasonable bar prices. “Affordabil-
the design and construction of their homes, possibility of flooding is a thing of the past. ity is very much part of our image,” Pierre
and there are some truly impressive creations Course construction began in 2005, and Botha tells us. “Bar prices and greenfees
on display. Whoever designed and built these the 18 holes were completed by August are kept to a minimum and in terms of value
homes certainly knew what they doing, and 2006. At present the clubhouse is occupying for money we are hard to beat.” Certainly at
the thatching is as artful and as neat as can an attractive lodge which belongs to the de- R140 per round for affiliated visitors, and
be found anywhere. veloper. This is a temporary arrangement that R200 for a non-affiliated player this is true,
The course is a most pleasant surprise – a seems to be sufficient for the club’s present and one might suggest that a course of this
combination of undulating fairways flanked needs, and in fact, even though the bar and quality could possibly demand more.
Gentle shaping and maximum use of the changes in elevation, as well as excellent routing
around water features, adds to the enjoyment of this bushveld beauty.
The round begins with a reachable par be said that when this course needs just one
five (468m) with a perfectly positioned more good rainy season it will no doubt be at
green, inviting the approach with the second its best. ■
shot but with enough trouble around the
putting surface to suggest that a lay-up
might be the wisest strategy. As the round
progresses there are many examples of risk-
FACT FILE
Location 135 kilometres north
and-reward options, and the par threes are of Pretoria
all outstanding. One unusual feature of the Course Classic bushveld parkland,
layout is the par-three 7th, which is stroke 18 holes, 6 790m
one. (This on both the men’s and women’s Designer Douw van der Merwe
card.) Another anomaly is the finishing hole Construction Wonder Gardens
– a relatively generous par five of only 500 Estate 400 stands, modern African theme
metres from the tips which has the highest Developer Faan Hartzer
stroke. At full stretch, measuring 6 790 Greenfees R140 (affiliated visitors)
metres, this is no pussycat, and for champi- Estate manager Johan Hattingh
onship play there is the possibility for some Acting manager Pierre Botha
interesting pin positions. The overriding Contact 014 717 1181
feeling is that the topography and existing Website www.korocreek.com
trees were used to best effect, and it must
From the left: estate manager Johan Hattingh, acting manager Pierre Botha and club
professional Christo Hattingh.
LEGAL
Damage to property
Legal expert Jock McConnachie of McConnachies Inc looks at the case involving a resident of a golf estate who
applied for a court interdict against a golf club.
It has been said that golf would be a boring the issue as a dispute between neighbours number of golf balls landing on his property
game if not for the odd mishit. and examined the South African law applica- and causing damage was excessive.
Unfortunately when one mishits, one has ble. She pointed out that a dispute between Milnerton Golf Club contended that it had
no control over the ball – what it hits and neighbours, in this case the golf club on taken reasonable precautions and argued that
what damage it may cause. If the ball hits the one hand and the property owner on the the property owner had not proved that the
and damages the property of another, the other, invariably involves the question as to conduct of the club constituted a nuisance.
question of legal liability arises. When is whether or not there has been an abuse of The Cape High Court found that the club
the golfer liable to pay damages to the a right. The facts of each case must be ex- had not acted wrongfully and that the prop-
property owner? amined to determine whether the neighbour erty owner had failed to show that the club’s
This article concentrates on only one whose conduct is complained of exceeded conduct was unreasonable in the sense that
aspect of the above, namely nuisance and his powers of ownership. The issue, she said, the number of golf balls exceeded what
damage caused to the owner of a property by must be answered with reference to consid- could reasonably have been expected by the
mishit golf balls on a golf estate. erations of reasonableness and fairness. What owner, to strike his property. The court also
Many modern golf courses are surrounded is reasonable must be assessed objectively found that the owner had not shown that
by residential dwellings and all golfers know and with regard to the circumstances of each the damage caused to his property exceeded
that it is inevitable that the odd ball flies off- particular case. what could reasonably be expected in the
course and hits one of the lovely homes lining The property owner accepted that by own- normal course of a property situated on a
the course. The owners of residential dwellings ing a property bordering on the fairway of a golf course.
on golf estates also know the above, and to an golf course his right to free and undisturbed The court further found that the club had
extent, in purchasing a home on a golf course, use of his property would be interfered with taken reasonable measures to minimise the
accept an element of risk. to some extent. It would be reasonable for the risk and, bearing in mind that living next to a
The legal issues involved in this particular owner to tolerate some ingress of badly-hit golf course entails a real danger to proper-
situation were examined in great detail in golf balls. The owner’s complaint was that the ties being hit by golf balls, the club had not
the case of Milnerton Golf Club, where the
owner of a residential property on the estate
decided that too many mishit golf balls were
striking his property and applied to the Cape
High Court for an interdict against the club.
The Cape High Court rejected the applica-
tion, finding in favour of the club. The owner
took the decision on appeal to the Supreme
Court of Appeal, where the court reversed the
decision of the lower court, finding in favour
of the property owner and interdicting the
club from using a particular tee until such
time as certain changes were made so as to
reduce the number of balls likely to hit the
owner’s property.
Numerous issues of major interest to golf-
ers and golf course managers are discussed
in great detail in the two judgments. Some of
these issues are highlighted here:
The property owner was the applicant in
the Cape High Court where he applied for an
interdict against the club on the basis that
the number of golf balls striking his property Living next to a golf course entails a real danger of a resident’s property being hit by golf balls
constituted a common law nuisance. Judge – but clubs are expected to take reasonable measures to minimise this risk.
Traverso of the Cape High Court referred to
interfered unreasonably with the rights of the same time, the residents, bordering as they
property owner. did a golf course, had to accept the fact that
The property owner took the judgment the game of golf was going to be played on
on appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeal the land adjoining their properties and that it
where Judge Ian Farlam and four other judg- could be expected that from time to time golf
es disagreed with Judge Traverso, finding balls might come on to their land.
that the evidence of the owner established “But what they were not bound to accept
a sufficiently high incidence of badly-aimed was a situation such as was suffered by the
golf balls entering the owner’s property to respondents in which their property was pep-
entitle the owner to relief in the form of pered with golf balls on a daily basis, thus
an interdict. posing a threat, not only to the respondent’s
The Appeal Court found that the number of property but also to their physical safety. The
balls was clearly excessive and unreasonable golf course was obliged so to construct the
in the circumstances and that what the prop- hole as to divert balls hit normally away from
erty owner had to endure was substantially their property. This could be done by re-
more than what a neighbour is obliged to put routing the direction of the hole or by appro-
up with on the application of the principle of priate screens, whether natural or artificial, or
give-and-take, live-and-let-live, which forms a combination of both as indeed has appar-
the basis of our law on this point. ently happened.”
The court also found that there were rea- Golf course managers and owners of resi-
sonable steps which the club could take to dential properties neighbouring golf courses are
reduce the number of balls hitting the prop- advised to take careful note of the principles
erty and interdicted the club from using the enunciated by the judges in the above case
6th hole until such time as it implements a and to conduct themselves accordingly. ■
system of barriers near the tee.
In making his finding Judge Farlam re-
Overtime
ferred with approval to the following excerpt
from the case of Campbelltown Golf Club
vs Winton and Another, which Judge Farlam The club manager of a West Coast golf
said reflects precisely what a South African club was complaining that he was work-
court would have held in closely analogous ing up to 12 hours on some days and
factual circumstances, and which is a wasn’t being paid overtime. He was earn-
statement as to what might reasonably be ing over R14 000 per month. Was his
expected between a golf course owner and complaint valid?
its residential neighbours:
The Basic Conditions of Employment Act
“Undoubtedly the respondents bought
stipulates that workers may not work:
into a subdivision which bordered a golf
■ overtime, unless by agreement
course. The benefit to them was that they
■ more than 10 hours overtime a week
overlooked a degree of open space at the
(a collective agreement of workers may
rear of the premises. If it were not for the
increase this to 15 hours per week for
problems caused by golf balls coming onto
up to two months a year)
their land, the outlook would have been a
■ more than 12 hours on any one day
pleasant one increasing their enjoyment of
the property. The provisions of the Act exclude:
“The problem with the appellant’s ■ senior managers
submission is that it endeavours to relegate ■ sales staff who travel and regulate
houses built on land in the subdivision to an their own working hours
inferior position to that occupied by the golf ■ workers who work less than 24 hours
course. In the appellant’s submission, the per month
golf course was the focal point. If it created ■ workers who earn more than
a problem for residents, that was something R149 736 per year
which the residents had to tolerate. That is
Employers must pay workers overtime at
not the law.
1.5 times the normal hourly wage. Alter-
“What was required was that the golf
natively, a worker may agree to receive
course should so adjust its activities as not
paid time off or a combination of pay and
to interfere unreasonably with the peaceful
time off.
enjoyment by residents of their land. At the
ON THE MOVE
Before establishing a turf project, water total maximum water requirements during input and well-trained management, along
requirements should be weighed up against hot, dry weather. One millimetre of irrigation with reliable spares, power and water sup-
the available supply of suitable water. A over one-square-metre of turf will need one plies. A common system involves boreholes
water test (to check total salt content, litre of water. Thus 5mm per day over one pumping most of the day into reservoirs,
mineral content, etc) is initially advised to hectare of ground (a safe average for your from where a secondary pump will supply the
check suitability for your turf type and soil. greens and teeing areas) will need 50 000 irrigation requirements during relevant hours.
For example, cynodon dactylon (common litres of water (ie 50 cubic metres), but con- Greens should be irrigated early in the morn-
couch or bermuda grass) is highly tolerant, siderably more on the more modern courses. ing. Evening or night irrigation promotes
while Kentucky bluegrass (poa pretensis) is Greens have an understandably high water fungal disease due to prolonged dampness.
very sensitive to water quality. Particularly if demand, especially in the summer, in order Fairways can be watered at any other time to
treated sewage or ‘grey’ water is used, bear in to compensate for dry spells before the onset fit in with your irrigation capacity and traffic
mind that the quality of this water can vary of rain. In hotter regions, cynodons generally on the course. Irrigation is ideally limited
from day to day, and a careful watch should should be irrigated for up to 30 minutes per to the cooler hours of the day or at night,
be kept on the content of this resource. An day. Your cool-season grasses will need up to as evaporation and wind problems usually
effective filtration system through natural four light applications per day. Fairways may increase towards midday. Water pressure and
wetlands will help purify and reduce solids require two or more applications per week. sprinkler spacing are very important factors.
suspended in the water and improve the Turfgrass watering systems can be com- Test the uniformity occasionally by randomly
chemical composition. pletely manual (using a hosepipe or watering placing open tins over the green to catch
Borehole capacity, reservoir size, second- can) or fully automated (involving computer- water. Application rates should not exceed
ary pump requirements, mainline size and ised ‘pop-up’ sprinklers). Most golf courses infiltration rates – this is a potentially greater
maintenance time will obviously all affect are somewhere between these extremes. The problem on finer soils.
your irrigation output. A reliable source of time and labour needed to run a manual Your sprinkler system around the greens
power has become a real challenge in some system over a large area leaves this option should be given priority. Four pop-ups will
regions and an emergency back-up system unfeasible. A computerised system, on the usually cover a medium-sized green (Hunter
may save the course one day! Estimate your other hand, needs a very high initial capital I31s are simple but reliable). These should
be set sufficiently low in the ground to avoid too many sprinklers with insufficient pressure green itself has a sufficient drainage system
damage from mowers, etc when not in use, will give a very uneven, erratic application (be it surface or underground) to avoid pud-
and connected to the mainline with a ring of water. dles after irrigation. Too many greens are
line (usually PVC) around the green to in- Correctly sized and set nozzles are also irrigated without sufficient consideration to
crease pressure. Each green should have an essential to avoid droplets that are either too these managerial factors.
independent, leak-proof valve, away from the heavy or too fine. Heavy droplets will affect Where the budget does not facilitate pop-
fairway. A piece of thick PVC pipe set around your putting surface and give uneven distri- ups on the fairway, a good option is quick-
the pop-up unit, and preferably at a depth bution. Very fine droplets in the form of mist release risers, easily fitted to water points
below the connection, with the upper rim set are likely to give poor distribution, or may along the fairway. Whatever the system, it
at least 10mm above the pop-up (when not not even land on the green area. The initial is very beneficial to be able to apply extra
in use), but below the cutting level of the placement of sprinklers should aim to attain water to selected areas if necessary, rather
turf, will help keep the sprinkler clean, safe a correct reach with an even distribution. than having to water large areas to rectify a
and functioning. Grit in the moving ‘works’ Avoid placing sprinklers immediately in front relatively small ‘dry spot’. The most critical
will otherwise eventually render the sprinkler of the green but rather on each side so as area for regular irrigation, after greens and
beyond repair or guarantee. A routine clean- to minimise inconvenience to players. Some tee-boxes, is the ‘greens surrounds’.
ing and maintenance programme is essential. sprinklers are designed to apply only a partial In conclusion, a regular maintenance
Establish how many greens your system arc, thus avoiding wastage of water. Every programme and cleaning of sprinklers and
can supplement at a time, considering the green will need individual settings for an reservoirs is recommended. Seek profes-
pressure and volume needed. Obviously it is ideal application. If part of the arc is apply- sional advice when planning to establish or
beneficial to run greens off different main- ing water to unused or ‘rough’ areas behind change an irrigation system as your static
lines simultaneously (if practical) to increase the green it can be adjusted to cover only the head, pipe size and pressure are just some
pressure. A well-synchronised system of green turf, thus being more economical in of the factors which could seriously dimin-
opening new valves as others are closed to terms of water, time and electricity during dry ish the efficiency of the system if incorrectly
apply the required amount of water will need months. Some bunkers should not be flooded planned. Thereafter, ensure careful monitor-
good planning. Not enough open sprinklers due to drainage problems, while others need ing of various situations in order to react
can cause blow-outs on the mainline while water to settle and firm the sand. Ensure the appropriately. ■
www.cse.co.za
Tindrum 8/006
Monthly
Membership Payment
for Golf Clubs
Orbit Golf together with Nedbank Corporate have set up a
Membership Payment facility to allow Golf Club Members the
option of paying their annual membership fees over 12 months.
SEAN QUINN
Sean Quinn is the son of golf professional Kevin, and
during a relatively short space of time he has become
a highly regarded course designer. His background in
course construction has been critical to his success,
and he can never be accused (like some architects) of
coming up with wonderful ideas that are almost impos-
sible to implement. His work plainly suggests that he
has a deep understanding of the game and a keen eye
for what constitutes sound course architecture.
After joining Golf Data in 1992, Quinn worked as
the construction superintendent on various projects in
the Cape and the Highveld. He was involved with the
Simola project since the beginning, and then moved
to Pecanwood as the unofficial design coordinator for
Nicklaus Design’s Greg Letsche. He also played an
important role in the construction of Sparrebosch (later
Pezula) and Pearl Valley.
When Letsche left Nicklaus Design to join Ernie Els,
Quinn was elevated to the position of design associate
for Jack Nicklaus in Southern Africa – a resounding
vote of confidence from the great man and just reward
Sean Quinn and Jack Nicklaus. Nicklaus has given Quinn’s work a big vote for the excellent work he has done. Sean lives in Kny-
of confidence. sna with his wife and two children.
The company can have more than 300 ■ Bernhard Mostert: CEO ■ Gary Waage: director, construction
employees involved in various projects at ■ Roger Seymour: financial director ■ Matthew Johnstone: director, maintenance
any given time, but the key individuals ■ Buks Zeeman: director, engineering ■ Geoff Hindle: director of development
that make up the Golf Data team are: services ■ Mark Hair: MD, maintenance,
■ Robbie Marshall: chairman ■ Sean Quinn: design principle Western Cape ■