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FIRST GREEK READER:
jfor i^t (*ls£ oi Btôah.
O^ BY
AKci). H^BRYCE, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.8.E.

RECTOA OF THX EDLNBtrBOH COLLEGIATE SCHOOL.
Cljirt ^Tiitiou.
LONDON:
T. NELSON AND SONS, PATERNOSTER ROW;
EDISBURaH ; AND NEW YORK.
IfDCCCLXXn.
Ik
"^xdRtt.
This volume is at once a Grammar, a Header, an

Exercise-Book, and a Vocabulary. Its aim is two-
fold : To give a complete view of the In-
First,
flexions of Nouns and Yerbs, with a careful regard

to simplicity and clearness and, Secondly, To supply
;
a series of interesting and easy lessons in continuous

reading.
In the grammatical part of the work care has

been taken not to overload the text with minutisD
and exceptions, which serve only to confuse and
bewilder the beginner ; but to afford merely the
amount of information considered necessary in a First
Course. The Nouns and Verbs are so arrancred,
that each class of Inflexions is kept separate and

distinct ; and numerous Exercises follow each para-
digm, in order that the characteristics of one group
may be fixed in the mind of the pupil before bis
attention is invited to another The Nouns of the
Third Declension have been classified on a plan
;
iv PREFACE,
which, it is hoped, will lead to a due appreciation of

the peculiarities belonging to that multiform division.
(See, especially, Appendix, p, 160.)
The Verb has been set forth in one tabular view,
and has been introduced as little as possible in the

earlier Exercises, from the conviction that the method
of teaching it piecemeal, and in a desultory manner,
without any regard to similarity of stem or of mean-
ing, is certain to result in confusion to the pupil and
disappointment to the master.
Adjectives should always be taught simultaneously
with Substantives, and each gender-form by itself,
as suggested in the text (Section II. 6, and III. 8)
but to afford facilities for comparing form with form,

and to gratify those Teachers who may prefer the
old mode^ paradigms have been printed in full de-

clension at p. 43, sqq. In the section on the Com-
parison of Adjectives, a new arrangement has been
proposed, which aims at giving simplicity as well as
symmetry to a chapter of Greek grammar hitherto
unnecessarily complicated, and devoid of unity of
principle.
The Rules of Contraction will be found brief,
simple, and comprehensive.* They have been bor-
rowed, with the kind permission of the author, from

* It must be borne In mind, tliat in regard to the Rules of Contraction, of Euphony,
of Accent, <fcc., as laid down in this first coni'se of Greek lessons, all the roinutiw
and exceptions are not glTen; the less common peculiarities belonR to a second
course, or to a systematic and complete Grammar. The principles set forth will- it
Is believed, be found to cover everything required in the use of this volume.
PREFACE. ^
a forthcoming Greek Grammar by the Rev. I)r. Bryce

of Belfost.
The Exercises of Part I. are intended mainly as
a praxis on the Inflexions, and to this end the strict

logical arrangement of the Sjmtax has been entirely
subordinated.* The Rules of Construction have there-
fore been introduced in such order, and to such an

extent, as has been deemed most consistent with the
genei-al plan, and most conducive to rapid progress.f
The sentences, which by easy steps increase in difli-
culty, have been selected, as far as possible, from
classical authors ; but the choice of words and of

appropriate phrases has been veiy much restricted
by peculiar features in the design of the work. The

names of familiar objects, and words of frequent
occurrence in general reading, claim a primary place
in the Vocabulary of elementary works dealing with
a foreicrn lan2aias:e ; and such have therefore been
chosen in preference to more rare and more dignified
terms. They have been largely taken from the
Reading Lessons of Part II., in order that the prin-
ciple of frequent repetition may have as much play

as possible ; and that, when students arrive at the
more difficult task of unravelling complex sentences,
the often recurring faces of old friends may, by
diminishing their difficulties, encourage them onward
• A companion volume to the present is in preparation, which will assume the form
sf an Exercise-Book, and in which the Syntax will be the primary object of attentioa
tA brief rtsitme of the Sj-ntaz of Simple Seatences win be foond in the Appendi:£.
PREFACE.
in their labours. Sentences of an abstruse or philo-

sophical kind, such as too often form the staple of
Introductory Readers, have been avoided, as tending

rather to repel than to invite the young. The Eng-
lish portions of the Exercises are meant merely as
examples for imitative practice, and are not intended
to supersede the use of a methodically arranged
Manual of Greek Composition. "Vocabularies have
not, for very obvious reasons, been attached to the
Exercises, but have been supplied at a different part
of the book, p. 164.

It is of the utmost consequence that, in studying
a foreign language, pupils should daily, and from the
very first, make practical use of the principles and
facts which they learn from the Grammar. For such
pi-axis short and easy clauses are, in the earher stages,
indispensable, but it is possible to continue their use
to an unnecessary extent, inasmuch as the power of

a boy to grapple with the difficulties of complex
sentences is by no means in proportion to the time
spent in analysing simple sentences. It has therefore
been deemed prudent to introduce promiscuous read-

ing lessons as soon as the learner has fairly got over
the Parts of Speecli and their companion Exercises.
And thus the Extracts forming Part II. have been
chosen with this view, that, while the pupil's ingenuity
is exercised in the discrimination of mixed grammati-
cal forms and the analysis of compound sentences, his
PREFACE. Vfi
mind may at the same time be interested in the
subject-matter of his task, and his ambition not dis-

heartened by any great syntactical difficulties. In
some of the specimens, a little irregularity of con-
struction is occasionally observable ; but this is of
less consequence than at a more advanced stage in a

youth's progress. Poetry, and detached pieces of
dry historical detail, have, for very evident reasons,
been excluded. To Part II. a few brief Notes have
been added.
The Greek Vocabulary has been constructed on
the principle of giving the primary signification of
each word, even though the word be not found in
that sense in the Extracts ; and of tracing the derived
meanings so far as is necessary to illustrate the differ-
ent instances in which it will be met with. Limited
space, however, has greatly restricted the carrying
out of this idea to an adequate length ; which is the

more to be regretted, since the value of the process
as a mental exercise can scarcely be over-estimated.
The principal laws of Euphony and of Accentuation
have been given in an Appendix rather than in their
proper place, that the period and the mode of their
introduction may the more distinctly be left to the
Teacher's discretion. Those gentlemen, however,
who have charge of large classes, will find it much
more satisfactory to content themselv&s, in the first
place, with thorough driU in the Inflexions ; and,

—
PREFACE.
when these are once mastered, the doctrine of the

Accent and the principles of Euphony will be acquiped
with comparative ease, and with infinitely less of
confusion in the mind of the young. If the ear be
accustomed from the beginning to the proper accent,

the subsequent learning of the rules will be a very
easy task indeed.
HiOH School of EoiNBURan,

June, 1862.
NOTE.
In the first two editions of this work a slight deviation was made, in the
arrangement of the Cases of Nouns, from the order usually followed. The
change was determined on after mature deliberation, and after a highly satis-
factory trial with a large class but at the urgent request of many Teachers
;
the Editor has been induced to revert in the present issue to the old estab-
lished order. Those, however, who prefer the new arrangement will find
the Nouns so printed at p. 223. This is not the place to enter into the
more subtile arguments, logical and philological, which may be advanced in
favour of the alteration ; for a few of these the student of maturer years
is referred to the preface of Professor Madvig's Latin Grammar, Wood's
translation, second edition. The considerations which will weigli most
with Teachers in adopting the change are those of convenience and mne-
monic utility. It may therefore be laid down, generally, that the more the
forms of Cases are reduced in number, or the more that like Cases are
grouped together, even though not reduced in number, the simpler does
the system of Declension become to the learner. Thus the forms of
Neuter Nouns are acquired with much less difficulty, and retained with
much more ease, than those of Masculines and Feminines, from the fact
that they have really only three Cases, fi'^X-ov, fjiijkov, /liiKt^: for it
mnst be remembered that "a Case is not the word used in a certain con-
Btrnctlon, but the word used in a certain form by virtue of the constmo-
tion ;" and that, consequently, " there are no more Cases in a language
PREFACE. IZ
than there are distinct forms of Cases." Again, in the Dual, in all
Declensions, the advantage of this arrangement is so obvious that it has
long since been adopted by common consent Bat if we fullow this
gronping principle farther, we shall also find it of great service in the
Declension of Masculines and Feminines. Thns, in the First Declension,
it b an invariable rule that the Vocative and Acctiatztive /oQow the Nomir
natioe both in vowel and in quantity ;* —

ue., i) and rp in the Nom. have if
in the Voc. and i;f in the Accos. ; d has d and dp ; a and as have a and
or; and, accordingly, in such Nouns as yX&rra and Soâ we shall find,
by the new arrangement, all by them-
the Cases with a (5â, Sdâ, d6$iw)
selves, and those with rj (56|i7S, Sifj) by themsetves.
In Nouns of the
Third Declension, like /jLorris and Tiix}n, in which the last vowel of the
stem is changed in the Nom., the three Cases (Nom., Voc, and Accus.)
which take ( and i; respectively, are brought together, and those (Gen.
and Dat.) which retain the last vowel of the stem are in like manner
brought together as, fidm-s, fjuijm, fidjrri-w; ftdjrre-tin, fidpre-i: *"^x''"*f
;
rijxu, x^x""'; ''^^"'^j ^^"'- The large class of Adjectives in -vt

(as y\vK^) may be here noticed as adding strength to this argument, and
the two Irregular Adjectives, roXvi and /liyai in which, so arranged,;
all the irregularities are set side by side, and are thus more easily
remembered. And here it will be remarked, that in the Nouns just

referred to, the beginner has only one change of vowel to recollect, since
the stem (juurre-, yXvKe-, toXX-, fieyaX-, &c) which appears in the Gen.
and Dat. continues throughout the Dual and Plural ; whereas his difiS-
culties are much increased if he is required to chop and change from one
to the other. Syncopated Noims, as fi'^rip, &yfip, kvup, and also words
like Ôi, ypaOs, and patrikeCs, supply similar arguments, which will be
readily appreciated.
Again, when the Teacher proceeds to inculcate the principles and rules
he will find that, by this arrangement of Cases, he will
of- Accentuation,
save much labour both to himself and his pupils. Thus, in words accented
like avX^ and <tkuL, the acuted Cases (Nom., Voc, and Accus.) come
together, and the circumflexed (Gen. and Dat.) together ; and in those
like 7\a>rra, 5ov\oi, H7J\oi>, and ivdfxitroi, the Cases similarly accented
come together, (with, of course, the slight exception in the plural.) So
in the large classes of Notms represented by
and &tip (uc, fiifrrip
syncopated Nouns and those with dissyllabic Genitives and Datives),
the Cases (Nom., Voc, and Accus. of all Numbers) which retain the
accent on the radical syllable follow each other and those, on the ;
contrary, which agree in throwing forward the accent on the inflexion

(i.e., the Genitives and Datives of all Numbers) follow each other in
immediate sequence.
* Except, of course, those three claaBes of Noans fai ms. Section IL 6, which bare
tlieVocatire in i.
—
X PREFACE.
Many other arguments, deduced from special cases, might be brought

forward, but it is unnecessary. The observant student will note such
for himself, and the Latin language will supply him with many similar
reasons.
One practical objection may be urged against the proposed change,
namely, that as Lexicons and Dictionaries give the Genitive Case, con-
fusion will be caused to boys between it and the Accusative. But it will
be at once acknowledged that this objection has force only in the case of
those who have not thoroughly mastpred the Inflexions, and of such
there should be none.
%l
€anUntii*
PART I.
THE PABTS OF SPEECH.

SBOTun Fmb
L The Letters and their Divisions, ... ... ... ... 9
IL First Declension— Examples and Exercises, ... ... ... IJ
IIL Second Declension —Examples and Exercises, ... ... .~ 18

The Article, ... ... ... .. ... 21
Attic Second Declension— Examples and Exercises, ... 21
IV. Third Declension, ... ... ... ... ... 28

Class I. — Of Nonns— Examples and Exercises, ... ... 23
Present Indicatire Active of Verb, ... ... 24

Class n.— Of Nonns— Examples and Exercises, ... ... 25
Class III.— Of — Examples and Exercises,

Nonns ... . 27
Class IV. —Of Nouns— Examples and Exercises, ... ... 30

Class V. —Of Nouns— Examples and Exercises, ... ... 31
Indefinite Pronoun, t«, ... .. ... 33
Interrogative Pronoun, n's, ... ... ... 33
Accus., Gen., and Dat. Cases — Proper Meaning of; ... 33
Class VL — Of Noons—Examples and Exercises, ... ... 35
GassVIL— Of Nouns—Examples and Exercises, ... ... 37
V. Contraction, Rules of, ... ... ... ... ... 39
The Relative Pronoun, ... ... ... ... 41
VL Adjective Nounc, ... ... ... ... ... 42

Class I., ... . ... ~. ... ... «
Class II., ... ... ... ... ... ... 47
Class ni., ... ... ... ... ... ... 47
VTL Comparison of Adjectives, with Exercises, ... ... ... 48

niL The Numerals, ... ... ... ... ... ... 53
IX- The Prononns —Examples and Exercises ... ... ... 54

The Dative Case—Various Uses o^ ... ... ... 67
X. The Vert, ... ... ... ~. ~. ... 60
Xii CONTENTS.
Bbctiok Taom
XI. Pure Verbs —Class I., with Exercises, ... ... -.. 68
XIL Mute Verbs—Class II., with Exercises, ... ... ... 7J
XIII. Liquid Verbs-Class III., with Exercises, ... ... ... 79
XIV. Passive Voice, Middle Voice, and Deponent Verbs, with Exercises, 85
Miscellaneous Exercises, ... ... ... ... •• 87

XV. Verbs in -/xi, with Exercises, ... ... ... ... 89
XVI. Irregular Verbs in -j«.i, .. •. ... ... •• 100
PART II.
EXTRACTS FOR READING, &c.
L The Witticisms (of Hierocles), ... ..." ... ... 107

n. Anecdotes of Philosophers, Statesmen, and Kings, .. ... 110
III. Fables of iliiop, ... ... ... ... ... ... 116
rv. Dialogues of Lucian, ... ... ... ... ... 123
NOTES TO PART H.
L To the Witticisms (of Hierocles), ... ... ... ... 141
II. To the Anecdotes, . ... ... ... ... ... 148
III. To the Fables of .£sop, ... ... ... ... ».. 144
IV. To the Dialogues of Lucian, ... ... ... .a ... 146
APPENDIX.
Euphony—Rules of, ... ... ... ... ... ... 158
Accents —Rules of, ... ... ... ... ... ... 154
Syntax of Simple Sentences — Synopsis of, ... ... ... ... 156
Third Declension in Latin and in Greek Compared, ... ... ... 160
Contracted Verbs, Table of, ... ... ... ... ... 161
Vocabularies to the Exercises, ... ... ... ... ... 164
General Vocabulary — Greek, ... ... .>» ..• 178

General Vocabulary Enqush, — ... ... ... ... 216
The DfiOLRNsioNS, etc., with tub Casks ts ak Altebkd Oedra, ... 288
: ;
Sxigcjtstions to ^tRc^txB WisiriQ tfeis gxrok.
1. The Masculine Nouns of the First Declension should not be

learned till the inflexions of the Second Declension are well known.
2. The Attic Second Declension wiU be better omitted until the
common forms of all the declensions are thoroughly mastered.
Let Adjectives be learned simultaneously with Substantives,
3.
and each gender-form byitself, the pupil being always required to
name the substantive-paradigm whose inflexions are found in the

adjective. If the three genders are learned all together, the pupil
is confused in the multiplicity of forms, and the declension of an
adjective becomes to him little more than the repetition of a rhyme,
which must all be gone over before the required part is produced.
The practice of declining an adjective along with a noun is very
useful.
4. Since the Exercises on the Verbs are purposely less full than
those on the other parts of siêech, it will be advisable that, so soon
as the Nouns of the Third Declension are learned, a small portion
of the verb Xi5« be prescribed daily, till the whole Active Voice is
familiar to the student. The Verb is the great puzzle to boys, and
it is therefore of the utmost consequence that it be learned very
gradually, and impressed very surely. The Teacher will find the
best results follow, if, in declining verbs, the pupils are made to
append an accusative or other appropriate case to each form ; as,
Xi'w rbp iir-rop, I unyoke the horse; XiJeis rhv Ixtop: xuTTei/w r^
ifyeijubn, I trust to the guide ; xurrevofup r^ Tjyefiivt, we trust to the
guide, &c
5. The List of Words belonging to each Exercise (see Api)endix,
p. 164, seq.) should be thoroughly learned and frequently repeated
and when the class has reached the connected readings of Part IL
the Teacher should continue this vocabulary-practice, by giving to
his pupils, with shut books, now the English, and now the Greek
words of every lesson, requiring in reply the corresponding terms
XIV BTTGGBSTIONS TO TEACHEES.
6. And Jie should not only employ each reading lesson as a

vocabulary, but he should also, with books examine upou
still closed,
it as to the incidents mentioned, just as he would question on a
section of history.
From these last two devices, which should as often as possible be
practised even in the highest classes, the most gratifying results
have been found to flow : —a large stock of vocables and phrases is
soon acquired, making each succeeding paragraph more easily con-

strued, and providing ready materials for Greek composition ; the
powers of observation are very much sharpened, and even the most
heedless compelled to attend to what he reads, and to analyse the
sentiments of the author ; the lazy and the careless, the prepared
and the unprepared, are at once discovered, and the requisite check
simply appKed.
—
%S ihr 1
FIRST GREEK READER.
PART I.
THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
SECTION I.
THE LETTERS.
1. The Greek Alphabet consists of twenty-four
letters :
Small Proonn- SiiulU Pronan-

U|i(iais. KasM. Ckpiuk. datiou.
Name.
leuen. cUtion. letten.
A a a Alpha. N V n Nu.
1-^
B /3 b Beta. f X Xi
r 7 g Gamma. o o o 0-micron.
A S d Delta. n X p PI
E € e E-psilon. p p r Rho.
Z i
z Zeta. 2 o-or? s Sigma.
H n e Eta. T T t Tau.
e e th Theta. Y V u U-psilon.
I I i Iota. <J>
<P
ph Phi.
K K k Kappa. X X ch Chi.
A X 1 Lambda. <fr
^ ps Psi.
M /* m Mil Q (1) o 0-mega,

—— —— ; ; — ;;
10 FIRST GREEK READER.
2. The letters are of two classes, Vowels and CoTir

sonants.
3. The Vowels are seven ; viz.
€ o always short
t] ft) always long
a I V variable, i.e., representing either
short or long sounds.
4. Consonants are either

(1.) Semivowels,* X, yu, a/, /o, ? ; or,
(2.) Mutes, TT, A cj); /c,

7, x 5 '^» ^' ^•
5. The Mutes admit of a double classification

(1.) According to the organ by which they are pro-
nounced; and (2.) According to the degree of breathing
employed in their utterance ; thus,
LABIALS. PALATALS. LINGUAL DUSITTALS.
TT K T Light or sharp.
jS
7 S Intermediate.
4* X ^ Bough or flat.
6. "^5 ^5 ^ are double consonants, being equal

\|/' to TT?, /??, <p9 (pronounced as tt?).
^ to /C9, 7?, x? (pronounced as ks).
^ to S9 or crS.
7. Diphthongs are composed of two vowels com-
• A vowel sound has two characteristics :— First, It comes freely in pronunciation

and, Secondly, When it can be prolonged. The SciBivowe)s possess
is once fonned it
this second property, and hence their name of " ?ial/ vowels." The Semivowels A, /tt,
V, —
p are also called '^Liquids," vypd, t.e., the watery letters, —from the facility with
which they change their position in a word without essentially altering the word, or
diiiguising the proper stem : thus, O-ap-aos is also written 9-pa-a-o<; ; 9-vi^-<TKia (Doric,
$.ra-<TKii>), has its 2 Aorist i6-av-ov : fi'om t-re-s, in Latin, we have t-er and t-er-<»us;
In Scotch, t>-ur-nl and b-ru-nt. Compare in English cent-re and cent-er.
tl28)
FIBST GBEEK EEAUKR. 11
bined together in pronunciation. They are of two

kinds,Proper and Improper, otherwise called
Genuine and Spurious. The first vowel of a Diph-

thong is called the Prepositive, the second the
Subjunctive.
Genuine : et ev oi ov ai av
. , . and w
Spurious : rt n^ (f>
cov a [rjv)
8. In the Genuine Diphthongs both vowels are

short,and are therefore of eqvxil weight; but in the
Spurious the first is long, and therefore in pronuncia-
tion overbalances the succeeding short, which, in
consequence, is not heard When the Subjunctive of
a Spuiious Diphthong is i, it is written bel<nv its com-
panion vowel (i subscript), except in the case of
capital letters; as, j?,
(not iji), — but 'Ht.
9. A vowel at the beginning of a word is marked
with a breathing. The rough breathing (sjriritus
asper), made thus denotes that the vowel sound is ',
to be preceded by the sound of the English h; as,

iiTTo = hupo. The smooth breathing (spiHtiis lenis),
made thus merely indicates the absence of the
*,
rough; as, air 6 = apo.

The breathing is marked over the second
10.
vowel of a Diphthong as, avXtj. ;
1 1 The letter v at the beginning of a word has

.
always the rough breathing; and p, though a con-

sonant, is similarly marked, as, p^Tcop = rhetor.
* Observe that the Spurious Diphthongs are made from the Genume by siicply
lengthening tha short Prepositine into its corresponding long; thns, »i becomes p,
and 01, e|> ; ev, rfu, and ov, uu
(128) 2
; ; ; —
; ;,
12 FIRST GREEK ERADEK.
12. There are three Genders — Masculine, Femi-

nine, Neuter.
1 3. There are three Numbers — the Singular, used
of one, — the Dual, of two and no mon'e, — the Plural,
of two or more.
14. There are five Cases — Nominative, Vocative,
Accusative, Genitive, and Dative.
15. There are three Declensions. The declension
to which a noun belongs is known by the inflexion
of the genitive singular.
16. There are eight Parts of Speech :
SECLINABLB. INBBOLIBABLB.
Substantive (Noun) Adverb

Adjective (Noun), in- Preposition
cluding Article ;
Interjection
Pronoun Conjunction.
Verb.
SECTION II.
FIRST DECLENSION.
1 . The nouns of this declension end, in the nomi-

native singular, in one of the four terminations, t], a,
T]i, ap. Nouns in tj and a are feminine; those in tjg
and ay are masculine.*

* Eyery declinable word may be divided into two parts, the slem and the in-
flexion. The stem is that part which remains unaltered throughout all the cases
and numbers, as avX- in auX-^ the inflexion is that part which suffers change, as,
:
-T), -rjs, -a, -OH', -lav, <fec. The Stem of a noun may be ascertained by taking away
the inflexion of the genitive singular,— e.^., from -<rict-as take away -as, and aKv
retnaiiu as the stem ; from avA-^s take away -i)s, and aOA- remains.
—
FIRST GREEK READER. 13
BIKOPLAB. DtTAI.. PLURAL.
(1.) N. avk-i^, avK-a, avX-ali

a court. rwoconrta. courts.
G. aiJX-^y, avK-alv, av\-oiv^

of a court. of two courts. of courts.
D. av\-rj. avX-aiVf ai/X-af?,

to or for a court. to or for two courts. to or for courts.
A. avK-riVf av\-a, avK-a^,

a court. two courts. courts.
V. avX-rj, avK-a, avX-aly

court. two courts. courts.
2. Those nouns which end in a (Alpha) preceded

by a vowel or p, retain a in all the inflexions.; e.g. —
SINOULAK. DUAL. PLURAL.
V. CTKl-aj tTKl-OLi (TKl-aiy
a shadow. two shadows shadows.
G. (T/ci-af, (TKl-aiVy CTKl-WV,

of a shadow. of two shadows. of shadows
D. <JKL-S, (TKl-aiVf (TKi-al^,

to or for a shjidow. to or for two shadows. to or for shadows
A. (TKL-av, (TKl-a, (TKi-ai,

a shadow. two shadows. shadows.
In like manner is declined (rcpdip-a, a ball.
3. But if final a of the nominative be preceded
by a consonant, appears instead of a in the in-

rj
flexion of the genitive and dative singular ; as,

SINGULAR. DUAL, PLURAL.
(3.) N. kY*y\oyTT-a{oT
t(or) . , . -.
'
'yXtc (r(r-o)
-o), J
a tongue. two tongues. tongues.
G. y\(jyTT-r]^, yXdoTT-aiv, yXoyrr-wy,

of a tongue. of two tongue*. tongues.
D. yXcoTT-rj, y\wTT-aiVf yXwTT-aiq,

to or for a fOiigue. to or for two tongues, to or for tongue*
A. yXwTT-av, yXwTT-a, yXcoTT-a^,

• The Attica preferred tt to aa in words like the above.

—
14 FIRST GREEK REA.DER.
4. Masculine nouns in ;;9 and as make theii

genitiveîn -ov, but in all other cases are declined
like feminines in t] and a, the y of the nominative
being dropped in the vocative singular :
SINGULAR. DUAL. PLURAL,
(4.) N. Te\u)V-r]g, T€\u)V-a, TeXwj/-at,

a toll collector. two toll collectors. toll collectors.
G. Te\(iov-ov Te\(i)v-aLV TeXft)J/-CtiJ/
D. TeKdov-r] TeXdov-aiv reXtoi'-atf
A. TeXcov-rjv re\wv-a reXtoP'-a?
V. Te\wv-ri rekodv-a Te\wv-ai
N. veavl-as, veavl-a. veavl-aif

a young man. two young men young men.
G. veavi-qv veavl-aiv veavi-wv

D. veavl-a veavl-aiv veavl-ais
A. veavi-ay veavl-a veavl-as
V. veavl-a, veavl-a veavl-ai
5. But the following, though ending in -^s in the

nominative, have the vocative singular in -a: —
(1.) Nouns in -tj/?, as vavT-t]s, voc. vavr-a.
(2.) National names, as T,Kv6-t]s, voc. J^KvO-a.

(3.) Verbal nouns (compounded of a substan-
tive and verb) which are formed by
adding -tjs to the last consonant of the
verb, as aproTrcoX-fis, a degler i/n bread:
voc, aproTTooX-a, from aproTrcoX-eco.
6. The feminine forms of adjectives, in -ij or -a,
are declined like the substantives given above ; as,
kXsiv^, famous, like No. 1 ; ayla, holy, like No. 2 ;
Tracra, all, every, like No. 3.

——
FIKST GREEK EEADEB. 15
7. (Syntax) Rule I. An adjective agrees with
its own substaTitive in gender, number, and case ;
as, ay 109 Oeog : ayiai Qeai.

8. (Syntax) Rule II. The prepositions, iv, in,
among ; and avv, together with (Latin, cum), govern

the dative.
EXERCISE L
(1.) Tî/* na-^rjv. T^9 avKri<s- T^ iôpri, rj Qtikij.
Ta<s Kopa^. TOO {Ta)'f QrjKa. Tu>v KOpo)u. ttjv o-êi/-
S6vr]v. ai irvXai. t^? (reXj/fi/y. tuiv Kopaiv. ev
rrj (TKtjv^. crvv rrj Koprj. crvv tui^ Kopaig. ev Tai^
'TTvXaig. ev rp fôtyjl' ^^ Taig ^tjXai^. avv ral^

pvfx(pai9. Tas Mz/iâ?. eu rp CXrj. t^? aSeXcprj^.
ro) (ra) aSeXcpd. rrjg ifirj^ a§e\(prjg.
(2.) ^ fjLvia. TO) (ra) fivla. w fivca. rrji' \atav.

TOO (to) 6ea. Trjs (rxiai. t^v âa-iXeiav. to) {to.)
jrapeid. ttiu irfipav. t^9 Ovpa?. Ta^ Ovpa?. avv Trj
OTpaTia. €U TaU Trapeiai^. iv Trj oeîa. ev oeîa.
Twv ayKvpwv. tu^ cripaipa^. t^? crcbaipa^. ev rj/
Trpwpa. ai dupai. Taiv Qvpaiv.
Of the The maidena The (two) maidens.

battle.
In the With the fly. With the (two) flies.

sling.
The moon {accus.) A ball The ball The (two)

balls. With the balls. In the ball. Of the doors.
The doors. The door's. The doors'. The two
cottages. In the cottages. The two queens. For
the queens. queen Of the army. In the armies.
!
• For the Inflexion of the Article, see under Second Declension ; and for its usca,
consult Appendix, p. 156.
t The Attics generally make tbe nominative and accuaotire dnal feminine of tlie
article tw, and not to.

16 FIRST GREEK EEADER.
EXERCISE II.
(3.) rj oLKUvBa. OLKavOai. TpaireXa. ^ TpaireXa.

r^9 cLKavOrjg, Trjv ykwTTav. Trjv aKavQav. ev t^
rpaTre^rj. Trjs yXooTTrj^. ai uKavOai. Ttjv Soâv.
TO) (to) luaTa. T^/^' jmatav. avv rj? MoJcrj;. (rvv
rai<i Xeaivaig. rwv fiat^MV. ev rat? tpair item's. ev
Trj y\u)TTr]. TU3 (to) ToaTreca. Twv yXooTTMV.

(4.) vavrt]?, 6 vavTf]?. top iroirjTriv. co Troirjra.
To^v vavTcov. T(p vavTt]. TO) TTOirjTa. 01 ZjKvuai. ev
TOis ^KvOai?. avv tw Tiepcrri. w Wepaa. w Tlepcrri.*
TO) 2/ci;0d. ot vavrai. Toi/s oea-TTOTa?. ^KvOa.

2/c(vOa.-f- (Tvv TOi? TToX/rat?. to vavra. tco vavra.
TOV vavTOV. TWV -JToklTOW. TOV oeCTTrOTOV. TOO TToXiTa.
CO TToiXlTa. CO TToXlTd.
Of a thorn. Of the thorn. Of the two thoma

The two thorns. The thorns. The two Persians.
For the sailors. Of the poets. Of the Scythian.
Of (king) Parses. With (king) Perses. With the
Persian. Of the citizen. The citizens (accus.) The
sailors (accus.) The two citizens. For the two
citizens. Along with the masters. O master O !
masters ! Ye sailors ! poets ! Among the poets.

The table (accus.) The thorns (accus.) Of glory.
The Muses. O Muses Ye Muses For the lionesses.
! !
The cakes. In the cake. Of the lioness. The two

lionesses.
* Observe that Ilepo-a is the vocative of tlie national name, a Persian; and Utfxni,
of the individual name, Perses.
•f*
a In the vocative of masculines is short, but a in the nominative, accnaativOi
and vocative dual is long.
——
9. (Syntax) Rule III. A verb agrees with its
subject in number arid person; as, vUij ecrri, Oeou ela-i.
10. earl (3(Z sing.) means is; elai (8fZ plur.),
are ; earov (3d dual), they two are.
11. (Syntax) Rule IV. One substantive go-

verns in the genitive another signifying a different
thing ; as, fj rrji avXî Oupa.
£X£SCIS£ nL
^ viKtj ear] kXcivi^. rj Oed eorTiv ayla. fj Qvpa ecnriv
evpeta. tj Qvpa t^? auX^?. ^ Oupa Ttj^ avXrjg ecrriv

evpeia. ai Ovpai €i<r\v evpeiai. ai aKavOai eiai ^*]pai.
rj TrJ9 Kopr]^ KOfJ-rj ecTTi âvd^. at Oeai eicri crefivai. jJ
aeXi^vr] €(tt\ (pavepa. ev r^ evpe'ia Qvpa. <rvv raig

Kopai^ Tat^ KoXais. to) w/J.(pa ecrrov aefxva. al <TKt]vai
elcri viai. f] vXij ecm Tpayeia. ev Ttj Tpayeia vXrj.
T] (TCpaipa e<m Xeia. rj Trt'ipa ccttl Kevrj. tj Ttjg Koprj^
irrjpa €(TTi Kevrj. al irapeiat Ttjg Kopr]^ ei(ri \eiai. ev
Tai9 vXais TToXXa/ eicri fivTai. al aKavOal eicriv oêiai.
T] ireSr] ecrri a-Kkrjpa. to) ireBa ecrrov <rK\t]pd. rj e/xri
aSeXcpT] AfaX»7 ecrnv.
The tongue The wood is dense. The

is long.
balls are smooth. The two goddesses are wise. The
sailoTS are foolish. The table is beautiful The
master's table is beautiful The poet's purse is
empty. The saUors' wallets are empty. The tongue
of the lioness is parched. The cakes are on the table.
The flies are smaU. The queen's cheeks are pale. The
— !
lioness is in the ploughman's The army of the

tent.
Persian (king) is in the wood. The army of (king)

Perses is in the wood. O Perses, the army is at the
gates ! O Persian, a lioness is in the cottage
Sailors! the anchor is in the fore-part-of-the-ship.
SECTION III.
SECOND DECLENSION.
1. Nouns of this declension end in the nomina-
tive singular in either -o^ or -ov. Those in -os are
masculine or feminine; those in -ov are neuter.

2. Neuter nouns have the nominative,
N.B.
accusative, and vocative, alike in all the numbers,
and in the plural these cases end in a.
SIHOOLAE. DUAIi. PLURAL.
(1.) N. SovX-09, masc. , ôvk-w. SovX-oi,

a slave. two slaves. slaves.
G. Sou\-ov OOvK-OLV §oi)X-uiv
D. oov\-o) Sov\-oiv SovX-oi^

A. Sov\-ov SovX-u) SovX-ov<}
V. Sod\-€ SovX-oo SovX-oi
SINGULAR. DUAL. PLURAL.

(2.)N.A.&V. m\-ou,}aeut., /xi?X-a), mX-u,
an apple. two apples. apples.
G. luriX-ov jUi^X-oiv /U^X-tOJ/
D. IxrjX-w fJ-rfX-oiv liii^X-ois
3. Adjectives whose masculine and neuter end in

-09 and -ov, respectively, are declined like substan-
tives of this declension. The masculine in -09 haa
——
the same inflexions as ^01^09; and the neuter, the

same as /i^Xov. The feminine of such adjectives,
in -T] or -a, belongs to the First Declension, as already
remarked in Art. 6 of preceding Section.
EXERCISE IV.
(1.) Tou aerov. tw SoktvXo}. Tta oaicTvXu). do
SovXe. Tov oovKov. tw linrui. tu>v oovXwv. tov

linrov. 01 SouXoi. tov Xcvkov "nr-irov. tov k^ttov
01 KrJTTOl. 01 KoXoi KrJTTOl. ACaXo) /C^TTW. TOU? tTTTTOl/?
TOiv Sov\oiv. Toii aerocg. T019 XevKoig aerots. tco
Geu). Tw deip. avv tm Oew. a> Oeog*

(2.) TO Swpov. Swpov. t(£) Seiirvw. to /j.i]\ov.
H^Xa. Ta fjLtjXa. tw ^vpco. Ta ^vpa. twv cowv. to

^yXXa. Toh fi^Xoi^. TOiv ^vpoiv. tov Swpov. w
nrXolov, (o TrXola. w —Xo/o). tw TrXoto). twv oenrvcov.
(Tvv Toh ^vpoh- ^v Tw irXoiffi. avv T019 /jlj^Xoi^. avv
TOtV TtXoLOIV.
The two eagles. With the two horses. Of the

horse. Of the horses. For the eagles. In the gar-
dens. The egga The two apples. The white horse.
The small boat. The white eggs. The eagle's eggs.
The eagles' white egg& The gods (accus.) For the
slave. In the apple. At (ev or iirl) dinner.
4. (Syntax) Rule V. The prepositions avdi uj)
aloDg ; and eis, into, govern tJie accusative.

5. (Stntax) Rule VI. The prepositions avev,
without ; avTi, in front of ; a-jro, away from ; €k {or
' 0«ot (like Deus in Latin) has the Tocatire tbe same as the nominatiTe ; so aisc
Ôtx, often, but not alwaya.
——
20 FIEST GREEK BEADEB.
e^) out of, i.e., from the midst of; epcKa, on account
of ; and govern the genitive.
irpo, before,
6. (Syntax) Rule VII. The conjunction Kal,

and, connects words and clauses co-ordinatively.
7. (Syntax) Rule VIII. Since two singulars are
equal to a plural, two singular subjects connected by
a co-ordinative conjunction (kui, &c.) have a verb
or adjective in the plural; as, 6 tTrxo? koL 6 ovoq

yjirja-iixol eiari.
EXERCISE V.
o oouXof Tov yecopyov euTi ttictto^. ol opoi eicrlv iv

Tw TOV larpov /cj/tto), ol Sa.KTv\oi tov avOpcoTrov ftiKpol
€i(Ti. rj yvaOos T>]s Koprj^ icTTi fxaXoK^. ot linroi tov
Kvpiov elcriv ev tvj vXrj. to) ovca ev tw ki^tto) ea-TOV. 6
pcofios TOV deov ecTTLv lepos. al yvdOoi Ttjs 'Ittttov juaKpai
eicri. 6 jnoa"ôg €<ttiv ev tw vaw. rj -âiTt] tov Ittttov
e<TTi oacrela. 6 Kvpios cruv to?9 SovXoig ev tw aypSr

ecTTi. Ta Tfjg oacpvi]^ (pvXXa ecrrt* ^t]pd. ev tw tov
laTpov KTjTTW aiyeipos ccttl XevKi^. tw t^? Koptjg 6(b-
OaXfiw ecTTOv yXavKw. ava Ttjv oSov. et? Tag Â.6^va^.

eK Twv A.6r]vwv. ava Trjv elg Tag ÂÔrjvag oSov. crvv
TW iTTTTw TOV apoTov. ava Tovg aypovg twv yewp-

ywv. ITTTTOg Kai bvog ev TW KrjTTW elcTI.. ITTTTW KOI OVW.
iTTTTOi KUt ovoi. cLva Ta Trjg alyelpov (pvXXa. ck tov

KrjTTOV. aTTO TOV KTJTTOV. CK Tft)l/ (bvXXwV. OV09 KOI
iTTTTog ev Tt] avXrj ei(n. eig uXi/i/ Kai eig cTKrjv^v. KaTa
Ttjv ayvidv.
* In Greek, neuter plurals usually take the verb in the lingular.

—
FIEST GREEK READER 21
The ass and the lioness are in the hut. The hus-
bandman is foolish. The garden is smalL The gods
are venerable {reverend). The poplar tree is smooth.
The eyes of the girl are small. The slave's wallet is
empty. The husbandman's tables are smooth. The
queen's palace {court) is empty. The girl's voice is
sweet. The girls and their brothers are in the gar-
den of the farmer. The doctor's horse is in the
citizen's court-yard, The two doctors are in the
house of the citizen. Into the citizen's court-yard.
Out of the poet's hut. Away from the ploughman's
hut
8. The article o, jJ, to, the or this, is an adjec-

tive, and differs but slightly from the regular in-
flexions. It has no vocative, and in the masculine
and feminine of the nominative singular and plural
omits the t of the stem. It is declined as follows :
8INOT71AR. DlTAl. PLURAL

Masc Fem. Neut Masc Fem. Neut Vaac. Fem. Nent.
» f
N. 6 fj TO TO) *TCO (to) T(a 01 ai TO
G. TOV T»79 TOV TOIV TOIV TOIV TWV TWV tSjv
D. Tft) Trj T(C TOIV TOIV TOIV T019 Ta?9 T019
/ r
A. TOV TJ/I/ TO TU> TU) (to) tw TOU9 Tay Ta
9. THE ATTIC SECOND DECLENSION.

This form of declension is merely a modification
of the more common inflexion, as given in SovXos.
The nouns in -wy are masculine or feminine; those
in -cov, neuter.
• See uote t, page 15.

22 FIRST GREEK EEADER.
8IN0ULAB. DUAL. PLURAL.
N. & V. Xay-wf, masc, Xay-co, Xa'y-ftj,*

a hare. two hares. hares.
G. \ay-u) Xay-ftJi/ Xay-wv

D. Xay-w \ay-wv \ay-Sg
A. Xay-torj* \ay-(o Xay-tof
N. A. & V. avooye-wVfiieut. avcioye-oo avcoye-w

G. avdoye-oD avooye-wp avwye-wv
D. avwye-w avcoye-cpv avcioye-Me
The masculine and feminine of adjectives in -ws

are declined like Xayco?, and the neuter like avM-
yecov ; as tXewy, tXecoj/, propitious.
EXERCISE VI.
OL \ay(p ev tw ayp/p eiai. o Tawg crvv tw Xayrn

€v TO) Tov TToXtrov avcoyeo) ean. ava top koXwv. et'y
TO av(ay€(t)v. e/c tov avwyeca. e/c toiu avwyeutv. to

avwyew ea-Ti fxiKpa. ol koXw vioi elcrl. at KecpaXai
Twv XayZv luiKpai €i<ri. 6 Xedo^ ccttiv ev toIs avcoyecps.
TU) Taw ev Trj a\(p ecTTOv. aw to?? raw?, ol TroXiTai
ev Tft) TOV Qeov vew elai. rj ovpa tov Taw XafXTrpa ecrTi.
r] tov \ayw KepKO^ /3pa-êia ecrTi.
The peacocks and the hares are in the garden.

The sailor is in the upper room. The upper cham-
bers of the house are empty. Hares are swift. The
two cables are old The cables are in the fore part
(of the ship). The anchor and the cables are in the
* Observe that wherever there is an iota in the inflexion of the common form, like
SovAo9, there is an iota subscript in the Attic form ; thos, nominative plural -oi, in
Attic declension o>.
t The V of tlie accusative is frequently drojjped, especially in proper namep.

FIRST OK£EK EEADEE. 23
prow. The peacocks axe in the fanner's thrashing-

floor. The citizen and the poet are in the upper
chamber of the house. Hares' scuts {i.e., tails) are
short. .
SECTION IV.
THIRD DECLENSION.
In the First and Second Declensions the stem
J .
of a noun may be easily distinguished even in the

nominative; but in the Third Declension it is so
disguised, by the omission of consonants or the
modification of vowels, that it cannot be known

without reference to one of the oblique* cases. The
following classification groups the nouns of this
declension according to the change which takes place
on the stem in the nominative.^
(I.) The First Class contains those nouns
2.
which Jiave the pure stem in the nominative; as, —

SINGULAR. DEAL, PLURAL.
N. & V. Xeifxwv, masc., \eifxo)v-€, Xct/ift>j/-ev,
a meadow. two meadows. meadows.
G. Xet/iftJi/-op Xeifjicov-Oiv Xeifidov-wv
D. XeifjLoyv-i Xeifiwv-otv Xei/jLoo-ail.
A. \eifjLwv-a Xeifiwp-e Xeifxwv-a^
* Tlie accusative, genitive, and dative are called obiique, or dependent cases, because
subject to the government of other words ; the nominative and vocative are called
independent cases, or casus recti, because they are not liable to such regimen.
•f-
In reading a Greek author, the problem which a young student is most fre-
quently called upon to solve, in regard to nouns, i^ "To find the nominative from an
oblique case," and not rice versa; and it is hoped that the arrangement of nouns
adopted In the text will render this a comparatively easy task.
X The dative plural ought to be, in full, Ksiiiatv-ui. ; but the letters t, S, B, v wêre
not allowed to stand before s, and thus it becomes Aeijxwu This principle must ba
carefully itoted, as examples of it are constantly recurring.
——
SINGULAR. BUAIi. PLURAL.
N. & V. 6vp, raasc, Onp-e, Oijp-ee,

a wild beast. two wild beasts. wild beasts.
G. Or]p-6s Qrip-olv Qrjp-oov
D. drip-l dtjp-oiu drip-trl
A. Qrip-a Onp-e Otjp-ai
3. (Syntax) Rule IX. Transitive verbs govern

the accusative; as, 6 irais rhv crcpaipav pcirrei.
4. The present indicative active of a Greek verb

is declined as follows :
Singular, XeiTT-oo, XeiTT-eis, XeLTT-ei,

I leave. thou leavest. he leaves.
Dual, XeiTT-eTOV, XeiTT-erov,

you two leave. tliey two leave.
Plural, XeiTr-ofxeVi XeiTT-ere, XecTT-ovaiy

we leave. you leave. they leave
In like mauner decline e^co, I have.
EXERCISE VII.
Orjpog. Tou Orjpog. Toov ^(fjvoov. too Qrjpe. tou
^^j/ap. Sio^Kei Ta9 ^(fjvai' ^ Koprj SidoKei tol^ x^J'ay.

Tovi -y^vas. 01 vavrai tovs )(^vag oiu>kov(ti. oi O^pes
oicoKovQ-t. T0U9 avdpwnrov^ ev r^ vXri. ot O^pes ev T<p
XeifJiiavl elcTL. ol SovXoi oiwKOVcri tov Qrjpa ck tov

XeijULoovos. fitjvei;. oi jutjves lepot eiai. T(vv Oriptjov.
6 -^v (7VV TOts Orjpcn. ev tm Xeifxoovi ecrri.* aTVO tov
• A singular subject followed, as here, by <ruV, with a noun, may have a plural
verb, 90 that «<7ti may become elaL
JXRST GRFTKK BEADEB. 26
\e//xco»/oy. ^ Kopij SiwKei fiviav am lov Xeifiiaia. it

Tofy XeifiuxTi TToXXal elcri juviai. 6 laTpos top Xayoav
The head of the goose. The wild beast's taiL

The tails of the two wild beasts. The saUor hunts
the wild beast into the hut. The lioness pursues
the goose into the court The Greeks pursue the
Persians into the forest. The meadow is smooth.
We are hunting the peacock up the garden of the
Greek. We hunt lionesses in the forests of the
Scythians. Scythian! the wild beast is pursuing
the girl. The bull pursues the farmer along the
road.
(II.) 5. To the Second Class belong those nouns

which in the nominative add y to the pure stem, as
J7joa)-y, ^pio-og. In many nouns the final y is com-
bined with the preceding consonant into one of the
double consonants, ^ or \|r, as Kopa^ for Kopcucg, yvy^f
for yvTTs.
BIXOULAR. DUAL. PLUKAk

N. & V. VpO}-9, tjpco-e ^pQ}-€S
a hero. two heroes. heroes.
G. r]pu)-o^ f]pU)-OlV rjpu>-(jov
D. tjpw-i fipw-oiv ^p(0-(Tl
A. yjpoo-a = ijpa) ijpoy-e j]pa}-as
N. & V. yv\ir yvTT-e yvTT-es

G. yuTT-os yvT-olv yvir-wv
D. yvT-l yvir-olv <yir\|/-/
A. yvTT-a yuTT-e yvir-a^

26 FIRST QEEEK READER.
6. The accusative singular of the Third Declen-

sion usually ends in a: but when the nominative
ends in -i?, -1/9, -avg, or -ovg, it takes v instead of a;
OS, Ki^, kIv\ i')(Ovî ly6vv\ vav^, va\jv\ jSoi/?, ôvv. On
this last example, see p. 37, No. 18.
SINGDLAE. DUAL. PLtJRAIi.
(3.) N. i)(6v-s, masc, i)(6u-e, ixOv-es = ix^vSf

a fish. two fishes. fishes.
G. i-)(6v-os l-^Qv-OLV l-Ôu-oov
D. l-Ôv-L I)^6v-01V l-Ôv-cri
A. l-^Qv-v l-Ôv-e lyQv-a^ = i^^vy

V. ixOu i-Ôv-e iy(6v-€S = c-)^6us
N. imv-e, masc. fiV-€, fiv-es = fivs
a moose. two mice. mice.
G. IUiV-69 fJiV-OlV fXV-WV

D. fJLV-i fJLV-OlV fjLV-cri
A. /ilU-V fiv-e fxv-as = imvs

V. fiO fxv-e UV-€S = fivs
EXERCISE Vni.
Tov r]p(i)09. Tov Sfxooa. TO) ijpooe. twv Odocov. 01
uvKT^pe^ TOV 6(00?. Tovs (Tva?. 01 ^^ve? tov yewpyov

ev TU) Xeifxcovt eicri. o 6u>g Kai o cry? ev tw tov lUTpov
Ktjina eicri. 01 ijpcoe? aw T0I9 vavTai? ev Tfj avXrj eicri.
at KOjuai Twv ^pvocov âvOal eicri. 6 i)(6v? ev Ttj OoXoltti^

ecTTi, (Tvv T019 fivai. ava tovs juvKTijpai tov julvo?.
yuTrep crKXrjpoi eicri. rj yXuiTTa tov yvTrog Tpayeid

€(TTi. 01 yvire<s Kai 01 Kopatce? ev Ttj vXtj elarl. eig
KopuKa? * ! 01 /ut.vpjUL}]Ke9 elcri cro(ôi. at TTTepvyes tov
* This is a kind of imprecation, like our " Go, be lianged." Compare the Latin
phrases, Abi in malam partem: Abi in tnalam crucem : Paste corvM.
FIKST GREEK. READKB. 27
KopaK09 Kal at rov yviro? ficucpai elai. ai (pXeê^
Tov (TKvXaKog eiai Kevcu. ol vavrai /xa-âipa^ eôvai.
Jackals are fierce. The citizen hunts the jackal

out of the garden. Two vultiu-es are chasing the
geese up the meadow.The girl is chasing a mouse

throuo-h the court. We
hunt wild beasts in the
foresta He crops the vulture's wings. The girls are
chasiDg the flies away from the bread The two
gh-ls are cutting the flies' wings. {King) Perses is
pursuing a jackal in the forest. The farmer's

daughter leaves the bread in the hut. The mice are
eating the loaves. The citizens are pursuing the
thief.
(III.) 7. In the Thied Class are included those

nouns wliich have the final vowel of the stem length-
ened in the nominative ; as, ttoijul^v, from stem iroifxev-
as found in the genitive, Troi/nev-os.
SINGULAR. DVJlL. PL1TKAL.
N. &V. iroifXTjv, masc, TTOifjLev'e, iroiixev-e^t

a shepherd. two shepherds. shepherds.
G. TTOLfieV-O^ -KOifiev-oiv iroifxev-Wi/
D. 7roifJ.ev-t TTOlfXeV-OlV TTOifie-a-t
A. TTOifiiv-a TTOifxev-e irot/xev-as
Note. —But nouns that have not the accent on

the last syUable of the nominative have the
pure stem in the vocative ; as, Sai/juov, voc.
Salfiov ;
prjToop, VOC. pnrop.
(128) 3
—
28 FmST GREEK READER.
8. To this class belong syncopated nouns like

traTrip, which throw out e in the genitive and
dative singular. In the dative plural a is substi-
tuted for €, but is placed after the p, and not before
it:—-
8iirauL4.B. DUAL. PlitJRAL.
N. î.r]Trip, firjT€p-€ lurjTep-e^

a mother. two mothers. mothers.
G. lut.t]Tp-6s {fÔT /J.r]Tep-os) firjTep-otv HirjTep-wv
D. fjLt]Tp-L (for fxrjrep-i) IXr}T€p-OlV /ULr]Tp(X-(Tl
A. fxrjrep-a fJir]Tep-€ jxrjrep-a^
V. ixrirep /J.t}T€p-€ fitjrep-e^
N. avrip* masc, avSpe, avSp-€i,

a man = Latin, vir. two men. men.
G. av-S-p6i avSp-oiv 6.vSp-S)V
D. av-S-pl avSp-oiv avSpd-a-i
A. au-S-pa (for avepa) avSp-e avSp-ag

V. avep avSp-e avSp-ei
In Kvcov, masculine or feminine, a dog, the syncope

occurs in all the cases except the nominative and
vocative singular :
SINQULAR. DUAIi. PLURAL.

N. KVCOV, Kvv-e KVV-€S
a dog. two dogs. dogs.
G. Kvv-6s KVV-OIV KVV-0)V
D. KVV-i KVV-olv KV-<Tl
A. Kvv-a Kvp-e Kvv-ag

V. KVOV Kvv-e Kvv-es
* It often happens that /ii or v is, by the omission or transposition of a rowel,

brought Into contact with another liquid. Such a combination of sounds was very
disagreeable to a Greek ear, and to avoid it, a consonant kindred to the first of the
two concuiTlng liquids was inserted, for the sake of euphony. Thus, after the labia]
FneST GBEEK KEASER. 39
9. Some nouns combine the peculiarities of classes

II. and III.; thus, aiSwg, gen. aiS6-og, stem aiSo-,
sense of shame, both adds -9 to the stem, like ^jpw^,

and also lengthens the last vowel in the nominative,
like So likewise aXojTri/^ {i.e., oXcaTrTjKs),
iroiiJ.rjv.
gen. aXw-n-eK-og, stem aXwTre/c-, a fox; and all adjec-

tives in ->7?, as <Ta(pT]g, aXriOrj^, &c.
EXEECISE IX.
o Tov avSpoi av-î]v /raXoy e<m. ^ dxcvr/ Ttji atjSo-

vog ^Seid €(TTi. 6 yir^ t^v ar]S6va SiwKei. tov tP]?
Kopt]? avyeva BavixaXoo. to. /ULrjXa eh Ttjv tov Troi/ULevog
TTijpav piTTTei. 01 TToi/meveg avv T019 yeiToai ev tm

\ei/i«j/i eicTi. 6 TOV TTOifxevo^ kvwv crocbog ecrri. to)
TTOijueve avv Toig Kva\ ev tm tov Secr—oTov Kr/iru) eicrt.
6 Kvcov SicoKei IJ.VV ava tt]v yîova. r] KaXrj TpiT]prjg Ttjq

âaiXelag ev tw Xifxevi eaTi. al tov avSpog Kopai
vij-mal elcTi. at Kopai avv Taig /J.rjTpda-i koi toIs
iraTpaai to.'} •êXioova's Oav/JLatovai. rj KepKog T^y
aXu)TreKO(f oaaeid eari. too dXwTreKe ev Ttj tov iroi-
/uevos a-Kr]vr] earov (or elai). ev tw Â.6T]vdg veco
Kioveg eiai ttoXXoi. 6 tov ttoXitov yeiTcov dXtjO^s

earn (piXog.
The shepherds admire the pillars in the temple of

the god. The shepherd's daughters persuade their
(i.e., the) father. The swallows leave the house.
The queen admires the beautiful triremes. There
ft, iS, another labial, was inserted; as, yofi-t-po^, yofi-poi, yofi-^poi, 3l ton-in-latu
while after the lingual v, S, another lingual, was used; as, av-i-poi, iv-poi, avS-pof.
So from num-e-r-ui, the French nom-b-rt and our num-&-<r; from ^ren-e-r-M (from
yentu) the French gtn-r-t and our gtn-d-tr.
—
are two beautiful triremes in the liarbour. In Athena

there was a beautiful temple to Athena. The girl
writes in the snow with a rod. The poet writes
letters. The girl throws apples into the poet's
cottage. The shepherd wonders at the bushy tail
of the fox. The two shepherds are shearing the
sheep. The dogs are hunting mice in the farmer's
garden.
(IV.) 10. The Fourth Class includes those nouns

which drop the last letter of the stem in the nomi-
native. Most members of this class end in a, and are
neuter :
SIKQULAR. PXTAL. PLURAL.

N. &y. Hevo(poov, masc, «
Xenophon.
G. êvoipoivT-o?
D. ^€VO(pU)VT-i
A. ^€vod)U)VT-a
N. A. & V. cTMiua, neut., crco/jLar-e, (TWfiaT-af

a body. two bodies. bodies.
G. (TCOjUaT-OS CrC0/UL(XT-OlV aQ)fidT-ooi>
D. o-co/uaT-i crcojudr-oiv (Tco/xa-cri
11. Some nouns combine the peculiarities of

classes IV. and III. ; thus, Xecou, gen- Xeo'j/ro?, both
drops the final r of the stem, like lEevocpwu, and also
lengthens the last vowel, like ttolixtjv : stem Xeovr-,
with T dropped, Xeov-, and with o lengthened to w,
Xeoow
SIKSULAR. DUAL. PLURAL.

N. Xecov, Xe'ovT-e \eovT-e(!
a lion. two lions. lions.
G. Xeojn--09 \e6vT-oiv \eovT-<av

D. Xeorr-i XeovT-oiv Xeov-ai*
A- \eovT-a \eovT-e \iovT-aq
V. Xeov \iovT-e \eOVT-€S
So also adjectives and participles like rvTrrcoVf
except that tvittoov and other participles have the

vocative in -foi', like the nominative.
EXEECISE Z.
TO Tov /cuj/oy (rcofia ev tm irorafiw ecrri. €k tov
apfiaro^. ei'y to apfxa. to. t^? âXoTTi;? KvfiaTa fxaxpa

€ITTl. €V TOl<S T^? BoKaTTrj^ KVfXa(TL. flieVO(pWVTO<S
ayaXfjLa kuXov ev tw oikw tov iroirp-ov ecrri. "yaXa

TToKi/ Kal fieXi ev t^ tou TLepcrqv (TKrjv^ eicri. ava to,
j8i7/iaTa tou vaov.

rj ')(aiTt] TOV XeovTOi Saareid icrri. yepovre^ eicri
£ripoL TO TOV ap'ôvTO'i iStj/ma ev tw vaw eari. ai
Kofxai Twv yepovToov XevKai eicri. tco tou ap-ôvTog

VTTtjpeTa ev tw ap/xaTi eicri (or ecrrov). tw VTrrjpera
ev T(p TOV apyovT09 apfxarl elai.
* A syllable is called long, either when itivcncel is naturally long (ij, u, a, <tc.), or when
tvco consonant* (not being a mule and a liquid) follow a vowel naturally short. Thus, in
the datire plural, Xiovr-ai, the second syllable, -ovro--, is long, since o (though short
in itself) is followed by three consonants; but as neither t nor v can stand
before ?, both of them are thrown out, and the word is reduced to Aeo<rt. In this
form, however, the syllable (-orro--), formerly long, has been reduced to which -oo--,
is short ; and, to compensate for this, the o changed into Its kindred diphthong -ow,
is
so that Ae'ocrc becomes A«ov<ru Similarly, nouns whose stem ends in -«t make their
dative plural in -<i<Tt; and those in -avr in -a<Ti^ Tlie same change is seen in
i&nk, a tooth, from stem hiovr- and icTet'?, a comb, from stem icrev- and in participles
; :
in -«is, as Tiflet's for rifle'iTs. This principle of compensation is of very frequent

occurrence in Greek, and the application of it explains many forms otherwise in-
cizplicable.
, — :
32 FIRST GREEK READER,
The men leave the bodies of the lions in the

woods. The queen admires the lion's mane. The
mane of the lion is shaggy. The steps of the
altar are steep. The boy eats much bread and
honey. The tents of the Scythians are white.
Xenophon leaves the land of the Persians. The
master orders his {i.e., the) servants. The girl eats
bread without honey. The Scythians eat much
honey. Because of the lion. We admire the eyes
of the girl. You admire the nightingale's voice.
(V.) 12. To the Fifth Class belong those nouns

which drop one dental (r, S, 6, v), or more, before s in
the nominative; as, iraig (for 7rai-S-s), iraiSo^', yiya^

(for yiya-vT-^), ylyavro's :
N. & V. XajUTTcig, fem., XajULirdS-e, Xaixird^-e^

a torch. two torches. torches.
G. Xa/uiTrdS-og \afi7rdS-oiv Xa/inrd§-u)v
D. XajU7rdS-i \a/ii7rdS-oiv Xa/ULTrd-cri
A. \a/ii7rdS-a XafXTrdS-e XajUTrdS-ag
N. & V. opvi<;, m. or f opviO-e opvid-es,

a bird or fowl two birds. birds.
G. Opvld-09 opviO-oiv SpvlO-cov
D. opuid-i opvi6-oiv opvi-cri
A. opvi6-a,oropviv* opviO-e opn6-as
13. Masculine adjectives, like /txeXa?, black, and

participles in -ay and -eis, belong to this class
* Words which end in a dental have two forms of the accusative if the accent ia
not on the last syllable; but if it be, aa in aanrii, a shield, the accusative has onl;
one form, iunrCSa, not acnriv.
:
FIBST GREKE EEADEB. 33
also the indefinite pronoun r/?, any one, a certain

one; and the interrogative t/?, who, which, what.
Indefinite pronoun, t/?, t/?, t/, a certain one: —

SINGtlXAR. DUAL.
Masc. Fem. Kent Masc Fem. Neut
N. r/y Ti TlV-€ TIV^ TlV-e
G. TlV-Oii TlV-6<i Tl V-O'5 TIV-OIV TIV-OIV TIV-OIV

D. TlV-l TlV-l TlV-l TIV-OCV TlV-OlV Tiv-oiv
I
A. Tiv-a Tl TlV-€ TlV-e TlV-€
PLURAL.
Masc Fem. NeuL
N. Tiv-eg TlV-i'i Tiv-a
G. Tiv-<av TIV-U)V TLV-WV
D. Tl-<Tl Ticr-i Tl(T-L
A. Tiv-a? Tiv-as Tiv-a
Interrogative pronoun, r/p, who, which, what —

SINGULAR. DUAL.
Masc. Fem. Kent Masc. Fem. Neat.
I t
N. t/? TI9 TlV-e TlV-e
G. Tiv-09 TlV-09 TLV-O^
D. TlV-C TlV-l TIV-OIV
A. Tiv-a Tiv-a TlV-€ Tiv-e riv-€
PLURAL.
Max. Fem. Neut
N. TtVe? Tiv-e^ Tiv-a
G. TIV-WV
D. Ti-ai
A. Tiv-a^ Tiv-af
14. It may be stated, generally and loosely, that

the accusative case is used to indicate raovement
towards, or movement along; the genitive, to express

the source, or origin, or jplace whence; and the
dative, to denote proximity, or nearness, or jiucta-
position. Hence the preposition Trapd, beside, or by
the side of,
(a) When governing the accusative, signifies
motion towards (to the side of, or by the side
of, i.e., parallel to); as, Trapa tov Kiova, (mov-

ing) towards (the side of) the pillar ; irapa
TOP TTOTa/uiov, along by (the side of) the river.
(b) When governing the genitive, signifies mo-
tion from beside; as, irapa tov Kiovog, from
beside the pillar.
(c) When governing the dative, signifies rest at
the side of, near, or with (apud); as, Trapa

T(p Kiovi, (in a po.sition) beside the pillar.
15. The preposition Kara, when governing the

accusative, signifies along, or down along; when
governing the genitive, down from.
16. û means I luas; or he, she, it was. ^(xav
means they were.
EXERCISE XI.
cv To5 Xe^rjTi fieXi ^v yXvKu.* ol Xe^tjre^ tou I'eo)
XafiTrpot rjcrav. oXKaSet TroXXai ev tw Xtfievi ^crav.
rj T€ acnrh Koi rj Kopv^ tov rjpooo^ viai elcri. at Xafi-

TrdSei <Tvv roig Xe/Srjcri ev tw tov KpiTOv Sojulw ^crav. 6
T-aFf TOV avuKTOs ev tw tov yiyavTO^ airrpo) û. to
U)6v T^9 opviOoi iv Trj dcnrlSi ^v. at pive^ to)v TraiSoov
* On the declension of v^vfus see next class, VI.

fiiKoai ei(Ti. iraiSe? riveg (r(paipav piTrrovcri. at
vXaiuLvSei Twv Ileocrwf KoXal fjaav. ol twv oovKoov

Tpij3(DV€^ fiiXaves eicrt. SovXo^ T/y nvv SiooKei. iravreq
01 TracSe?, /cat nracrai at Kopai, avv roi^ Trarpaa-c koi
rai"? aSeXcbac^, ev tw Trapaoelacp eicri. ol tov avaKTog
odoirreg XevKol fjcrav. Kopa? Tivag ev tw tov avaKTOs
K^TTip fiXeTTOfJLev. irapa tov vew /Salvei. irapa tov
Kiova âivovcTL Troifxeves Tive^. rj crcbaipa irapa Tta
KLOvi ecTTi. Sea-TTOTrjs T19 SovXov^ e-êi ttoWovS' Ti'y
eaTiv 6 avT]p\ Tiva tov Kiova /SXexe/?; ttov ecrriv 6
Trai"? j Tôv eia-iv ol ai/a/cre? ; ttoi/ rjcrav ol Xe^tjTeg ;
Tii'ag TTOifxevag Xiyeis',
From -beside the temple. To-the-side-of the

temple. The slaves have black cloaka A certain
judge had («xe) two faithful slaves. In the temple
of a certain god there were beautiful caldrons. What
poet do you speak of ? Whose asses do you see 1
The girls are plaiting their hair. The master strikes

his slave with* his shield. Two merchant-men of-
some-kind (xi?) are sailing into the harbour. He
sees a (ceiiain) torch in the court. Which key has
the slave? What shield has the warrior? What
ball are the boys throwing ? Who is king of the
Persians ? From what port do the merchantmen
sail for Greece ? The king is hunting a hare along
the sea (shore).
(VI.) 17. The Sixth Class embraces those nouns
* WWi is not to be translated here by aw, but by the datire (iiutraniental) of

thanoxm.
in which the final vowel of the stem is changed in

the nominative ; as, rerô-f for rei-ê-?, gen. re/ye-o?;
yXvKv-s for yXvKe-?, gen. ^Xv/ce-o?. The substan-
tives in -09 of this class are neuter.
SINGULAR, DTTAl. PLURAl.
N. iu.dvTi-9, raasc, /xdvre-e, juavTe-eg = fidvreii,
a prophet or 8eer. two prophets. prophets.
G. yuai/re-ft)?* fiavre-OLV fxavre-uiv
D, frnvre-i = jULavrei /mavre-oiv fidvre-cn

A. fiavTC-v fiairre-e fiavre-a^ = ixdvrei^
V. fxavri fiavre-e fxavre-e^ = [xavreis
SINGULAR. DUAL.
N. A.&V. TeZ;>ô -9, neut., rel-ê-e = rei-^t],

a wall. two walls.
G. T€i'ê-09 = Tel-ôvg rei-ê-OLv = Teiyolv

D. Tel-ye-L = Tcl-êi Tei-ê-oiv = rei'ôiv
PLURAL.
N, A. & V. relye-a = re/p^?/

walls.
G. rei-ê-wv = Tei-^wv
D. T€i^€-cri
EXERCISE Xn.
o TreXe/ff? o^v^ ecm. top jSapvv TreXeicvv Oav/uidt-
ofxev. Tu>v TraXaiwu fxdvrecov Seipij ^v rj Svvafiig. tov

Tov fxavreo)^ Trcoycova Kelpovcn. to alfxa kutu tov
Xeiov TreXcKVv pet.
TO Tfj(f TToXecog Tec'ôi fiaKpov ^v. Kara tov opovs
âivei TTOljULiJU Tig. TOV TOV '^€PO<p(i}VTOS vlov SlSdcT'
Kei 6 cro(picrTt}9- ava to tov vaov Tciyôs /fop^Xta? Tig
* Substantives of this kind usually take the Attic genitive in -vk, bat a^Jectires
retain the simple -ot, as r)S4-ot.
—
eoTrei eig to aarrv (pevyei 6 navTi<;. ocpiv Tiva he
Tov acrreog SiwKOva-iv oi TaiSei. /J-epo^ ti Ttj<s TroXeoo^
SrjXov ^v. TO fiaxpov arrjOos tov avBpwTrov Oavfiatei

6 oyXoj. 6 TTOifxriv 6d>iv Tiva ava to opo^ epirovra
SXcTrei. vaov Tivo? tov opocpov ev Ttj tov opeog
Kopv(hi] ^€7r€i 6 TTOifii^v. TO î(p09 Bapv €(ttc. TTapo.
TOV Kiouo^ (bevyei 6 Xayoog. oi Traioe^ Tas acpalpa^

irapa to) klovi Xenrovci. 6 kvoov ttjv opviBa (or opviv)
irapa tov Kiova SiwKei, rj Se eh oikov Tiva (pevyei.
(VII.) 1 8. In the Seventh Class are ranged those

nouns which have the diphthong av, ei/, or ov, before
•
the final y of the nominative. The v of the diphthong
represents the obsolete letter F (Digamma) vocalized;
thus, ôvg for ôFs, Hke Latin bos for bovs, h6v-is.
In declension the v disappears before vowels, but ia
retained before consonants, and at the end of the

word ; thus :
BmOXTLAJU VVAL. pitnuL.
N. ôvq, m. or £, ^0-6, ySo-ey = (ôvi)y

an ox or cow. two oxen. oxen.
G. ô-6^ (bd-v-is) fio-olv ^0-S)V
D. ô-t (bd-v-i) Ô-OIV ôv-o-'l
A. ôvv /8o-e (fi6-a<s) /8ou9
V. ôv B6-€ ^6-e<i = (fiovi)
N. âariX-evi, masc.. âcri\e-€. /Satr/Xe-ey, -e/y.

a king. twoUnga. kings.
G. âcriXe-w^ â(TiXe-oiv âariXe-iev
D. I3aa-i\e-ii â(Ti\ei âa-iXe-oiv âtTiXeva-i
A. â(ri\e-d 3a(riXe-e /3ao"tXe-dp, -e??
V. 8acri\-€v /SatrtXe-e /8ao-/Xe-ey, -cfj

1 9. N.B. —In the Third Declension, the a of the ac-

cusative singular, and the -a? of the accusative plural,
are short ; but in nouns in -evs they are generally long.
20. ou or ovK means not.
TTov means where, interi'ogative.
Tov, with acute, or without accent, means
somewhere, anywhere, indefinite.
€Keimeans there.
ivOdSe means here.
EXEECISE Xm.
6 âa-iXevg icm (refivo^. S âaiXev, ttov ecrriv >j
âcrlXeca'^ 6 vofiev^ koi 6 lepevs ev tw t^j ypaoi Krj-
TTft) ^(rav. at Tlepcrai tov^* âaiXea^ (âcriXeifi) 6av-

fxdôvcri. 6 vofxeug ei*? tov âcriXea eTricrroXriv ypdcbei.
01 vofxei^ evOaoe €i<ri. f] tov âcriXecos Kopt] eKei ecxTi.
TTOV elcriv ol lepetg', ôvv aypiov oi vofxei^ SicaKOvcriP ei^
TTjv v\t]V. TOV jueyav ôvu Oav/ndtei ^ ypav^. rj vavg

OVK riv ev Tw Xijuen. €Kei r/crav ol iTnreis. Tovg nrireag
ivOdSe Xelirei 6 CTTparijyo^. 6 POfievs crvu tois ôvcri
€v tS> \eiû)vl TTOV û. Trjv fx.€ya\t]v ôvv ea-Qiei 6
Xecav. fj Kopr] tov^ yoviaq (yovecs) euOdSe XeiTrei. tu
Kepara tov ôos juuKpa ecrTi. oi a-TpaTiwTai Ttjv ye-
(bvpav (pvXaTTOvcn.
Old-woman I why do you run to the city ? Tlie

shepherd pursues a gazelle into the wood. The force of
habit is great. The horseman's chest is broad. The
old-woman writes a letter to her daughter's child.
• The article is often equal to the possessive pronoun, so hero we translate tov?
their.
PIBST GBEEK RKAOWR. 39
Thft barber shaves the king. Wliere are the eavah^

of the king 1 The king's ship is here in the harbour.
The horseman pursues the shepherd out of the city
towards the mountain. The prophet sees a cei-tain
portion of the city. Where were the boy's parents 1
The two priests are somewhere in the city. The two
boys are throwing balls down the mountain. The
giant stalks down fi-om the mountain towards the
sea. A certain man had a black dog.
21. Besides the seven classes above enumerated,
there are a few in-egular nouns, which cannot be re-
duced to any class. They will be found in the
Grammar, or will be met with in the course of
reading. .
SEGTiON V.
CONTRACTION.
1. When two vowels (belonging to different
syllables) meet ip the same word, they are usually
(in the Attic dialect) combined either into a diph-
thong or a long vowel. This is called Contraction.
The meeting of two vowels is called a concursus.
2. Gekeral Rule. —
The foi^raer Tneniber of the
concursiis absorbs tJie latter; as, €ap = ^p; aeKwv =
cucwv; TifJ-Tjev = Tifx.t}V.
Exceptions. — (1.) Two vowels that can form a

diphthong are contracted by synceresis, —
i.e., by simply removing the diccresis; as,
iral's = Traisi âa-iXii = jSaaiXei ; Ai/roi' =»
A.tp-01.
— ;
dO FIRST GREEK READER.
(2.) Two short vowels, if identical, are con-

tracted into their kindred diphthong; if
not, into -ov; as, âcnXe-eg = âa-iXeis;*

ai§6o9 = aiSovs; (jyiXio/Jiev ~ (piXovinev ; St]-
XoCTe = 6r]\0VT€.
(3.) e before to, and a before o orw, reverse the
rule; as, (piXeoo = (^tAco; Tt/uidofxev = Tifiw-
jitev; Tijuaco = TifiS),
3. Special Rule. — When the latter member of

the concursus is a diphthong, its prepositivef unites
with the former member, and its subjunctive with
the result, i being subscribed; as, Tifxdeig = rifias;
TlJUI.doifA.1 = TllXWfXl.
Exceptions. — (1.) ov after a drops its subjunctive

as, Tijui.aov(Ta = Ti/ii(iocra', Tifxdou(n = TifX(io(ri.
(2.) o before a diphthong expels the preposi-
tive and unites with the subjunctive; as,
orjXoei = ot]Xoi ; StjXor] — StjXoi.
(3.) 6 before a diphthong disappears; as, (pi-
Xeei? = (jyiXecs ; (piXiovaa = (piXovaa ; (pi-
Xerjg = (piXrj^.
4. In the Third Declension

(1.) Nouns like i-x9v9 (Class II.) contract in the
nominative, vocative, and accusative plural.
(2.) Nouns like niavris (VI.) contract in the
dative singular, and nominative, vocative^
and accusative plural.
* But <e sometimes make >). t See Section I., 7.

FIRST GBEBK READEE. 41
(3.) Nouns like reiôg (VI.) contract in all
where two vowels meet.

cases
(4.) Nouns like iSaaiXevg (VII.) contmct in the

dative singular, and nominative, vocative,
and accusative plural.
(5.) Nouns like l3ovs (VII.) contract in the nomi-

native, vocative, and accusative plural.
5. (Syntax) Kule XT—The relative agrees with
its antecedent in gender, number, and person.
The relative pronoun, o?, ^7, o, ivho, which, thai: —

SINGULAR DUAL. PLURAL.
» Masc. Fem. Neut Masc.
rr
Fem.
rf
Neut
rf
Masc Fem.
at
If
Nent
a
rf
N. CO a CO Ol
9 cov wv
G. OV OV OIV aiv OIV cov
/pi
f T T •? T ?
D. CO OIV aiv OIV Ol<! ai? Of?
n (JO
n rf ef et ef r»
A. OV rjv o 60 a W 01/9 a? a
I EXEECISE XIV.
TO, Trjg iroXecog Tei-^rj v^^riKa ecTTiv. oi o(pei<s ra

oprj XeiTTovcn. Kara rrjg tov opov^ Kopvcprj^ Oeovcriv ol
TTOifxiveg. at /ewe? o^f /SXeTrei? \ayoi)v ava ra aXarj

Siu)KOV(Tiv. €v Tw op€i, o Oau/xctêre, 6(p€is eial ttoWoi.
i\6vs Tiva^ /caXof? ev tw iroTafiw, o? ava to aX<ro?
pel, /3\eirov(riv ol TraiSes. rj acpaipa tjv pnrTeig yjivari
eo-Ti. veavlag ng ttoWo. êXrj eêi. ra ')(eiXr] t^?
Koprji oi}jQ)d ecTTLV. yjivawg ioTiv 6 TreXe/cu?. -^vaoi
eicriv 01 xeXe/ca?. o jSacriXevg toi/? fxavreig* ireidei.
* The accusative plural of the Third Declension contracts like the nominativo
plural, contrary to the Rule ; thus /lojTtas should become /tamp bjr the Generiil
Uale, bat it 1b actoallj contracted into /laKtcit.
— ;
42 FIKST GKEEK READER,
Ta fi^Xa a ea-Oio/mev ev /nepiji tlvi toO aXiJovs evplcxKei
6 oovXos. Toijg ToO yeoopyoO /Sovg 6 tov yeiTovog

Kvoiv eK rod -ôprov SiooKei. ev re tois aXa-ecri koi
BaOecri tcov vXoou avQrj eari iroXXa.
Some parts of the city are visible. The weapons

of the soldiers are bright. The parents of the boy
write to the king. The lips of the girl are white.
He admires the white lips of the infant. The slave
shaves the horseman's beard. The horsemen who
are descending from the mountain are throwing their
javelins against the lines of infantry in the plaiiL
There are many wicked men in the city.
SECTION VI.
ADJECTIVE NOUNS.
Adjectives may be divided into three classes:
(1 .) Those which have three forms, one for each

gender; as, arefxvog, masc; a-ejULv^, fern.;
cre/jLvov, neut. : evpvg, masc; evpela, fern.;
evpv, iieut. To this class belong all par-

ticiples.
(2.) Those which have two forms —one for the
masculine and feminine in common, and

one for the neuter ; as, a-uxppoov, Tnasc;
auxppoou, fern. ; <Tw<ppov, neut. : aXt]6>i9,
masc; aXtjOrj?, fern.; aXtjOes, ne-ut.
(3.) Those which have only one form for all
genders ; as, apTra^, masc ; apira^, fern.

FISST GREEK KEADEB. 43
apTra^, newt.: ixaKap^Tnasc.; fiwcap, fern.;

IxaKapt neut
2. In adjectives of three forms, the feminine is
declined like substantives of the First Declension ; and

the masculine and neuter like those of the Second or
Third, according to termination. Thus, o-e/x»/os {thosc.)
is declined like SovXo9 ; o-e/xi/jj {fern,.) like avXri ; and

cre/jLvov {neut.) like ^l^Xo^: evpv^ (masc.) is declined
like "TTtix^î or âpv^ (p. 44) ; evpeia, like <TKid. ;
and evpu (neut.) like acrru {neut), or âpv (p. 44).
3. Adjectives of two forms, and those of one form,

generally belong to the Third Declension ; except
such as end (1 .) in -0)9, as tXewy {masc. and fern.) like
Xaycog, and 'iXeoov like avuyyecov ; or (2.) in -oy, as
aXoyo^ (77iasc.and/em.) like ôi/Xo?, and a\oyov{neut.)
like /u^Xoi'. But participles in -w?, as rervcpcog (masc.)
and rervcpo^ {neut), belong to the Third Declension;
while the feminine, re-rvcpvia, belongs to the First
CLASS I. —THREE FORMS.

8INGUJLAR.
Masc. Fern. Neut
4. N. cr€/j.v-6s, a-e/jLV-^ (renv-ov
Tenerable.
G. (Tenv-ov crejULv-tj^ <Tefxv-ov
D. (refjiv-w arefjLv-^ (Tefiv-w
A. <T€/J.V-6v (Tefiv-^v (Tefxv-6v
V. a-efiv-e a-e/Mv-^ aefiv-ov

DUAL.
N. A. & V. (re/JLv-u) aeixv-a crefiv-w
G. &D. (re/xv-oiv (refxv-aiv <T€JULV-OlV
(128) 4
PLURAL.
Masc. Fem. Keui
N. & V. crefiv-ol (T€flV-ai ae/JLv-a
G. crejuv-wv (TejULV-SlV
D. a-efjt.v-0i9
A. aejULv-ovs (j-e/xv-a
SINGULAR.
Masa Fem. Neut
N. âp- eia jSap'V
heavy.
G. /8ajO-eo9* jSap-elas âp-eo9

D. âp-ei, -€i (3ap-eca âp-e'i, -ei
A. âp-vv âp-eiav /3ap-v
V. âp-v âp-eia fiap-v

DUAL.
N. A. & V. âp-ie âp-eia I3ap-ee

G. &D. âp-ioiv jSap-eiaiu âp-eoiv
PLURAL.
N. &V. (3ap-£eg, -eis I3ap-€iai âp-ea

G. âp-eoou âp-eiwv jSap-cMv
D. âp-ecrc âp-elaig /3ap-icri
A âp-eaî -ei^ âp-elag âp-ea

BINOULAR,
Masc. Fem. Neut.
N. âpieig (for
|^ âpteacr-a âplev
XaplevTs)f f
beautlAiL
G. âplevT-os )âpie(r(T-r]i yaplevT-09

D. âpieuT-i âpieacr-rj âpievT-i
A. âplevT-a )(ap[ecrcr-av y(api€v
V. yaplev yaplecrcr-a âpiev
• Adjectives have the genitive in -eos, but substantives, as jrijxWi 'n -b«s. Neutera
however, Mice ao-rv, very seldom take -ewj.
t See note to declension of Aewv, p. 31.
FEBST GBEEK RKADKR. 45
Masc. Fem. Kent

N. A. & V. •âplevT-e yapiecrcr-d
G. & D. -âpievT-oiv -âpiecTCT-axv âpievT-oiv

PUJRAL.
N. & V. âp/evT-ey âplecra-aL âpi€VT-a

G. âpievT-wv j(api€(ra-a)v âptevT-wv
D. -âplecr-i •âpiecrcr-ai^ âplecr-i
A. yaplevT-a^ yapLe(T(T-a<s •âplevT-a
5. Like yâpUi^ are declined all participles in -e/y,
-€?flro, -€V] as, TiOeiSi TiOeicra, riOev; except that (1.)

In participles the vocative masculine is the same as
the nominative ; and (2.) The dative plural has -eicru
not ecri*
SIHGULAR.
Masc. Fenj. Neat
N. & V. Tray, iraar-a Trav
every, alL
G. •jravT-oy •jracr-i/y iravT-o^

D. iravT-L •7ra(7-ij iravT-l
A. iravT-a Tracr-av Trav

DUAL.
N. A. &; V. TravT-e nrdcT-a TrdvT-e
G. &D. iravT-oiv irdcr-aiv irdvT-oiv

PLURAL.
N. & V. TTctirr-ey Tratr-ax iravT-a

G. iravT-wv 7ra<T-<ov TrdvT-wv
D. Tracri 7racr-aig iracrt
K A. xaiT-ay irdo'-as TavT-a
^" participles in -ay, -aa-a, -av ; as, o-ray, aracra, crrav ;
• See note to declension of Xagv, p. 3L

4G FIRST QEBEK KEADER.
Tu'xp-a?, ru\ûcra, Tu\j/av. The masculine belongs to

Class V. (Third Declension), the neuter to Class IV.,
and the feminine to the First Declension, like aaavOa.
The adjectives ttoXv^, much, and nieyas, great, are
irregular in the nominative, accusative, and vocative
singular, masculine and neuter.
SINQULAR.
Masc Fem. Nent.
N. TTOX-I/?, TToXX-^ TTOX-J

much, many.
G. TTOXX-OV TToXX-rji xoXX-ou

D. TTOW-W TToXX-fj TTOXX-W
A. TTOX-VV TToXX-lÛ TToX-U
V. TToX-U TTOXX-I? TToX-V

PLURAI..
N. & V. TToXX-ol TToXX-al TToXX-d

G. 7roXX-S)p TTOXX-WP TToXX-ftJJ/
D. TTOXX-OIS TToXX-aig TTOXX-OIS

A. TTOXX-OVS TToXX-as TToXX-a
SINGULAR.
Masc. Fem. Neut
N. fiey-as, fjieydX-ri fiey-a
great, large.
G. jueyaX-ov [j.eydX-ri<i fieydX-ov

D. fieydX-w fieydX-rj fxeydX-w
A. fxey-av fieyaX-rjp fxiy-a
V. fiey-a fieydX-t] uey-a
PLURAL.
N. & V. fieydX-oi fxeyaX-ai fieydX-a

G. fxeydX-cov jueyaX-cou fieyaX-cop
D. fieydX-ois fieyaX-ais fxeyaX-oii
A. fi€yaX-ovs lULcydX-as [xeydX-a

FIKST GREEK HEADER. 47
CLASS II. TWO FORMS.

SINGULAR.
Ma3C. and Fern. Kent
7. N. a\t]6-€i
true, genuine.
G. a\r]6-eo9, -ovg a\T]6-€09, -ovg
D. a\r]6-€i, -€i aXt]6-€i, -€t
A. aXtjO-ea, -rj a\t]d-€s
V. aXt]6-€S
DUAL.
N. A. & V. a\r]6-ee, -rj aXtjO-eCf ->}
G. &D. aXrjO-eoiv, -oip a\j]B-ioiv, -oiv
PLURAL.
N. &V. a\t]6-€€S, -€IS a\t]6-€a, -t]
G. a\r]6-ecov, -wv aXr]6-€0)v, -wv
D. a\r}6-eai a\t]0-€ai
A. aXrjO-eai, -eii aXt]6-€af -rj
8. Adjectives like cruxppwv are declined, in ma.s-

culine and feminine, as substantives of Class III.
(Third Declension) and their neuter in -ov,

; like
acocppov, as those of Class I. Those in -09, -ov, are
of the Second Declension, and are regular. AH those
of other terminations may be easily referred to their
proper classes.
CLASS IIL — ONE FORM.

9. The adjectives of this class require no paradigm.
They are almost all of the Third Declension, and
may be readily referred to their proper classes. Thus
IxoKap, fxaKap-og, belongs to Class I. of substantives;
— — ;
(pvyds, cpvydSo9, to Class V. The great majority of

one-form adjectives have no neuter.
SECTION VII.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
1. Genekal Kule. —To form the comparative
and superlative degrees add -repos and -raTo?, re-
spectively, to the simple stem of the positive; as, —
POSITIVK. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE.
fxaKup fJLaKap-Tepo9 fiaKap-Taroi
fieXas (stem fxeXav) fieXdv-Tepos /JLeXdv-raToq
<piX-os* <plX-T€poi (piX-Taroi
yepai-o? yepal-repos yepal-Tarog
2. Exception. —But adjectives in -vs retain the

substituted vowel of the nominative^f* {i.e.,
V instead of e, as in yXvK-e-og; see Class

VI. of substantives, Third Declension^)
as, yXvKv-i (for 'yXv/cey), yXvKv-repo^
yXvKV-TaTOS.
3. Some adjectives insert a euphonic or strength-

ening syllable between the stem and the comparative
termination :
(a) oj is inserted when the last syllable of
the stem of the positive is long ; as,
* *iAos lias four forms : (^lAwrepos, (jiiKaCnpo^, îXuav, and that given above.
t Most of the peculiarities wliich are observable in the addition of the comparative
terminations to the radical syllable of the adjective are also found in the formation
of compound words we have yAvK-ii-repo?, and not ykvK-e-repoi, so we And
; thus, as
W-v-Aoyos, not rjSe-Koyoi and aar-v-vonoc not aor-e-vo/itos. See following notes.
•
) Compare the compounds pi^-o-rdjMOf, \oy-o-yp6.<f>os, A«ir-d-ra{tt, &C.

— —
FEBST GREEK READER. 49
KOV(p-0^ KOV(p-6-Tep09 K0V(p-6-VaT0S

(re/jLv-69 (re/j.v-6-Tepo^ (refiv-o-raTO^
(/8) w* is inserted when the last syllable of the

stem is short; as,
(ro<p-6s (ro(^-w-T€po^ <ro(p-w-TaTOs

aî-os aî-w-T€pos aî-d>-TaTOs
eTTivapi^, (stem ) , , , ,
, ' > eTTi-âpiT-w-Tepoi eiriyapiT-to-TOTOi
7rop(pvp€OSi TTopcpvpe-fo-Tepos, Tropcpvpe-w-raTO^,

contracted contracted
Topcpvpovs TTopcpvp-co-Tepo^ iropcpvp-uhTaros
(y) aif is inserted; as,
êrr-os fiecr-ai-Tepos ^lea-al-TO.TO'i
(plX-os (piX-ai-Tepos (piX-ai-Taros

ôrn^-oy âv)^-al-T€pos
(S) A few insert s, or -e?, or -19 -,1 as,
a\r]6i^9 aXijOe-tr-Tepoi aXtjQe-cr-TaTO^

(Twcppaiv (TUXppou-ecr-Tepog a(a<ppov-i(r-raT09
a(pOov-ecr-T€po?y a(p6ov-€(r-TaTOs,
a<p6ov-os bat also bnt also
acpOov-co-Tcpo^ acpOov-co-TaTOs
XdX-og X(i\-i<r-Tepos XaX-tV-TaTO?
* Compare the componnds bpt-u-KOfio^, Kpe-a-vuXrii.

t Compare the compoands î«<r-<u-in>Aios, iutXax-ai-itov%.
X Compare the compounds <jaxt-<r-ij>6poi, ipi-a-fiioi, opi-a-rtpoi, Oi-a-^xtns,
Kau-a-annoi, <})<o-a-^>6poi, ^xp-cV-ÛK, \i.it-«T-rivu(>, oix-'-^TTS- Some scholars
consider the -at- and -co-- in snch forms as iiev-ai-rtpot and <rwf>f>ov-&r--nf>o^ to he
double comparatives, and they think the germs of these syllables are readily fbtmd
In Sanscrit (see Jelf s Greek Grammar, L p. 130). Bat it is not easy to explain
how a comparative compoand
or snperlatiTe termination coald find a place in sach
noons as those given Whatever the oriyiit of the syllables -at-
in the notes above.
and •CO'- may be, it seems evident that they were used in the compound* and the
tamparatna for the uune purpcte. The objections to the Sanscrit theory are numy,
bat this is not the place to advance them.
— —
Also, -âplei^ = -âplevT^, makes yapie-(r-Tepoit
j(apie-(r-TaT09, the v and t being thrown out before ?,
and compensation (see note, p. 81) being neglected, as

in the dative plural (see declension of ^âpieig, pp. 44
and 45).
4. Some adjectives add -iwv and -la-rog to form
the comparative and superlative; as,
aia"v-p6s aia")(-lo3V aicr-^-KTrog
KaX-69 KaX\-i(i}u KoW-ia-TOi,
in which last the final X of the stem is doubled.

6. Tliis mode of comparison is used principally by adjectives in vt; but many of
tliese hare also the other terminations, -repov and -Taro?.
6. The comparative and superlative notions are

also expressed by joining the adverbs fxaXKov (magia),
and fjLaXiarTa (maadme), with the simple adjective;
as, 6vt]T09 more liable to death.
juaXXov,
The following list contains those irregular
7.
comparatives and superlatives which most frequently

occur :
COMPARATltE. SUPERLATIVE.
/ afJLeivcov, neut. a/xeivov, cpicrrog
/SeXTfCTTO?
070^09, nood, '\ ,
KpanerTog
^Xi(i}cav Xwcrro?
KaKiwv KaKicrrog
KOKog, had, "êpeicov, or êipcev yelpioTog

t)<rau)V, or tjTTWv rjKKTTOg
fiaKporepog juaKpoTaTOi
HOKpog, long, •{
jjLr]Kioov, or /JL)]<r(T(au fiVKKrrov

—
FIRST GEEEK BEADER. 51
OOHPARATITB. SrPKRLATIVB.
{ juiKpoTepos fiiKporaTos
fiiKpoi, J iXdacrwv eAa^fCTTOS'
I fieidiv
TToiXvs, much, TrXeioov, or TrXetov TrXeFcTTO?
paSio9, easy, pacDv patrro?

fieyag, great, /JLelôou fieyicTTO?
8. The preposition a/ticpl means on both sides of,
around, about. It governs the accusative, genitive,

and dative, but in prose, most usually the accusative.
9. (Syntax) Rule XI. The comparative degree

governs the genitive of the object with which com-
parison is instituted; as, yXvKicov fxiXiros, sweeter

than honey.
EXERCISE XV.
o vlog fxeitoov ecrr) tov irarpo^. ^ Kopt] kuXXkav

ecTTt T^9 fXT}Tp6g. ri âcrlXeta TXrj/ULOvetTTaTt] eoTi
iracrwv yvvaiKwv. rj 6ea crejULvoTarr] ecrrtv. ra a/ui(pi
vyp-tjXoTaTa ecrrtv. 6 Xecov OapcrvTcpog

I Ttjp
can TOV
K()C)fMt]V opt]
Oooog. ol oprvyeg rag ovpas ^payyraTag

eVOVCTlV. rj lf€pK09 TOV TQU) XajHTTpOTaTT] eCTTlV. T}
yecbvpa evpvrepa ecrrf Ttjs ooov. fj ooos evpvTepa

ecrrl Ttjs yeSvpag. tj Xeaiva ay picoTepa sctti tov
XeovTog. 01 Kvveg cocbdoTepoi eicri twv ôwv. Ta
TOV laTpov ^vpa oPvTUTa icrriv. Ta jutjXa ev tw
TOV âaiXewg kj/ttw yXvKVTaTO. icmv. iv Trj vXrj, t^
Tpoi Tft) TTora/xw, TrXeFcTTat ârav cuyeipoi. Tig eaTi
cro<pu)TaTog ttolvtoov ; TroTepog ecrrt crocpwTepos', rj
(jyiîmt] aXt]6eaTa.Tt] earlv. 6 iraig XaXlcrraTog ecrriv,
I
ai crroXai. Tfjs ejutis firp-po^ yapiea-TaTal eicriv. to
Xwcre Sco/fjOares/ fieXdvraroi oi ÎvSol Koi SeiXoraTOi

elcriv. 6 âOvTarog virvo^ t^Slctto? ea-riv. pacou t/?
icjTi KOI ^pa-^Tepa Trpos to acrrv oSo^.
Through* the city there flows a very beautiful •]-

river. My father has some very ferocious dogs.
Which of the rivers is the deepest ? All the boys
are striking at the largest ball. The army of Cjirus
was very great. The waves of the sea were very
long. The slaves carry very light wallets. The
wallets of the slave are lighter than those of his
master. The army is guarding a very narrow
bridge. The crane has a very long neck. The
wine is very old. The master is teaching a very
ignorant boy. The boys and the dogs are pursuing
a very savage bear into the thickest part of the
forest.
SECTION VIII.
THE NUMERALS.
1. The Numerals are in reality adjectives. The
two principal classes are the Cardinals and the
Ordinals. The first four Cardinals are declinable, but
from 5 to 100 they are all indeclinable. The
Ordinals, however, are regular adjectives of three
forms.
* Ala, through, gorerns sometimes the accusatire, but more usually the genitive.
In this case use the genitive.
t Use the superlative degree.
FIRST GREEK READKE. 53
eU, ONE. ova. TWO.

Maae. Fern. Neat
I*
N. eig /JLia €V Sv-o (for all genders)
G. ev-69 A" a? €V-6g Sv-oiv

t 1
D. ev-l fiia €V-l Su-oiv
A. €va ixlav ev Sv-o
rpeti , THREE.
UasG. Fern. Neat
N. Tpeiq Tjoefy rpla

G. TjOtftJl' TpiWV TpiSiV
D. TpKTL Tpia-i Tpicri
A. Tjoer? Tpeig Tpla
Tetraapeg, FOtTR.
N. Teacrapeg Tecrcrapeg reaaapa

G. Tecrtra^v recra-apwv Teacrapwv
D. ria-aapcri riacrapa-i rea-crapa-i
A. Te(T(rapas T€<T(rapas reacrapa
Like elf are declined its compounds, oyê/y and

fitjSelif no-one.
CAKDI5AL3. ORDIKAIfl, MTJLTIl'LICATlTBS.
1. e!?, Ai/a, ev, nrpurrog,

one: flnL once.
2. û'o Sevrepos 8lg
3, T/3e?y, T/ae??, Tpla TpiTog, rplg
4. TecTcrapeq Teraprog TerpoKis

0. irivre TrefiTTTog TrevTOKig
6. e/CToy eÔLKlS
?f
7- cxTa e^Sofiog eTTTOKig
8. O/CTfO oySoog OKTOKig

9. evvea twarog iweoKtg
10. êica êicaroy SacoKii
OABDIKALS. ORDINALS. MtTLTIPLIOATIVBa
11 . evScKa evSeKUTOg evScKOiKii
1 2. ScoScKa SdoSeKUTOS SooSeKOLKCi
20. e'lKocri eiKOCTTOi eiKOcraKis
100. eKarou eKaTocrroi sKaTovaKi^

1000. x'^'ot îXiocTTog
10,000. Atuîot fivpiocrroi fxvpiaKi^
For the intermediate numbers, see Greek Gram-

mar.
SECTION IX.
PRONOUNS.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
SINOULAR. DUAL. PLUKAL.
1. N. iyu), VU)f ^M^h,

I [ego]. Ire twa we.
G. ifiov, or fXOV, 1/60 1/, ^yttWP,
of me. of us two. OfUSL
D. ifioif or fiol, V(fV, fifllV,
to or for ma to or for us two. to or for UB.
A. e/ue, or fxiy VUI, tjfMaSy

me. us two. na.
BINGULAH. DUAIi. PLtriUL.
N. 0-y, er(f)(o. vfxeii,

thou [tu}. you two. you.
G. aov (Tcbtav vfiijov
D. (rot crdywv VjUlV
A. ere ar(pco
SINQITLAR. DUAL. PLURAL.
N. (TCpeig
G. ov [sui] acbcov
D. oT [sibi\ (r(pl(ri
A. e [se] (r(pas
FIRST GEEZK READER, 55
2, The parts ixe, /xov, /xol^ ere, crou, croi, oi, and
(r(p[<Ti, are enclitics (see Appendix, on Accents) ; but
the emphatic forms, efiov, &c., retain their accent.
ov and e are non-Attic, at least in prose.
3, The pronoun airro? is a regular adjective like
(T€fiv6s (p. 43) ; except that (1.) The nominative and

accusative neuter end in -o, not -ov (see oy, p. 41) ;
and (2.) The vocative is wanting, avTos serves as

the adjunctive pronoun ipse, in the nominative case,
and when joined in agreement with a substantive ;
but when it stands alone {i.e., without the ai'ticle or

a substantive) it answers to is, ea, id. 6 avro^ is
equal to idenn.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
4, The possessive pronouns are formed from the
personals, and are regular adjectives like a-eixvoi
(p. 43).
SINQXn.AR. PLURAI i*
Masc. Fem, Neat Masc Fem. Neat,
ifXO^, efxri, €fx6v, ^lii€T€p-09, -a, -OV,

mjr, miue. our.
fo'?, arj, (TOV, v/xerep-o?. -a, -OV,

thy, thine your.
n
(S^,* OV,) <T(peTep-09, -a, -ov.
his. their.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS,
0. These pronouns are compounded of the accusa-
tives singular of the personal pronouns and the
oblique cases of avros {self). From their peculiar
meaning and use they can have no nominative,
* The genitive of avros is gensrally used instead of tliis possessive.
SINGULAR. PLUEAL.
Masc Fem. Masc. Fem.
G. efiavT-ov, -m -«1»
of myself. of ourselves.
D. efxavr-w '^ fj/xlv avT-ois -aJ"?
A. e/xavT-ov -rjv jjyua? avT-ov^ -a?
Masc. Fem. Masc Fem.

G. a-eavTov, -^?j vjuoov avT-oov, -ft) J/
ofthysel£ of yonrselvea
D. creauTft)
-V i^^cf'i' avT-ois -ar?
A. creavTov -rjv vfxag avT-ovg -a?
Masc Fem. Neut Masc FCTH. Neut

G. -ov eauT-cot' -cov -ft)!/
orhimselt herselt itselt
D. eauTft)
-V -ft) eavT-oIs -aFy -oFf
A. eauTov -nv -O eauT-ovs -ay -a
Observe, (1.) That the first two reflexives have

no neuter; and, (2.) That theu- plurals are made up
of two words. (TtavTov and eavrov in their several
cases often abbreviate into aavrov and avrov, &c.
6. The EECIPROCAL PRONOUN, aWrjXov^, 0716 an-

other, has no singular and no nominative case.
DUAL, PLUEAL.
Masc Fem. Neut. Masc Fem. Neut
G. aW^Xoiv -aiv -OIV oXkrfKuiv -ft)l/ -ft)!*
D. aXKr]koiv -aiv -OIV aXKrfKoL^ -ai<s -CIS
A. aXXjjAft) -a -ft) aXkrjkovs -as -a
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
7. The demonstrative pronouns are, ovtos (gener-
ally equal to iste), oSe, ^Se, roSe (equal to hie), and
;
FIEST GEEEK READER. 67
eKeivo?, r], o (equal to ille). The article o, ^, to waa

originally a demonstrative ; avrog is sometimes a
demonstrative. Besides these, there are too-o?, %

ov, TorrovTog = tantus ; TOiog, roiovrog = talis, &c.
SISGXTLAB. SVAL.
Masc Fem. Kent Masc. Fem. Neat
N. OVTOg^ aUTl] TOVTO TOVTCO (TaVTO.) TOVTW
G. TOVTOV TaVTTJS TOVTOV TOVTOIV TOVTaiV TOVTOlh
D. TOVTO) TaVTrj TOVTtp TOVTOIV TOVTaiV TOUTOlh
A. TOVTOV TavTTJU TOVTO TOVTCO (ravTo) tovtco
FLUBAL.
Masc Fem. Neut
N. WTOl avTai Tavra
G. TOVTCOV TOVTCOV TOVTOfV
D. T0VT019 TavTaig TOVT019
A. TOVTOVS TouVa? Tavra
8. For the indefinite and interrogative tis see

p. 33 ; and for the relative 09, see p, 41.
9. The Dative case denotes, —

(1.) The individual (person or thing) to
which anything is given or communi-
cated.
(2.) The individual (person or thing) which

is benefited or injured in any way.
* Learned men differ as to the oriein of this pronoun, but one thing seems plain,
that the first part of it is the article
It will be observed, that, like the
6, ^, to.
t in the nominatire singular and plural, masculine and feminine

article, it loses
and that whererer the article has the rowels o, w, or the diphthong ov (in the mas-
culine and neuter forms), this pronoun has -ov in its first syllable ; and that wherever
the article has a, ij, or the diphthong at (in the feminine forms), oStos has -ou in its
first syllable : as, tok {aceus.), tovtov ; Tr)v, rauTrpr. The only part of the feminine
which has tovt-, as its first syllable, is the genitive p'ural, because the genitive plural
fcminine of the article is tvv, not ray or rijv.
C3,) The cause why something is done the ;
manner or circumstances in which it

is done the instrument by which it
;
is done, or the agent by whom it is
done.
(4.) Belief in, or obedience to.
(6.) Intercourse with, whether friendly or

the opposite.
(6.) Likeness, or eijuality, or coincidence.
(7.) The place where.
(8.) The time when.
10. When the subject of a verb is a personal
pronoun, it is seldom expressed, except when particu-
larly emphatic, as when one individual is to be put
in strong contrast to another.
11. fxev (which in derivation is connected with
the first numeral, eT?, iJ.la, 'iv) means, (1.), In the first
place; (2.), On the one hand ; (3.), For my {thy,
his, &c.) part. It is answered by §€ (connected
with the second numeral, Svo); which means, (1.), In
the second plxice ; (2,), On the other hand ; (3.), On
my (thy, his, &c.) part.
EXERCISE XVI.
ejia juev (pevyco, crh Se StooKet^. ere Oaufidtco. ûei^
/j.ev QaviJ.aCpiJ.ev avrov, vju-ei^ <5e ov Oavjudt^re. 6
SovXoi TTjv Kofitjv fxoi Ke'ipei. 6 veavia? Trpos tov
eavTov Trarepa eTriCTToXrjv iri/j.-jrei. ol cTTparicoTai
aXXijXoi'? KeXeuovcriv. 6 Tralg irevre imrjXa e\e'. ti
TOVTO €<TTi\ Tavra /mev cru Oavjiidteis, CKelva oe eyw

t] Kopr] (jTecbavov riva eavrrj TrXe'/cet. Tavrt] rt] tjfJ-epa
01 "EXX^yi/e? rag 'AdTjvag ov Xeiirovaiv. 6 /cXeVT»79 tov

vpvaov €v Tp vXj7 KpvTTTei. 01 TToXiTcu KciKov Tiva
(TTCipavov Tw â(ri\ei irXeKOva-iv. ^fia^ fiev ireiOeif
avTov Se ou. ravra T019 avrov fxaOrjrai? oioaarKei.
SdoSeKci eicri finve^ tov* eroy?. ra 'EXX^ywica ypafifia-
TO. eiai Teacrapa Kai eiKocrt.
I indeed (Jot my part) admire him ; but my father

{does) not. The boy strikes the ball with his hand.
The slave strikes the dog with a large stone. These
things are beautiful. The soldier wounds himself
with his sword- On the same day the Persians send
ambassadors to Athens. The wild-beast bites the
boy with his teeth. The master hasf twenty-five
slaves. In the tenth month he writes a letter to
the king. On the third day the king sends ten
ambassadors to Athens. The farmer catches twenty-
five hares in one day. The farmer has seven horses,
and nine asses. The king is friendly to us. I per-
suade my dear father with my words. With these

words the daughter persuades her mother. We two
are guarding our father's house. The two of us are
plaiting a wreath for our mother. The slave is
hiding our slings for us. My father is friendly to
the good. J
• The article is often used in a distribuiive sense; as, toC fXTjvot, erery mo/UK, ie.,
by the month toC erovs, every year, ie., in each year.

;
t Or, There are to the master twenty-five slaves the verb ; ccfu' being used witli
tile datire, as turn in Latin.
t The substantive is often omitted in Greek, as in Latin, the adjective standing
alone.
(128) 5
—
60 FIEST GKEEK EEADEK.
SECTION X.
THE VERB.
1. There are two Conjugations of Greek Verbs
(1.), The First, in which the first singular present
indicative ends in -to; (2.), The Second, which ends

in -/XL.
2. Verbs in -w are divided into three classes

Pure, Mute, and Liquid, according as the last letter
of their stem is a vowel, a mute consonant, or a
liquid. Thus, Xv-oo is called pure; Xey-w, Tfiute;
and /xeV-co, liquid.

The Greek Verb has three Voices the Active,
3. —
the Passive, and the Middle. The middle voice has
always reference to self, signifying what one does,
or gets done, for or in reference to himself. It thus
holds a TYiiddle position between the active and the
passive.
4. There are six Tenses, three of which (the Pre-

sent, Future, and Perfect) are called principal or
leading tenses; and three (the Imperfect, Aorist,
and Pluperfect) are called secondary or historical
tenses.
5. It will be noticed that each leading tense has

a corresponding secondary, which takes the same
stem, and has a certain connection in meaning.*
Thus :~
* The more advanced student should consult on this subject Donaldson's " Craty-
lus," p. 662, second edition.
— ——
MBST GKEEK KK^VDEE. 61
IXADISQ.
ypady-u) ypdy^-co yeypa(p-a

(jpresenl). (future). (perfeeO.
SECONDARY.
e-ypa(p-ov e-ypay^-a i-yeypa<p-eiin.
(imptrfecf). {aorist). {pluperfect).
6. There are jive Moods — the Indicative, Svh-

jinidive, Optative, Imperative, and Infinitive.
7. There are three Numbers Singular, Dual, and
Plural.
8. In conjugating a Greek verb, three kinds of
ciianges must be attended to :
(1.) The termination is varied.
(2.) In the secondary tenses a prefix is added.

(3.) In certain tenses the radical vowel is
modified.
9. The first and third of these changes are best
learned by practice in conjugation but the second, ;
Mhich is called the augment, requires a detailed

explanation.
10. The principal varieties of augment are as
follows :
(1.) When a verb begins with a consonant, e is
prefixed; and as this letter forms a

syllable in itself, it is called the syllabic
augment; as, ypdcp-oo, €-ypa<p-ov.
(2.) When a verb begins with a short vowel,
the initial letter is changed into its
corresponding long ; and as the time
(tempus) or quantity of the syllable is
thus lengthened, this kind of increase

is called the temporal augment; as,
Exception. —But e-^^w, I have, and some

other verbs, change e into €i\ a.s, im-
perfect eiyov.
(3.) When a verb begins with a proper or
genuiTie diphthong, the augment is
made by changing the proper diph-

thong into its corresponding improper;
as, alrew, ^reou (^tovp).
Note. —When a verb begins with a long
vowel, or an improper diphthong, no
change takes place.*
Verbs beginning with a single consonant, or
1 1 .
with two consonants {provided they are a mute and

a liquid, with the mute first), take, in the perfect
and pluperfect, the initial consonant, together with
the usual syllabic augment; as, ye-ypacp-a. This is
called reduplication.
Note. —But if a verb begin with an aspirate,
the corresponding Light is used in the
reduplication; as, cpiXeo), Tre-cplXtjKa, not
(pecpiXrjKa.
* There are numerous peculiarities In the verbal augment, which will be found at I
one view in any Greek Grammar, and which will be introduced in the afler-part of
tUa work, as occasion may require.
I
— —
FIRST GREEK READER. 6S
SECTION XI.
CLASS I.-PURE VERBS.
1. Pure Yerbs are the most simple in their con-

jugation. They have no second aorist, nor second
[erfect. But observe,
(1.) That most pure verbs insert y in the
first aorist, perfect, and pluperfect
passive.
(2.) That those in -aw, -em, -ow, contract con-

current vowels in the present and
imperfect. But dissyllabic verbs in -ecu
contract only ee and eei into et as, ;
TrXe-ei^, xXeZ?. The concursus eo is

not contracted ; as, TrXeojuev.
(3.) That those in -eoj and -aco make the future
in -r]<ra>', and those in -ow, in -uktoo.

But there are many exceptiona
iJbserve (1.) That the indicative adopts short vowels in its inflexions,
while the snbjunctive takes long ones, and the optative diphthongs ; as,
\v-€-T<» (indicative), Xv-ij-toj' (subjunctive), XiJ-ot-TOP (optative.)
(2.) That each leading tense and its corresponding secondary have a
stem peculiar to themselves. The letter pointing out the tense, and
ending this tecondary stem, is called the " tense characteristic ;" thus, it is
the tense characteristic of the future, "KChC-u, and of the first aorist,
i-\v-c-a, and k (or in some verbs d) of the perfect and pluperfect. While
Xu- is the stem proper of the whole verb, \v(t- may be taken as a second'
wry stem of the future and aorist 1, and XeXur- of the perfect
(3.) There is also a special termination for each person ; and thus we
have several elements in one verbal form, e.g., in "Kv-ff-oj-ftep (first aorist
subjunctive), Xi/- is the stem, ff the tense characteristic, <o the modal (mood)
owel, and fiep the person ending. A careful distinction of these will
be of much service to the student in learning the Greek verb.
PURE
The student will observe that Xu-, the radical syllable
marked. The double line indicates a
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. OPTATIVE.
Pres. — (I am loosing, <fcc.) (I may loose, Ac.) (I might loose, <fcc)

S. \v-ia, -eis, -ei XiJ-w, -{IS, -rj Xiôtcu, -oty, -01
D. — , \v-eTov, -erov , \v-r)TOV, -T]TOP — , \i-oiTOP, -oLttjv
P. \ij-ou.ev, -ere, -ovcri Xtj-w/iev, -rfre, -oxri \i-omev, -oire, -oiev
Imperf.— (I was loosing, &c.)

S. i-\v-ov, -es, -6 wanting wanting
D.
P.
— , OdJ-fTov, -inriv
{htj-ofief, -ere, -ou
Fat.— (I shall or will loose, (I might be about to

Ac.) loose, (fee.)
S. \vff-u, -«s, -« wanting Xvff-Olfll, -ots, -01

D. — , Ma-erof, -erov — , "Kiicr-oiTov, -olrtjv
P. \i(T-ofj,fj>, -ere, -ovai \Ccr-oifJ.ev, -oire, -oiey
Aor.— (I loosed, &C.) (I may have loosed, <fec) (I might have loosed, <fec)
S. i-\v<T-a, -as, -e Xvff-a, -jis, -1) \{ff-ai/ii, -etas, (-aij,)
-ete, f-at)
D. — , iS.i(T-aTov, -drrip — , 'S.i(T-7]T0P, -rjTov — , \v<T-aiTov, -alT7]y
P. i\(i(T-afiev, -are, -av Xixr-u/iev, -rp-e, -uai Xvcr-atfiev, -aire,
-eiav, {-aifv)
Perf.— (I have loosed, &c) (I may have loosed, <fcc.) (I might have loosed, <fcc.)
S. \4-\vK-a, -as, -e XeXvAC-w, -ys, --q \e\vK-oi/u, -ois, -01
D. — , XeXi/zc-aroj', -arou — , \e\vK-7p-ov, -rjTOP — , XeXvK-oiTov, -oIttjp
P. XeXijK-afjLev, -are, -dci \e\vK-(a/iep, -rp-e, -wet XeXvK - oi/i€V, -oire,
-oiev
Plup.— (T had loosed, &c)

S. i-Xe-XvK-eiv, -eis, -ei
D. — , ^XeXi5K-etro»', -elrrjv wanting
P. iXeX^K-ei/iev, -etre, -eta-
ap, or -eaav
STRST GBEEK BEADDB. 65
VERBS.
of Xu-co, is long in some tenses and short in others, aa
change of stem. See Section X. 4, 5.
VOICE.
IMPERATIVE. INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
(Be thou loosing, <fcc) (To be loosing, <fec) (Loosing, (fca)
-, XO-e, -ho} XiJ-etp XiJ-wj', gtn. -om-oi

-, \v-erov, -iTCiiv \iu-ovffa, gen. -otjcnji
-, Xu-cre, -bvrwv (or \v-ov, gen. -ovtos

-krutaav)
wanting wanting wanting
(To be aboat to loose, (About to loose,

&C.) &c)
wanting \v(T-wv, gen. -ovtos
\vff-ov<ra, gen. -oiiffrji
\\jiT-ov, gen. -ovtos
(Loose tliou, Ac.) (To loose, <fec) (Having loosed, <fec.)

-, "kva-ov, -dru XO(r-at gen. -avros
Xi5(r-ay,
-, \v(r-arov, -druv Xi5(7-a<ra, gen. -iff-qi
-, Xicr-are, -Avrwv (or \v<T-av, gen. -avros

-a.T(3j<Ta.v)
(Have thou loosed, &c) (To have loosed, &c.) (Having loosed, Ac.)
-, \i\vK-e, -4tu \e\vK-^vai \e\vK-d)S, gen. -6tos
-, \e\vK-erov, -iruv \eKvK-vTa, gen. -vlas
-, XeXuAC-ere, -iruxrav \eKvK-6s, gen. -6ros
(found only in those
verbs whose perfect is
used as a present.)

66 FIRST GREEK RBADER.
PURE VERBS
PASSIVE
Pres. — (1 am loosed, or set (I may be set free, <fcc.) (I might be set free, &c.)
free, Ac)
S. \v-o-fiat,, -ei (or -p), \6-w-txai, -ri, -rj-rai \v-0l-fJi7]V, -Ot-O, -Ot-TO
-e-rai
D.\v-6-/j.€6ov, -e-ff0ov, \v-d>-fi£6ov, -r}-<x6ov, Xv-ol-fieOov, -oi-adov,
-e-adov rj-ffOov •oL-ff6r]v
P. \v-6-fie0a, -e-ffde, -ovrat \v-iJ>-fi€0a, -Tj-aOe, -«- \v-ol-iJLe9a, -ot-ffde,

vrai, -oi-vro
Imperf. — (I was being set

free, <fcc)
S. i-Xv-b-fxriv, -ov, -e-ro
D. iXv-S-fieBov, -e-adov, wanting wanting
-i-aOrjv
P. ^v-6-fie6a, -e-a6e,-o-VTo
Fut.— (I shall or will be set (I might be about to ba

free, <fcc.) set free, <ta)
S. \vO^(r-o-n,ai, -« (or ]?),

\v9r)(T-ol-fir)v, -oio,
-e-rai Ol-TO
D. 'Kv6r](r-6-;x€6ov, -e-aOov, wanting \v6r]<T-ol-ixe0ov, -ot-
-e-ffdov aOov, -ol-<y97)v
P. 'Kvdr)(T-6-fJLe6a, -e-ade, Xv0ricr-ol-iJ.€0a, oi-a0€,

-o-vrai Ot-VTO
Aor.— (I was set free, &c) (I may be set free, <tc.) (I might be set free, <fcc.)
S. i-\vO-yiv, -T}s, -7] \v$-w, -ys, -y \v0-el-r]v, -e/-7?j, -el-r]

D. , i\vd-7)-T0V, -fl-t7}V , \v9-7J-TOV, -^-TOV — ,'Kv0-el-ryrov,-€i-rp-T]»
P. iXiLid-r)-fiey,-r)-Te,-r]-ffav \vd-G)-fuv, -ij-Te, -w-ffi \v0-€l-rj/jLeu, -el-r]Te,
-elev, {-el-Tjaav]
Perf. — (I have been set free, (I may have been set free. (I might have been
free, &c.)
set
&c.) &C.)
S. \i\v-/xai, -cat, -rot \€\.v-ft,iyoi (S, ^j, ^ \e\v-/j.^yoi, etrjv, etrjs,
D. \e\v-jj,e9oP, -cdov, <t0ov — , \€\v-/iivu, ^TOV, — , \€\v-/j.ivu, et-.p-ov,

^TOV el-flTt]v
V. "KeXv-fxeOa, -<r9e, -vrot 'SeKv-/j.4voi (S/xep, rjre, \€\\in.ivoi, etrjfiev, et-
tScrt r)Te, tUv (or el7}(rav)
Plup. — (I had been set free,

Ac.)
S. ^-XeXC-/i»jv, -ffo, -TO wanting wanting
D. i\e\v-fifdoy,-(r0ov,-<r6r]v
P. i\e\v-fif6a, -aOe, -vro
FIKST GREEK READER, 67
—continued.
VOICE.
IMPERATIVE. IKFINITITK. 1 PARTICIPLK.
(Be tbon set fixe, ifcc.) (To be set free, Ac) (Being set free, Ac)
— , \6-ov, -i-aOu Xu-h-iians, gen. -ov
— , \6-t-a6ov, -i-adb)v \v-o-fUyri, gen. -i;f
— , \v-(aOe, -i-ffOwp (of \v-6-/ia>w, gen. -w
(ranting wanting wanting
(To be about to be set (About to be set free,

free, Ac) Ac)
\v9rjc-6-/Jieyoi, gen. -w
wanting \v07]c-o-fiiyj], gen. -i;j
\v&T]ff'6-fJLa'ot>, gen. -ov
(Be thou set free, Ac.) (To be set free, Ac) (Set free, Ac)
\vd-ri-vai XvO-tli, gen. -ivros
, XvO-Tj-TOV, --^Tuv XvO-eiaa, gen. -eltrris
— , \v0-7i-T€, -At-CiW (or \v0-ip, gen. -hrroi
(Be thou set free, 4c) (To have been set free, (Having been set free,
Ac) Ac)
— , \ikv-ffo, -cOu \e\v-fjJvos, gen. -ov
— , \i\v-a6op, -ffOup \e\v-/jjfn], gen. -tjs
— , \4\v-a$e, -aOitip (or XeXv-fiivoy, gen. -ov

68 FIBST GREEK READER.
PURE VERBS
PASSIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE. SDBJUNOTIVE. OPTATIVE.
Fut. III. or Fut. Perf.— (I (I might have been about

shall have been set free, &&) to be set free, <fcc.)
S. \e\va--o-fMU, -ei (or -j/j, XeXvff-ol-fJirjv, -oi-q oi-

-e-Ttti TO
D. TêXvcr-S-fieOov, -e-ffOop, wanting \e\v<T-ol-fjLe6op, -ot-
•e-adov <t9op, -ol-aOriv

P. \e\vff-6-fie6a, -e-ffOe, \e\v(r-oi-/ieda, -oi-aOe,
-o-vrai -Ol-VTO
MIDDLE
INDIOATIVK. SUBJUNCTIVE. OPTATIVE.
Pres. — (I loose for myself;

Ac.)
S. \i-o-fiai,-€i{or-'g),-eTai, Xi-U/JMl, &C. \v-0l-H7l», &C.
&c., same as Pres. Pass.
Imperf. — (I was loosing for

myself, <fec.)
S. i-\v-6-iJL7]v, &c. wanting wanting
Fut. — (I shall loose for

myself, <fea)
S. \ija-o-/jLai, -ei (or -g), Xva-ol-fi-qv, -oL-o, -oi-To

-erai
D.Xvcr-d-fiedov, -e-aOov, wanting Xv<T-ol-iie9ov, -oi-crOov,
-e-adov -ol-<x6-r}v
P. \v(7-b-iieda, -e-ffOe, -o- Xvcr-ol-fieda, -oi-cde,

irrai •Ot-UTO
Aor. — (I loosed for myself,

Ac.)
S. i-Xvff-d-fitjv, -w, -a-To Xiff-w-fiai, -y, -r}-Tai Xva-ol-fiifv, -at-o,-ew-To
D. i\va-d-fit0ov, -a-adov, Xvff-dj-fiedov, -rj-aOov, Xv<T-al-fie6ov, -ai-a&ov,
-d-ffOrjv -ri-a6ov -ai-<Tdr)v
P. iXv<T-d-fi€6a, -a-aOe, Xv<r-u-fie0a, •y)-aOe, Xv(T-(d-fj.eda., -ai-aOe,
•a-rro (ihvrai. -ai-VTO
Verial Adjectives: — Xv-t6s, -ti}, -rSv, loosed, or capable of
Note—The Fut, Aor., and Perf. Paaa
i
FIRST GREEK READER.
— continued.
—continued.
IMPEKATIVB. I5FIX1TITE. PARTICIPLE.
CTo have been about to be (Haring been abont to be

set free, tie) set free, Ac.)
\eXva'6-tupos, gen. -<w
wanting "kiKuc-o-nivTi, gen. -171
"Kekva-lhfUErm, gen. -ov
VOICE.
IMPEEATITE. 1 ISFIBITIVB. PARTICIPLK.
— , XjJ-ow, &c \6-e-adai \v-b-iievoi, -rj, -OP, &C.
\6c-e-ffOai Xva-d-fiaxn, gen. -ov
wanting \vff-o-fUrri, gen. -ip
Xvff-d-fieyop, gen. -ov
— , \v<r-ai^ -d-ffOu \6ir-a'a0iu "kva-i-fuvK, gen. -ov

— , \u<r-a-ffOot>, -d-aOup \u<r-a-fUnj, gen. -ris
— , \v(r-a-ff6e, -i-<r9wy (or \va--d-fiepov, gen. -ov

-6.-aduaa.v)
being loosed : Xv-rioi, -ria, -riow, deserving to be loosed,

are often used in a Middle sense.
—
Rule XII. Time when is put in the genitive,

and soTnetimes in the dative.
EXERCISE xvn.
o oovXoi Tov ovov T(p SecTTroTr] \v€i. 01 avOpcoiroi
Xayosi Kai eXacpovs eQrjpevov. ev TOig Sovaî irapa
Toi* TTOTafiov bprvyas Orjpeuei 6 iraig. to TraiSlov
/uLeXiTTav ava tov Krjirov edi^pevae. 6 irarrjp tov vlov
cKeXevae. r] jui^Ti^p Trjv eavTrjs dvyaTepa KeXevcrei.
KeXeucrojuiev tovs iroiixeva^. Trjv Koprjv e/ceXeu(ra.
TravTag o OavaToi Xvcfei. oLKovcraTe iravTe^. 6 Yivpio^

Trjv TOV Kuxpou yXooTTav eXvae. ol yewpyoi Tovg
oovXov^ KeXevarovai. tI aKOveii\ Seivov Ti clkovoo.
UKOveiP. aKOveiv eOeXoo. to TraiSlov Tt]v Tpocbov

KaXei. at Kopai Tovq yovei^ cKaXeaav. 6 vavTtjs
i-ov TOV 'ttXoiov KaXcov XeXvKC. 6 KvjSepv^Trj^ tov?
vavTai TOV koXwv Xvcrai cKeXevcre. 6 i'ttttokoiuos Trjv
TOV 'iTTTTOV KpiQrjv eTTCoXei* l^rjTeiTe koi evprjcreTe.
Tt)V KpiOrjV Trjv TOV ^TTTTOV, ITTTTOKO/ULe, fXf] TrdoXei.'f
ovo Traioe OTrraTOV^ /co^X/af. rrraig Ttf KO'^îag toiTTa

(JoTTTae). 6 Traig Kai ^ Koprj KoyXLa(} iroXXovs cotttcov
(cOTTTaOv'). TOVS OcOV^ KGKXrjKC 6 /ULaVTl?.
We ordered our servants. We shall order the

servant to loose (aorist) the horse. Do not loose the
horses. The sailors are letting-go the cable. The
king desired his groom not to sell the horse's barley.
The father wishes his son to be good. The king
ruled with prudence. Who is calling on the gods?
• Contracted for iiruKee, imperf. Sec liules of Contraction, p. 39.

t n<iA«i, contracted for Trainee, imperative pre*,
t Contracted for bnTacTov,
!
FIEST GREEK READEB. 71
The two sailors have let-go the rope. Death has

set free the The deaf do not hear.
slave. The
kings are taking counsel The king and the queen
were consulting. Wliy do you not believe? The
groom is riding along the road, in company with his
master. The two grooms were riding towards the
bridge. The farmer rode to the town by night.
EXEEasE xvm.
o ovog Tw Jûpiu) Xêrai. /xeXirrat Tive^ aiâ ttjv
vXijv viro Tov Traioo^ eQrjp€iiOr](rav. rj tov ittttov KpiOrj
vTTo TOV KOKov iTnTOKofJiov aei e-TTCoXeiTO. ev toI^
Sovapi Trapa tw irorafiw eOrjpevovro oprvye^ iroKKoi.

6 Traig Trapa T<p Trora/ULw evpia-Kerai. oi tiriroi e^
ap/jLOLTCOv e\v6t](rav. to) lttttw vtto tov ittttoko/j-ov T<a
SecnroTij ekveaQrjv. 6 iroifxriv eOeXei Tovg Kvvag Xi/-
Orjvai. oi iralSe^ Trapa tw k'lovl evplcTKovTai. 6 Toi

ttXoiov KoXto^ VTTO Ta'v vavTwv XiXirrai. XiXvvrai oi
SovXoi. VTTO Twv aTpaTKDTwv eXvOtjfiev. XvO^creaOe,
to iTTTTOi, €^ apfiaTO^.
The servants were desired by their masters to un-

yoke the horses. The slave was set free by death.
The nurse was called by the child. The two children
were found near the temple of Athena. The tongue
of the dumb man was loosed by the Lord. All slaves
will be liberated by death. The two slaves are about
to be set free by their master. The snails were
being roasted by the boys and the girls. The apples
were roasted (aor. 1 ) by the child's nurse. Slaves
you have been set free!
72 FIRST GKEEK READER.
SECTION XII.
The simple stem of ti^tttw is tvtt-, which is strengthened in the Pres.
and it is only in these tenses that the pure stem occurs,
Perf. II.,
running through tJiat tense, hy attaching the first letter of the ter-
has TUTTT-, the Fut. and Aor. ti/^-, the Perf. Tv<f>; or Terwp-, as
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres.— (I strike, <fcc.)
S. T(5irT-w, -ety, -et, &c., Tl^TTT-W, -|;S, -7], &c. T&irT-oini, -ois, -01, &c.
same as in Xi5w.
Imperf,— (I was strikln g, &c.)

S. l-TVTTT-ov, -es, -e, &c. wanting wanting
Fut.— (I shall strike, &c)

S. Ti5^-co, -ets, -ei, &c. wanting TJi^-OlfU, -OIJ, -01, &c.
Aor. I. — (I stiTick, &c.)

S. i-Tv\}/-a, -ay, -e, &c. Tij^-u, -ys, -y, &c. T^-^-aifu, -eias (-ati),
-eie (-at), &c.
Perf. I.— (I have struck, <fcc)
S. Ti-Tv<p-a, -as, -e T€TV(f>-b), -T/S, -y Tenj<p-oifii, -ois, -01

D. — , T€Ti<p-aTov,-aTov — ,TeTicf)-r)Tov, -rp-ou , T€T6(p-0lT0P, -oLtTJ*
P. rer^cp-a/xeu, -are, -dcri TeT}j<f>-uiJ.ev, -TjTe, -win rericp-OLiiev, -oire, -oiev
Plup. I.— (I had struck, &c.)

S. i-Te-Tij(p-€iv, -ets, -et
D.
P.
— , h-er^Kp-ei/rov, -eiryv wanting wanting
ireTij<p-ei,fJiev, -eire,
-eicrai' (or -ecrai')
Aor, II. — (I struck, &c.)

S. l-TVTT-ov, -es, -e T&T-w, -ys, &c., like T&ir-oi/ii, -ois, &c.,
D.
P.
— , irijTr-eTov,
irvTr-o/j.ei',
-dryv
-ere, -ov
the Present. like the Present.
Perf. II.— (I have struck, &c.)

S. ri-Tvir-a, -as, -e rerijir-u), &c., like TeTi5ir-ot/u, like Per-
D.
P.
— , Teriiw-aTov, -arov
TeTiTr-a/iev, -are, -aai
Perfect I. fect I.
Plup. II. — (I had struck, &c.)

S. ^-Te-Ti^TF-etv, -ets, -et
D. — , ireT&rr-eiTov, -etryv wanting wanting
P. iT£T^Tr-€l/JL€P, -eiT€,
-eiaav (or -ecraj/)
FIBST GBEEK KKAJ>^ 73
MUTE VERBS.
by the insertion of t. The verb, therefore, forms an Aor. II. and
Each of the other tenses, however, may be assigned a icrondary stem,
mination, i.e., the tense characteristie, to the simple stem ; thas the Pres.
secondary stems ; and so in XiJw and other verbs. (See p. 63, Obs. 2.)
VOICE.
IMPERATIVE. ISFI>ITIVB. PARTICIPLB.
— , TVTrr-e, -iru), &c. TjJ«T-eU» T&WT-Uy, -01/(70, -ov,

&C.
wanting T{np-€t» nJ^-aw, -ovca, -on, &c.
— , Ti\jf-ow, -drcj, &c TVTp-at riyp-as, -aaa, -of, &c.
— , rinxfhe, -h-u>, &c, TCTVift-ivCU reru^wj, gen. -Atos

like the Preiient. rerxxfy-ma, gen. -viai
TeTv<t>-6s, gen. -&tos
— , Ti5x-e, -iru, &c^ like Tvr-tip Twr-ifir, -ovcro, -6i', &c.

the Present.
— , Ttnnr-€, &c., like Per- Tervr-itKu reruT-ibs, -wo, -6s,

fect I. &c., like Perfect I.

—
74 FIKST GREEK READER,
MUTE VERBS
PASSIVE
INDIOATITK. SUBJUNCTIVE. OPTATIVE.
Pres.— (I am beingstruck, Ac)

S. T&irr-o-fJMi -et (or -tj}, T&KT-W-fiai., -J}, -TI-TCU TVTrT-ol-firii>, -010, -01-
-e-rat TO
D. TVjrr-6-fj.e6ov, -€-<y9ov, TVTT-d)-fj.e9ov, -7)- a9ov, rvirT-ol-fj.e9ov, -oi-cr9ov,
-e-ffdov T]-(r9ov -0l-ff97}V
P. TVTrT-6-fieda, -e-aOe, TVirT-w-fJ.e9a, -q-a9e, Tvirr-ol-/jLe9a, -oi-ffde,
-o-jât -w-vTai -Ol-VTO
Imperf.— (I was being struck,

.fee.)
S. i-TVirT-b-fj.7}v, -ov, -e-ro

D. h-vn-T-b-ixeOov, -e-aOov,
-i-adriv wanting wanting
P. irvirT-b-fjLeOa, -e-aOe,
-O-VTO
Fut. I.— (I shall be struck, Ac.)

S. Tv<p9'^<x-o-/j,ai, -64 (or TV(j>9t)ff-ol-fJiriv, -oi-o.
-rj), -e-TM -Ol-TO
D. Tv^9T)cr-6-iJ.e6ov,-e-ff6ov, wanting TV<})9r}(T-ol-fu9ov, -01-
-e-ffdov (t9ov, -oL-(r9rjv

P. TV(p0Ti<T-6-fit9a, -e-(79e, TV<})9T)<T-ol-fie9a, -ot-
o-vrai (r9e, -oivTo
Aor. I.— (I was struck, <fcc.)
S. i-T^<p0-riP, -ijs, -7) TV<p9-Cj, -jjs, -y TV(f)9-el-7)v, -el-rfi, -eiij

D. , M^9--n-Tov, --^-Trjv , TV<j>9-riT0V, 'T]-TOV — , TV(/)9-el-7p-ov, -et-ij-
TTjV
P. iTi<}>9-7)-nev, -17-Te, TV<p9 d-fiev, -rj-Te, TV<p9 el-tffiev, -eifiev,
-ri-(xav -Co-ffi, -el-rjTe, -eiTe, {-ei-rf-
<rav), -elev
Perf. — (I have been struck.

Ac)
S. ri-rvfi-nai, rervâi, TeTVfj.-ft.ivoi, t3, ^y, ^, TtTVfi-fLivos, etrjv, &C.,
T€TVTr-Tai. &c., as in I'erf. as in Perf. Pass, of
D. TeTiifi.-fx.e9ov, TiTV<t>-9ov, Pass. oi'Kvofxa.i \ijofJ.ai
TiTV<f>9ov
P. TeTifx,-/jLe9a, TiTV<f>-9e,
TeTyfi-fxivoi. (at, a), ehl
Plup.— (I had been strack, Ac.)

8. i-Te-TifJL-fi-rfv, irhvipo, iThw-TO. D. irer^n-fieOov, iThv^dop,
FEBST G&EEK R£aJ>£EL 76
— continued.
yoiCK
IMPERATIVE. INFINITIVE. 1 PAKTIGIPLE.
— , TlJTrT-OV, -l-cdu TvvT-e-ff6ai

-ihfievov
— , Hnrr-e-aOop, -i-a6u9
— , rin-t-aOe, -i-aOucoo'
(or -i-ffOuv)
waii.ting wanting wanting
TiKpdT^-e-aBcu rwf>0Ti<T '6-/Mevos, -o-
wantiDg
— , Ti<p&-t)-Ti, -i}-rw TwpO-rj-vai TxxpO-eU, -etffo, -i*

— , Tvip6-7}-Toy, --ff-TWV
Tcriip-Oai rervfi-fiivos, -f^ri),

-liivov
— , rh-v<p-6ov, Tenj<p-0wv
— , rh-vip-ffe, TeTi<f>-0u(r(w
(or -Ouv)
irfT{nf>-07}P. P. erervfi-fieOa, h-irvip-Oe, TervufJiivoi (at, a), ^cu>

(12S)
MUTE VERBS
PASSIVE VOICE
Aor. II.— (I was struck, <fcc)
S. i-Tvir-T}v, -r]s, &c., like TVT-w, -ys, &c., like Tvir-el-r]v, -el-7]s, &c.,
Aorist I. Aorist I. like Aorist 1.
Fut. II.-{1 shall be struck, &c.)

S. TVTTT^ff-o-fiai, -« (or wanting Tvirrja-ol-firiv, -oi-o,
-y), &.C., like Fu- &c., like Future 1.
ture I.
Put. in. -{I shall have been

stnick, <fcc.)
S. T€TC\fi-o/jMi, -€i (or --g), wanting TiTv^-ol-H-qv, -oi-o, -oi»

erai, &c., like Fu- TO, &c., like Fu-
ture I. ture I.
MIDDLE
Pres. — (I strike myself, &c.)

TijirT-o-fiai, &c. as in Pass. r&K-T-u/juu, as in Pass. TVTTT-oifitjp, as in Pass.
Imperf.— (I -vas striking

myself, <fcc.)
^-ri;7rr-6-yui;i',&c. asinPass. wanting wanting
Fut. — (I shall strike myself

Ac.)
S. T^xp-o/Mi, -et (or -|;), wanting Tv^p-ol-ftr^v, -ot-o, &c.,
&c., as in Pres. Pass. as in Pres. Pass.
—
1
Aor.I. (I strack myself, Ac.)

S. i-rv\p a.-fi.7}v, -w, -a-TO T{l1p-(l)-IXai, -T], -7] TUL TV\p-ai-iJ.7]v,-ai-o,-a.iTo
D. irvxp-d-fiedov, -a-adov, TV\I/ u: /xedov, -tf-adov, TV\p-ai-/x€6ov, -ai cdov,
-dff67]v -Tjadov -aL-adr)v
P. irvrp-d-fieda, -a <T6e, TV\l/-d) /xeffa, -rj-aOe, rv\j/-al-fj.eda, -ai-ffde,
a-vTo -uj-vrai -ai-vTo
Aor. II.— (I struck myself,

&c.)
S. i-TVir-d-fiiji', -ov, -€-T0, Tiir-0}-/jLai, -y, &c. as, TVir-ol-firiP, -ot-o, ^c,
&c., as in Imperf. Pass. Pres. Pass. as in Pres. Pass.
Verbal A(êclive3; —
—continued.
—contimied.
IMPERATIVE. 1 INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
— , rinr-Tj-Oi, -^ToSf &c., Txrw-Tf-foi Twr-e/j, -eiaa, -iv

like Aorist I.
wanting T\nri}c-e-ad(u Tvrr}<r-6-fievos,-o-fii^,

-6-fupw
•rantiiig reri^-e-irOcu
VOICE.
IMPERATIVE. 1 INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE.
— , Tvrr-ov TinTT-€-<xO<u TinrT-o-n€voi, &c.
wanting Ti\p-€<T0<lL TV^-6-fievos, -o-fx^rr],

-it-fievov
— , ri\j/-<u, -d-ffffu Ti^-a-a0au

— , Ti)yp-a-ffdov, -d-ffOuv -d-liofw
— , Hnp-a-ffOe, -d-cOuaav
(or -d-crtfw*)
— , rinr-oO, -4-adw, &c., Txnr-i-adat, Tvr-6-/Jun'0i, o-fiirri,

as in Pres. Pass. -6-fifvo»
Tw-TOt and Tinr-rios.

— ;:
N.B. —In forming the future of Mute Verbs, it
must be remembered,
(1.) That T, S, 6, and v are rejected before 9
as, avvT-co, fut. avv-aca.
(2.) That TT, /S, or (^, when united with 9, forms

Xely^w
v|/- ; as, XeiV-ft), fut. (XeiTr-crft))
I
Tjo//3-ft), fut. Tply\r(a (rpl^-crbS) : ypoKp-co,
ypdyôo (ypacp-crooy
(3.) That K, 7, or ^, when united with 9, forms
^ ; as, 7rXe/c-ft), irXeô) (7rXe/c-<ro)) : Xe-y-w,
Xe£a) (Xe'-y-crco): apy^-oo, ap^co (ap-^-crco).
Rule XIII. — Time how long is put in the accusa-

tive.
EXERCISE XIX.
iTTTroKojULOi Tive^ roup Tov /3a(TtXeft)9 Ittttovs Tracra?
fj/xepai erpiôv. fj KpiOfj Tovg lttttov^ Kai tov? ovovs

Tpicpei. TO Kpuos Toi'9 o<p€is eV»yê. ti raura rpe-
(peii', TO) Kopa Tag KOfxat iracrav t^v rjixepav KTevlT-
ovari. TOVTO TO jSi/SXlov Trpos ere Trejuyû). eirKT-
ToXag TToWai irpog Tovg yove'i'i yeypacpe 6 iracs.
TavTO. eXepav 01 yepovTeg. tov yepovTa kol Trjv ypavv

eSmPav ol Kvveg. 6 TroLfirjv TOV9 avTOv Kvvas ev t^
<TKr]vr] XeXonre. ava to ireolov tovs Qrjpag iolooâ.
lit] jxe Kpv^ri<i TavTa.* eKpvê to apToO yevog. al

Kopai iravTa TavTU Tovg yoveis 'iKpvâv. ^juag Ta
Bi/SXla Tpicbei.
The wicked groom sells the horse's barley. The

daughter of the king has written many letters to her
* Verbs of concealing govern two accusatiTes— one of the person, the other of the
thing concealed.
—
FIRST GREEK READEE. 79
mother. "WTiat did the poet write Why did the

?
judge write this (i.e., these things)? Who wrote the

letter The ball hit my head.
? Why do you strike
the dog The shepherds hunted the wolf into the
?
river. The boys have left the balls in the garden.

Two husbandmen were pursuing a hare through the
fields. Why did the shepherd pursue the two boys 1
SECTION XIII.
CLASS III.— LIQUID VERBS.

1 . In reference to Liquid Yerbs, it must be noted
(1.) That they have no ? in the inflexion of the
future and aorist, and that the termina-
tion -eo) {i.e. -ecrco) is contracted into
o) ; as, fxepco, fut. fjLev-e{a)Q), fxevw.
(2. ) That they shorten the penult in the future

(when possible), by omitting the second
of two vowels or consonants; as,
aîXKuif fut. (rreXa) ; (nreipoo, fut.

aTrepu).
(3.) That they lengthen the penult of the first
aorist, a into 17 or d; (palvw, (pavoo,
€(pr]va: e into ei; as, (nreipco, fut.

(TTrepcoy aor. ecrTreipa: i into t; as,
Kplvw, KpXvw, cKplva: v into u; as,
ajULuvco, ajuvvw, fj/Mva.
(4.) That many of them change the vowel of
the stem in the perfect; as, crr-e-XXo),
'perf. e(TT-a-Xica.
—
80 FIRST GREEK HEADER.
LIQUID
ACTIVE
Pres.— (I report, &c)

S. dYyiKX-w, -en, -et, &c. dyyi\\-w, -jji, -tj, &c. d77A\-ot-ptt, -oty, &c.
Imperf.—
S. ijyyeXK-ov, -ej, -e, &c. wanting wanting
Fut.—
S. (i77eX-w, -eis, -ei dyyeX-oifMi.,'^ -oty, -ot
D. — , i.yyeX-f'iTov, -eiTov wanting — dyyeX-OLTov,
, -oi-rr]*
P. d77eXoO/te>', -eire, dyye\-o?/Mev, -oire,
-ovcri -diev
Aor. 1.—
S. iJYyetX-a, -ay, -e, &c. dyyeCX-u), -rjs, ^, &C. d77e/\-ot/i:, -aty, -at,
&c.
Perf.-
S. IjyyeXK-a, -ay, -e, &c. ^77A/c-w, "Tjy, &c. rjyyiXK-oifii, -oty, &c.
Plup.-
S. 7]ryyfKK-€lV, -«y, &C. wanting wanting
Aor. n.—
S. ijyye\-ov, -ey, -f, &C. 477A-W, -Tjy, &c. dyy^X-oifM, -oty, &c.
* In Liquid Verbs, Pure Verbs, and Verbs in -/it, the Optative
PASSIVE
Pres.— (lam reported of, Ac.)

S. dyy€0<-o-fiai, --g, &c. dyyAX-w-yttat, -|;, &c. dyyeW-ol-nr]P, -oto,
&c.
Imperf.
S. rjyyeW-d-fiTiv, -ov, &c. wanting wanting
Fut. I.—
S. dyye\6-^<T-(h/icu, --q, &c. wanting dyy€\07j<T-ol-iXTiv, - oi-o,
&c.
Aor. I.-
s. irnô-w, -vh &c. iyyeXO-d, -^s, &c. iyye\6-el-7]v,-€l-i]s,&.C.
VERBS.
VOICK
IMPERATIVE. INFIMTIVK. PARTICIPLE.
— , AyyeXX-e, h'os, &c. d-yyAX-etv d77AX-i', -owra, -ov
iyYek-eiv d7êX-wv, -ovaa, -ovr,

wanting gen. -ovrrm
— , dyyeiX-ov, -d-rw, &c. ayyeiXai ayyeiK-as, -aaa, av
wanting riYyt^K-ivai ^-,7eXjc-ws, -via, -6s
— , 8.yye\-e, -iru, &c. dTVeX-fii' d-p/eX-a-v, owra, -6v
is frequently made in -oiriv, -oirji, &c., instead of -oifu, &c.
VOICE.
IMPERATIVE. ISFI5ITIVE. 1 PARTICIPLE.
— , dTvAXoV, -^-(T^W, &C dyyAX-e-ffôt irfyiKX-b-ixevoi, -o-

fidtnf, -6-nevov
wanting irf^/iXBriff-e-ffdai. dy>fX5i7«r-6-/xo'os, -o-

fUvT], -6-/ieyov
— iyyikOri-Ti, -^03, &c. ayyeXO-Tivat, dyyeXd-eit, -elffa, -iv

82 FIRST GBEEK READER.
LIQUID VERBS
PASSIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE. 8UBJ0NOTIVK. OPTATIVE.
Perf.—
S. ijyyeX-/j.ai., -aai, -Tai, rjyyeX-pLivos (-7?, -ov), riyy€\-iJ.h>oi {-v, -ov),
&c. c3, ^s, Tjf &c. etrjv, etrjs, &c.
Plup.—
S. -firyyiX-tiriv, -ffo, -to, &C. wanting wanting
Aor. II.—
S. 7iyyi\-r]P, -tjs, &c. d77eX-tD, -^jj, &c. dyyeX-el-riP, -el-ris, &c.
Fut. II.-
S. dyyeX-â-o-fiai, -et (or wanting dyy€\Tjff-ol-/j.r)P, -oi-o,
V), &c. &c.
Fut. in.—
MIDDLE
INDICATIVE. StJBJUNCtltE. OPTATIVE.
Fut.— (I sliall report myself,

Ac.)
S. dyye\-ov-iJ.ai,-et{or-'S]i dyyeX-ol-ixrjp, -oi-o,
-eirai ol-TO
D. dyye\-oij-fJLedov, -et- wanting dyyeX-ol-fieOop, -ci-
ffOoV, -€1-<70OP (tOop, -ol-<rdr]v

P. dyye\-oij-/jLe6a, -ei-aOe, dyyeX-oL-fieOa, -dl-ade,
-ov-pfai -0I-PT0
Aor. I-.—
S. Tfyy€CK-d-ft.7}P, -w, -a-ro, dyyeC\-w-iJ.ai, -j?, -t}- dyyeiX-al-firiv, -ai-o,
&c. rai, &c. -ai-TO, &c.
Aor. n.-
S. fiyy€\-&-iJ.r}P, -oVf-e-TO, dyyO\.-oyfiai, -11, -t)- dyyeX-ol-firiP, -oi-o,
&c. TOt, &c. -oiro, &c.
Verbal Adjectives
—
FIRST GREEK READEK, 83
'
contimtid.
—€0}itimied.
IMPERATIVE. IHFINITIYK. PARTICIPLE.
— , 1jryye\-ffo, -0w, &c. Ôi-0ai

-fj.evov
trantiog wanting wanting
— , dYyOi.-r}-6i, -^rw, &c. ayyeX-rj vai d77eX-e(s, -etffo, -h
iranting iyyeX-fyr-e-ff Oai dyycXijff-^/iCToj
VOICE.
IMPERATIVB. IJfFINITITE. PARTICIPLE.
d77eX-ct-(r^cu dyye\-o6-nepot, -ou-
wanting
— , iyêCkai, -d-a$ta, &c ayy€[\-a-a6ai ayyfi^-d-nevoi, -a-

/iivT], -d-fievop
— , iyyi\-ov, -i-aOu, &c. iyyeX-^-aOtu dyye\-6-fuPos, -o-fUnh

-o-pLevm
iyyt\-r6s and dyyeX-rôj.

EXEECISE XX.
oi vavrai Trjv ajKvpav els rr]V OdXaTrav ^dWovari

TOiinrjv Tov avTOv vlov €ig fia-^r]v ecrreiXe. irpo^ ere
rrjv cr<paipav /BaWo). irpog ere Tt]i^ acpaipav â\w.

01 TracSeg tov^ ocpei^ \i6oii eâWov. ot Troifieveg
TOV XvKOV âKTrjplai^ e/SaXov. oXrjv Tt]V ^fiepav ev

Tw Kr/TTO) ejueivav al Kopai. 6 Sea-irorijs tov kukov
SovXov €1^ (pvXaKrjv ê^XijKe. Sia t'l /me XiOcp e'ySaXe?;
âXXcTe Tci^ (r(paipa^ e<V to vooop. fieivov fieff ^fioov,
f] yap rjStj
rijiiepa /ce/cXt/ce. r/? fxoi Trjv oSov irpog Ttjv
OaXuTTUv (pavei ',
Tr]v Ked)aXr]v fiov TeT/xtjKa^ XiOip
TOV oovXov, 09 TOV efjiov lirirov e/cXe\|/ê, ei? cbvXaKrjt
î^XrjKev 6 KpiTTj^. TToXXou? Twv TToXefiioov diroKTevov'
fiev. al yvvaiKeg tu^ tov yipovTog Kofiag eTiXXov.
Tag TOV KpiTov Kojuag fit] Kcipe. rap tov KpiTov Kofiai
fir] Keiptjg.
Do not throw the anchor into the sea. Two

sailors were casting an anchor into the sea. Mothers!
do not send your sons to the war. Some one has
struck the old man with a stone. Do not throw the
balls into the air. The shepherds will strike the
dog with sticks. My father has put his slave in
prison. The boys will stay the livelong day in the
wood Boys do not remain all day in the forest.
!
Stay with us, my friend. The shepherds sent their

sons to the war. Tlie two boys were throwing
stones into the sea. Sailors do not throw the dog
!
into the sea. We shall cast the wicked thieves into

prison. I shall remain the livelong day in the temple.
BTEST GREEK READER. 86
SECTION XIV.
PASSIVE VOICK
EXEECISE XXI.
Xvovrai 01 ovoi airo tcov kiovcov. oi Xayw ^peOfjcrap
VTTO Tcov Tov ycwpyov Kvvwv. ol nrnroi ck tov apfiUTog
eKvOrjcrav. ol koXu) XeKvvrai viro twv vavrwv. KO')(\iai
TToXXoi VTTO TOiv ovolu iralooiv TOV linroKOfiov wttt^-

Orjcrav. rj oiKia Kolerai. cu ev r^ KWfiri oiKiai
Kaiovrat. ixa-)âipai evpicTKOvrai ev Tai<i r^y KwfjLrji
oiKiai^. 01 TToXiToi TrioTevovrai viro twv crrpaTiwruiv

Z.€VO(pU)V VTTO TWV TToXlTWV OaVfJLaêTai €V€Ka T^S
apert]?. ol Xayo) eoiaxovTO. fj tov 'êvocpcovTOi
(jKtjvTj VTTO TU)V âpâpwv Tayy eKalero. to. vTroTvyia
ijXavv€TO. ol iTTTTOi oia TOV TTeolov i^XavuovTO. ol
(Tocpol TifjiojvTai, ol Se alcr-ôi ov Tificovrai. ol

770i'r]poi ovK aîoi €iai (ptXelcrOai. apyvpa* icvTreXXa ev
rrj oiKia evpKTKeTai. oi twv apicmav Tlepawv TralSeq
eiri Tais paaiXecos Ovpai^ iraioevovTai. ol iraiSeg viro
TOV avTov oioacrKaXov eiraioev6r](rav. tu> Kopa viro
TOV avTOv dioa(rKaXov eTraidevO^Trjv. inro irdvTWv
TWV TroXcTU)V aK0V(r6fl(Tt], u> ptJTop.
Some swords were found in the citizen's garden.

The farmer's horses have been unyoked from the
waggon. The boys have been educated by their
own father. The soldiers' tents were quickly burned
• In the First and Second Declensions, e before o^ of the dual and plnral, and i
More anything but a diort rowel, rererse tlie iêneral role of contraction (see p
S9); aa, oiTTni, oora; tarkn), StrAq; Sia-Aoî, Stz-Ay.
86 PIKST GEEEK KEADER.
by the enemy. A silver cup was found in the shep-

herd's tent. The serpents were struck by the boys
with sticks. The worthless slave was cast into
prison by his master. Many of the enemy were
slain. The majority of the enemy were slain by tlie
Greeks. My head has been cut with a stone.
Cyrus was sent for from his province by his brother,

Artaxerxes. The poet was admired for {i.e., on
account of) his learning.
MIDDLE YOICE AND DEPONENT VERBS.

Rule XIV. —Measure of distance is put in the
accusative; as, cnreêi SeKa araSlov^, it is ten stadia
distant.
EXERCISE XXII.
ol aTpanwraL avSpeioog e/md-ôvro. Aapeio^ J^vpov
fxeTaireiXTreraL airo Ttjg ap'^rj^, ^9 avrou (yaTpairriv
eTTOirjcre koi crrpaTriyov oe avrov onreoeiê Travrcov
oaroi eig JâcTTOciXov TreSlov aQpolXpvTai.
6 K.vpos eTrJ Tov aSeXtpou ecrrpareveTO. 01 arpa-
Tfjyol TOL'9 ayyeXovs jmeraTrefxypôvrai. 6 âaiXevg
eôvXevaaro irepi r^g (rcortjpias r^? apj^rj^. ev tm
rpiTW a-TaO/xw J^vpos eêraaiv Troieirai roov '^Wrjvoov
irep\ fxea-a^ vvKra<i. Trepl t^? TrarpiSoi fxa-^wfieOa.

ôvXevoo/neOa Trepl T^p twv ttoXitwv (TcoTrjpias. Ajora-
êp^t]^ (TvXXa/ui^dvei J^vpov, w? cnroKTevuiv' r] Se fx^rtjp,
ePaiTTjcraixevrj avrov, a7ro7re/uxet eiri Ttjv ap-^tjv. irpo
TOV epyov ev ôvXevrrai. Travre^ Tifitjs yevaacrQai

ôvXovrai. airoKpLval [jlol, tivos evcKa y^jpij 6aviJ.oulêiv
avSpa TTOiTjTiû', 01 a-rparcwTai eis fJi-a-^v eraâvro.

FTEST GREEK READER. 87
The king senfc-for his brother from his government

(province). The queen wishes to send for her son
from his province. Cyrus took the field against
Artaxerxes. The king reviewed his soldiers about
midnight. Let us consult about the safety of the
city. Before (we take) action let us carefully delib-
erate. All of us wish to taste liberty. The mother
of Cyrus begged him off (for herself), and sent him
away to his province. The citizens arranged them-
selves for battle. Let us beg off our friends. Do
not send for (to yourselves) the wicked citizens.
MISCELLANEOUS SENTENCES.
Prepositions, when compounded with Verbs, retain

generally their proper signification; as, aTre-êiv, for
airo eêiv, to keep from, — i.e., to refrain; ava âlvw^
to go up, — Le., ascend, mount.
EX££CIS£ yynrr,
ore ai oiKiai eKaiovro, ol TroXiTai airechevyov. 6

Kyyoo? eêXavvei Sta t^? AvSiag crraOfxov^ Toei?. ol
iroXiTai TrXoIa ovk ei-ôv. ra Orjpla CTpe-vev. ore al

AOrjvai eKaiovro ol TToXiTai eTrt ra irXoca aveâivov.
a(p iirirov eOi^peve 6 Tlep(Tt](;.
J7 oiKia avuyyeo} e-êi iroXXa. fxr] ûcoKere, w iraiSeg,
TOi'9 Xaydog. twv alar-^wv fjSovijov cnre-vov. eir). to}^
iTTTTov avapaivei 6 veavia^. 6 ttoXitti^ tov aSeX<p6v

povXeva-crai. ol TroXiTai ôvXeva-ovrai. Aap€to(!, 6
88 FIRST GREEK BEADER.
aoeXipo^, Tov J^vpov fierairefxêTai airo t^? apvjj^.

01 TToXe/iiioi €7n TOV I3acri\ia earpaTevaavro. 6
(TTpaTrjyo? (Tvv T019 (TTpaTKVTai? eOvcre rtj ÂO^vd.
oi TToXiTai TOV KpiTrjv eTTeiaav. KXeaoYOf fxev tov
oeîov Kepoog ^yeiTai, MeVcov §e tov evoovvjuov. 6
nrTTOKOfio^ KaTeirrjorjtjev airo tov apjuaTO?. yv/j-vaYeTe
Ta (TU)fJi.aTa, co iraiSeg. iroXXaKi^ jSpaveia r/Sovi]
fxaKpav TLKTei Xinrrjv. irluTeve toI? awcbpocn. J^vpog

CKoXecre tovs (pvyaoa^, ku] eKeXevaev avTOv^ aTpuTeve-
a9at (Tvv avTca. ol fiev ovv avev (jaKwv (beuyovcrr ol
oe ev TOts ^[(pecri TTLTrTOVcn' ol S" eTi e/c twv Tei-vwh
fia-ôvTai- ava Se to. opr] kcitui ^L(pt] re, koI eyvr]^
Kal St] KOI fieXcov fxeprj. rj Nfôp fxev, w TropOfxev^
airoXcoXev >]or], Kai ovoev i^Jô? eVi Xolttov avTijs' airo-
Qvr](jKovai yap Kal at vroXeif, uxrirep avBpwvroi.
The soldiers were fleeing without their shields.

Two swords were found in the shepherd's hut. The
farmers have found two silver cups in the slave's
cottage. The master sent for his servant from the
field. The slaves wished to taste liberty. The
father begged his son off, and sent him away to the
war. The generals reviewed the soldiers about mid-
night. The citizens are about to take the field
against the enemies of their king. Do not send for
the boy from the wood. The soldiers' children are
fleeing with their fathers' shields. The king's
generals review the soldiers in the garden of the
palace. The two shepherds will remain the livelong
night in the snow.
FIBST GBEEK RKAPKR. 89
SECTION XV.
SECOND CONJUGATION— VERBS IN -fJH-
1. Verbs in -/xi are of a more ancient formation

than verbs in -co, but are much less numerous. They
differ in inflexion from verbs in -w, in the Present,
Im|»erfect (Active, Passive, and Middle), and Aorist

II. (Active and Middle).
2. The stems which adopt this mode of conjuga-
tion end in one of the vowels, a, e, o, or v. In the
Present and Imperfect a reduplication is prefixed,
consisting of the initial consonant of the stem, with i\
thus, the stem So-, I give, is lengthened into Sw-,

which, with the person ending, -fxi, makes Sco-jni, and
this again, with the redupKcation, Si-Soi)-iJ.i. So 0e-,
lengthened into 6r]-, with person ending, 6r}-/xi, and

with reduplication, ri-Orj-iai. (See p. 62, 11, on
Reduplication.)
3. If the stem begin with cr, or an aspirated
vowel, the reduplication is made by prefixing t
aspirated ; thus, stem crra-, lengthened (rrrj-, with

person ending, a-rrj-fjn, and with reduplication
^-(m]-fjLi. Compare sto and si-sto, in Latin.
4. The three verbs, tIQthjh, I place, SiSw/xi, I give,

'and tifjii, I send, have the inflexion -ku, instead of
-era, in the first aorist indicative active ; as, edrjKay
eSoDKa, T]Ka ; but this form is used almost solely in

the singular. For these and other minor peculiari-
ties, consult the paradigms.
90 FIRST GEEEK EEADER.
VERBS
The student will remember that the stem of tffrrifu is (ttH- ; of rlOrifu, 0e-,'
that of the inflexion, as, Ti.6wfiep for Ti0i-wfj.ev, the hyphen has
declension. The parts not here given are regularly declined, like
ACTIVE
Pres.— (I set up or erect, <fcc.)
S. t(rr-r]fu, -rji, -rjcri IffT-u, -ys, -5 IffT-al-qp, -alrji, -air]

D. — , iffT-arop, -arov — , laT-rJTOP, -rJTOP — ,laT-alTjTOP,-airin]v*
P. tar-a/jLev, -are, -5.(n{p) lffT-Q/ji,€P, -Tjre, -W(n(v) lar-aLrj/xep, -alijTe,
(-alTjffav), -aiep
Imperf.— (I was erecting, (fcc.)

S. X<rr-7)P, -7?y, -i;
D. — , tor- arov, -<krrip wanting wanting

P. trr-S.ft.tP, -are, -aaap
Aor. II.— (I stood, &C.)

S. fOT-TjV, -77J, -»; (TT-tD, -ys, -§ ffT-alvp, -alfjs, -al-q
D. — , iar-yp'OP, ••ffTf^p , (TT-TJTOP, -rJTOP — , ffr-alr]TOP, -af^rjv
P. i<rr-rifi€P, -Tire, -riffap (j-T-w/iep, -ijre, -W(n{p) ar-airinep, -airire, {-ai-
rjffav) -aUp
MIDDLE
Pres.— (I erect myself, or
stand, <fcc.)
S. XaT-afiai, -atrat, -arai IcTT-wfiai, -y, -rJTai l<TT-alfiriP, -aio, -atro

D. IcTT-dfiedoP, -affdop, loT-difieOov, -rjffdop, l<TT-alfie6ov, -aitrOoP,
-acrOop -TJffOoP -alffdyv
P. la-T-dfi€6a,-a(r0€,-aPTai IffT-thfieda, -rtaOe, -u- l(TT-alfi€0a, -aicde, -ai-
PTai PTO
Imperf.^— (I was erecting

myself, <fec.)
S. lar-AfiriP, -aero, -aro

D. IffT-d/J-eOop, -a(x6op, wanting wanting
-dffOrjP
P. lar-dfieOa, -avOe, -avro
Aor. II.—
* The Dual and Plural Optative are usually

FIBST GREEK READER. 91
IN -^n.
and of SlS<aiu, So- : bat since the Towd of the stem is often nnited with
been placed with a rârd, not to the pnre stem, bat to conrenienee of
XiJw; as,fuL a-Hfiu; aor. i<miaa\ perf. tarriKa, &C. (See p. 96.)
VOICE.
HCPKRATITE. nfPIKITIVB. PARTICIPLB.
i0T-a>«u Irr-di, -dirroi

, IffT-SiTOV, -IÛP Itrr-cura, -dtrns
— , Xar-OTi, -ivTujp [-«£t«»- loT-dM, -dm-oi
aav)
— , rr-rfii, --Ifrta ar-rîu. ar-ds, -drrot

— , OT-TJfTOf, -ijrtint ffT-wTCif -dtnis
— , ffT-TTc, -cuTwr (or ar-dp, -djrroi
VOICE.
— , EoT-w -daOu
lirr-iffo*, Xar-iiaOai lar-dfuroi, -ofjJrov
— , Xar-affdop, -daOwv loT-ofkiyth -a/jLirrp
— , XoT-aaOe, -daOitr (-<£- loT-dfUKm, -o/Upov
wanting^ 1 wanting wanting
oootracted into -vuror, -aiTTjv, Sec.

(128) 7
92 FIBST OR££K HEADER.
VERBS IN -Ml
ACTIVE
Pres.— {I place, .fee.)
S. t16-7]/m, -jjs, -770-4 Tid-Si, -Js, -% TiO-elijv, -elrjs, -drj

D. — , TlO-erov, -erov , Tld-TJTOP, -TJTOV — , TiO-elriTov, -ei-qrt})'*
P. rld-efiev, -ere, -iaai[v), Tid-diiev, -rjre, -Gxnly) Tid-elr}fuv, -eirjTe, -et-
and -ei<7i.[p) €V {-elr)(rav)
Imperf.— (I was placing, &c.)

S. iTid-riv, -r]s, -r?
D. — , h-iO-erov, -irriv wanting wanting

P. irlO-efiev, -ere, -effUP
Aor.— (I piaceii, ifec.)
S. id-q-Ka, -Kas, -K€ d-d, -ps, -S 6-elr]v, -elrjs, -elr)
D. — , ^-erov, -injv , d-7JT0V, -TJTOV — , d-eliyrov, -nrjryjv

P. id-efiev, -ere, -e<xav, or O-Qêv, -lyre, -tDo-t(y) 9-elrifxei>, -eirjTe, -eUp
[-dt}(Tav)
MIDDLE
Pres. — (I place myself, &c.)
S. Tld-efiai, -eacu, -eroi Tid-Qnai, -§, -ôif Tid-fl/xrju, -no, -etro
D.Ti.d-4/j.edop, -effdop, Tid-iifie6ov, -rjadov, rid-eifieOov, -eurOoi',
-ecrdov -TjcrOov -eladr)v
P. Tid-ifJLeda, -eade, -eiâi TiO ii}/j.€9a,,-âde,-wVTai ri6-el/jLeda,-et.cr9€,-€iyTO
Imperf. — (I was placing my-

self, Ac.)
S. irid-i/ifiv, -effo, -era wanting wanting
D. irid-iixidov, -eadov,
P. irid-ifj-eda, -eade, -evro
Aor. II. — (I placed myself,

.fee)
S. id-^/JLTlV, (0OV{-€ffo), -€T0 9-CifMi, -§, -ijrcu O-elfi-qv, -eto, -e?ro

D. iO-ip-edov, -eaOoy, -iaO-qv 6-(bfjie6op, -fjcOov, -»)- 6-elpLedov, -eicfôv,
a-dov
P. id-ineda, -eade, -evro 0-d)/xe6a, -T)cr0e, -wrrai 6-dfie6a, -elade, -eivro
* These forms are usually contracted

f Otherwise accented,
1.
I
riBSX GRKEK READKK. 93
—continued.
VOICE.
IMPERATIVE. 1 ISFIHITITK. j PARTICIPL8.
— , Ti$-ei [Tie-idi], -hu Tid-iyai

— , Tid-erov, -irojv TiB-eiffo, -elffiji
— , rld-ere, -ivrwv {-h-ta- Tid-iv, -irros
cav]
-, e-h (for OiOi), -h-u d-firat

— , O-irof, -irup O-eiffOi, -eLffrjs
— , d-ere, -irrvp [-iruaop) e-ip, -4vTos
VOICE.
— rld-ov {(orTideffoj.-iffOu) rlO-caOai Ttd-ifiepos, -ffjLôv

TiS-efUmj, -euiinr\s
— , Tl$-ea0e, -icOuv [-ia- TtB-ifuvov, -îvov

Ouxrav]
— , 0-o\j (for Qiao), -loOu e-4c0ai 0-iftevot, -€fUvov

— , 9-icdow, -iaQup
— , e-icOe, -iaOur {-Muh 9-ifiePOf, -€fih>ov

ffav)
into -eiTov, -€Ln]i>, See.

94 FmST G£E££ READER.
VERBS IN -fii
ACTIVE
INDICATIVB. SUBJUNCTIVE. OPTATIVE.
Pres.— (I Rive, &c.)

S. Sld-w/j.1, -wj, -W(Ti 5t5-w, -(ps, -(p Si5-o[r]P, -olrjs, -olri
D. — , did-OTOP, -oTov — , SlS-wtop, -Qtop — , diS-oli}TOP, -oirp-riP
P. U8-ofi€v, -ore, -6d(ri(v) StS-ufiep, -Gire, -w(Ti[p) Si5-oi7]fi€P, -olrp'e, -oiep
(or 5i5-o0o-i) {ol7](rap)
Iinperf.— (I was giving, &c.)

S. iSld-icv, -wr, -w
D. — iSlS-orov, -bryip
, wanting wanting
V. iSid-o/Mev, -ore, -ocrap
Aor. II.— (I gave, &c.)

S. I5w-/ca, -Kas, -Ke 5-w, -<?s, -V 5-oiTjP, -olr]!, -oIt]
U. , IS-OTOV, -6t7jv — , 8-Qtop, -wtop — , b-oitfrop, -oirp-r]p

P. iS-ofiep, -ore, -oaav, or 5-wpLep, -GiTe, -w(rt(>') 8-ol7]fiep, -olrp-e, -oiei>
^SUKCW {•olt](Tap)
MIDDLE
Pres.— (I give myself; <fcc)
S. SlS-onai, -0(7oi, -oral (f,

-urai Sld-olflTJP, -010, -OITO
D. Sid-6/xedop, -oadop, -o- dt-d-di/jLeOop -Qffdop, diS-olfiedop, -oiadop,
ffdoP -wcOop -oiad-qp
P. 5id-6/J.€9a, -oade, -ovrai SiS-difieda, -waOe, 5iS-oiiJ,e9a, -otade,
-WPTdl -OiPTO
Imperf.— (I was giving

myself, <fcc)
S. ibiZ-bfi-qp, -OV {-0(T0), -OTO

D. idid-6nedov, -offdop, wanting wanting
-bce-qp
P. i8i8-b)xeea, -o<r6e, -opto
Aor. II. — (I gave myself;

Ac)
S. iS-6fJ.r)p, -OV, {-oao), S-UfJMI., -- d-olfiedop, -oi<T0op,
c6t]P ffOop -olaO-qp

P. iS-6/ieda, -oaOe, -opto S-dfieOa, -QaOt, -u>- 5-olfj.eOa, -oiaBe, -oZVre
PTai
J
FIBST GREEK HEABfiB. 95
— continued.
70ICK
IMPBRATITK. INHNITITE. PARTICIPLK.
— , 5i5-ou (5/5-oî), -irw 5t3-6vot Sid-ovs, -6VT0S

— , 5/5-orov, -irrujv Sid-ovffa, -0VCT1JS
— , 5t5-OTe, -bvTwv (-6â^ 8iS-6v, -6vTos
wantiDg wanting wanting
SoOvcu
— , 5-6tov, -6tii)p Sovffa, Sovar]S
— , d&re, -bvrav [-&Tia- S6v, S6irros
aav]
VOICE.
b— , 5/5-ou {-<xTo), -6<t9w SlS-oa0ai Si5-6fievoi, -0/j.ivov

— , dlS-oaOoy, -b<jQwv
— . 5/8-00-^6, -baOusv (-6- StS-6fuyov, -o/xipov
— , 8o0 (36cro), loodu) 86ff0aA 56fievoi, Sofi4vov
.—, S6c0ov, SixrOuv So/xhrrj, So/ji^rrjs
— , hbcBe, SScOuv 56- SSfievov, hofihav

VERBS IN -fxi
ACTIVE
INDICATIVB. SUBJUNOTIVH. OPTATIVE.
Pres. — (I show, &c.)

S. SelKPv-fu, -y, -<n Seiiani-(i), -jis, -jfc &C., 8eiKvi-oi/xif -otj, &c.,
(formed regularly (from SeiKPvu)
D. — , SelKvv-Tov, -TOP
P. SelKvv-ixev, -re,
from deiKPiJw)
-dffi[i')
[or S€iKvvffi{v]]
Imperf. — (I was showing,
S. iSelKvv-v, -s, iSelKvv

D. — , iSeiKvv-Tov, -TTJv wanting wanting
P. iSeiKuv-nev, -re, -(rap
MIDDLE
Pres.— (I show myself, &c.)
S. delKPv/JUii, -ffai, -rai SeiKv^-ufiai, -77, &c., deiKPV-olfirjp, -010, &c.,
(from SeiKPû) (from SetJwiJw)
D. SeiKvi-fieOop,-aOop,-a0op
P. deiKvv-neda, -ff$e, -vtm
Imperf.— (I was showing

myself, <fcc.)
S. iSeiKPv-/J,r]P, -(TO, -TO

D. ideiKprj-fieOov, -cdop, wanting wanting
-(rOrjp
P. i8eiKpA-/ie9a, -(rde, -rro
The parts of these Verbs which do not appear in the foregoing Tables are
ACTIVE.
Pres. Imperf. Put. |Aor. 1. Aor.n, Perf. Plup. Pres. Imperf.
I
T[&Tr)fii tcrrriP (jT'^(ri)) Scrrrjcra ?CrT7]P t(jTafiai tffTafiriv
T[d7]/M h-ie-nv di)(r<i} \id7}Ka rideiK(vh-^6elKea> rtOefiai
5lScj}fii i5i5(i)V (ISwv) Slbo/J-at iSiSdfit^p
SelKvvfit ld€licvvp,Sel((i) i^Setâ d^Seixd iSeSelxeiP, SelKPVfiai iSeiKPiJuriP
'
I
—
FTBST GREEK BEADES. 97
— continued.
VOICE.
IMPEBATITE. INFISITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
— , ielKvv [hflicvvBC], SeiK- Seucpv-pcu • Seucyi-i, -rros

PVTU
, deiKW-TOP, -TOW SetKPiHTa, -aifi
— , SelKvv-Te, -vrwv {-rv- SeiKvi-f) -pros
ffav)
wanting wHnting wanting
VOICE.
— , SeiKvii-ffo, -(tOw StlKWV-ffBcU
— , SelKW-ffOov, -adwv ittKwv-ftim}, -/limji

— , idKvu-ffde, -ffOwv [-ffObi- SeiKvi-fjieyoy, -/livov
aap)
declined regularly. All the Tenses are seen in the following scheme:
PASSIVE. MIDDLK
Fut. Aor. I. Pert Plup. Fut. ! Aor.
I
0ra6-fyToiiai icrridtpi Ifarafiai Pres. and

Ttd^ffo/juu iridriv ridft/iai, iredel/jLijv Imperf. $-f)<rofuu \idinyiv
iod-^ffofiai i560T]v S^dofiai same as in SdlCOfJLCU \iS6fJLT]P
iSedeiyfirjv Passive.
—
ACTIVE VOICE.
EXERCISE XXIV.
ol crrpariMTai Tpoiraiov e(TTrj(rav (1 aor.) ol
iTTTrei^ etf )(i\iovs Trapa l^Xeap-ôv ecmja-av (2 aor.)

roi^ auOpcoTTOig Geo? iroXXa ayaOa riOrjcriu. ol Oeol
iravra to. ayaOa SiSoda-i. K.vpo9 eSooKe J^Xedp-^w

fivpiov^ SapeiKovS' oo^ irov (ttu), koi tov Koajmov
KLvrjaoo. S6t€ rjixiv TO. î<pr}. fj vrjCTO^ (palverai irvp ava-
SiSovaa j/u/fTo?. ol TToXefxioi eTirov, oTi ovk aTroSoiev
Tovs vcKpovs. ol apyovre^ T01/9 vo/nov^ TcOeiKdcnv.
KardOeg fxicrOov tois Sov\oi(i. u/xei"? tou? ^ A.9rjvaLOV^
emcrare Ta fiaKpa a-Trjcfai Tel-^. ol crTpaTrjyol
dOXa Tots (rrpaTiu)Tai<! eOecrav. TTtj (ttu). ovk e^w
oTi eKaa-Ttp tcov (piXoov r^w. ovk eêcrnv dvSp). Qtjâio)
cKQelvai TraiSlov. A^VKOvpyog, 6 Oe^s A-aKeSaijuovioig
vojuovg, cro^coraTOf ^v. vfiiu evrvêiv Sotev ol Qeol.
CTTriXri ecTTriKe irapa tov vaov ypafx/xaTa eyovcra.
The father gave (1 aor.) the book to his son.

Give the shepherd his staff again.* The Greeks have
given Cyrus ten thousand soldiers. Where shall we
stand? (2 aor. suhj.) The island revolted from the
Athenians. (I pray that) God would grant (2 aor.
opt.) me faithful friends. We very much admire
Lycurgus, who made (lit. the person having made,
2 aor. part, act.) laws for the Lacedaemonians. Ye
rich! givesome part of your goods to the poor. The
general has given thirty* days' pay (say, the pay of
tliirty days) to the soldiers.
* Use aTToit'Sufu when the meaning is to give back, or to givt what is dm, Aa
FIKST GEEEK READKB. 99
I
MIDDLE AND PASSIVE VOICE&
EXEECISE XXV.
01 crrpaTiurrai <tvv iroXK^ <TirovSrj KaOlcrravTo.

/j.T]Seva Koxov av 6€i/j.r]v aTpaTtjyov. r^ (rrpaTin
t6t€ /ulktOo^ Terrdpoou ixrjvwv viro J^vpov aireSoOt].
€Ka<TTU) Twv orpaTiurrwv (rrecparo^ yjtova-ov^ SeooTai.
K.vpo9, Trpos jSacriXea TrefXTrwv, rj^lov SoOtjuai oi (to
him) Tavrag tci^ TroXeig, fiaWov t] Ticr(Ta(p€pyr]P
ap-^€iv avTwv. Aa(pviv tov ôvkoXov Xeyovai Te^-

Oivra €KTeBrjvai ev Sdcpvr], oOev koi to ovo/xa eXaêv.
YlXaTcov Trpo<i ÂplcTTnnrov eiVe, (roi ixovcp SeSoTai
Ka\ ^(Xa/uLvSa eu (popelv koi pdxo^. YivQayopa^ TXeye,
Svo Taura €K twv Oewv TOiy dvBpwiroi^ SeSoaOai koX-
Xicrra, to re aXtjOeveiv koi to evepyereh. 6 oJvo^ et'?
Tt]v larpiKtjv -^rjcri/uLwTaTos, "ttoXXoki^ yap Tofj iroTOis
(papfiaK0i9 Kepavi/irrai.
His own cutlass was returned to the sailor. A

silver crown was given to each of the slaves. Six
clays' pay was given by Tissaphemes to his soldiers.
The soldiers of {King) Perses post themselves {i.e.,
fall into position) in great haste. Socrates used-to-

say {vmjperf) that many blessings have been given
by the gods to men. The infant was exposed on a
high mountain. Plato used-to-say to Aristippus that
to him only had been granted to wear becomingly
it
both the robe-of-wealth (;^Xa/iu?) and the-garment-of-

poverty {poKo^). The soldiers were put in position
with great haste.
— ——
100 FIKST GREEK HEADER.
SECTION XVI.
The following Irregular Verbs in -lu are those most frequently met
consult the Greek Grammar, and Buttmann's or Veitch's •' Irregular
in its inflexions from ridijiu. The compounds, i,<pl-qiu, &c., are more
compounds.
ACTIVE
INDIOATITB. SUBJUNCTIVE. OPTATIVE.
Pres.— (I throw, or send, &c)

S. t-rjfu, -171, -T/ffi, &c., [the l-Q, -§s, -f, &c. l-el7]», -elrfi, -el-q, &c
3d pi. is l-a<n[v)]
Imperf.
S. X-ovv* or -eiv, -ijj or
-«s, -t] or -ei, -etov, wanting wanting
-irr^v, &c.
Fut.-
S. ri-ffu, &c. wanting Wanting
Aor.
S. y]Ka,\ yJKa^, rJKe c5, «», V, &c- et-t]y, -Tis, -n, &c.
P. elftev, et-T€, el-aav
Perf.—
S. el Ka, -Ktts, &e. wanting wanting
Plup.—
S. et-K€lV, -K€IS, &c. wanting wanting
* tow, as in d^lovv, or ij<t>lovv : and Ua>, as in
PASSIVE
Pres.— (I am sent, &c)
S. t-efuu, -Cffai or -{}, t-w/iai, &c. l-elfitip, &c. or -olfi-qf
-erai, &c.
Imperf.
8. l-ifJ-v^, -fffo (or -on), wanting wanting
-ero, &c.
Perf.—
S. tt-fuu, -aai, &c. wanting wanting
FIRST GB£EE KEADEB. 101
IRREGULAR VERBS IN -fxi.
with in the coarse of reading. For the others, the learner most
Greek Verbs." — The verb fij/u (stem I], I throw, differs but slightly
fireqnentlj used than the simple verb. Many of the parts occur only in
VOICE.
IMPERATIVE. ISFI5ITIVK. PARTICIPLE.
— , X-ei, -4tu, -€tov, &c l-th, -tiaa, -4v
wanting wanting wantinir
, ?-», -TW, -TOP, &C. tl-^tu. fU, ttaa, h
1)<plea>, Tpctteof.
f See aorist active of rWiutu
VOICE.
— , l-€co (or -ow), -laOd), i-eaOax Ufiei^-os, -17, -Of

&c.
— , (l-CO, &c. elaBiu elfjJp-os, -T), -w

:
103 FIRST Gr.EBK READER.
IRREGULAR VERBS
PASSIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE. SUBJUKOTIVB. OPTATIVE.
Plup.-
S. ei-fi7]Pf &c. wanting wanting
Fut. L-
S. keiia-ofiJiii, &c. wanting wanting
Aor. I.-
S. eX-e-qv or iO-nv, &c. i'0u>, &c. e-Oel-rjv, &c.
MIDDLE
Fut.—
S. ij-ffofiai, &c. wanting ij-crolfjitiv, &c.
Aor. I.—
S. {T]-Kd/l7]V, &c.) watititig wanting
Aor. II.-
S. ei-fM)v (or ?/*??»'), &c. (L/iai, &c. wanting
Verbal Adjectives
EIMI,
Some of the forms of dfil, I am, which is defective, differ from tliose
Pres.—
S. el-nl, eT, i<T-rt{u) <S, ^-J, i ef-ijp, -ijs, -17
D. — , ia-rSv, -t6v — ,
^-TOy, -TOV — , el-tyrov or elroi',
or etTjjv
-)^»;i'
P. i(T-iih, -t4, €l-ffl{v) (S-fiev, rpe, (2-<Tl{t>) dijixiv or eT/iei', efT/rc
or etre, el-i)<Tav, eXep
Imperf.—
S. 1j-v (^), -(rOa, -V
D. —
,
i^-rov) Tja-tov, (^-
rT}v), ijff-triu
wanting wanting
P. ^-fj.ev, -re or -<rte, -(rav
Fut.-
S. fff-ofiai, -« or -5, -tttt ioolfii}P, Ste.
D. ia-6fJLedof>, -eaOov, -e- wanting
o-ôv
P. i<T-6/ie0a, -e<rOe, -ovrai
—
FIRST GREEK READEB. 103
IN -/*' continued.
—continued.
IMPERATIVE. INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
— , VeTTTi, &c. i-6yivai i-eels, &c.
VOICE.
wanting TJ-aeadat wanting
-, 6v, iffdu t-adai i-fifvos, -rj, -OP
i-rdi and e-rios.
I am.
of Itjpu only in the breathing. virdpx<^, &c., supply the parts deficient
— , iff-di, iff-Tw el-yai UP, oSiTO, OP

, iff-TOV, -TCxTV
— , (<r-Te, -Tuffav, -ruv
lae(r6ai icbfup-0%, -Tj, -or

wanting
—
104 FIBST GREEK RBA.DEB.
IRREGULAR VERBS
Etfu (stem t), has a Future meaning, / shall go. Like elfd, I am, it is
by tlie accent, or
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVB. OPTATIVE.
Pres— (I shall go, &c)

S. et-fu, et, er-iTt(i') t-U, -7JS, --0 t-oi/uorl-olrip, t-ois, -oi
D. — , t-TOV, -TOV ,
{1-7]T0V), (-r]TOV) — ,
(ô^TOJ'), [1-oIti}v,
P. t-ix.€v, -re, -d(n(»^ t-ufiev, -7)7$, -(i)crL{v) t-oifiiv, -ovre, -oi€i>
Imperf.—
S. -^-etv or ^-a, iJ-ets or
-eiaOa, -et or -eiv
D. —
, -Q-eiTov or ^-rov,
elT-qv or q-tt]v
wanting wanting
tJ
P. -Q eifiep or ^-fJ.ev, ^ eire

or j-re, -^-eaav
Tlie verb #?;/*/ (stem 0a), I say, is conjugated much like
Pres.— (I say, <fcc.)
S. 4>r)-ixl, (j)ri-s, (J>t}-(tI{v) <pS), <f>rii, 05, &c. <pa.l-Tiv, -jjj, -ij, &c
D. — , (pa-Tov, -t6v
P. <pa-fiiv, -ri, <pd-(Tl{v)
Imperf.
S. l-<p7]-v, (-s) -a-da, -(pT] [The Future, 0i}o-w,
D. , i(pa-TOV, €<pd-TT]V wanting are regular.]
P. icpa-fiev, -re, -aav
OrSa (stem lb, Lat. vict) I hnow, is a preteritive verb.
Perf.— (I know, <fec.)
S. olS-a, cit-aOa, ot8-e{v) elS-Q, -§!, &c. elS-el-qy, -cfiji, &C.

D. , tff-TOV, -TOV
P. t(r-/JL€V, -re, -d(ri{v)
Plup.—
S. ^S-etv or -7), -eiaOa or
-rjada, -eis or -77s, -et
or -et)', or -77 wanting wanting
D. — ,
^S-eiroi', i8-elT7jv
P. ^S-et/uev, -eire, -eo-av
(-et(Tav)
Aor. n.—
S. elSoj', &c. t8w, &c. Idoifu, &c.
FmST GREEK EEADEK. 105
IN -fit —continued.
very defective, and in some forms is distingukhed from the latter onlj
an iota subscript.
IMPERATIVE. ISFIXITIVE. PAr.TICIPLE.
t-iPOt l-unf, -ovffo, -69

— , t-Toy, -TUV
— , f-Tf, -Tuxxay or Idyruf
toTTjfu, but wants the reduplication, and is defective.
— , (pa-dl or tpd dij (fxi-TW <pi-vai (^d;, -a<ro, -dv)

— , <f>d-Toy, -Tuy
— ,
4>d-Te, -TOMTor or -yruv
and the Ist Aorist, iifniaa,

wanting wanting
Its conjugation is much like that of verbs in -fu.
, I9-61, -TW, &C. eld-4ycu eli-dn, -wra, -6s
-. «^ IdeTy ISliiP, &C.

IRREGULAR VERBS IN -/ni—continued.
Keifiai (stem kc), I am lying (7 have laid myself), is originally a
perfect passive.
Pres. — (I am lying, <fec.)
S. Kei-/J.ai, -ffUL, -rai [Ki-wfiaC], {Ki-rj}, ni- (Ke-olfirip), [K^-oio), Ki-

Tjrai OITO
D.Kei-fiedov, -aOov, -aOov wanting wanting
P. Kel-fj,e6a, -ade, -jTat , , K&OLVTO
IMPERATIVE. INFINITIVE. Imperf.—

S. iKel-/j.T]v, -co, -TO
Pres.— KeT-crOai D. iKcl-fiedov, -ctOop,
S. — , KeT-ffo, -<r6w
D. — , Ke'i-<jdov, -aduv P. iKei-ixeOa, -aOe, -vto
P. wanting PABTICIPLE.
Ktlfia>-Ot, -7}, -ov
The verb Hyuat (stem i), I sit [I have seated myself), is originally a per-
fect passive. It is used in Attic prose only in the compound Kid-q/xai,
I sit, or sit down.
Pres.— (I sit, &c.)

S. ^-/iat, -aai, -<rrai wanting wanting
D.ij-fjiedov, -<rdoj>, -adov
P. rj-fieOa, -ffOe, -vrai
IMPERATIVE. INFINITIVE. Imperf.—

S. 7l-fl7)V, -ffO, -ffTO
Pres.— fl-aOai. D. ^-fieOov, -oOov, -aO-rjv
S. — , 7)-ffo, -adu) P. ft-fjiiOa, -ffOe, -VTO
D. — , -fj-aOov, -aOwv
P. — , ff-ade, -aOuaav PARTICIPLE.
^fiep-os, -f], -ov

PART IL
EXTRACTS FOR READING.
SECTION i.
THE WITTICISMS (OF HIEROCLES).

J . 2ôAa(TTt/f09 KoXvfxjSav ôvXafMeuo^ irapa /jlikoov
cirnyrj' w/xocrev ovv fi^ aypâadai vSaroi, eav jxr}
irpwTOV fiaOrj Ko\v[J.âv.
2. 2ôXa(TTt>co9 (piXui (Tvvavrrjaa^ etire, Ka0'

i TTVoui ere iSwv Trpocrtjyopevcra. 'O Se, — ^vyyvcoOi
jjioi, oTi oil irpocrea-ôv.
3. 2ôXa(TTi/co9, vocrovvra eTrKTKeTrTOfJLevog, ^purra

Trep] Ttjs vyielag- 6 Se ovk ^Svvaro aTroKpiOtjvar
opytcrOeis ovv e^tjXeyêv,
— 'EATr/tw Kcifxe vocrrjaai, koi
eXOouTi (Toi juLt] aTTOKpiBrjvai.
4. ^-ôXacTTiKog idrpw crvvairr^cra?, — ^vyû>ptj<r6v

fjioi, etVe, Koi firj juloi /xe/A\|/-p, OTi ovk euoaijara.
5. 2ôXa<TTi/coy OeXcov top lirirov avrov SiSdâi fit]
Tpwyeiv TToXKa, ov TrapeâXev avrw Tpo(prU, 'Atto-

dauovTog Se tov Ittttov tS) Xl/i^, eXeye, —Me-ya
e^rjfjLiwOrjv, OTe yap e/xaOe ixrj TpcoyeiVy Tore airedave.
6. SôXaoTi/cof, oiKiav ttcoXuii', XiOov air avrtj^ cif
SeiyfjLa irepitcpepe.
{123) a
7. ^yoXaa-TiKO^ OeXcov elSevai, et Trpiirei avT<a

KoijuacrOqi, Kajut-iuva-a^ eluoTTTpiCêTO.
8. 2ôXacrTt/co9, larpw cruvavriâ-as, vtto toi-ôv

eKOv^r], Tti/o? ê ttvOoju^vov t^v airlav, e(pr], — Kai-
pov evft) fj.r] acrQevrjaaî kol aicr-^vvo//.ai et'y o\|/-ti/ eXOeh
Tov laTpov,
9. ^'ôXacTTiKog Â/mivaiav e-^cov, ea-cppayicrev avTrjv.
Tov Se SovXov KarooOev Tprjo-avro^, kol tov oIvou

aipovTO<s, eOavixatev on, Twv (rrnxavrpociv acooov ovrcov,
6 olvoi eXarrovTO' erepo^ eiTrev, —'Opa, /mrj KaroaOev

a(pt]pe6r]. 'O ê etirev, — ÂfxaOecrraTe, ov to KarwOev
Xeiirei, aXXa ro avcoOev fiipog.
10. SôXacTTZ/fo?, iSiov crrpovOia eirl SevSpov,
XaOpa vireicreXOwv {/(paTrXuxraTO r6v koXttov, Kal ecreie
TO SeuSpov^ o)? vTToSeôfxevoi ra (rrpovdia.
1 1 SôXacTTf a:6? crôXacrTJ/cft) (TvvavT^cra^ elirev, —
.
^fiaOov oTi aireQave^' KaKeivo?, —'AXX' opa^ fxe en,

ecprj, ôoura' Kol 6 cr-ôXacrTiKos, — Kat imrjv 6 eiTrdiv
jULOi ttoXXm crov aîOTricrTOTepos virap-êi.
12. '^/•ôXaa-TiKoi;, eu tm iScm aypcp eîcou, ^pcoTa

TTceiu vSoop, €1 KaXov ev tw avroOi (ppiarr twv Se
iprja-avTcov on koXov, kuc yap oi yovet^ avTov e^ avTOu
'iirlvov Kat TrtjXiKOv^, €(ptj, ei-ôv TpayîjXovi, on ei"?
ToaovTOU 'âOo^ Trlveiv rjSvvavro.
13. 2ôXa(rTt/c09 juadcou on 6 Kopa^ inrep ra

SiaKocria errj i^fj, ayopdcrag KopaKa e/f cnroTreipav
erpecpe.
14. SôXacTTi/co? etV -êtjuoova vavdyoou, /cat Tfov
trvfiTrXeoirrcov eKaa-TOV TrepiTrXeKOjuevoov crKevovg irpos to
(rtadrjvai, eKeiuos juiav tcov ayKupcov TrepieirXeâTO.
FIBST GB£EK SEADEB. 109
15. AtSuficov aSeXcpwv eTy ereXevrtja-e. 2ôXo-

CTTiKO^ ovv airavnâ-a^ tw ^wyri i/jOwra, — 2.y axe'âvcy,
// 6 ade\<p6s <TOU ;
16. 2yoXao~r//coy, vavdyeiv ^leXXwv, TrivaKioas
^Tei, 'iva Siad^Kug ypd<pr]' Toy? ê ot/cera? opwu aX-

yovvras Sia tov kivSvvov, €(pr], — Mj? XuireiaOe, eXev-
6epw yap vfia^.
17. 2ôXa<TTf/f6? TTOTapLov ôvXQfi€vo9 Trcpacraiy
avijXOev e? to ttXoiov edxxTroy irvOofxevou oe tivos ttiv
aiTiav, €(pr] cnrovoaCîv.

1 8. SôXaoTt/co? a—opwv Sairavrii4.aTUiVy to. îpXla
avTov e—'Lirpa<TK€f Kai, ypacpwv irpo^ tov TraTepa,
eXeye, —^vyâipe rifiiv, TraTep- tjSrj yap rjixa^ Tct
î^Xla Tp€(p€l.
1 9. ^ôXatrTiKOv vl6<s, viro tov iraTpo^ ei'y TroXe/mov
eKire/xirofJievoî virea-êro evoy tuiv ejÔpcov KecpoXrjv
aydyeiv. 'O oe ecbr], — Euô/iat Kai y^coph KecpaXijg

ae eXOovra, ixovov vyirj ovra, iSeiv, Kai €v<ppav6r}vai.
20. 2ôXa<7Tt/caj (biXog eypa^êv ev 'EXXa^t ovTif

î^Xla avTw ayopacrar tov Se ajmeXâavTog, coy, /xerct
ypovov, Tw (piXo) (TVVUXpBr], eiire, Trjv i-TrKJToXrjv tjv
irepi I3iî(i}v cnreoTeiXai juloi, ovk eKOfMiad/xtjv.

21. 2ôXa(TT(/coy fivv eOeXcoy iridaai, trwe^wy tu
î^la TpwyovTa, Kpea^ Sokiov evavrla eKaOiae.
22. 2ôXacrTi/f09 KaT ovap iSiov ôv -TreTraTtjKivai,
Kai ooây aXyeiv tov Trooa, TrepieSiâ-aTO. "Erefloy

oe fiaOiov Tr]v aiTiav ecprj, — AiaTi yap awTroStjTOf
KaOeuSei^ ;
—
110 FtKST GREEK READEH.
SECTION II.
ANECDOTES.
1. ANECDOTES OF PHILOSOPHEES.
ZENO.
1 , 7jriv(av SovXov eTTi kXottJj efiaa-riyov. Tou Se
eiTTom-og, elfxapTO /not /cAe\|/âi, koi Sap^vai, ecprj. 2.
IIoo? TO (bXvapovv [xeipaKiov, — Ata tovto, eJire, Svo wra

cYO/mev, (jToiuLa Se ev, Iva irKeloo jxev aKovcofxev, rjrrova
§e Xiyoo/iiev. 3. Neaj^/cr/cou ttoXXcc XaXovvroi, Znjvcvv
€(br], —Ta toTci a-ov e/? t}]v yXwrrav crvveppvtjKev
ARISTOTLE,
4. ÂpL(TT0Te\t]9 oveiSiâ/uLems ttotc, on Trovtjpia
avOpcoTTW eXerjjuocrvvrjv eSooKev, — Ou tou Tpoirov, e<pr],
aXXa Tov avOpcoirov rjXericTa. 5, Toy? ÂOtjvalov^
ecbacTKev evprjKevai irvpou^ Kai vo/jlovs' aXXa irvpol^ juev
^rjcrOf^h vofioi? Se jmr/. 6. Tlpog tov Kav^w/mevov, ws

airo fieyaXtjs ttoXccos e^tj, —Ou tovto, ^cpr), Set cTKOTrdv,
aXX' et' Ti? /neyaXr}^ iraTpiSo^ aî6<i icTTiv.

7. ÂpiCTTOTeXf]? ej/o^Xoi/yUez/o? vtt aooXea-ôv, Kat
KOTTTOfxepos aTOTTOt? tictI Sitjy^fxacri, ttoXXukis uvtov
Xeyoirrog, ov davfjaa-TOP o ti Xiyw\ — Ou tovto, ^rjai,

Oavjuaa-Tov, aXX' e? Tip TroSas e-^cov ere vTFOfievei.
PLATO.
8. IIXaTWv Opacrvvoixevov iScov Tiva irpoi tov eauTi J

TTUTepa, — Ou TraucT/?, fxeipuKiov, enre, tovtov kutQ'
I
FIRST GREEK READER 111
(f)povo}V, di ov /uLeya (ppouetv aîois', 9. TlXdrcou

opyiôfxevo^ TTOTC TU) oiKeTr], exicrTarro? 'iElêvoKpoLTOvg,
— Aa/Sajv, €<pt], TovTov, fiacmyaxroi'' iyo) yap opyi-
SOCRATES.
10. ôoKparrj^ Trpog 'iâpQiTnrrjv, irpoTepov fxkv
XoiSopovcrav, varepov Se Koi irepi-êaa-av avrw, —Om

tKeyov, etirev, oti lEavBiTrTrrj ^poiTwo-a Ka\ vSwp
TTCfiypêi', 11. TLpo^ÂXKiîdSijv eiiroPTa, Ovk dveiCTt]
ri 'âvOlinrrj XoiSopovaaf —Ou koi <ry, elire, ^tjvwp

ôwvTwv dvej^t].
DIOGENES.
1 2. Aioyeprjg TTjOO? top elirovra, kokov elvai to 'Qiî

— ov TO X.^v, eiTrev, dXXa To KaKws ^^v. 1 3. Aioyevt}^
6 îvooTreug, 6 kvwu eiriKCiXov ixevog, iravri Toirw eyprjro

eU Travra, dpicrTwv Te koi Kadevooop Kal oiaXeyofxevog.
HajcTJjpia eirajpeicraTO dadevrjaa^' eireiTa fxevroi KCti
SiaTravTog e(p6pei avrriv. Kat irripav eKO/ULicraTo, evOa

avT(i) TO. (TiTia ^v. 'ETTioê/Xas Se Tin oiKiSiov avrco
Trpovo^cracrOaifKai. /SpaSuvom-og, ttiOov tivcl eayev oiKiav.
14 Geacra/xefo? TroTe iraioiov Taig

X^P^'' "^^^^^f
eêppiyê T^y irrjpag ttjv KOTuXrjv, eiircoVf—^TLaiSlov fie
vevLKTiKev evTeXela. 'Eê/3aXe ê koI to Tpv^Xlov,

ofiolwi iraiolov Qeaadfievog, eireiori /caTeaê to CAceuof,
Tw KoiXw dpTU) T^v (bcucrju vTToSeôfievov.

15. Mo^0>7|0oy Tivog dvOpwirov eTriypaypâiôs exJ
Tt]v oiKiav, ÎrjSev eicriTO} kokow — ^'O ouv Kvpiog Trjs
oiKias, ^(pr], TTOv eiaiXOoi 16. Tlpog tovj epirvcrap'
Tag ext Tr]v TpdireTav
dv'.,
fxvg,
— 'looJ, (pT](rif koi AioyevT}^
xapaaiTOv^ Tpicpei. 1 7. IIpos tov irvOo/uievov, irola
112 FEBST QKEEK EEADER.
wpa Sec apia-Tciv, —Et fxev -rXova-io^, €(pt], orau OeXrj, el
Se "Trevrjs, orav e^>?. 18. TLXdrcovos opicrajULevou, —

"A^vOpcaTTOs ecTTL Xpiov Slirovv, uTrrepov — koi evSoKi-
fiovvTog, TiXas oXeKrpvova eccnjvejKev els Ttjv a-yoXrjv
avTOv, Koi ecbrj, — Outo'j ecrriv 6 nXarcovo? avOpcoTrog.
ANTISTHENES.
1 9. ^ A.vTKrdivrj'i TTore eTraivovfievog viro Trovrjpwv, —

Âyooviu), echrj, fir] n kukov e'lpyaa-jmai. 20. ^JSipoort]-
Gels, Ti avTW Ttepiyeyovev e/c (pi\o(ro(plag, e<pr], — To

Svi'aa-Qai eaurcp o/miXeiv.
21. Aiperwrepov elirev elvai, els KopaKas e/JLirecreiv,
t] els KoXaKas' rovs fiev yap airoOavovTOs to arco/ita,
Tovs Se "CcoPTos Trju yp-v^r]v Xvfialvea-Oai.
SOLON. GORGIAS.
22. SoXcov oLTro/SaXlbv vlov eKKavcrev. Îttovtos Se

Tivos Trpos avTOV, cos ovoev irpovpyov iroiei KXaicov, —
Ai' avTo yap tol tovto, e(pr], KXalco. 23. Topylaso
A.eovTivos ep(i)T>]9els, ttoiol SiaiTrj yjnafxevos els fxaKpov
ytjpas riXOev, —OvSev ovSeirore, edn], irpos rjoovrjv oure
chaywv, oure Spdcras. 24. Yopylas "lorj yrjpaios vTvap-
^ft)i/, ep(OTri6els, el ^Secos airodvijaKoi, — MaXicrra,
elirev wcnrep yap e/c aairpov Ka\ peovros oIkiOiov
acr/xei/cos aTraXXaTTOfiLai,
PITTACUS. XENOPHON.
25. TliTTttKos dSiKTjOels VTTO TivoSi KOI e'^wv eôvalav

avTov KoXacrai, dcbrJKev, elirwVf — ^vyyvco/at] Tijucoplas
aueivcov to /aev yap rjixepov (bvaecos ecrrl, to Se
FIEST GREEK READER. 113
OripiooSovg. 26. TpvXXo^, 6 'iE,evo(pu)vt09 vi6g, ev rp

/wa^j; -Trep] ^lavrlveiav la")(yp(i}g aywvicrafxevo'; ereXeu-
Trjcrev. 'ijj' TavTt] Trj M«X?' '^"^ 'Exa/UtKoj/oa? cTrecre.
TrjviKavta Si] koi tov 'êvocpoyvra (paari dveiv earefx-
fievov ciTrayyeXdevTOi Se avrw tov Qavarov tov iraiooî
cnroaTechai'uxraa-Oar eTreiTU fxaOovra oTi yevvaiax;,
irdXiv eTTiOeaOai tov (rrecpavov. Êfiot oe ovoe oaKpv-

aal (paaiv avTov, aXXa yap elirdv, ^Seiv Qvrp-ov
yeyevvriKU)^.
2. AITECDOTES OP STATESMEN AND KINGS.

ARCHELAUS. DIONYSltJS.
27. âpievTOii 6 jSatr/Xeu? 'A^êXao?, aôXeo-ôy

Kovpecog '7repiBaX6vT0<; avrw to ui/uoXivov, kui Trvdofxe-
voVi — Wo)^ are Kelpoo, â(TiXev\ — 'Zîunrwv, €(pt]. 28. 'O

peurrepo^ Aiovvaio^ eXeye TroXXoy? Tpecbeiv <ro(picrrai,
ov 6av/j.a.lCoov CKeivov^, aXXcit ci eKeivoav OavâCeG'Qai

ôvXofMevo^.
PHILIP, KING OF MACEDOX.
29. ÎXnnro^ eXeye, KpeiTTOv etvai (TTpaTOTreoov

eXacpwv, Xeoi>TO? a^paTtjyovirro^, tj Xeom-wv, eXacpov
(TTpoTrjyovvTO^. 30. îXiinro^, 6 ÂXe^dvopov iraTrip,
AOrjvalov^ /uaKaplteiv eXeyev, ei KaB eKacrrov eviavTov
aipeicrOai Scko (rTpaTt]yovg evpl<TKOvaiv airros yo.p
€v TToXXoig €T€(riv eUa fi6voP drpaTriyov evprjKevai,
JJap/xevlcova. 31. îXnnro^ ipcoTwimevos, ov(rTivaf

fxaXicrra (piXei, Ka\ ovaTivag /j.dXi<rTa fiKrei, —Toyj
/xeXXovTa^, ^'
ecprj, TrpoSiSovai fidXccrra (piXwf Tovg
yof] irpoSeScoKOTa^ fxaXicTTa ixiaw.
32. 'El/ Jâipwveia rou^ ÂQrjvalov^ fxeyaXr] viKt
eviKt]cre îXiTnrog. ^^Ti-apOeh ê Trj evirpayia, wcto

Seiv avTOv VTrofiijuvijcrKea-Oai, on apOpMTro? ecTTiv, Kai
Trpocreraê iraiSl tlvi tovto epyou e-êiv. TjoJ? o«

eKaoTTr]^ rjfMepa^ 6 irai^ eXeyev avT(p, — îXnnre avOpo)-
TTOs el.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
33. 'O ÂXeâvSpo? Aioyevei e/? Xoyov^ eXOdov,

ouToo KareTrXayrj tov ^'lov koL to a^mfia tov avopo^,
(jO(TT€ TToXXaKi^ avTOV juLvrjjuovevoov XiyeiVf ei fxr] A.Xe^-
avSpos fJlJ-riv, Aioyevr]^ dv rnjLrjv. 84. ÂXeâvopog
AvaPap-vov nrepL KoaiJiWV aTreipla^ glkovoov eSoLKpve, Kat
—Ovk
^
ro)V (biXcov epwrrjcrdvTwv avTov, tL SaKpvei',

apLoVi €<pr], SaKpveiv, ei koo-julcov ovtmv aireLpwv, ej/os
ovSeTTO) KvpioL yeyova/iiev',
THE SUCCESSORS OF ALEXANDER.
35. TlroXeiuLaiov (pacri tov Adyou, KUTairXovTi-

tovTa Tovs (piXovs avTov VTrep-âipeiv eXeye oe,
ajJiCLvov elvai TrXovTitîp rj TrXovTeiv. 36. AvTiyovo^

Trpos Tiva /maKapitovcrav avTOv ypavv, —Ei fjoeis, €(pt],
CO ixrjTep, oacov KaKwv ixeaTOv ecrTi tovti to paKog,

SetPas TO SidSr]iua, ovk dv eirl Koirpia^ Keifxevov avTO
e/Saa-Taa-as.
THEMISTOCLES.
37. Oe/uii(TTOKXrjg epcoTrjOeh TroTepov 'A^/XXei/j
eôvXer dv eJvai ^ "Ofirjpog ',

2u ê avTO^, ecfyrjt
TTOTCpov fjOeXeg 6 vikwv ev ÔXv/UL7rid(nv rj 6 KrjpvarcruiV
Tovs viKOJVTas elvai ;

—
FTRST GREEK READER. 115
38. Q€/j.i<TTOKXr}^ "Trpoq top ûpv/3idSr]v tov Aa/ce-

oaifMovtov eXeye rt virevavriov, kolI aveTeivev avrw ttjv
âKTT]piav 6 ^vpvjSidSr]^. 'O Se, Trdraôu fxev, ecprj,
aKOVcrov oe* ôei oe, OTi d fiiWei Xeyeiv tw koivu

XvcriTeXei. 39. êpKpiov TIV09 Trpoi avTOV eiirovrog,
ftj? ov Si* avTov, dXXd Sia ttjv irdXiv evSoôs eoTii/,

dXt]dr} Xiyei?, elirev, aXX' out' dv iyw êplcpio^ coi/
eyevojxtjv evSoô^, ouTe crv, * A.Bt}vaio^.
EPAJnNONDAS.
40. 'ETra/xifftji'ây eva «;j(e TpljScova' ei Se ttotc

avTOv eoooKcv ei? yvacbelov, avros VTrefievev oIkoi Si
inroplav kripov. 41. 'ETra^ttfwi/ây, o Qrjâios, iSoiP
crTpaTOireSov ju.€ya Ka\ kqXov, OTpaTTjyov ovk eÔf,

'HXiKov, e(i)J7, Orjplov, Ka\ KccbaXijv ovk ^X^''
PERICLES.
42. 'O TlepiKXrj^ ev Tea Xoi/mw tou? iraiSag airo-

âXwv, avSpeiorara tov Qdvarov avrwv t/veyKe, Kai
Travra^ A.0r]valov^ e-Treicre tov? twv (biXTOTCOv Qava-
Tovi evOvfxoTepov (pepeiv.
SECTION III.
FABLES OF >ESOP.
1. THE WOLF.
AuK-o? ISicv TTOifxevas ea-Olovrag ev a-Ktjvrj Trpoparov,

e^'yy? Trpoa-eXOcov, — 'HX//C09, tcprj, dv rjv Oopvpos, «
ryti) TovTo eTToiovi !
2. THE LIONESS.
Aêaiva, oveiSiTofievt] vtt aAcoTre/co?, cttI to Sia
TravTO? eva TiKreiv, — Eva,
•'
ecj))], aXXci Xeovra.
3. THE GNAT AND THE OX.

Kft)vc«)\|/ cttJ Kepdro^ ôo^ eKaOecrOr] kox tjvXer etire
Se TTpos TOP (iovv, —Ei âpu) crov tov Tevovra, ava-

ywpriaw. 'O oe e(prjy— Ot/re ore rjXQe^ eyvcop, ovre eav
uevrj^, ixekrjcrei fxoi.
4. THE HUSBANDMAN AND THE SNAKE.

Yecopyog êi/uoovo? wpa ocpiv evpcov viro Kpvovg ire-
TTJjyoTa, TovTOv Xa/Scov vtto koXttov KaredeTO. Oep-

fxavOeiq Se CKeivos, kuI avaXa/Scov Trjv iSiav <pv(xiv,
eirXriê tov evepyeTrjv.
5. THE FOX AND THE BUNCH OF GRAPES.
BoTiOfa? TreTrelpovs aXwirrj^ Kpefxa/mevovs iSovcra,
TOVTOV^ eireipoLTO KaTacpayeiv. lloXXa Se Ka/movcra
KOI ixrj ovvriQelaa ypâvcrai, Trjv Xvirtjv TrapajuvOovfievt],
eXeyev, — OfKpaKe^
' eTi eicriv.
6. THE KID AND THE WOLF.

EipKpos CTTi Tivoi ScofiaTOf ecTTCOS, CTreiSr] Xvkov
irapiovTa eioev, eXoioopei kq). ecrKooTTTCv avTov. 'O
oe XvKog 'i(prj, — "^Q,
ouTOSf ov arv fie XoiSopeis, aXXa 6
TOTTO^.
7. THE BOY BATHING.

Tlai^ Xovtrajiievos iv TroTajuw eKivSvveue Trviytjvar
Kat IScov Tiva "TrapoScTtjVf eiredxloveiy — jSotÔtjcrov. O
B FIBST GKEEK BEASES. 117
—'AXXatw Traioi Tt]v TOA^tjpiav.

ce efie/JLwero 1 o oe Traioioif
eiTrev, vvv fxoi ôi^6t](tov, varrepov Se crooQivri
fxefJL(pov.
8. THE HOUND AND THE FOX.
Kuoji/ OijpeuTiKOi Xeovra lodav, tovtov eolwKev &>?
Se eirKTrpadte'ig eKeivo? e^pv^craTOi 6 kvwv (boîjOeig

fiV Ta oirlaa) ecpvyev. ÂXcoTrrj^ Se Oeaa-afiivt] avrov
ecbrj, — 'Q KUKT] K€<paXjj, (TV Xeovra e^tWey, ovtivo^

ovSe Tov l3pv^r]9/xov vTrrjveyKa^ ;
9. THE WOLF AND THE LAMB.

Ai;/co? a/uLvov eolwKeVf 6 oe eis vaov KaTecpvye.
Jl poa-KoXovfieuov Se tov Xvkov top cl/jlvov, kui Xeyov-
Tag, oTi OvcriacreL avrov 6 lepevg tw Oew, cKCivog efpij
irpos avTOv, — AXX' aiperwTepov fxoi icm Oew Ovcriav

eivai, t] vTTO aov SiacpOaprjvai.
10. THE ASS IN THE LION's SKIN.
Ovos oopav XeovTog eTrevSvBeig, Xecov evofiiCero

iracn, Kai (pvytj fiev ijv avOpcoTrcov, (pvyrj Se ttoi/jlviwv.
Qg oe avefxog ^laiOTcpov 7rvev<ras eyvfivov avrov tov

TrpoKaXv /uL/marog, t6t€ iravreg eTTiSpafiovres PvXois Ka]
poiraXocg avrov eiraiov.
11. THE WOMAN AND THE HEN.

Vvvrj Tig xvpd opviv eiêy KaO^ €Ka<TTt]v fifiepav wov
avT^ TucTovaav. Nofila-acra Si, wg, et irXeiovg Ttj
opviQi Kpidag irapaBaXoi, S\g Teêrai Trjg rjfxepag,
TovTO ireiroirjKev. 'H Se opvig TrifxeXrjg yevofievij ov^

aira^ Ttjg tj/xepag TCKetv ^SvvaTO.
118 FmST GBEEE READER.
12. THE BIRDS AND THE PEACOCK.
Tcoi/ opviOcau jiovKoixevcov Troirjcrat âcrtXea, xauti

eavTov rj^Lov Slo. to /caXXof -yeipoTOvelv. AipovjuevMv
oe TOVTOv Twv aXkociv, 6 koXoio? vTroXajSoiu ecbrj, —
AXX ei, (Tov /SacriXevovTOi, 6 aero^ ^fJi-ai KaraSiuiKeiv
eTri-êipâ-ci, ttco? ^juliv eTTapKecrei^ ;
13. THE BOY AND THE SNAILS.
Yewpyov irais coTrra Ko-îai' aKovcrag Se uvtcop

rpvôvTcop, ecprj, — 'Q KaKicTTa ^wa, Toov oikicov v/jloov
eiXTTLirpaixevwv, avTol aSere ;
14. THE HORSE AND HIS GROOM.
}^pi6t]U TtJU TOV ItTTTOV 6 ITnrOKOfJLO^ KXeTTTWV Koi

TTwXwj/, TOV LTTTTOV cTpl^c KUi eKTeviC^ TTaorag ^fJLepai'
€(pri oe 6 txTToy, —Ei OiXeis aXijOw^ koXov eivai jne,
Tijv Kpi6r]v Trjv Tpi(hovcrav fit] TrdoXei.
15. THE HEN AND THE SWALLOW.
Opvi9 6(pe(o^ ooa evpovcra, €7ri/xe\Sig eKOepjULavacra
eê/coXa\|/-e* -êXiocov §e, Oeacrajmeur] avTijv, eSrj,

— 'Q
uaTaia, t'l TauTU Tpe(peis, airep av^rjBevTa oltto aou
TTOcoTj;? TOV aSiKeiv apêrat ;
16. THE FLY.
MuFa, efXTrecrovcra eig "^vTpav KpeaTog, cTreiot]
{nroTTviyecrOai efieWev, eiprj irpo^ kavTrjv 'AXX e-ywyc

Koi /3e/3p(t)Ka, Ka] TreTTW/ca, koc XeXov/uai, kuv airoOavoa
ovêv ixiXei juoi.
17. THE FOX A2*D THE MASK.

I 'AXcoTTJ;^ eig oiKiav iXOovaa viroicpiTOu, Kai eKa-
ara twv avrov (TKevwv mepeuvuiixevrj, eupe Ka\ K€(pa.\Tjv
/jLOpfioXvKelov ev(bva>g KaTea-Kevaa-nivrjv rjv Koi avaXa-

ôvcra Tali -êpirlv, e(prj,
—'Q ola KecpaXtj, koi iyK€-
(paXov ovK eêt /
18. THE RAVEN AND HIS DAM.
KojOa^ vo(TU)v e(pr] rrj fxrjTpi, — M^TCyo, eij-ôv tw Oew,

Kca fiT] dprjvei. 'H ^' VTroXaôvcra €(pr], —T/? ere, do
TeKfov, Twv Bewv eXeâ-ei ; Tii'Of yap Kpea^ viro aov ye

OVK eKXaTTT] ;
19. THE DOG AND HIS SHADOW.
I. ...... .„,,.,.«,„._
^^0£ Ttjv eavTOv aKiav eirc tov voaTog, vireXaêv erepov
^Hpn/va elvai Kpeag KaTe-ôvra' Ka\, a(peig to ^Siov, wpfxtja-e
^^TO SKeiuov Xaêiv airuiXecre Se ajuipoTepa' to fxev ovv
OVK i}V' o oe KaTely(ev vtto tov pevfiaTog KaTeavpero.
20. THE HORSE AND THE STAG.
iTTTTOf KUTei-ê Xei/iiwva fiovos' iXOovTOi S* eXddyoVf

KOI oia(p6eipovTOs Tr]v vofi^v, ôvXo/nevo^ Tificopi^cra-
(xOai TOV eXacpov, ripurra tlv avOpunrov, el SvvaiTO pier
avTov KoXdcFai tov eXa<pov' 6 S* edyrjarev, iav Xd^rj

âXivov, Ka). avTos ava^tj eir avrdv, e-^cov aKovTia-
rrvvofioXoytjaravTog Se, Ka) dvajidvro^, dvri tov Tt/xo)-
pricraaQaif airroy eSovXevcrev tjSf] tu) dvQpwirw.

120 FIRST GREEK READER,
21. THE GRASSHOPPER AND THE ANTS.
Xet/Uwi/o? wpa Tcov ctltodv ^pa-êvroov, ol fxvpimrjKeg
e\l/v-vov' TeTTi^ Se XifiwTTWv '^Tei avrov^ Tpofprjv ol
Se /j.vpfxrjK€9 eiTTOv avT(p, —Aia tl to Oepo? ou (rvvt]yei^v 'O ê elirev, — Ovk ea")(6\aCpv, aXX ^Soi'
—
;
fjLOvaiKw^' Ol Se yeXda-avreg eiTrov, ^'AXX' et Oepovi;
(jopai^ t]v\eig, -êi/ULocivos op-ôv.
22. THE OLD MAN AND DEATH.
Yepwv TTOre PvXa refxcop e^ opovs, kutti tmv cojumu

apdjULevo^, eireiSi^ TroWrju 6o6v eTrrj-ÔKrjuevo^ efâoicrev,
aireiprjKco^, direOeTO re tu ^liKa, Kai tov Oavarov eXOeiu
iireKoXeiTO' tov Se Oamrov evOug eTrKxravTO?, koi rrjp
nlrlav TrvuOavofxevov Si* }]v avrov KoXolr], 6 yepcov €(pi],
— Iva TOV cbopTOV tovtov apa^ eiriQî; fioi.
23. THE DOG AND HIS MASTER.
"E^ft)i/ Tig Kvva MeXiratoj/ koL ovov, SieTcXei tc5

Kvui '7rpo(T'irai'(u)V' koi el ttotc e^co oeiTrvou ei-êv, eko-
IJ-i-'Ce Tl avTM /cat irpocriovTi Trape/SaXev 6 Se ouog
y/Xcoo-a? TrpoeSpa/uev aivro?, Ka\ (jKipTwv eXuKTiae top
SeaTTOTrjw Kal 0VT09 dyavaKTrjcrag eKeXevcre iraiovTa
avTov dvayayeiv irpog tov fxvXMva, Kal tovtov Stjj-ai.
24. THE WOLF AND THE CRANE.
A.VKOV XaijULM ocTTiov eireTrriyei' 6 Se yepdvw fxi-
aOov irapiêiv ei-rrev, el Tt]v Ke(paXt]v avTtjg eiri/SaXova-a,

TO ocTTOvv e/c TOv XaifJLov aVToO eK^dXor tj Se tovt
eKâXovaa, SoXfôSeipog ovaa, tov julktBov eTre^tjTei'
FIBST GREEK KEASEB. 121
ooTi^ yeXoKrag, koi Toy? dôvray O^âg, — ÂpKci croi
uiaOos, €<hri, TovTO koI hovov, on e/c Xvkov (rro/uLaTO^
KOI oSovTcov ePeiXeg Kapa crwov, fit]Sev iradovo'a.
25. THE LION AND THE ASS.
A.i(av KOI opog KOivwvlav Oeixevoi, e^tjXOov iiri 6^-

pav yevofJLei'wv Se avrwv Kara ti cnrrfKaiov, ev u)
alye^ aypiai, 6 fiev Xecov irpo tov (ttojjliov .OTa?,

eîovaas Tccy alyas avveXd/jLâvev 6 Se 0V09 evSov
eiaeXOujv evrjXaTO avraig, Ka\ wyKUTO €K<po^€iv ôvXo-
fievog' Tou Se Xeovrog tu^ TrXelcrrag crvXXaôvTO^,
€êX6u}v cKeivos eirvvQaveTO airrov yevvaico^ tjyoovi-
a-aro, kox ras aiyas eêSicoêv 6 Se

'el
et-rrevy
—'AXX' eu
iaOi oTi Kuyio av ere e(po^^6i]v, ei /nrj ^Seiv ere ovov

ovra.
26. THE STAG AT THE FOUNTAIN.
EXaô? Si^ri(ra£ eir\ irriyrju tjXOew iScov Se Ttjif
eai/Tov (TKiav, tov^ (xev iroSas e/xefi(p€TO wy XeTrrovy

Kai aa-Qeveis ovra^' to. Se Kepara avrov eirrivei, o)? jxe-
yiara koi evfirjKrj' /j.T]Se7r(a iricov, Kvvrjyov KUxaXa-

fiovro^, e<pevyev' eir} ttoXvv Se tottov Spa/nuiv koi ei'y
vXrjv e/j.â^, T019 Kepacriv e/i7rXa/ceJy eOrjpevOt]'
oe,
—'Q fiaTaio<i eyca ! 09 eK jxev tcov ttoSohv eawQrjv,
e(br]
oty ejj.efi(p6/xt]v, e/c ê twv Kepdrtov irpoeSoOrjv, ofy

eKaxr^co/njv.
27. THE FOX AND THE RAVEN.
Koâ^, Kpeai dpirdaaî eirl Tivoy SevSpov eKaOicretr

aXioTTt]^ Se TouTOv iSovaa, koi ôvXtjOeia-a irepiyevi-
vQai TOV KpeaT09i (rracra KUTCoOev eTr/jvei avrov, wp
ev/ueyeOeg koi koXou opveov kul QijpevriKou kuI evfxop'
(bov Koi Xeyouaa, 'On ^pjuolê croi jSaaiXea elvai

opvioiv, el Ka\ (pcovrjriKO? virtjp'ê?' aXX do irolov opveov,
Kou aXaXov vwap-êig' 'O oe Kopa^, aKovcrag ravTa, koI

•âvvcoOe}^ rots CTratvoi^, plea's to Kpeag, /meydXceg
eKeKpdyer fj S' aXwirr}^, Spajuovcra kuI Xa/3ou(ra to
Kpea^, ecprj xpo? auTov "Eêt?, Kopa^, aTravTa, voOg
Se (J 01 Xelirei.
28. THE CITY MOUSE AND THE COUNTRY MOUSE.
Mi/f dpovpaiog darTiKw yiverai cpiXoi; fivC, kol t^j*
(ptXiav 'TTiG'TOv/uievo?, TrpwTOs et? aypov tov acTTiKov
irapeXdixâvev, kol êvlav avTo) TrapeTiOei koi Tpdire-

âj/, a (bepeiv olSe toI^ evoiKoucriv dypov djuei/Soiuevoi
Se Trjv Peviav 6 cKrTiKos, ets ckxtu tov apovpaiov eKOjui-
êv, Koi elg dvSpog eviropov TrapeXdjuâvev oIkov wj

Se Twv ovToov }]St} TrpocraTTTecrOai ÔeXov, Trpoa-iwv tis
dveKOTTTe' /cat ToaavTOLKig T/79 ev TOig o^ôig dirriXavv-

ovTO 7relpa9, ocraKig eireipcovTO jueTaXafx(3aveiv' Kai
TeXeuTuiov 6 dpovpaiog, "A.Trei/u.i, ecprj, Trjv ev dypoig
TrpoTifXMV fxeTpiOTrjTa T^g ev acrTei Tpvcprjg
29. THE FROGS ASKING A KING.
JiaTpavoi, XvTTOvfxevoi Trepi Tijg eavTUfv avap-îag,

TTpecrêig eirejuâv Trpog tov Ala, âariXea auTOii
7rapaa"veiv 6 Se cruviSwv avTwv t^v ewjOeiav, ûXov
€ig Tfjv Xlfivrjv KaOrJKev Kat ol ÛTpa-ôi, to fxev irpcoTOV
KaTairXayevreg tov y^6(pov, eig Ta ^ddr} Trjg Xifxvtii
eSOcrav vcTTepov Se, co? aKivrjTOv ^v to ^vXov, avaouvTeif

CIS TocrovTOv KUTadipovâecog ^XOov, wg koi eiriâivovTei
I
9IBST 6KEEK BEADEB. 123
avTw iiriKaOeêa-Oar avaîoiraOovvTe^ ê toiovtop

eyeiv âa-tXea, Tjkov €K Seirrepov irpo^ tov Ala, Koi
TOVTOv TrapeKoXovv aWdâi avroig tov ap'^tiyov tov

yap irporrov \iav eivai voi-êXij koi aooKifiov 6 o«
Zei;?, ayavaKTrjo-aq kut avTwv, vSpov avTOi9 €xe/£\|r€i»,
i(p ov (rvWafiâvofievoi KaTTja-Oiovro.
30. MEECT7KY AND THB STATUABY.
'^pfiij? yvwvai ôv\6/JL6vo^ iv Tin Ti/nrj irap av-

OpcoTTOi^ ecTTiVy ^Kev eis ayaXjuaTOTTOiou, kavrov el-
KCLcras avQpwTTU)' Ka\ deacrafxevo^ ayaXfia tov Aio^,

tjparra, iroa-ov tU avTO irplaaOai SvvaTai tou Se
—
;
eiTTovTo?, — Spaj^/j-fj^' yeXdcra^, Tlocov to tjJ? "11^09,
ecprj' eiTTovTog Se, — TrXeiovog, iSoov Kaito kaxrrov dyoX-

fia, Koi vofiicrag, a)? eTreiSij ayyeXog eari Qewv kou Kep-
owog, TToXvv avTov irapa Tots dvOpooTroig eivai tov
Xoyov, rjpero irepi avTov' 6 & dyaX/j.aTOTroio^ ^(p^l)
—
Eaj/ TovTOvg c«)i/i/(7j7, /cat tovtqv irpocrQriKriv <roi SiSw/u.
SECTION IV.
DIALOGUES OF LUCIAN.
1. DIALOGUES OF THE DEAD.
DIALOGUE 1. —CHAEOX, MEXTPPUS, A>T) HERMES,
(Mercury.)
XA. 'A-TTo'ôy, w KaTapaTc, to. TropOfieia.

ME. Boa, ei TovTO croi ^Siov, w ^dpcov.
XA, 'A-n-oô?, (p^fii, dvO' <av <re Sieiropd/uLevo'dfjLTjp,
ME. OvK dv Xdôig Trapd tov eyovTog. firj
XA. EcTTt <Je Tig oôXov e-)(U)v\ fxr}

5
ME. Ei fiev Koi a'AXo? ns, ovk olSa^ eyu) Se ovk
XA, Kat imrjv ayôo cre, vr] tov TlXovrcova, w fxiapi,
t]V fit] aTTOOW^.

10 ME. Ka-yo) T(p ^vX(a crov -Traraâ? SiaXva-oo to
Koaviov.
XA. MaT»7i/ ouv ecrt] TreTrXeu/cw? toctovtov ttXovv',
ME. 'O '^pfirj^ virep e/jiou croL cnroSoTCO, os ixi
TrapeoooKe croi.
15 'EP. N^ Ala, uivafxriv ye, ei fiiXkoo koi virepeK-
TLVeiV TOOV vcKpcov.

XA. Ovk a7ro(TTWO/J-cii crov.
ME. TovTOV ye eveKa veojX/cjycra? to TropOfieiov,
Trapajiieve' ttXw aXX' o ye fxr] e'^co, ttco? av Xaôi^;

20 XA. 2y ^' ou/c ^'êt? 0)9 KO/miêa-Qai Siov',
ME. "HtiJeii/ ^teV, oy/c er)(Ov ê- rt ovv; eyji^v Sia
TOVTO fxr] a.7ro6au£iv\
XA. M0V09 av-)(^(reis TrpotKU TreTrXevKevai;

oi5i/
ME. Oj) TTpoiKa, w îXria-re- koi yap i'lvrXticra,

25 Kal rrjg Kcoirr]^ a-vveireXajSofJi.ijv, Kal ovk eKXaov fiov^
TU)V aXXcov eTTi/SaTcov.
XA. OvSev ravra irpoq ra TropOfieia- rov 6^0X0

a-KoSovvai ere 8el- ov yap Qe/xi^ aXXoos yevea-Oar
ME. OvKovv airdyaye fxe avOi^ is rov ^lov.
30 XA. Hdpcev Xeyeis, 'iva Ka\ irXnyds eiri tovt

Trapa tov Am/cou irpocrXajiw.
ME. M>7 ev6-)(Xei ovu.
XA. Aelôv Ti ev Trj irrjpa eêii.
ME. Qepfxovs, el OiXeis, Kal Ttjs 'E/ccitj;? to Seixvi^

35 XA. JloOev TOVTOV ^fxcv, w 'Eô/x^, TOV Kvva vâyeft
KIEST GREEK READER. 126
ina 0€ Koi eXaXei irapa rov ttXovv, twv eiriârwv tcou

airain-cov KarayeXcov, Kol eTrKrKooTrTwv, koi fxovos aSoov,
oijULcaTovrcov eKclvcov'^
'EP. Â.yvoels, w Xaofov, ovTiva avSpa SieTropOiuev-
era?; eXevOepov aKplû)s, KovSevos avT(p fteXer owToy 40

ear IV 6 MewTTTro?.
XA. Kaf firju av ere \a^(o ttotc —
ME. *A.v Xd^r]^, £ îXTicTTe' Sî Se ovk avXdôi^.
DIALOGUE 2. — CEffiSUS, PLUTO, MENIPPUS, MIDAS,

AND SARDANAPALUS.
KP. Ov (bepo,ueu, w TlXovroov, MeViTTTroi/ tovtovI

rov Kvva irapoiKovvra- uxrre rj cKeivov ttoi fieracrrrja-ov,
) ij/xeis fxeTOiKrjcroixev eh erepov roirov.

IIA. Tt ^' u/>ta? Seivov epyouCerai, ofioveKpo^ wv\
KP. 'Exef^ctJ/ rjixeh oliJ-wTwixev, Koi OTevooêv^ 6
':k€lvcov fxejuvTifxevoi twv dvu), M/eâ? fiev ovTocrl tou
/niKTiov, âpSavairaXos Se Trjs TroXXrjs Tpv<pt]9, eyco
TU)v Otjcravpoov, eiriyeXa Kal eôveiollCei, avSpuTroSa

al KaOdpimaTa fifia^ UTroKaXuiv. evloTe oe koi aScoVy
irirapaTTei ^/xwv ra? oijULwya^' Kai oXeos, XvTrtjpos ean. 10

IIA. Tt Tuvrd (batriVf w M.emnre',
ME. Â.Xt]6i], CO TLXovTcov jULicru) ydp avrovg, dyev-
"€1$ Kai oXeOplovs ovrag, ols ovk aTre-^tjcre fSiwiâi
cucwg, dXXd Kal diroOavovres en /ucejuvijin-ai, kuI irepii-

Vovrm TU)v dvco. -^âipco roiyapovv dvicov avrovs. 15
IIA. 'AXX' ov XP^' Xuxoi/KTat ydp ov fxiKpcov
rrepovfjLevot.
ME. Kat (TV fxoopaiveig, w TlXovTCOVf 6fi6yî](poi

tf }V T0?9 TOVTCov aTevayjuLots'i
20 IIA. Oi/oa/Awy aXX ovk av eOeXoifii (rracridlêiv
ME. Kal fiiû, w KOLKia-TOi A^vScov, Koi, ^pvydoVf

Kai A.(T(TvpLwVi ovTco yipuxTKere, co9 ovSe irava-off.evav
fiov ev9a yap av 'Irjre, aKoXovOrjcrw, ai/iooVf koi Kara.'

25 Sdov, Ka\ Karayekwv.
KP. Tavra ov-^ v^pi^;
ME. OuK' aXX eKelva v^pi? ^v, a v/xeig iiroieiTe,
TrpotrKwelaQaL aîovvres, Kal eXevOepois avSpd<nv

€UTpu(p(iovT€$f Kai ToO OavaTov TO irapdirav ov fxvij-
30 aopeuovres' TOiyapovu oifMcaêcrOe, irdvrwv eKelvcov dcpi^

prjfxevoi.
KP. IIoXXwj/ ye, w Oeoi, koi fxeydXcov KTtjfxaToov.

MI. Ocrov fieu iyco ^vcrov.
2A. Ocrt]^ Se eyco rpvcbtjs.
35 ME. tjvye, outoo iroLeire. oSvpecrOe [xev vjueli'
eyco oe, to " VvwOi aavTOv" TroXXaKis a-vveipwv, eira-

aofiai vjuiiv. TrpeTroi yap av Tah roiavTaiq oijuooyaii
eiraSoiJ.evov.
DIALOGUE 3. —ZENOPHANTUS AND CALLIDEIHDES. Im

ZH. 2y Se, w }âXXiS}]/ULlSr], ttw? OLTreOave^; iyt
ixev yap, oTi TrapaariTOs dv Aecvlov, TrXeov tov iKavox
enKpaycov, aTreirvlyijv, olcrOa- Traprj^ yap diroOvâKOVT'

fJLOl.
6 KA. Tlaprjv, do Z}]v6(pavTe' to <5' e/uov TrapaSoô,
Ti eyevcTO' olaOa yap Ka\ crv irov JlTOioooopov to

yepovTa.
ZH. Tov OLTCKVOV, TOV TrXovCTLOV, W (TC TU TfoXXi
'^deiv (TvvovTa;
I
FIRST GSEEE HEADER. 127
KA. ^tjKeivov avTOV aei iOepaTrevov, viricr^vov/xepog \Q

'- efJLol TeOv^êaOai. iirei oe to irpay/Ma eg juli^kiotov
erelveTO, kai virep top TiOwvov 6 yepcov eT>;, eTr/ro-
Luu Tiva oSop eirl top KKtjpop e^t]vpoP' Trpid/J-epog yap

papfjLaKOP, ap€7rei(ra top oIvo'ôop, eTreiSctP rd'^KXTa 6
WroioScopog ouT^crfj irieiv — iripei o eTrieiKwg X.wpoTepov 16

eujSaXovra e? kvXiko, ctoijuop eyeip avTO, Koi eiri-
pai avTW' el Se tovto Troirjaei, eXevOepop eTray/xo-

TdUTjp a(pt]<Teip avTov.
ZH. Tt ovp eyepero', iraw yap Ti traoaSoôv ioeiv

'
oiKag. 20
KA. 'Exet TOiPVP Xovcrafxepoi r,KOiiev, Svo IjSt] 6
ieipoKiprKog KvXtKag eroi/JLOvg e-ôop^ ttiv /xev Tut Y\.toio-
icpy Trjp e-ôvcrap to (pdpfJLOKOP, Ti]V & erepap efj.oi,
ryaXcJf ovK Old oxwy, e/zot fiep to (pap/JLOKOP,
riroio^wpu) Se Ttjp acpapfiaKTOP eireSwiKeP' eiTa 6 jxep 26

~:vep' eyu) oe avTiKa fxaXa iicTaofjp eKei/j.T]p inro-
\i/j.at09 dpT cKeipov peKpog. T/ tovto', ye\agf w

.6(paPTe', KOI ixrjp ovk eSei ye eraipu) avSpl eirt-
yeXap.
7,}r[. Â-orela yap, w JâWiSrjfxiSi], ireTropOag. 6 30
yepwv Se, ti irpog TavTa',
KA. TLpcoTOP fxep vireTapayOrj irpog to ai(j)vioiop.
'ra (Tvpeig, oifiai, to yeyeprj/mepop, eyeXa koI avros

jia lie 6 oiPO-)(oog etpyaarai.
ZH. TiXrjp dXX' ovSe ae ttip eTriTOjULOP e-^rjp Tpa- 35
yQai' ^Ke yap ap <roi Sia Tfjg Xeaxpopov a(r<pa\-
repop, ei koi oXlyu) ^paSvTepov.
DIALOGUE 4. —PLUTO, PKOTESILAUS, AND PERSEPHONE

(Proserpine).
HP. 'O ceariroTai /cat âcriXev, koi ^/ixiTepe Zeu,

Kai (TUf d^rifirjrpo^ Ovjarep, fitj virepiSrjre Serjariv
ipWTlKlJV.
II A. Ziv oe Tivcov Set] Trap' ^fxoov ; t] T19 wv Tvy-
HP. Et/zf juev TIpwTea-cXaos 6 'I<^//cXou, ^vXaKio^,

(rv(rTpaTiu>Tt]s twv Ayaiwv, koi irpwrog cnrodavoDv rwv
eir 'lA/to* Seofiai SefCKpeOels Trpog oXiyov, ava^Lowai
iraXiv.
10 IIA. TovTOv fxev Tov epcora, m JlpcoTecriXac,
TravTeg vefcpoi epwcrr TrXrjv ovoelg av avToou Tvyoi.
IIP. AX\ ov TOV ^j/j/, ^ A'i^ddvev, epu) eywye, t>/s
yvvaiKos oe, rju veoya/mov en ev tco OaXa/ixo) KaraXiTrm',
^"Xpfirjv CLTroTrXecov etVa o KaKOfâiiu!.oov ev Tij UTro^dcret

15 aireBavov vtto tov ' rjKTopo^' 6 ovv epcog Ttjg yvvaiKo^
ov /xeTpLbO'i aTTOKvaiei [xe, w Sea-iroTa' koi ôvXofxai,
Kav Trpos oXlyov 6(j)9eis avTtj, KaTa^rjvai TrdXtv.
IIA. OvK eVte?, w U pMTea-iXae, tq A^6t]s vScop ;
IIP. Ka< /maXa, w oecnroTa' to Se irpayiJ.a virep-

20 oyKov rjv.
IIA. (JvKovv Ttepifieivov acbiêTai yap eKeii'r}
TTOTe, Koi ovoev ere aveXQelv Serjcrei.
IIP. AXX ov (pepoa Tijv SiaTpi^^v, w TiXovTcov

ripaaOri^ oe KaL avTog /;^>;, Koi, olaOa oiov to epdv
26 ecTTiv.
HA. Efra Ti (re ovrjcrei ixlav rjixepav ava/3iu)vai,
fier oXiyov to. uvto. oSvpovfievov ;

.
TIP. 07fxai irela-eiv KaKeivrjv aKoXovOeiv Trap* v/ias'
riA. Ov OejULi^ yeveaOai ravra, ovSe yeyove 30

TTCOTTOre.
nP. 'Ava/ivjjo-w ere, S UXovtcov Ôpcpei yap, Si

avTr]v TavTTip TTjv aiTiav Ttiv nivpvoiKTjv irapeooTe, Kai
Tt]v ojULoyevt] jULov " AXKi](mv TrapeirejJ.yjfaTe, 'UpoKkei

âpuCoêvoi. 35
IIA. QeKryrei? Se, ovToo Koaviov yvfivov wv, xai
afiopcpov, Trj KoXrj crov €Keivi] vvfiKprj (pavrjvai ; ttw? oe
KCLKelvr] TrpouoyêTai are, ovSe Siayvwvai ovvaf/.evri ;
cbojSijcreTai yap, ev olSa, koi (pevêral ere' kul fiaTtjv
eat] TOcravT^v oSov aveXjjXvOu)^. 4"

IIE. OvKOvv, w avep, crh koi tovto lacrai, Kai rov
'Epjurjv KeXetcrov, cTreiSav ev tw (poyri >jorj 6 ilpayrea-i-
Xaos T], KaQiKOfxevov t^ pd^Scp, veav'iav evOv^ KciXou
airepyaaaa-Oai airrov, 0109 ^v e/c tou iraiTTOv.
IIA. ETreJ Tiepcre(p6vr] auvtiOKet, avayaylav tov- ^5

TOP avOis, TToirja-ov w/j-cpiov av Se fiefivricro fxlav
Xa/3a)v rifxepav.
DIAIOGUE 5. — iEACIJS, PEOTESILAUS, MENELAUS, AND

PARIS.
AX. T/ ayyei^, w ll pwrecriXae, ttjv 'EXevrjv irpoo"-

irecrwv ',
nP. Ori Sia ravTrji', w Am/ce, aTreOavov, ^fxiTeXr}

(lev TOU oojuov KaTaXi-tTwv, j^jjpav Se ttjv veoya/xov
yvvaiKa. 5
AI. AiTift) TOLWv TOV MeveXaov, ooti? vfjt.as inrep
ToiavTtjs yvvouKog eiri Tpolav r^yayev.
130 FIRST GBEEK READER.
IIP. Ej) \eyei9' ckcivov juoi aiTiareov.

]ME. OvK e/Ae, w /SeXriCTTe, aWa SiKaiorepov Tot'
10 Tldpiv, o? ifiou Tov êvov t>V yvvaiKa irapa iravra to.

SUaia M'êro apiracra^' oiTog yap ov-^ viro crov /novoVi
aXX' VTTO iravToov '^XKrjvdov re /cat Bap^dpcov apio^

ayyeadai to(tovtois Bavarov aLTiois yeyevrjfxevo^.
nP. "Afxeii/ov ovToo' ere roiyapovv, w Avcrirapi,

15 OVK acp^cro) Trore e/c twv -êtpoov.
IIA. 'Aot/ca TTOiMu, (S TlpcoTecriXae, Kal ravTa,

oôre-^vov ovra <tol, epcoTiKog yap Kai avTO<; €ijuii, Kat
T(p avTM Oeo) KaTea-^rjfxar otada §e cog aKoucriov Ti
ecTTL, Kai Tig rifxag Salfxcov ayei, euOa dv e0eX>;- Ka]
20 douvaTOV ecTTiv dvTiTdTTeaOai avTW.
nP. El) Xeyeig' elOe ovv juoi tov "EôcoTa evTavOa
Xa/Seiv SvuaTov ^v.
AI. 'Eyco (TQi Ka\ inrepTov 'EpwTog diroKpLvov/xai
Ta oiKaia' (brjcrei yap avTog /mev tov epdv tw Wdpiî

25 'iaoog yeyevrja-Qai a'lTios' tov Oai/dTOV Se croi ovSeva
dWov, to YlpooTeaiXae, ^ are avTov, og eKXaOo/mevog Trjg
veoyd/xov yvuaiKog, eirei irpocrecpepecrOe Trj TpcodSif

ovTW <piXoKivouv(t)g Ka] dirovei/orjiueucog TrpoeTrôtjcrag to)p
dXXcov, vd^r]g epacrQelg, Sl rjv irpwTog iv Trj diropacrei
30 aTreQaveg.
nP. GvKovv Kcti inrep e/navTOv aoi, oo Ata/ce, aTro-
Kpivovixai SiKaioTcpa ; ov yap eyw tovtoov a'lTiog^
aXX fioipUf KOI TO €^ dp-)(r]g ovTiag eTriKeKXSxrOai.

fj
AI. Ôpdwg. t/ OVV TOVTOvg aiTia ;

FIRST GREEK BEADES. 131
DIALOGUE 6. HERMES AND CHARON.
*EP. AoyKTw/JieOaf « IlopO/xev, el SoKei, oTrocra
aoi ocpeiXei^ rjSrjy oxft)y uh avOi^ epcl^cojuiev ti irepi
avTcov.
XA. Aoyia-wfieOa, w '^pfxrj- afieivov yap wpiaOai

jrepi avTO)V, xai aTroay novicrrepov. 6
'EP* "A-yicvpav ipTeiXafievw eKOfiicra irevre ^po.^-
uwv.
XA. IIoXXou Xe'yet?.
'EP. N^ Tov 'AiScovea, rcov TreWe winja-afMfjv, Kai

rpoTrcoTrjpa Svo oôXcov. 10
XA. TlOei irivre Spa-^/xdg, koi oôXov^ Svo.
'EP. Kat (iKecTTpav inrep tov 1(ttIov, — irevre
oôKov^ eyu) KaTejSaXov.

XA. Kat TOVTOv^ TrpooTiOei.
'EP. Kat Kt]pov 0)9 eirnrXdaai tov (TKa(pioiov ra 15
avewyoTa, nai ^Xof? <5e, Koi KaXwSiov, dcf)' ov tj/v
virepav eTroirja-a^ — Svo Spa-^/JLwv airavTa.

XA. Eyye, aîa TavTa wv^trco.
'EP. TavTo. eoTiv, el jjlt] ti dXXo r]fj.a<; SieXaOev

ev Tcp Xoyi(TfJL(f' TTOTe ovv TavT dTToSwaeiv (bt]^ ; 20
XA. r\vv fxev, w 'EpjuLtj, dSvvaTOV rjv Se Xoijuog
Tig T] TToXe/xoy KaTaTre/xy^rj dOpoovg Tivdg, evicrrai
T0T6 ctTTOKepSavai ev tw TrXÔei TrapaXoyilCdfiCvov to.
TTOpOueia.
'EP. Nyv ovv eyo) KaOeSovfiai to. KwcKTra evyo/Jie- 25
vog yevecrdai, w? av airo tovtwv diroXavoifxi.
XA. (jvK ecTTiv aXXft)?, CO 'En/x^* vvv S' oXlyoi, a»5
opqs, a(piKvovin-ai ^fiiv elprjvij yap.

1 32 FIRST GREEK REA.DER.
'EP. " A.ixeivov OUT009, el Koi ^fiiv TrapaTeivoiTO vrro
30 orov TO b(pi\r]juia. irXi^v aXX oi juev iraXaioi, co ^dpcov,

olcrOa oloi irapeyivovTO, avopeioi airavTe^, aifiaro^
avaTrXeo), koi rpav/narlai oi TroXXor vvv Se, 5/ (hapfxa.K(a
Ti? VTTO Tov TraiSoi airoOapuiv, r] viro Ttjs yvvaiKos, rj
VTTO rpvcprji eûiStjKuig rhv yacrrepa, koi to. a-KeXt]'
36 w-ôi yap axaj/rep, koi ayevveh, ovSe ojnoioi e/ceiVof?"
01 oe TrXelcTTOi avrcov, via -yjirjiJiaTa ijKovcriu, cttiôvX-

evovTCs aXXijXoi?, cos eoiKacri.
XA. Tlaw yap TrepiTroOrjTa. ecrri Tavra.

'EP. OvKOvv ovS^ eyoo Soâifxi av a/xapTaveiv^ in-
40 Kpm OLTraiToov ra ScpeiXojmeva Trapa aov.
2. DIALOGUES OF THE GODS.

DIALOGUE 7. — ZEtJS AND HERMES.
ZE. Triv TOV Îvdyov iralca Trjv KoXrjv oltrOa^ w

'^pM\
'EP. Na/' Trjv 'let) Xeyei^.
ZE. OvK €TL 7rai9 eKcivt] eaTiv, dXXd SdfxaXi^.
5 'EP. TepdcTTLOv TovTO' T(p TpoTTU) ^' cv^XXayr]',
Zil^. TitjXoTvinjcraa-a rj "Upa, jueTe/BoXev avTrjv

ciXXd Kai Kaivov dXXo tl Seipov eTriime/JLijâvijTai t»;
KaKoSaijuovr jSovkoXov Tivd TroXvofxixaTov, Apyov

Tovvoixa, eTrecTTtja-ev, as vejuei Trjv SdfxaXiv, avTrvog wv.
10 'EP. Ti ovv >]fids ')(pr] TTOielv',
Zi^. JâTaTTTafievog e? Ttjv Neêav — e/ce? Se ttov o
'Apyos ôvKoXei — cKelvov fxev cnroKTeivov Trju oe To)

^la TOV ireXdyovs e? Tijv A'lyvTTTOv uTrayaycop, Îcriv
TTolrjcroi'. KUi ToXoiTTOv ecrTco Oeos TOt$ eKer kui tov
—
NaXov avayeroo, koi tovs ave/uLOVs eTr/TTCyU'jreTft), /cat 15

<ra)lCeT(o Touy xXeovra?.
DIALOGUE 8. —HEPH^STUS {Vulcan) AND ZEUS (Jupiter).
"H^. Ti jULe, w ZieVf -yjiri iroielv ; rjKUi yap, &>?
CKeXeva-a^f e^yuiv rov ireXeKW oûtutov, €i Kai \i6ov

0601 fxia irKrjyrj oiaTe/xeiv.
'ZiEi. Euye, (a "Hcbaicrre. aWa oieXe fjLov Trjv K€(pa-
\i]v e/y ovoy KaTeveyKwv. 5
"H*!*. Jleipa fxov, €1 ^li/JLrjva \ irpoaâTre S* ovv

TuXjjOe?, oTrep OeAet? croi yevecrOai.
ZiEi. TouTO avTO — SiaipeOtjual juot to KpavLOv ei
Se aireiOyjcrei^, ov vvv irpurrov opyiô/j.ei'ov ireipaarr}
fjLov aWa -^h KadiKve'icrOai irairri tw Ou/jlw, /iijSe 10

ueWeiv airoWv/xai yap viro w^lvoov, <xt fioi tov
€yK€(pa\oi' avaoTpecpovcriv.
"H^. "Opa, (a Zey, fit] kojcov ti Trouâ-tofiev dî/y
yap 6 TreXeKvg ecm, koi ovk avaijucoTi, ovoe Kara ttjv

EtXiJ0u/ai/, /j.aiu)<T€Tai are. 15
ZE. JâriveyKe fxovov, w "Hcbaicrre, Oappwv olâ
yap eylo to (Tv/uLCpepov.
H^. "Akoov fieu, KaTOi(T(o Se' ti yap j^prj Troielvj
(TOV KeXevovTOS j ti tovto ', Kopt] evoirXos ', M-eya, (o
Zev, KUKOV efêy ev rp Ke(pa\ri' etVoTftj? yovv o^vdvfio^ 20

^(xOa, Tr]\iKavTi]v vtto Tij fxtjuiyyi irapQevov iwoyo-
vo)v, Kai TavTa evoirXov rj-jrov aTpaToireoov, ov Ke(pa-
Xi/v eXeXiÔei^ ej^wv rj Se TnjSa, kcu Trvppi-^lêt, koi Ttjv
aarinoa Tivacrcrei, koi to Sopv TrdWei, koi evOovcria'
KOI TO fiiyicTTOv, KaXt] iraw koi ciK/maia yeyivrjTai fjor] 25
ev ppayel' yXavKunrii ixivy aXXa Koa-fxel koi tovto tj
134 FIKST GREEK READER.
Kopvi}' waTe, ctf Zeu, fxaicoTpd fxoi airoSoi eyyvâai

ijorj avTrjv.
ZE. 'A^wara aireig, co

'
Hd)at(7Te* trapdivo^ yap
30 ael eOeXijaei fxeveiv eyu) o ovv to ye eir efiol ovSev
avTiXeyo).
"H$. Tout elSovXofxrju. e/no). fieXâei to. Xonrd'
KOI r'jSr] (rvvapiracTW avTtjv.
TiEi. Ei' croi paSioVf outoo xo/er TrXijv otSa oti
35 dSwoLTcov epa^.
DIALOGUE 9. —ZEUS, ^SCULAPIUS, AND HERACLES

(Hercules).
ZE. TiavcacrOe, to 'Acr«:X»/7rie KOi 'Hôa/cXei?, epi-
ôvTeg TTpos dWijXovg coanrep dvOpcoTror dirpeTrtj yap

TavTa, KOI dXXoTpia tov crvfnroa-iov toov Oeoiv.
'HP. 'AXXa eOeXeis, w Zed, tovtou] tov (papfxaKea

5 TrpoKaTaKXivea-Oal juov ;
A^. N;; A/a- Ka). afxeivcov yap eifxi.
'HP. Kara r/, w efx^p6in-r]T€ ; v îoti ere 6 Zeyy

eKepavvwcrev, d imt] Oe/nig iroLovvTa, vvv Se kut eXeov
av6i9 dOavaa-las fieTelXrjcha^ ;
10 A2. ^^TriXeXyjcrai yap koi crv, co 'Hôa/fXet?, ev Ttj
O'lTrj KaTacpXeyeig, oti fxoi opeiSlêis to irvp ;
'HP. OuKovv 'icra Ka\ ofxoia ê/BicoTai ^juiw o? A/o?

fiev vlog eifii, TOcravTa Se ireirovriKa eKKaQaipoov top
/3iov, Orjpia KaTaycoviT6juevo9, koi dv6pu>7rov9 v^piaTug
15 TifioypovjULeuo^' crv Se piToToiJios el Ka\ dyvpTrjg, voaovai
fiev ((Tftjf av6pu>7roi9 yjprjcrifxog eig ewiOecnv twv (papina-
Kcou, dvSpwSes Se ovSev eTrioeoeiy/uiepos.
'A2. E(} Xeyei^' oti <tov Ta eyKavjmaTa iacrdfir]v,
OTI irpcarjv dvrjXOeg ^fi[<pXeKT0$ vir dfidioiv Sic(pdap'

FIKST GREEK EEADEE. 135
tte'vo? TO awfJLa, Kai tov îTu>voi, /cat fx-era tovto tov 20

TTuoo?" iyto Se et koI /jLtjSev aWo, ovre eoovXeva-a
ucnrep crv, ovre eâivov epia ev Auo/a iropcpvploa
€i/SeSvKW9, Koi Traioiiievog viro rrjg ^0/x(paXr]^ yj}v<TW
aavSaXo}- aXX ovSe /ueXayôXjyo-a? aireicTeiva to. tckvu

Kai Ttjv yvvaiKa. 26
'HP. Ef /u^ irava-t] XoiSopovfievos fJôi, avriKU
fMoXa etcrr], wg ov ttoXv ere ovrjaei. rf aQavaaia' eirei
apdfJLevog are, pi^w eiri K€(paXT]v ck tov ovpavov, wcrre

fiTjSe TOV Tlaicova laaaa-Oai ere, to Kpaviov avvrpi-
Bevra. 30
ZE. WaxxracrOe, (br]/j.i, ku). jULtj eiriraparTere rj/xiv
Tt]v avvoucriav, rj afxcborepovs airoTreix-ô/JLai vna.<s tov

avjULTrocriov kuitoi euyvay/xopy (a 'UpaKXei^, irpoKUTa-
KXlveaQai aov tov Â.(rK\tjTri6v, utc kui irpoTepov
airoOavovTa. 35
DIALOGUE 10. —HERMES AND MAIA.

'EP. "EcTTt yap T<?, CO urJTep, iv ovpavw Oeog
aOXiurrepo^ e/xov ;
MA. M^ Xeye, w 'Eô/x^, toiovtov fitjSev.
'EP. Ti fir] Xe-yto, o? Toaavra TrpdyfiaTa e^(D,
ftovos KOfivcov, Koi. irpo9 TOcravTaq vTnjpea-lag Siacnrce- 6

uevog ; ecoOev fxev yap eâvaaravTa caipeiv to (tv/m-
irocriov oer /cat SiacTTpuxravra tt]v KXicriav, evOe-

TJ/txarra tc eKaa-Ta, Trapecrrdi'ai tw Att", irat Siacbepecv
Ta^ ayyeXia^ Tag irap avTov avco Kai KaTco ^fiepoSpO'
fiovvTa' Kai e-TraveXOovTa Irt KCKOvifievov TrapaTiQivai 10

TTjv ajuL^Spoaiav Trp\v Se tov vcwvtjtov tovtov otvowoov
t]K£iv, Kai TO veKTap eyia eveyeov to Se ttolvtoov Seivo-
136 rmsT greek reader.
rarov, on lurjSe vvkto? KaOevSo) fxovo^ twv aWoov,

aXKa Set jue Kal Tore tw TIXovtmvi yp^vâycoyeiv, koi
15 veKpoTTO/uLirou elvai, koi Trapecrrdvai tm îKacTTrjplu)' ov
yap iKavd /uoi ra Tijs ^/mepag epya, iv TraXaia-rpaig

elvai, Kav Toi^ eKKXtja-iais KtjpvTTeiv, koi prjropag
€KOLod(jKeLv, aXy en koi veKpiKo. crvuSiaTrpaTTeiv fie-
l~iepi(TiJ.evov' KaiTOi ra [xev Tt]9 Aj/â? reKva, irap

20 riij.epav eKUTepos ev ovpavcp rj eu aSov elcr'iv ijuol Se
KaO eicacrTrjv rj/xepav koi ravTa KOLKelva Troieiu avay-
Koiov. Koi 01 /ULev AXk/xijuj^s koi SeyueX??? viol, e/c
yvvaiKwv ovcttijpcov yev6iJ.evoL, evwyovvTai a.(pp6unS€(;'

6 Se Ma/a9 r^? Â.TXai/T[oog SiaKovovfxai avrocg' Kal
25 vuv apTi rjKOVTO. fxe cnrb îSoouog Tcapa nji l^dSjuov
OvyaTpos, ecp rjv Trewo/mcpe jue o'ôfxevov o Ti TrpaTTei
r] Trah, iu.r]oe dvairvevcravTa, TreTrojuLCpev auOis e? to

"A.pyog eTTLdKe-ôinevov Ttjv Aavdrju. clt eKelBev es
ôicanav, (prja-lu, eXOcov, ev TrapoSo) rrjv ^ A^vnoTrtju iSe.
30 KOI oAft)? airr^yopevKa }]§rj. el yovv fxai Svvarou >;»/,
^Secos dv riîwcra TreirpacrdaL, oocnrep ol ev y^ KaKwg

SovXevovreg.
MA. "Ea ravra, w tckvov -î] yap irdvra vinip-
ereiv tm irarpi, veaviav ovtw kuI vuv wcnrep eireix-
35 ^0>/9, aroêi eig "Apyog, elra e? rhv Boicoriav, /ut] Kal
TrXriyaq ^paSvvcov Xa/3oi9* o^JôAoi yap oi epcovreq.
DIALOGUE 11. —THE CYCLOP POLYPHEMUS AND POSEIDON

{Neptune).
KY'. ^Q iraTep, oia tre-Trovda inro tou Karaparou

êvov, OS /JLeOvcras eêrvcpXcocre (xe, KOifxcafxev^ eirf^êi'
pYia-ag.
FIRST GKEEK READEK. 137
no. Tig S' û 6 raura ToXfiâag, <a lloXvcprjfie',
KY. To fiev TTOWTOV OZriv airrov aireKaXer cTrel 5
ê Siicbvye, koi e^co /;v /3eXoi/?, ^0§u(r<T€vg ovojualêcrOai
no. OlSa ov Xeyeig, tov ^lOoK^criov' i^ 'IXiov S'
ave-TrXei. 'AXXa tto)? tout' tirpaêv, ouê irdw

evdapa-rjg ojj/; 10
KY. KaTeXa/3ov ev tu) avrpio, airo T^g vofi^g ava-
<TTpe->âg, iroSXovg Tivag, eTri/SovXevovrag SrjXov OTi

Tolg TTOifivioig' i-jre] yap eireOtjKa r^ dupa to Trw/xa
{jrirpa Se ecrri TrafjLfxeyed/]g) koi to irvp aveKavaa,
evav(rd/xevog o eipepov Sevopou diro tov opovg, ecpavrjcrav 15
UTroKpuTTTeiv auTovg ireipd/J-evor eylaoe avXXa^wv avTwv
Tivag, (ticnrep eiKog tjv, Koretpayov, XrjOTag ye oirrag.
'EvTavOa 6 iravovpyoraTog eKelvog, eiTe Ourt?, etre

'0û<rcreu9 ^v, SiSoocri /xoi irie'iv (papfiaKov ti eyêag,
^Sv fxev KOI euocTfJiov, iircjSouXoTaTOV oe koi Tapa-^co- 20
SecTTaTOV airavTa yap evOug eooKei fxoi TrepKpepearOai
iriovTii Ka\ TO a-TrTjXaiov auro dvecrrpiipeTO, koi ovkcti
oXcog ev efxavrw fjfJirjU' TeXog Se eg vttvov KaTccnrd-
crOrjv. 'O Se, OLTTO^vvag tov ixo'ôv, Ka\ irvpwaag ye
TTpocreTi, eTvcpiXooari /xe KaOevSovTa' koi cltt CKelvov 25
TvcpXog eifxi (roly iv ttocreiSov.
no. 'Qg âOuv €K0ijui.i^9r]g, u> TtKvov, og ovk iêOopeg
fxeraû TvcpXoufievog. 'O ^' ovv ÔSvtrcrevg vwg Sie-
cpuyev', ov yap av, ey olo oTi, eovv^Qij cnroKiv^crai Ttjv
ireTpav diro Trjg Oupag. 30
KY. 'AAX' eyoj dcpeiXov, wg fxaXXov avTov Xdôijui
eîovra- koi KaOicrag irapa Trjv Ovpav eQripoav ra?
yelpag eKTreracrag, fiova irape\g to. irpoâTa eg ttjv
vofitjVf evreiXa/xevof tS> Kpt.Q>- oirocra e'^rjv TrpaTreiv

36 avTov virep ejuov.
no. âvOavd), — VTT €K€ivoi{; eXaOov VTreêXOovre^-

ae Se Tovg aWov^ KJ/cXtoxa? eSet eiriôtjaacrQaL eir
avTov.
IV 1 . ZjvveKaAea-a, co iraTep, Kai rjKov eirei oe
40 t/povTO Tov eiriôvXevovTOs Tovvo/ua, Kayw ecptjv,
oTi OuTis ecTTi, fxeXay-ôXdv oirjOevres fxe, wyovro

aTTiovres. Outco KarecroSlcraTo fxe 6 KaTapuTo^ raJ
Svofiari. Ka: o fxaXiarra ^piace fxe, on koi oveiSl-
^wv efioi T}]V crvfX(popav, Oi5o' 6 Trarrjp, (prjcrlv, 6

45 TloareiSwu, ida-eTal are.
no. Oappei, (ti TeKvov, djuvvovfiai yap avrov, ws

fidOt], OTi, el Kal irrjpitKjlv fxoi ocpOaXfJiwv idcrOai dSu-
vaTou, TO. yovv toou TrXeourcov eir ifxoL eaTV TrXef <5e eTi
DIALOGUE 12. — PANOPE AND GALENB.

IIA. Efcê?, w YaXrjvri, Ôe? oia eiroirjcrev f] "EjOt?
irapd TO SeiTTvov ev OerTaXia, Sioti fxij koi avrrj
eKkrjQri e? to (tv/xttoctlov',
FA. Ov (Tvvei(TTiu)iJ.r]v v/acv ?yct)ye' 6 yap YlotreiSociu
5 eKeXevcre /me, u) YlavoTrr], aKV/m-avrov ev toctovtw (puXaT-
Teiv TO ireXayo's. T/ ^' ovv eTrolrja-ev fj "J^pi^ jur]
irapoxjaa ;
IIA. 'H GeVi? iJ.ev tjSrj Ka\ 6 TirjXev^ cnreXtjXvOe-

<jav eg tov OaXa/uLOv, vtto Ttjs A.ju(j)LTpLTt]9 Kai tov
10 Tl.oa-eiûivo's TrapaTrejULCpOevTes. 'H "Eî? ^' ev toctovtm
XaOovcra Travra?, {e^vvriOrj oe paolcog, toov fxev ttivov-
Toov, evldov Se KpoTOvvTCov, rj rw 'ATroAAcoi/i KiOapiCôiTi
9 Tats Moi/cratf aSova-ais -nrpoae-ôvTOiv tov vovv,)

FIRST GR£E£ READER. 139
€vel3aX€v e? to avfiiroa-iov firjXou n -TrayKaXov, XP^

crovv o\ov, w YaXriiri eireyeypaTrro Se, 'H kqXt] 15
XajSeTco. J^vXivSo/Jiei'OP Se tovto, wcnrep eêiriTtjoes,

TjKev ei/6a "Upa re, koi ÂdypoSiTrj, koi Â6t]va Ka-
TeKXlvovTO. KaTrei^^ 6 'lS.pfxrji aveXofievos iireXeâTo
TO. yeypa/ULfieva, ai fiev ^rjprjtSe^ ^fJêi^ airecricoTrâ-afiev
TL yap £0€i TTOieiv, €K€iviov TrapovcToov', at oe avreiroi- 20

ovvTo eKacrrr], Kai airrtjg elvai to ixijXov tjîovv. }\.ai
€1 fxt] ye 6 Zevi SiecrrTja-ev avra^, koi ciyjn- yeipiiov av

•rrpovywpticre to irpayixa. 'AXX' eAceffOf, A(rro9 fiev
ov Kpivu), (pt](riy irep] tovtov, (jcaiTOi eneivai ovtov

SiKOLcrai rjîovv,) airiTe Se 6? Tfjv "IStjv Trapa tov 25
WpiaiJLov TralSa- o? olSe re Siayvwvai to KaWioVf
îXoKuXo^ wv, Kai ovK av €ku)v Kpivai kokw^
FA. T/ oj}f a/ deal, to ZlafOTn/;
IIA. Ttj/xepov, ol/xaif cnriacriu ey t^j/*'IJj;j/, /cai Tty
fjêi fx.€Ta /uLiKpou aTrayycXwv ^fxiv Trjv KpaTovaav. 30
FA. "YiStj croi (f)»ifJi-i, OVK uXXr] KpuTijcrei, rijs
A.<ppoSiT>i9 ayoovilôfJievrjiy ijv utj irdyu 6 SiuiTtp-^

a/JL^XvCOTTr}.
(128; 10
NOTES TO PART IL
SECTION I.-'A2TEIA.
These 'AuTtla, or " Joe Millers," are commonly, but erroneously, attri-
buted to Hierocles, a philosopher of the Platonic school, who flourished
at Alexandria about the middle of the fifth century.
1. Wfuxrer, 1 aoristof ifmfu. § i-'fâaOau viaros: observe that the aorist

infinitive isused where a future might rather be expected, (so also yoffTJcai,
in No. 3 ;) and that verbs of touching, holding on by, &c., govern the
genitive. § /JuiBji, 2 aorist subjunctive of /laiâm.
2. avYY^f^h - aorist imperative of cnr/yiyvwaKW. § After xpoai<rxc9
(2 aorist of xpoaix<^ supply rbv poDv, making the phrase equal to animad-
vertere, in Latin.
3. Observe that the verbs SAvafuu, po£\ofuu, and /tAXw, often take
i; as their temporal augment, instead of e. Svvafuu. is inflected like
tcTOfiai. § i^T^Xeyêv, from ^leX^T^w.
4. fiJfjLTfrr): the aorist subjunctive, when used for the imperative, as
here, commands the doing of an action on one particular occasion ; whereas
the present imperative enjoins the habitual practice. So /Jiif fU/jupov. "do
not be always blaming ; " yn?; fiifj.-^, " do not blame on this occasion."
In prohibitions, |n) is rarely joined to the aorist imperative, but to the
subjunctive.
5. i.ToOaj'hvTOi. 2 aorist participle, from ixodtr^KU. §/zâ, "greatly,"
the neuter of the adjective, used as an adverb.
6. e/i Setypui, " as a sample." § -repiiipepe, " used to carry :" the im-
perfect tense is used to express a continued action or a habitual action ; so
qpurra, in No. 3, " went on to ask," or " began to ask."
7. elSivoL, from oWa (see Irregular Verbs). § euTorrpl^cro we should
:
rather expect eUruirTplêro.

8. iKpi^Tf, 2 aorist passive of xpinrrv. § rvffofUrou, 2 aorist participle
of wwddvotULt. § Kaipov, " for a season '' i.e., for a long time, the accusa-
;
tive of duration of time. § ^x*^ f-^ aaOevrfaas, " 1 continue free from sick-
ness." t)((i), signifying " to have one's self," x.e., " to be," when joined
with a participle, implies the continuance of the state indicated by the
participle ; so here the whole phrase means, " I continue now for a long
time in a state of non-sickness."
9. 'Afupaiar, " a cask of Aminean wine." The Aminxi, a Thessalian
tribe, are said to have introduced into Italy the vines which furnished
this wine. It was produced near Naples in greatest qoantitj. (Ck>n-
142 NOTES.
suit Vocahulary.) %Tp-fiaavTOi, 1 aorist participle of rerpalvu. §Instead

of iXaTTOvTo we should expect TjXaTTovTo.
10. virei(re\Owv, 2 aorist participle of {rjreicr^pxofio-t- § ?(7eie, " began to
shake." (See note on 6, irepU(pep€.) ûsinrode^b/ievos, " with the inten-
tion of catching," or "expecting to receive." § iTr6, like s?i6 in Latin,
means properly, "from beneath;" i.e., in a lower position. The future
participle is used to express a purpose or intention, or an expectation.
11. Observe iro\\(f, in the dative, after the comparative adjective, ex-
pressing the measnrc of difference. The accusative is sometimes used in
this sense.
12. rjpdrra iiSup ineiv, " asked about water for drinking ;" literally, "to
drink." The infinitive mood is a kind of verbal substantive, and often
takes the place of a noun. Here it is equal to the accusative of the Latin
gerund with ad; i.e., ad bibendum, %Kdl ydp this phrase is often used
:
like our " moreover," and the sense may easily be discovered by supply-
ing the ellipse; so here we may read, "and {tkey alleged it was good),
for his parents drank out of it."
13. rd. diaK6<ria ^7} the article joined thus with the numeral, signi-
:
fies " the space of two hundred years," looked on as a wliole. § fp, con_-
tracted for ^dei. The contracted form would, if regular, be fiji, but
Xpa.ofj.ai, di.\pdo}, treivdo}, f«£w, Kvau, fffidw, and a few others, generally
contract ae and aei into 7) and y (instead of a and q.).
14. ds X'^'^P-^V' ^c-'ô-y^'"! "being shipwrecked in a storm." Here we
should rather expect h
x"M'*'''') liut verbs signifying rest in aj'lace are
very often followed by a preposition denoting motion, with an accusa-
tive, the phrase thus suggesting the movement that preceded and led to
the state of rest. So here the preposition els, with tlie accusative, sug-
gests the sailing into the line of storm and vavayQv relates the result.
;
%Tup (TV/jLirXeduTuv eKdarov, " his fellow-passengers, each for himself, clasp-
ing ;" eKdarov being in apposition to rwv ffVfinX. § (7Ke6ovs, contracted for
ffKeveos, genitive singular of cKeDos, neuter. This is what is called the
partitive geiiitive —
" clasping j?ar< o/the tackling." " Tackling" is pro-
perly expressed by the plural rd. ffKeit}, but the Greek of these dtrreia is not
the most correct or elegant. § Observe that the penult of dyKvpa is long,
while the corresponding syllable of ancdra is short. In later Greek, how-
ever, the penult was short, dyKvpa.
15. ffii diriOaves observe that the personal pronouns are expressed in
:
Greek, as in Latin, only when personality is to be strongly brought out

as when one person is to be contrasted with anotlier.
16. As jfrei is a historical tense, we should expect ypd<poi., the optative,
and not ypd<pTj, the subjunctive ; but the subjunctive is often used, as
here, to give vividness to the story, by introducing us to the events as if
passing before us.
17. irepda-ai, " to cross." The penult is long in the future and aorist
of irepdw, to "pass over" or " cross," while the corresponding tenses o(
TTiirpdcKij} (viz., wepdcrw and iirepcCffa) have the a short.
18. rpi<j)ei, a verb singular, with a neuter plural subject, /9tj3X/a.
19. ir/riffxero, 2 aorist indicative of vincx''ôixai. ^dyayeiy, 2 aorist
(reduplicated) of dyw. § x'^/'^s Ke(pa\r}i must be translated, " without tfte
head," (not " your head,") so as to preserve the ambiguity.
20. ff\n>d>4>0rj, 1 aorist passive of avyfiVTopMi.
NOTES. 143
21. SoKup, 2 aorist participle active of idxû.

22. Observe r6Sa in the accusative, after the intransitive verb <iX7e2j'.
This is called " tJie accusativt of referaux or limitation." % trepos, sdL
rxoXa<rru((Ss, " another simpleton."
SECTION II.— ANECDOTES.

1. etfiapTo, from fielpofiai. § SapTJvai, 2 aorist infinitive passive of Sip.
2. ipXvapovv, contracted for tfikvapiow, neuter participle of ifikvapiu.
Observe the use of the article where we might expect the indefinite, rli.
3. ffvyfpfwTjKep, perfect of ffvppiu.
4. The iioiiU of this sentence is in the similarity of sound between
Tp&rof and the latter part of iiv-Opvrov. We can bring out the play on
the words by making a slight inversion, and translating, " the man, but
not the nwn-ner." " Manner," however, is not the most appropriate
term here for the expression of the idea, and yet it is the only meaning of
Tp6voi tliat is at all suitable for translating the pun. Indeed, it is seldom
possible to transfer into another language those pons which are mere
play upon words or sounds.
5. xpf)aOan governs the dative (of the instrument), as utor in Latin is
followed by the ablative.
7. airrmj, i.e., the talkative person, i5o\i<rxov.
10. Xantippe, wife of Socrates, is compared to Jupiter, to whom was
assigned the duty of sending thunder and rain.
13. ei J T(£»Ttt, " for all purposes." %irTjp(l4TaT0, (totd IrepelSu. %Ppa-
SuvoPTos, i.e., the person to whom the commission had been given '* being
tardy." g foxî 2 aorist of ?xw.
14. xirop, neuter participle of -rlvu, agreeing with wcuBlof. § n^pai is
governed in the genitive by iîppiij/t, the preposition in composition being
followed by the same case, as if ej stood alone. § Korioie, from KaTiynipLi.
Note the peculiarity of augment, the syllabic being employed where tb«
temporal only should be found.
15. flfflru', from eUmiu, " to enter." (See IrregvlaT Verbs.)
18. opiaafiifov, " having defined." § eiSoKifiovproi is the genitive
singular n-uter —
"it (the definition] being approved of;" i.e.. Diogenes
approving of it, or adopting it for the time. § riXai, 1 aorist participle
of TtXXo. § eUrqyeyKev, 2 aori~t of eia<f>4pon.
21. Note the play on the words Kbpaxas and icoXoxat. The similarity
of sound is more evident when the words are pronounced quickly, as id
conversation. The phrase eh Kopaxas, " to the crows," is like our " to
the mischief," " to perdition."
22. iKXavffer, from kKcuu. 23. Observe tiie repetition of negatives in
this sentence.
25. The genitive, Tifiwpias, " than vengeance," is governed by the
f eomparative, ipudvum. This is another instance in which the Greek
genitive is equivalent to the Latin ablative.
26. iffrepLfUvov, perfect participle passive of rriipv. § freffep, 2 aorist
of rlTTTo). § yeyeinnjKws, perfect participle active, from yaifdu. Our
idiom would require an infinitive here rather than a participle.
32. ixapdtU, 1 aorist participle passive, from iraipu.
33. KarerXdyr), 2 aorist pa.«sive of rararXô-w. § Note that /3tor and
144 NOTES.
i^lca/jM are acaisatives of reference after the passive verl). § airrov ia
'governed by iJ.P7j/jLOve6(ov. ,
35. The is used with the genitive of a proper noun to denote

article
the son of; as rbv Adyov, " the son of Lagus."
36. tovtI, "
this, here," ^=Tovrol. The letter I is appended to all the
parts of ouTOS, to give a stronger demonstrative force ; as, oirroal {hicce),
aiTrjl, tovtI. This T has three peculiarities (1.) It is always long, and
always has the accent ; (2.) It absorbs a preceding short vowel, as

:
—
rovTo-i, tovtI; (3.) It shortens a preceding long vowel or diphthong,
as TOVTOvi.
SECTION III.— FABLES OF ^SOP.

Little known
of the private history of jEsop.
is The place and the
date of his birth are uncertain. There is no doubt, however, that he
was a slave, and that his parents were slaves. Having been liberated by
his master, the philosopher ladmon, on account of his groat mental
qualities, he travelled through many countries, and among the rest,
Greece. The Athenians prized so higlily his wisdom and talents that
they erected a statue to him, as we are told by Phaedrus. He sojourned
some time at the court of Croesus, king of Lydia, on the invitation of
that monarch, who had heard of his great fame. Having been sent by
him to present an offering to Apollo at Delphi, he gave offence to the
Delphians, and was hurled headlong by them down the Hyampeian Rock
in 563 n.c.
" Whether ^sop left any written works at all is a question which
affords considerable room for doubt, though it is certain that Fables
hearing jEsop's name wore popular at Athens in its most intellectual age.
We find them frequently noticed by Aristophanes. They were in prose,
and were turned into poetry by several writers. Socrates turned some
of them into verse during his imprisonment (399 B.C.), and Demetrius
Phalereus (320 b.c.) imitated his example. The only Greek versifier of
/Esop, of whose writings any whole Fables are preserved, is Babrius.
Of the Latin writers of ^sojjean Fables, Phajdrus is the most celebrated."
— Smitli's Bictionary of Biography.
1. hv " would have been."

Tjv,
2. rb tIktsiv, " upon the bearing;" i.e., that she bore. § fva, " one
iirl
cub," (TKVfiuov being understood. § StA iravro^. " always."

3. ^KaOiffdr), 1 aorist passive of KaOiôaai. § lyvwv, 2 aorist from
yiyv(h(jKCt}.
4. eiipdiv, 2 aorist participle of evpiaKW.
6. ecrrcis for e(TT7)Kojs, perfect particii)le of fffrryxi.
7. dXXd, supply, " all very well," but.

8. {/v-qveyKas, aorist of inro<t>ip<j). % iwia-Tpatpeb, from ivL(rrpi(f>u>.
9. Sia(f)daprivai, 2 aorist passive of dicKpdelpu)

10. irfei/ffas, from irvô). § iiridpa/JLovTes, 2 aor'iiL participle of irt-
11 Tiêrai, horn tIktu. % Sis rî 7i/j.4pas.

" twice in the day." Ad-
WOTES. 146
verbs of place likewise goyem the genitive ; as, rol 717$ : so in Latin vbi
terrarum. § reKeiv, 2 aorist infinitive of tIktu.
12. cdpov/jUvoJv Twv dXX&w, " the others being inclined to choose him ;"
or, " being on the point of choosing him."
13. Ko^Xfas, " some snails." Snails were considered rather a dainty
bj the ancients ; so much so that a Roman country seat was hardly com-
plete without its cochlearium, or " snai>-preserve."
14. Tdffas }]fiJpas, " during all days ;" i.e., " every day." Observe that
duration of time is put in the accusative.
15. rod dStKstp here again we find the article with the infinitive
:
mood, the latter being in fact a verbal noun, governed in the genitive by
dpêrai. § S.Tep, a neuter plural, has its verb, Apêrai, in the singular.
16. ifiireffovcra, 2 aorist participle active of ij.i.rLvTCi>. § dXX'for iWd,
" well, but." 4XX4 often begins a clause having reference to something
not expressed, but uppermost in the mind of the speaker. Here the fly
ponders with itself, " I am going to die, certainly. WeU, toell! but it is
gome consolation that I have had a hearty meal, a satisfying draught,
and a comfortable bath." § pi^puKO, from pi^ptiicKU and viruKa, from ;
rlyu.
17. Ke<l>ak-^p fiopfi., " the head of a hobgoblin." The masks of the
ancients were not faces, but tcJiole heads. § ^p shonld rather be r^v, or
else the kuI ought to be removed.
18. ry fiTjrpi :the article is here equal to the possessive pronoun,
" hia mother." § vvo\aôv<ra, scil. riv \(rfO» so in the Scriptures, " He
:
took up his parable, and said." § ^/cXdjnj, from icX^ttw : translate, " For
from which of them has not the flesh (of the sacrifices) been stolen
by you?"
19. elvai Karixovra, &c.: "that there was {i.e., existed) another dog,
which possessed (literally, possessing) a piece of flesh ;" or, ftvai KaTôvra
may be taken as equal to Karix'ûf. But the former is preferable.
§ i,ifxli, 2 aorist participle of a<f>lT)fu. %i Si KwreTxev, " and that, on
the other hand, which he held." S is the accusative singular neuter
of the relative pronoun Ss, rj, S, governed by KareTx^-
20. fK6ovTos, Sia<pdelpovTos: observe that the former is the aorist,
" when a stag had come ;" and the latter the present, —
" and was spoiling,"
i.e., was going to spoil. § ^(pTjcrep, " said, yes ;" i.e., i, the man. § avrdt
means the man, and airrov the horse.
21. ^paxiPTWv, 2 aorist passive of /S/>^w. § dipot is the accusative,
expressing duration of time, —
" during the sunmier ;" while upq, is the
dative, indicating a point, time when, or a space of time, in some part of
which an action takes place. § With x«M<2''oy ^PX"'') supply upau.
22. itoXXtji' bSov is in the accusative, expressing motion along or through-
out a space; just as action during, or throughout a certain time, is put in the
accusative. § iweipTjKdis, from iireiirop, (which see in the Vocabulary.)
§ hrunivTOi, from i<pi<rrr]fu. § KaXoir], the forms -oItjp, -olrjs, &c., are
generally adopted, in Attic, in the singular of contracted verbs in -aw,
-ew, and -ow, instead of the common inflexions, -oifj.i, -otj, &c.
23. MeXtraTov, from Melite, i.e., Malta. § irpo^Spafiev, from trporpix'^'
24. ^{elXes, 2 aorist indicative of iâipiw. § wadovaa, 2 aorist parti-
ciple of irdffxi^-
25. Oifxevoi, 2 aorist participle middle of rldvui. '* having entered into
14G NOTES.
partnership." § ffT&.'s, 2 aorist participle active of tffrrjfu. § ^t^Xaro,

I aoristmiddle of ivdWofiai. § tcrdi and ySeiv, from oI5a.
26. KaraXa^dirros, " having surprised him." § i/i^ds, 2 aorist parti-
ciple active of i/xâlvco. § i/mirXaKeLi, from i/jLirXiKU).
27. Xôuo-a Sti, &c. there is a sudden change here from the indirect
:
to the direct mode of speech, col being used where we should expect avT(f,
and the other second persons supplying the place of thirds. § iK^Kpayei,
from Kpdfw.
28. iria-ToifJLems, "giving a pledge of," or "sealing, "friendship. §ira.pe-
rlBei the imperfect of TlOrjfxL is often irlOovv, iriOets, irlSei.
: § & <t>4peip :
observe that the relative ft is nexder plural, though referring, in syntax, to

two feminine nouns. It is the o-tro, or viands, which the writer is think-
ing of, and he therefore uses & in reference, not to the table and the hosjri-
tality, but to the eatables and drinkables (frira and irord), which were set
forward before the guest. § tuv 6vtwv, " the things that were there."
The genitive follows verbs of toucMng, clinging to, and such like. § rpv<pTî,
the genitive governed by irpori/xuv, which implies a comparison tlie ; —
comparative in Greek being followed by a genitive, as it is in Latin by
an ablative.
29. The article is joined to Aia,as pointing to a well-Jcnovm deity.
§ vapaax^î') 2 aorist infinitive of irap^x'^- § ffvviSibv, from cwo'Sa,
" being well aware of." § KadijKev, 1 aorist of Kadlrj/ii. § KarairXay^vres,
—
from KaTavXriffact). § rbv \j/6(pov, "at the noise," the accusative of refer-
ence. The accusative is often used after intransitive and passive verbs,
and even after adjectives, to express the object in reference to which the
meaning of the governing word (verb or adjective) is specially applicable.
Sometimes such an accusative limits the signification of the verb, and it
is then called the accusative of limitation; thus, in the phrase 6.\yeiv
ir6Sa, i,\ye?p means to feel pain generally, but when 7r65a is added it
limits the pain to one part, g (Svaav, 2 aorist of 5vw, or Svvu.
30. yvCivai, 2 aorist infinitive of yiyvdiffKCJ. § After els supply oXkop, or
ipyacTTTipiov, " to the workshop, or studio, of a statuary." So we say,
" To St. Paul's," i.e., Cathedral understood where the preposition—
seetns to govern the possessive case. § ekdiras, from ekdfw. Note that
here we liave the active voice with the reflexive pronoun, instead of the
middle voice by itself. § ir6crov, the genitive of price, " for how much."
So dpaxMV^f "lixt line, " for a drachma ;" and TrXelovos, " for a larger
sum." The drachma of the Athenians was worth about OJd. of our
money. § irpoaOi^KTiv, in apposition to tovtov, " as an addition," i.e.,
" into the bargain."
SECTION IV.—DIALOGUES OF LUCIAN.

Lucian was a native of Samosata, in the province of Commagcne,
Syria. He was born probably about 120 a.d., and is believed to have
lived till near the end of the century. For details of his life and writings,
consult tSmitJi's Dictionanj of Biography.
DiAi/>ouE I. Line 1. (iir65os, 2 aorist imperative of diroSlSw/u.

3. dv0' ua; " because." 4. ouk Slv Xd/3ois, "you could not bj' any means
NOTES. 147
g^ it," (the £are.) As 4*

implies a conditicn, and therefore uneertauihff
when joined with the optative in negative claoses it strengthens the
negation. 5. dôXop, an oM =
1 4d. English. As Charon's fare for
the ferrying a spirit over Styx was an obol, relatives pat into the
month of the deceased, before sepulture, an obol to pay the boat, and a
cake to appease the watch-dog Cerberus, which kept guard on the other
side of Styx. 15. liirAfirfy, from dvimyu. 34. Oip/uwi, "lupines."
Menippns, being a Cynic philosopher, carried some lupines about with
him in a bag or wallet. Lupines were the cheapest food of the very
poor. HeccUe's supper was a meal supplied by the rich Athenians to their
poorer fellow-citizens once a month. It was set out at the point where
three ways met ; and as the poor carried it off so soon as it appeared, they
said that " Hecate had devoured it." Hecate was a goddess of a three-
fold nature, having different attributes, different names, and different
places of abode. She was SeX^mj (Moon], in heaven ; 'Apre/us (Diana),
on earth ; and Hecate in the infernal regions. 36. AdXei, " he kept
jabbering." 40. KoiiSewos, &c., "and he cares for nobody." 41. o
MMtxos, " the vxll-knoum Menippus." Observe the force of the
article 6.
Dialogue II. Line 1. Tovrorl, " this here." The demonstrative < is
added to the parts of ovros, to give strong emphasis to the pronoun. On
all
its peculiarities see note. Section II., 36 (of Notes). 4. Observe ifr/iêreu
governing tico accusatives, ri and 6/iai. 15. vepUxoTcu, " cling to."
23. «j oi>S4, &c, " that I shall never cease ;" more literally, " how that I
am not going to leave ofi^ either." This is a peculiar construction ; an-
other remarkable example of which will be found in Xen. Anab., I. 3. 6.
It is usually called the genitive abadUUe, the in being added to show that
the action implied by the participle does not really exist, bat is only thought
of or intended. But thb so-called genitice absolute (a term which is seJf-
eontradictory, and which has been adopted to get easily quit of a difficulty)
can always be referred to some recognised grammatical principle and some
general rule, and is very often used to express the time, or cause, or
manner. Here, then, we regard the participle in the genitive as the
cause of the state indicated by the verb -yiywaKcrt. We
would therefore
translate, " make up your mind to this, (or, come to this conclusion,)
because (i.e., for this reason, that) I shall never cease." Instead of this
genitive, we should have expected the infinitive with an accusative before
it. 26- ravra ovx C/Spts, "is not this insolence itself V^ ue., "is not
this the very essence of insolence? " 36. ri PWD^t, &c., " that vxU hioum
saying, ' Know thyself.'" The article t6 is joined to yrQ$i-aavr6w, which
is regarded as a compound notm. 36. <rvrelp<aw, literally "stringing
together;" ».«.. forming into a connected strain. 37. rpôiydp, &c, "for
it would suit (admirably), being sung after, (as a chorus to) your
lamentations."
DialogueIII. Line 5. rb ift&r, " my case." " My a£Bur happened

in avery unexpected way. " The indefinite pronoun rlt, when appended
to an adjective, increases the force of the adjective ; thus, ft/yas t«,
"very large;" fuKp6i ru, "very smalL" In some parts of our own
ooontry there is a similar use made of the indefinite, as in the phrase, " Aa
148 NOTES.
— —
big as anything," i.e., very big; " As clear as anything," i.e., very clear.
8. rbp dreKvop, rbv irKovcriov, are in apposition to Uroibhijspov, in preced-
ing sentence. § rk iroWd, an adverbial phrase, "for the most part,"
"generally." 11. iir' ifiol, &c., "promising myself that he would die to my
advantage, (in my favour;)" i.e., that he would make me his heir. § 4i
fi'/lKiCTTov, " and when the matter went on for a very long time," ypbyov
being understood. 14. iweibav rdx^cTTa, " as soon as," quum prinium.
15. i-meiKws, "tolerably;" i.e., pretty hard. 17. iirw/ioadfiriv, 1 aorist indi-
cative middle of iir6/j.vv/ii. 24. oiiK oI5' 6^(0^ =
nescio quomodo, " I don't
know how." 30. daTeia, &c., "for you have had a comical fate;" lite-
rally, " you have suffered amusing things." 32. irpbs t6, &c., "he was
in considerable perturbation at the suddenness" (of the thing). 33. awels,
2 aorist participle of (tvpItj/u. 34. ota, an adverbial accusative, " at
what a clever (trick;)" literally, "at what things." olos means pro-
perly, " of what kind," but it generally implies good, great, extraordi-
nary, like Latin qttalis. We have expressed this by inserting clever in
the translation of the phrase. 35. rpairiffdai, literally, "turn yourself;"
t.e., " have recourse to the short cut," b56v being understood. $Ace S.v,
" it would have come."
Dialogue IV. Line 1. 'fjfj.irepe ZeO, "our Jove;" i.e., Pluto, who
was called so (" Jove with us ") Proserpine was
in the infernal regions.
the daughter of Demeter. 4. rlvwv S^rj, "what do you want?" or heg:
observe the genitive after a verb of entreating. § rls (Sv, &c., " who
may you be?" literally, "who do you happen to be?" 6. 6 'I(plK\ou,
"the son of Iphiclus." The article is often used thus, vl6s or Ovydr-qp
being understood. 8. &<f>edels, 1 aorist passive of d<pl7]fu. § irpbs bXlyov,
"for a little." 10. Observe iptara in the accusative, after the cognate
verb ipSxn (contracted for ipdovcn). 11. r^xoi, 2 aorist optative of
rvyxdvo). 12. toO l/rjv the infinitive f^v, with toO joined to it, is equal to
:
a genitive, and is governed by ipCi, a verb of desiring. yvvaiKbi is also

governed by ipd. 14. (fX^M^y ^^-^ " J^ "ôent off (at once), sailing away;"
i.e., I sailed hastily away. 17. 6<p0eU, 1 aorist passive of o/sdw: " lam
willing to come down again, after liaving appeared (on earth) to her, even
although {Kdv for Kal ?av) it loere but for a little time." 19. Kal fidXa,
" (yes, I drank of it), and (that too) heartily." § rb 8i irpay/xa, &c.,
" but the case was an extraordinary one;" i.e., my love was so strong
that all the water of Lethe could not overpower it." 24. rb ipav, anotlier
infinitive with the two words forming the subject to iffrl
article, the :
" and y&ii know what a sore thing it is to be in love." 29. '\'fi^, 2d sin-
gular future of \ap.§dv(i}, 40. 656i' is the accusative, motion along or
throvgJioiii being expressed. 41. c3 dvep, "my husband;" i.e., Pluto.
43. KaOiKb/ievop, &c., "striking him with his wand." 46. fiinPTjao,
imperative of iiifiPrîMU.
Dialogue V. Line 1. wpoaTrecrdiP, " having attacked ;" literally,

" fallenupon." 3. 7]fiire\7J, accusative of ijfUTeXfis, " half-complete ;"
I.e., without its head, or master. 8. alriariop, soil, iarl, " I ought to
blame him." Such verbal adjectives govern the same ease as the verbs
from which they come. 16. dSiKa iroiwp, "acting unjustly, Protesilaus,
and that too {koI raCra) towards a brother-chip^" [bfi&rexpov); i.e., one of
'
NOTES. 149
the same trade. The meaning is, " if jon never let me go, you will act
an unfair part." 18. ê<p, by the same god, namely, Cupid. 24. roi
ipof, and T(j5 HdpiSi, both depend on alriot. 28. rpoevi/iSrjffas, &c,
"leaped forth before the rest in a fool-hardy and unreflecting manner."
33. iTriK€K\Q<r6ai, perfect infinitive passive of ^t/tXti^w, ''
that it had
been destined for me." § alTiq. is contracted for alridei, (uVii 77, 2d singular
present middle of aiTidofJuu.
Dialogue VI. Line 1. Xayiffd/ieOa, "suppose we reckon," is not put

here in the form of a command, but as a suggestion. This is the usual
meaning of the first plural subjunctive when used imperatively, or rather
in a suggestively adhortatory manner. 3. wplffdcLi, " to come to a distinct
understanding." 6. hruXafiifif, " for you having commissioned me ;"
i.e., according to your commission. Observe the genitives of price which
follow. SpaxM'^^'i ToXXoO, &c. 9. rCivirivTe, "the five," already named.
11. ridei, '•
mark down." is governed by iKdfuffa, from
12. d-Kiarpav
former sentence. "paid down;" literally, " threw down."
13. KariâXov,
16. dveyyoTtt, "the seams," or "chinks;" the perfect participle of
dvoiywfii, or Swolyw. Observe that the verbs dvoiyu, opdca, and oKLff-
Ko/jiai, take in their past tenses a double augment, both the temporal and
the syllabic ; thus :
PrcKnt. Imperfeet.
iv-oiyti) iv-4-cfiyov, which would regularly be itxôf.

opdw i-iiptijv ... ... wpuv.
oKUtko/jmi e dXwcp aof.) ... ... SiXufv, or (Att.) i^Xur.
17. Hxavra refers to all the accusatives going before, and, as they are
of different genders, it is neuter. 18. thvifcb), 2d singular 1 aorist
middle of iiviofiai, " you have bought tliese cheap ;" literally, " worthy,"
— i.e., worth the money. 19. StAaêy, 2 aorist of SiaXavBdvu, "has
escaped our notice." 22. iviaroL, " it will be in my power." 25. KaOe-
oovfiai, future of Kadii'opMi, " I shall sit down." 32. dydir\e(f), nomina-
tive plural of ifdirXean. 34. iûSrjKiis (perfect participle of iôiSûj,
though intransitive, governs yacripa. in the accusative [accusative of
reference OT limitation.] 37. iis ioUoffi, " as they appear ;" i.e., "to all
appearance." " (No wonder they try to ensnare one an-
38. rctvu, &c :
other), for these things (namely, riches) are very, very desirable." xep^
like per in Latin, increases the force of the adjective Charon, therefore,
;
by using irdw and irepl both, makes his statement very emphatic.
This expression Hermes at once turns against Charon, by using it as a
"
justification for himself, should he think fit to " demand payment sharply
of his " little bill."
Dialogue VII. Line 5. itnjXkdyTf, 2 aorist passive from iydSXdffffw.

§ T(fi (for tLvi) Tp6ir(p, "in what way." 11. Karavrdfievos, 2 aorist parti-
ciple middle of Kodlirrafuu.
Dialogue VIII. Lirie 1. ^koj, " I have come," and otxofiai, " I have
gone," though presents, are translated as perfects their imperfects, there-
;
fore, become pluperfects. 2. o^&rarov, " very sharp (ay, sharp enough),
even if it were necessary to oat through stones at one stroke." 4. SUXt^
150 NOTES.
2 aorist imperative of Statp^w. 5. KareveyKdiv, 2 aorist participle of /cora-
îpw. 6. ireipqi, contracted for veipd-rj, 2d singular of ireipdo/iai, " are

you testing me whether I am mad or no ?" § /j.4fji.7)va, 2d perfect of
fMlvofuii. 18. KaToiffu, from Karatpipu. 21. ^(xda, 2d singular imper-
fect of dixl. The syllable -6a was frequently added in the early language
to the 2d singular in Attic it is retained in six verbs oi<j6a (from olSa);
:
"oSeiaOa or ^SyaOa (imperfect of oI5a) ^<rda (el/d, to be) ?<p7](Tda (imper-

;
;
fect o{ tf)r]/j.l]; ijeiada [etfiL, to go)

; and -xpijcyOa (XPV^-) 23. iXeX-Ôeis (from
\av9dvo)) Ix'^î " yo*^ escaped your own notice, having a camp and not a
head;" i.e., " you had, unawares to yourself, a camp, and not a head."
When \av9dv(i} and rvyxdvu are joined in syntax with a participle, it is
best to translate the jiarticiple as if it were the indicative (or other) mood,
and the part of \avOdvu or rvyxdvu) as if an adverb. So here, ôw,
"you had," iXeX-ZiOeis, "unawares." § iru/spix^fet, "is dancing the
Pyrric dance." The Pyrric was a war-dance, rapid in step, and performed,
to the sound of the flute, by men under arms. It was therefore suit-
able to Minerva, goddess of war. 25. t6 fiîrrov, " greatest wonder
of all." 26. iv Ppaxei, "in a short time," —
so brevi for brevi tempore.
§ KOfffieT, "sets off." 30. t6 ye iir' 4fiol, "as far at least as depends
on me."
Dialogue IX. Line 1. iraiffaa-Oe iplôvres, " leave off quarrelling

with one another, just like men ; for this is unbecoming {in itself, or to
yourselves), and foreign to the banquet of the gods." 3. iCKkbTpta: words
that express or imply a comparison or a difference are followed by a
genitive. 5. irpoKaTaKKlvijOai, " should have a more honourable place at
table than I." The ancients reclined at table, as is well known. 6. N'i) Ala. :
observe that -(Esculapius, with comic freedom, swears by Jupiter to his

very face. § Kal, " and [quite right 1 should take precedence of you), for I
am your superior." 7. Jj, the interrogative of direct questions " is it?*=
" In what respect (are you my superior), you crazy fool? Is it because
Jupiter," &c. 8. & p.y] O^fus, &c., " doing what was unlawful." This
refers to .Sisculapius being killed by lightning for restoring Glaucus to
life again. 10. iiriXiX-rjcrat. ydp, " (you need not talk so boldly), for have
you too forgotten your being burned to a cinder (literally, having been
burned dotvn) on Mount CEta, that you cast up fire to me?" 12. oCkovv,
(accented thus), means " therefore not ;" but in ovkovv, (accented thus), the
negative force seenis to vanish, it being equal to " therefore,"or "wherefore."
§ laa and 6fioia. are neuter plurals, used adverbially. Translate, " Well,
llien, [totaheyou on another topic, —
not whathas befallen us, but what loe have
done), life has not been spent with equal benefit (to others) and in a similar
way by you, and by me who, in the first place, am the son of Jupiter."
Hercules means to say that he has benefited others more than .^sculapius
has done, and has been engaged in more honourable and manly occupa-
tions. § pe^Lutai, perfect passive of /Siiw, used impersonally, "it has —
been lived;" i.e., " liife has been spent." § ij/tt*', "by us;" which is
equal to "by you, and by 7;te" —
this " me," ifiol, being antecedent to Si
«vhich follows. 13. roffavra, &c., " have performed so many labours."
14. dvOpdnrovt, &c., " of use, perhaps, in applying (some) of your drugs to
diseased folk, but a person who has exhibited no manly trait of character."
HyOpuiroi, like homo, means any human being —
man or woman ; hence
KOTES. 151
often nsed as a term of depredation or coiUempt; while dr^p, like nV, implies
dignity and hratery, or other merit. 1 6- rtDf ^pftaxt^ is the partitite gen-
itive, meaning some of. 19. inr' ifufxHp, &c, " damaged in your body by
both (calamities) ; by the tnnic, and after that by the fire." Observe thai
X'^^'os and xvplK are in the genitive, in apposition to ofupdip. § Suâp-
lUitn, perfect participle passive of Suupdeipw. (See Sntidi^s Dictionary of
Biography, fur Life of Hercules.) 22. Top<pvpiSa depends on irSebvKdn,
" clothed in purple ;" i.e., " having put on a purple robe." 29. Uuraa&ai,
aorist infinitive, for future. § KptLHor is another acataative of ref-
erence or limitation^ depending on the passive form, ffvrrpifiiyTa,
" being crushed as to your skull ;" i.e., " having had your skull broken."
34. ire is the accusative plural neuter of Sore, but is used adverbially,
to introduce the reason or explanation of the foregoing clause. It may
be translated, " forasmuch as." It is used much like Latin qu^pe, with
the relative, jim, — quippe qui.
DuiiOGCE X. Line 1. ydp refers to some prerions conversation
supposed to have taken place between Mercury and Maia. 3. Observe
the two negatives, /t^ and fir]54p, which in Greek do not destroy, but
gtrengtken each other. 4. X^cd is the subjunctive here
—
" the subjunctirt
of deliberation," as it is called : " Why may I not say so ?" 5. Suxorw-
liKPOSj " torn asunder ;" i.e., " distracted." So we say to " divide one's
self." 9. TifupodpofMVFra, "posting up and down like a courier." The
^/upoSpSfUK, or " day-runners," were men who were trained to run long
distances without rest. (See Com. Sepos, in Life of Themistoelea.)
11. o&ox^, i.e., Ganymede. IS. /le/iepor/i^Kir, "divided as lam." 19. rd
rian, the sons of Leda, Castor and Pollux. 20. ip ^hou, Le., idfup
understood. % rap^ yjplpiv, "day by day;" ue., " on alternate days.'
i\. Tovra Kdx6(iu, afikirs here (in Heaven), and aflUrs there (in Hades).
22. The sons of Alcmena and Semele were Hercules and Bacchus.
24. 6, " the son of Maia." 25. Lucian seems here to refer to Europa,
who, however, was the daughter of Agenor, and the sister of Cadmus.
27. rexoft^te, perfect of riprw. 28. Danae, daughter of Acrisins, king of
30. inrtiyhpevKo, " I am done out " perfect of arafOfmrii).
;
Argos.
31. TerpSurdat. perfect infinitive passive of Tirpdoicu. 33. la raCro,
"never mind these things;" or, "let these things pass." § TcuTa is
—
an aeaisative of reference or limitation, " as to all things ;" uc, " in all
things."
Dialogue XI. Line 1. eta, &c. : "what shameful treatment I have

experienced at the hand of my accursed guest " 9. ovS4, " by no means."
I
15. 8 i4>fpoF, &c, i.e., t6 hMpop 23. tAoi, " in fine,"

8 i<f>€pop.
"at length." § Ifprip: 25. dx" ^kcicov, " from
see eipl. Irregular Verbs.
diat time." 28. pera^v, &c, "while being blinded ;" ue., " in the middle
of (your) being blinded." 29. ov yip if, &c, " for I well know that
he could not have moved," &c. 33. -rapeis, 2 aorist participle of rapiiipt,
36. pavddvu, &c., " I understand, —
that they (Ulysses and his com-
panions) escaped your notice, going out secretly under them;" {Le.. the
ram, and other sheep.) 41. <H.7j6irr€i, 1 aorist passive, from otopa*.
48. r& TUP rXein^wp, " the interests of those at sea (sailing] are in mj
keeping."
152 NOTES.
Dialogue XII. Line 2. rb hetwvov, &c., " tlie banquet in Tlicssaly,"

at the marriage of Pcleus and Thetis. 11. XaOovca, " escaping the notice
of." § Tuv irivbvTuv, and the other genitives, aflford good examples
of the so-called genitive absolute being used to express the catise.
18. dve\6fievos, 2 aorist middle of dvatpiw. 21. Observe oiT^y in geni-
tive after etvai, " to belong to her." 22. &xpt X^V^''* " even to blows."
26. 3j =ouToj yap. 28. What then did the goddesses do t 32. r)v îj,
'•
unless."
APPENDIX.
EUPHONY.
TuE concurrence of certain consonanta was ver7 offensive to a Greek
ear, and was therefore systematically avoided. The following are the
principal ruleswhich must be observed in affixing a termination beginning
with a consonant to a stem ending in a consonant :
L THE MUTES.
1. In a concursus of mutes, the second must he a lingual dental^
T, B, or ; i.e., a labial b
not followed by a palatal, nor a palatal by a
labial. [The preposition Ik, in compound words, forms the only excep-
tion to this rule.]
2. Cognate consonants come together; i.e., a light labial or palatal mast
precede a light lingual dental, an aspirate must precede an aspirate, and
an intermediate, an intermediate thus we cannot say yiypa-<f>-T-cu, but
:
"y&ypa-ir-r-ai (from ypatft-u) ; [so in Latin we do not say scrib-tus, bnl

scrip-tus\ ; not irv-ir-O-Tiv, but M-Ô-rjy ; not 6k-Soos (Crom d/t-Tw), but
57-5oos.
3. Mlien two lingual dentals meet, the former is changed into j thus we :
cannot say hrel-d-d-rjv, but iirel-ff-d-rjy (from xel0-u) not ip€i-5-d-Tjpai, but
;
fpei-ff-9-TJvai (from ipelS-u.)

4. If two successive syllables begin with an aspirate, the first aspirate is
changed into its corresponding Light; as, we-îi-XriKa, not ^-tpl-XriKa
i-X'î not I'Xw.
II. THE MUTES AND OTHER CONSOXAN'TS.

5. The mutes
t, /3, 0, before /*, are changed into ft ; as, yiypafi-fiai,
not yiypa4>-p.at. (from ypd<p-w).
6. The mutes k and x> before /i, are changed into y as, ^^^pey-fun, ;
not pi^pex-ftai (from ^p^-w). Except a few words like dK/iij, dpaxp-v, &c.
7. The mutes t, S, 6, before fi, are changed into j; as, ir^Tr«<j--/Mn, not
rhreiff-fuii (from ireiOw). Except a few words like araOfids.
8. The mutes v, ^, <f>, before j, combine with i and form \j/ ; as, ti5-^-«
for Ti-TTff-tj).
9. The mutes k, y, x, before j, combine with s and form |; as, \i-^-u,

not X^cr-w. Except the preposition iK, which remains unchanged.
10. The mutes t, 5, 6 (and the lingual v) are rejected before s as, ;
ffuifiaffi, not adifia-T-ffi. ; xdtrt, not ird-trr-ai. (See note, p. 31.)

164 APPENDIX.
1 1. The letter*', before ir, (3,

(f>
(or ^), is changed into /t; as, (ru/^-/3d\Xw,
for (TW-^dWo).
12. The v, before k, y, x (or ^> is changed into y; as, iyx^M,
letter
for h-x^^
iyK4<pa\ov, for iv-KîpaXov.
;
13. 'J'he letter ;/, before a liquid, assimilates itself to it ; as, cruX-X^w,
for <TW-\4yo}.
14. Consonants are not doubled, excepts-, k, t, y, and the semi-vowels
X, /t, p, s, {it, k, and y very seldom.)
V,
15. See note, p. 28, for another euphonic principle.
THE ACCENTS.*
1. Tliere are three accent-marks in Greek :
(a) The acute, as on rin-f}.
(6) The grave, as on rivhs.

(c) The circumflex, as on a^X'^j.
2. The acute may stand on any
of the last three syllables of a word ;
and the circumflex on either of the last two.
3. Every syllable not otherwise accented is considered as having the
grave ; but the grave is never written except on the last syllable, and then
only when no punctuation mark follows. The grave merely indicates
that the acute is not to be admitted, for the time. Thus we write i-vd,
To6t, and dypous with an acute on the final syllable ; but this acute is
turned into a grave when the words meet in a sentence without any
punctuation mark between as, &va roiis dypoiis rwv yeupyQv.
;
4. The circumflex results from a combination of the acute and tho

grave; thus, -iit. when contracted makes t], or rj, or in cursive writing, rj.
It can stand only on syllables naturally long, i.e., containing a long vowel
or diphthong; as, avXrjS, (pevye.
5. When the last syllable of a word is short, the acute may stand on
the antepenult as, dvOponros. ;
N.B. —
The terminations -ot and -at (except in the optative mood),
and the Attic inflexions -ujs and -uv, are treated as short
syllables; as, dnavdai., iroXirai, dvOpunroi, 7r6Xews, dviiryewv.
G. When
the last syllable of a word is long, the acute cannot stand
farther back than the penult ; as, dvOpuvov.
7. The circumflex can stand on the penult only when the last syllable
IS short (see No. 4.) ; as, fivla [but fivld, nominative dual], yXurra [but
yKdrrTTj^] . So p-rp-ep [but fjL-^rjp],

8. In contractions,
(1.) If the first member of the concursus have the acute, the con-
tracted syllable will have the circumflex ; as, îX-ô-yuec,
ipiX-oD-piev; âcnX-fl', paaiX-ei.
(2.) If the second member have the acute, the contracted syllable
have the acute as, (t>i\-eoi!i-a7js,
will likewise ; (piX-oi-ffris.
Except a few words like d,? ; lyê os, dpyvpovs.
* It is only tlie leading principles of acccntimtion tl'.at are here given. For the
theory and more minute details, the advanced student Is referred to "The Laws of
Oreek Accentaatioo," by the&ev. U. J. Bryce, LL.D. SVilliams and Norgate: 1859.
APPENDIX. 155
(3.) If neither of the syllables have the acute, the contracted syl-
lable will not be aflFected; as, fidvT-ee-s, fidm-ei-i ; rifi-ao-
ft.ivri, Tifi-u-fievTj.
OF THE ACCEXT EN THE INFLEXION OF NOUN&

The position of the accent in the nominative singular of a declinable
9.
word must be learned by practice, or ascertained from the Lexicon ; but
when the tone-syllable of the nominative is once known, the accent of the
oblique cases is easily fixed by the following rules :
10. The accent remains throughout the oblique cases on the same
syllable on which it stands in the nominative, so long as the quantity of
the final syllable permits ; as, ai'^-i}, avK--^ ; /ScurtX-ei^, jSatrtX-â ; iro/>-
div-os, irapdiv-ot; Xfifjuliv, XeipLuv-ot; iroifL-qv, iroifiAv-os\ alyeipos, atyeip-
ov, but aiyelpov.
11. Exceptions. — In the Third Declension, genitives and datives of
two syllables take the accent on the inflexion ; as, &:Qp, 0-qp-m,
but accusative &T)p-a, nominative plural
Orip-olf, 0T]p-uv, 6T]p-ffl ;
0rjp es. So likewise syncopated nouns, as firrrr^p, genitive ftifTp-os

(not fiTjTpoi) ; Ovydrrip, genitive Ovyarpds and "yvtr/i, genitive ;
yvvaiKOi, yvifaiKwv, though not syncopated.

12. The inflexions of all genitives and datives, when long, are circum-
flexed, provided the tone be on the inflexion syllable (see 10); as, CKi-i,
ffKi-ds, ffKiq., VKi-oLLV, (TKi-aZs; aer-ov, icT-uv; OTjp-oiv, dTjp-uv; 6e-^,
0€-oii. The other cases take the acute; as, aKi-al, crKi-ds; ^c-oi)j; der-6i>.
13. The genitive plural of the First Declension has always a circum-
flex on the last syllable, because -uv is contracted for -duv ; as, (rKt-wf for
ffKt-duv.
14. Vocatives in -€«; and -ot circumflex the last syllable; as ^cwtX-cv,
Ai7T-ot.
THE ACCENT OF VERB&

15. In verbs the accent stands as far back as the quantity of the final
syllable permits ; as, TinrTOfiep, Tinrrfrai, TwroiffdTjv, /SouXewrcu (optative).
16. Those parts of verbs in which there was originally a contraction
(or supposed contraction) follow the rules for contraction (8, above); as,
iyyeXQ, fut., for d77eX^w fieveiTov, fut., for fievierov
; ; IffTufiifv, for
brrdufjLev \vOfi (1 aorist passive).
;
17. Exceptions. — The accent of the following parts must be specially

noted :
ACTIVE.
(1.) 1 aorist infinitive on penult, Xwr-«u,
2 aorist infinitive on final, \Lir-t1p.
2 aorist participle on final, XtTr-tii'.
Perfect infinitive on penult, \e\vK-iviu. : and 80 all infini
tives in -vai\ as, ridevai..
MIDDLE.
1*2.) 2 aorist imperative on final, as Xtx-oO.
2 aorist infinitive on penult, "Kkw-ivOau
(l-'S)
12
156 APPEISDIX.
PASSIVE.
(3.) Perfect infinitive on penult, \e\v-(r6ai.
Perfect participle on penult, XeXv-ii^vos.
All participles of the Third Declension, ending in s, take an acute
18.
on the final syllable ; as, \vOels (1 aorist passive), rideU (present active),
iiut the participle of 1 aorist active follows the rule as, jSouXeycras. ;
PROCLITIC&
19. Some
small words, o6, el, ws, iv, els [is], iK, 6, i], ol, al, throw
forward their accent on tlje word following, if connected in syntax ; an,
ENCLITICS.
20. Enclitics are small, unemphatic words, which throw back their
accent on the preceding word (if cimnected in meaning), so that the two
words form only one, as it were, in pronunciation ; as, k6/>7j tis, vo/ieTi
Tives, paaiXeiJS iffrt, So0\6s rit, ôvv riva. Compare que, ne, &c., in
Latin; as, omneinque.
BRIEF SYNOPSIS OF THE SYNTAX OF SIMPLE

SENTENCES.
I. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.
1. Rule. — An
adjective (whether article, pronoun, participle, or adjec-
tive proper) agrees with its own substantive in gender, number, and casi;
as, 7) Kbpt] icrrl koX^ : ol iroXiTal elcn iXevdepoi : rd irpdy/iaTd icrri /coXd.
Ohs. 1. When an adjective refers to substantives of different genders,
it takes the gender of the masculine noun rather than that of the
feminine, and of the feminine rather than of the neuter 6 irarTjp :
Kal Tj /J.rp"rjp dyadoL elcn : ij fi'firrip Kal rb iraiSiov dyadal eicn.

Ohs. 2. When the substantives are names of inanimate objects, the
adjective is put in the neuter as, \ldoi re Kal irKlvOoi koI ^liKa
—
;
iarl -xpijCLfiQ., stones and bricks and beams of timher are use-
fvl [tilings).
THE ARTICLE.
2. The article was originally a demonstrative adjective pronoun, and
hence it is used to point distinctly to an object, to render it prominent,
and thus distinguish it from others, and oppose it to others.
(1 .) It points to what is known, or supposed to be well known as, ;
6 2w/c/)(£r^x, that well-known person, Socrates; 6 '^€vo(t>G)v,

Xenophon, who was mentioned lately.
(2.) With singulars, it sometimes denotes a class; as, 6 iraty, children
generally.
(3.) It is used with names of materials, virtues, and generic noons ;
as, 6 xP^'^^î "h dper-fi, gold, virtue.

(4.) It serves as a possessive pronoun ; as, 6 iraTrjp qxjv t<^ vl<^, tht
faiker vzith his son.
APPENDIX. 157
(5.) It has a distributive force ; as, toO fir]v6s, hy Vie month, — i.e., every
month.
(6) It distinguishes the subject of a sentence from the predicate ; as,
6 avyjp d.yad6s, the man is good; or, iyaObs 6 iirqp. But 6
d7o06s ojtJpwould simply mean, the good man.
(7.) It indicates what is customary or deserved; as, ?\a/3e ra va\rd, he
received the two spears usually given / ttjj' Siktjv, the deserved
punishment.
Ohs. 1. The article, with a participle, is equal to a relative clause;
as, 6 vpirruiv =
iKeivos is irpdrrei, Ac who docs. In this case it
retains its primary demonstrative power.
Ohs. 2. —
It is used with the infinitive mood (in all cases), thus
forming a kind of gerundival substantive; as, rd /cX^rretp,
stealing; toC KXhrTew, of stealing, of thefL
AGREEMENT.
8. —A verb agrees with subject number and person;
KcT.E. its in as,
tyCj ypdipu ; ffii ypd(peis ; ijfieU ypdipofiev.
Exception. — But a neuter plural subject usually takes the verb the in
singular rk rpix^h
; animals run.
as, ftDa Oie
If.B.— Since two singulars are equal a two singular subjectsto plural,
connected by a co-ordinative conjunction (xoi, &c.) have a verb
or adjective in the plural ; 6 reus xal i} Kbp-q ffo^l flai, theboy and
the girl are icise.
Exceptiotu —
But in a series of nominatives the verb often agrees with
the subject nearest it; as, (pCkei ae o irarrip koI ^ p^^VP ^"^ oi
d8e\<pol, your father loves you, and {so do) your mother and your
brothers.
APPOSITION.
4. Rule. — Substantives which stand in apposition* to one another agree

iu case ; as, KOpos, o âaiXfvs, Cyrus, the king ; "LwKpdTJfv, rbv ao<pbv,
0avudôiJ.ev, we admire Socrates the philosopher.
Obs. — The same rule applies when the second substantive is used as
a predicate; as, 'Kvpos tjv ôffiXevi, Cyrus was king; UpdKin^
iyivero dr]d(I>i', Procne ums changed into a nightingale. This kind of
apposition occurs (1) with substantive verbs, (2) passive verbs
O" NAMING AND CHOOSING, and (3) VERBS OF GESTURE.
^ 5. The nominative
IL THB CASES
NOMINATTTB AND VOCATITB.
used to express the subject of the sentence, or the
substantival predicate, as
is
shown in Art. 3 and 4 above.
6. The vocative is used in expressions of address, as in Latin; but
the nominative often takes the place of the vocative, even in address.
• T-AO sutjstantives are said to be ia appostiion whea one is appended to the other
U:> explain or limit it.
158 APPENDIX.
ACCUSATIVE.
7. Theaccusative case expresses the direct object of the action indicated
by a transitive verb. It answers to the questions, whom? what? to wluit
2>lace? during what time?
8. Rule. —Transitive verbs govern the accusative ; as, 6 vats ftlirrei
tV <T<pa'ipav, the boy throws the hall ; welOei. rbv Kpiri/jV, he persuades tJie
judge. [But many transitive verbs govern tlie gen. or dat.]
9. Any verb, whether it be transitive or intransitive, may govern in the
accusative a substantive of kindred signification ; as, tovtov rbv kIv^vvov
Kivdvveiicro}, shall incur this danger ; vixrov voaeiv, to he ill of a disease.
1
10. Manyverbs in Greek are followed by two accusatives, the one ex-
pressing the person, the other the thing. Such are verbs of concealing,
teaching, ashing, dividing, depriving, clothing, and many others.
11. An accusative is often put a.ite,T passive rcrJs, intransitive verbs,
and adjectives, to define them and limit their application. This is called
the accusative of reference or limitation ; as, d-Xyeiv roi/s Tr65a$, to be
pained in the feet: KaX6s ri ififiara, beautiful in the eyes; i.e., having
beautiful eyes : 2w»cpdT7;s rb 6vofj.a, Socrates by name.
12. The accusative is used to express duration of time and extent of
space; as, iriyre 7]fj,^pas l/u-eive, he remained (foT)f,ve days; dirêi 5^(co
ffradlovs, it is distant ten stadia.
THE GENITIVE.
13. The primary meaning of the genitive is source or origin. Hence
it is employed The point of separation {from, aivayfrom) ;
to express (1.)
(2.) The cause, matei-ial, or occasion; (3.) The time at which, or j)i<^ce in
which an action originates or occurs. Hence it signifies,
(1.) The author or possessor ; as, b vibs rov Sfo^toiTOS, Xcnojihoii's
son ; T) /xdxaipa rov va&rov, tlie sailor''s cutlass. It thus answers
to the questions, whose? of whom? of what?
Obs. 1. Thus arises the genitive of material ; as, v6fuafjf.a dpryipov,
a coin of silver.
Obs. 2. eljj.1, like sum in Latin, followed by the genitive to
is
denote that something is the part, duty, or characteristic of ; as,
dvSpbs iariv dyaOov eO woieiv toi>s (plXovs, it is the part [or duty)
of a good man to benefit his fiends.
(2.) The tchole of which anything is a part (partitive genitive) ; as,
ffocpwraros irdvrup, the wisest of all ; (rraybves vSaros, drops of
water ; irov yijs eariv, where on earth is he ? ovk iyd) ro&rwr
elfd, I am not one of these ; Ixîs ri tuv xpvfJ-dTwv, you liave
soTne of the money.
(3.) T?w. part affected. Hence it is used with verbs which signify to
touch, take hold of share, obtain, &c. as, iirTcrai rov x"'w»'os,
;
he takes hold of the robe ; fierixîv TifiCov, to share in the honours.

(4.) The operations of the senses (except sight) as, ^Kovaa. r^y (puvrji,
;
I heard the voice. IJut iJKovffa ravra rov narpbi, I heard this
FROM my father. So verbs and verbal adjectives which signify
an affection of the mind are followed by a genitive as, tireipoi ;
r€)v irpa.yp.drwv, inexperienced in business ; iiridvuei rfjs dperl)!,

he aims at (yearns after) virtue.
APPENDIX. 159
(5.) The price or ralue ; as, iyopdl^'fiv tc SpaxMVî ^ ^5 something /or

a drachma ; A^tos ttjs iXevdeplas, tcorthy o//reedom.
(6.) The crime, or ground of accusation ; as, KaTabiKtly riva <f>69wi, to
condemn one on a charge of murder.
(7.) Abundance or scarceness ; as, vXrj &i]piitn> xXi^pijj, a forest fuU of
irild beasts.
(8.) Separation, or removal from; as, etKCWT^ oSoD, to vnthdraw from
the road.
(9.) Cause or occasion ; as, rhv tralBa rrp a.perrj's SavfiAlêi b xptri^,
the judge admires the boy for [i.e., because of) his merit.
(10.) Superiority or inferiority ; as, 6 vlbt /jLel^wv iffrl tov xarpSt, the
son is taller than his father ; 'A.ffTvdyr]s M^Swv fjpêv, Astyages
ruled over the Mcdes ; 6 vii j fieloiv i<m rod rarpds, the son is
less than his father.
(11.) Time when, or tcilhiu which, if spoken of indefinUely ; as, rvicr6f,
by night j tov lapos, in spring.
THE DATIVE.
14. The dative case denotes,
(1.) The individual (person or thing) to whom anything is given or
communicated ; as, aimp elwev 6 Kvptot, the master said to him ;
ZiiKeâv dXXiJXotj, they conversed vrith one another.
(2.) The individual who is benefited or injured in any way ; as, if
PacriXeia vrrjpxe rtf Ki5p<^, tfie queen favoured Cyrus ; SiSuai
avT<^ iTTirov, he glees him a horse.
(3.) Belief in,or obedience to ; as, Ty yye/iSvi ivurreiitrafiev, we trusted
to the guide.
(4.) The cause why something is manner or circumstances
(done), the
in which it is (done), the instnment by which it is (done), and
the agent by whom it is (done) ; as, dyaXXovrai r-§ viK% they
are delighted at the victory i.e., because of the victory ; ^q.
eli oIkIolv irapiivaL, to enter a house by force ; lâXov Xldoii, they

struck with stones ; iKrelpotrro 'AxuioTs, they were slain by the
Greeks. [Bat irti with the genitive is most osnally employed
in this sense.]
p.) Intercourse with, whether friendly or the opposite; as, toTj iyaOoTs
d/jIXei, associate with the good.
(6.) Likeness, or equality, or coincidence; as, viQos trov davdrtfi, a

calamity equal to death; 6p.oios irarpl, like [om's] father.
(7.) Time or place; as, t^ t/jiVt; rip^pq., on the third day; 'Adrjiftus,
at Athens.
UL IXFIXITIVE MOOD.
15. The infinitive mooda kind of verbal substantive, and is used
is
with or without the article to express the object or aim ; as, IKriû
wvdjfftv, I hope to conquer, —
i.e., I hope-for victory.
16. It often serves as the subject of a verb ; as, ifii im
ri /tatêCxif)
to kam is pleasant
160 APPENDIX,
COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE THIRD DECLENSION IN

LATIN AND IN GREEK.
lATDiT. GREEK.
Class. Class.
I. Pure stem in the Nominative. L Pure stem in (he Nominative.
Consul. Honor.
Consul-is. Ilonor-is. Xet/xuJi'-oj. 6r)p-b%.
"• Letter added to stem. II. iMter added to stem.

r
Urb-s. Dux (= duc-s) ijpu-s. yif {i.e., 7i57r-j).
Urb-is. Due-is. i fipw-0%. yvir-ds.

li
o o
Ret-e. Ket-is, n.
a III. Half a vowel inserted,
a (i.e., a short vowel lengthened)
I III. Vowel inserted <
Nav-i-8. Clad-e-s. iroi/xriv. Salfiuv.
Nav-is. Clad-is. iroL/jiiv-os. Zalfiov-m.
IV. Txist letter of stem dropped.

^^ Last letter of stem dropped
r Sfvo(pQp. aufia, n.
»! Sermo. Lae, n. o
O êvo<pC>t>T-o!. ffibfiar-ot.
Sermon-is. Lact-is. H
ydXa. ydXaicT-os, n.
V. Letter thrown out hrfore a.

V. Letter thrown out before 8
t.)
i Aetas. Laus. 6pvii.

X^/9r;j.
•-
Aetat-is. Laud-is.
\^prjT-os. 6pvi0-os.
VI. Loit vowel of stem cTianged. VI. Last vowel of stem changed
Nomen, Caput, n. /xdvTi-i. yXvKd-s.

n.
fjidm-e-us. y\vKi-os.
Nomin-is. Capit-is.
l< VII. La.it cons, of stem vocalized in
VII. Last consonant of stem changed. some cases and omitted in other t.
Flos. Arbos, or Arbor. /3o0-s (j3o-y-s) . /3ao-iXei5-$.
Flor-is. Arbor-is. /3o-6j. SaciKi-iiK.
K0UN8 WITH PECULIARITIES OF MORE nouns with pkcitliaritibs of hobb

THAN ONE CLASS. than one class.
(1.) II. &

(2.) IV. &
Clauis. Btbu.
VI. Judex (judic-), Judic-is.

VI. Homo
Gek.
(homin-), homin-is.
(1.) II.
CLAMra.
AIILaWci-s
8nm.
oAtiinif
Ow>.
{alto-),
(aA(t)jr«ic-),
tuZooi.
aXunrtK-Oi
i
(2.)IIlitrV. XeMC (Aeoi^-), Xiom-o^.
(8.) V. A VI. Miles (mllit-), milit-is.
(CT«t9 (icTev-), jcTei'-o*.
(1; VI.&VIL Corpus (corpor-), corpor-ta. o{ov( (fiioVT-), 68<iiT-ot.

APPENDDL 161
CONTRACTED YERBS m -aco, -ew, AND -o«-
Certain Pure Verbs suffer contraction in the Pres. and Imperf. of all
Voices and Moods. The other tenses have no concursus, and are declined
like the corresponding parts of Xi/w. The verbs rifidu, I 'honour ; roUm,
I make; and maObu, I let out for hire^ will exhibit all the peculiarities
of the contracted inflexions.
ACTIVE VOICE.
Pres. Ti/i-du, I honour. (piX-iu, I love. fuff6-6w, I let out for
hire.
-
S. -du -w -i<a Q> -6« -w
-dctj -9» itu -eti •6€ts -0*1
> -dft -? -iet -et -6fi -0*

5 D. -derov -Stop -ierop -eiToi' •6tT0P -OVTOP
r •derov
P. -do/iep
-aroi'
-Q/iep
-itrop
-iofjiep
-eiTOP
-OVfUP
-derop
-bofiev
-OVTOP
-ovfiCP
t^
•dere -are -iere -eire -Sere -oSre
-dovffi -Qffi -iovffi. -OV<Tl -Sovffi -oOffi
r S. -dw -Q -4o} -Q -6(a -w

H dTjs -ps -ivt -Vt -ijs -oti
> -dv -? -h -6ti -«h
-V
D. -drp-op -Stoi' -hfrOP -rJTOP -6rjT0V -WTOP
-drjTOV •S.TOP -hp-op -TfTOP -orp-op Snop
5 P. -duficp -wfiev -iwfJXP -Q/jLev -6<i}iJieP -Qfiep
-drp-e -are -irp-e -6-ijTe -urre
L -dwct -iwai
'T^ -buxn
•Giffi -wri -d'ffi
'
S. -doifu -<ffU -Ôl/JU -WfU -6oifu -dtfu
-dots -VS -ôts -oTy -6ois -oty
-dot -V -^01 -ail -6oi -6i
>
5 J D. -do(TOP -iÔP -40LT0P -oilTOP -boiTov -oTtop
g ] -aoirrjp -(fTTTIP -€oItijp -oLrrjP -ooiTTjp -olnjp
^ P. -doi/xev 4na> -iotfup -cii/ia> -boifup -oifjuep
-ioire -(fire -4oiT€ -oTre -6oiTe -oire
L -doifj' -(fitp -4ouv -di€V -boiev -oiep
«• rs. -«6 -a -«e •€1 -oe -ov

> -«^w -dru -e^w -drw -O&U -WJTU)
D. -derov -arop -ierop -eiTOP -berop -OVTOP
S4
-airwv -drup -c^wv -elruv -oirup -o&riap
04
P. -rffre -ore 'iere -€ire Sere -oirre
^ -ah-uffof -druHTOM -eiruffap -elruffap -oirwaav -ovtuhjo.p
iBFiir. .(Uv -Oi- -ieiv -etv -6(ip -ovv

162 APPENDIX.
ACTIVE YOlCE-corUinued.
Pres.— ri;a-<£w. ipCk-iw. filffd-OU).
H M. -dcjc -OJV -iwv -uv -btav -wv

5 < F. -dovaa -wera -iovcxa -ovffa -bovffa -ovaa
^ N. -doj' -OJJ/ -iov -ovv -6ov -ovv
Imperf- irlfi-aov. i<pl\-eov. iiuffdoov.

S. -aov -wv -eop -ovv -GOV -ovv
-aes as -ees -«y -oes -ovs
P- -ae -a -ee -et -oe -ov
D. -d eroj' -atov -lerov -eirov -berov -oOtov
airrjp -drriv -einjv -elrriv -oirrjv -ourrjv
P. -dofiev -wfiev -ôfJLCV -oC/xev -6ofi.ev -ovfiev
t-t
-dere -are êre -eire -dere -oDre
L -aov -oiv -COP -ovv -001' -ovv
PASSIVE AND MIDDLE VOICES.

Pres.—rt/t- dofiai. <pi\-ôfiai. fj.iffd-6ofJ.ai.
' -ioflUL
S. -rfo/uot -Qfiai -ovfiai -oofiai -ovfjxii
-dT, -9 -ir] -p or -et -dy -01
w -derai -fir at -êrai -eirot -Serai -ovrai
> D. -aofiedav -dfjLedov -eofieOov -oifxeOov -oofieOov -ovfieOov
-deadov -aaOov -ieadov -etffOov -oeffOov -ovffdov
-deaOov -daOov -hffOov •et(j6ov -6eadov -ovffdov
g P. -ao/xeda -difieda -e6fie6a -o6fi.e0a -oofieOa -oifieda
deffde -affOe -ieffOe -eiade -oeffde -ovffde
-dovrai -uiin-ai -iovrai. -ovvrai. -oovrai -ovvrai
'
S. -dufiai -wfxai -iufj.a.1. -wfiai -oufxai -£>fJMi
-dv -? -iv -V -oy -01

-drp-ai -firat -iyfrat -rjTai. -oTjTai -Qrai
D. -ad}fieOov -difiedov -eib/jLeOov -dbfxeOov -oibfieOov -difiedov
-drjcdov -aaOov -irjadov -ijffdov -orfffOov -Qffdov
-drjffdov -aaOov -irjaOov -ijffdov -o-qffdov -Qffdov
P. -awfjieOa -d}fj,€6a -edifj-eOa -wpieda -oilififda -ibfieda
QQ
-drjcrde -aade -^rjade -ijade -brjffde -Giffde
-dwvTai -Qvrai -iwvrai -Qvrai -ouvrai -Civrai
'
S. -aoi/XTjv -(ffJ.7]V -eoi/xriv -olfiTjv ooifj.r]v -olfiTfv
-doio -1^0 -ioiO -010 -0010 -oto

-doLTO -1^0 -4otT0 -oIto -ooLTO -oIto
C3
> D. -aoifjLeOov -(jt/ieOov -eol/xeOov -ol/ieOov -ooifxeOov -oifxedov
§^ -doiffSov -i^ffOov -ioiaOov -otaOov -ooiffOov -oTaOov
-aolaBrjV -{^cOr)v -eolffOrjv -olo6r]v -oolffd-qv -oiffOrjv
g
c P. -aoLfxeOa -<^/jL€0a -foi/jLeda -olfieda -oolfxeda -olfieOa
-doLaOe -i^crOe -ioiijOe -olaOe -6oiff0e -oTffde
-doiVTO -IpVTO -ioiVTC -OIVTO -6otvTo -otvTO
APrE>'DIX. 163
PASSIVE AND MIDDLE YOICES-contimted.

Pres. Tifx-dofji.ai. <p(.\-ôfjLai. IJuad-60/jiai.
'
^ S. -dov -Q -iov -oD -60V -OV
> -aicOu -dxrOw -€ia9(j} -eiff-du -oiffOu) -oiffGu)
in
< <
D. -decBov -dadov -ieffdov -eiffdov -oeadov -OVO0OV
-aiffduiv -dffOwp -ei<rd(jjv -elcBojv -oiaOwv -o'uaduv
P. -deaOe -dude -ieade -elaOe -oeade -ova6e
s
-aiadtjiaai -da6ui(Tav -tâducav eiadoxrav - o4(jd(ii<Tav-dv(Tdw<T(w
INFIK. -deadai -affOai -ieffdai -etadai -oeaOai -ovffdai
• I M. -aofievoi •dofievos -e6/x€Vos -oitievoi -oofxevos -o6fi€voi

-eofxivT) -ovfi&T] -OO/JL^m] -OVfldvT)
»< ( N. -aofievov -di/ievop -tofievop -ovfievov -06/j.evov -oificvov
Imperf. irifi- aofirjv. i<f>i\-€6fir]P, ifU(rd-o6fii}p.

f -aofiijv -djfJLT]V -eO/JLTjV -OVflTIV -o6fjir]p -oi/jLTfr
-dov -ioV -OV -bov -OV
s' -aero -aro iero -eiro -oero -ovrn
-aofieOoP -tb/jLedop -fofJ-eOop -oififOov -oofieOov -oOfitOov
•deadov -dffdov -ieixdov -eicOov -oeadov -omdop
H -aiaBTjv -dffd-rjv -ei(jdr)v -eUrOriv -oâdrjv -ovcdrjp
z -aofieOa •d'/ieSa -eofieda -ovfieda o6neda -o6fieda
-decrde -affde -ieffOe -eTffde -offfde -ovcde
-aovTO WVTO •iorro -ovvto -60VTO -OVVTO
LISTS OF WORDS USED IN EACH EXERCISE.
I. Sea-TT&r-ris, ov, m., a master, lord,

ifKvp-a, /., an anchor. owner [dominus).
d5cX<^-iJ, y., a sister. 56â, ?;s, /., glory.
ayX-7}, /., a court, hall, palace. \iaLV-a, 7]i, f. , a lioness.
âffiXei-a, /., a queen. p.d^-a., 97s, /., a cake.
de^L-d, /., a right hand., "HLova-a., fis,/., the Muse.
6e-d, /., a goddess. va^-rjs, ov, to., a sailor.
6r)K-7], /., a chest, box llipa--r]s, ov, TO., a Persian.
dip-a,/., a door. I14pff-7]s, ov, TO., Perses.
k6/)-7;, /., a girl, maiden, daughter. iroirjT-i^s, ov, to., a poet.
Xat-c£, /., a left hand. roXrT-ijy, ou, to., a citizen.
fidx-Vi /•! a battle. 2K6d-7]9, ov, TO., a Scythian.
fivl-a, f. a fly.
, rpdwe^-a, rjs, f. a table. ,
Viificfi-Ti, f., a nymph; maiden.
irapei-d, f., a cheek. (3, an interjection, 0, joined to

iriip-a, /., a bag, wallet, purse. vocatives.
vp(^p-a, /., a prow, fore part of a
ship. in.
tthX-t}, /., a gate. SUBSTANTIVES.
aeX-qv-t], /., the moon. dplyr-t)%, ov, to., a ploughman.
<XKi]v--q, /., a tent, a hut, a cottage. Kin-r), T?s, /., hair.
ffKL-d, f. , a shadow, a shade. pIk-7), t]S, /., victory.
arpari-di /., an army. v4d-ri, ijy, /., a fetter.
<T(poup-a, /., a ball.
cr(pei'd6i'-7j, /., a sling. ADJEOnyES.
iiX-rj,/.,a wood, a forest. dyt-a, holy.
Xl^-'h) f-1 ^ hoof, a claw, a talon. Sacrei-a, shaggy, bushy, dense.
eipei-a, broad, wide.
ip.-'f), fem. of adj., means my. Kok-^, beautiful.
ip, prep, governing dat., means in, K€v-T^, empty.
at, amongf on, KXew-i}, famous, celebrated, glorious.
ffiv, prep, governing dat., means Xet-a, smooth (to the touch}, level.
along with, fiaKpd, long, large.
6, 7), r6, the. (See the Article, lUKp-d, small, littla
Second Declension.) fi(j)p-6s, TO. (see Decl.II.) foolish, silly.
vi-a, new, fresh, recent
n. âvd--fi,yellow, golden, fair, anbum
6,Ka,vO-a, r)t,/., a thorn. ^rfp-d, dry, parched, withered.
yXwTT-a, 1JS, /., a tongue. iêi-a, sharp, keen, quick.
LISTS OF WORDS. 165
iroW--^, much, (in pi. manj.) va-6s, ov, TO., a temple.

fft/xp--q, venerable, revered. 63-6y, ov, f., a way, road.
(TKX-rjfhd, dry, rough, stiff, harsh, oiKL-a, as, f., a house.
ffoî}, wise, prudent. oXk-os, ov, to., a house.
Tpaxet-a, rough. ov-os, ov, m. or /., an ass.
âvep-i, plain, clear, bright. 6<t>daKn-6s, ov, TO., an eye.
C^xp-i, pale, wan. <t)i)Kk-ov, ov, n., a leaf.
XcUt-t], ijs, /., a mane.
iffrl, 3<? sing., he, she, or it is.
eM, 3d pi., they are. ADtTECnVES.

iffrdy, 3d dual, they two are. y\avK-6s, i}, 6f, grey, blue.
y\vK-vs, y\vKeT-a, y\vK-ii, sweet,
IV.
pleasant.
SUBSTASTITES.
Sacr-ijs, Sa(Tei-a, Soff-i, thick
d€T-6i, ov, m., an eagle.
shaggy, bushy; rough, dense.
SdKTv\-of, ov, m., a finger.
ilS-&s, rjSei-a, rjS-6, sweet, pleasant
SeiTTV-ov, ov, n., a dinner, a supper.
lep-6s, d, 6v, sacred, holy.
5oOX-os, ov, m., a slave, a servant.
K€v-6s, -q, 6v, empty.
Swfhov, ov, n., a gift.
Xet-oj, a, OP, smooth.
6e-6s. ov, m., a god, deity.
fuiKp-Ss, (£, 6r, long, large.
iTrir-oj, ov, tn. or/., a horse.
fj.a\aK-6s, -fj, 6v, soft.
KTJv-os, ov, m., a garden.
trfiiri-os, a, ov, foolish, ignorant,
fj.riK-ov, ov, n., an apple.
f J7p-6s, d, 6v, dry, parched, withered.
^vp-6v, ov, n., a razor.
iriffT-ds, 71, 6v, faithful.
n-Xo'c-ov, ov, n., a ship, boat
atfiM-bt, ii, 6v, venerable, revered.
<f>>jXX-ov, ov, n., a leaf,
tthiy, ov, n., an egg.
ADJECnVBB. dvd, up, along, accus., gen., dat.
*coX-6y, TO. ; AcaX-'^, /. ; KoX-i»', n., dvev, without, gen.
beautifuL dirb, away from, gen.
\evK-6s, m.; Xevx-i}, /.; Xcu«c-6i', n., Std, through, accus., gen,
white. CIS, into, accus.
fiiKp-6s, d, 6r, small. €K, out of, gen.
IveKa, on account of, because of, gen.
V. Kai, and.
SUBSTANTTVEa. *caT(f, down, accus. and gen, (See
Ayp-6s, ov, m., a field, land. p. 34.)
d-yvi-d, as, /., a street, road, way.
d5e\<p-6s, ov, m., a brother. VI.
'A^^v-ai, Qv, f. pi., Athens. StJBSTANTIVES.
atytip-os, ov, /., a poplar-tree. ak-dis, tfi, /., a thrashing-floor.
&v0p(irjr-os, ov, m. \homo), man, man- avdr/e-uv, w, n., an upper cham-
kind ; a man. ber.
|3a>^-6s, ov, TO., an altar. KdX-(i3s, (>, TO., a cable, a rope.
yewpry-ds, ov, m., a farmer, husband- KipK-os, ov, f., a tail, hare's scut.
man. *ce<^X-i;, Tfl, f., a head, source.
yvdO-os, ov, /., a jaw, cheek. Xay-ihs, <t>, TO., a hare.
Sd(pi^r], rjs, f., a bay-tree, laurel. Xe-uij, &, TO.,a people.
larp-hs, ov, m., physician, doctor. a temple.
»e-(ii, (6, TO.,
tdipi-oi, ov, TO., master. ovp-d, as, /., a tail.
iJxrxrOi, ov, m., a calf. Ta-tDy, w, TO., a peacock.
166 LISTS OF WORDS.
ADJECTIVES. (TOiffds, -ti, 6v, wise, prudent.

/3pax-i5j, «a, i5, short, little. rpax-'vs, eta, i, rough, rugged.
\a/xirp-6s, d, 6v, bright, brilliant.
iraXai-6s, d, 6v, old, ancient. VEEB3.
wK-iJS, eXa, 6, swift, fleet, rapid. iffdl-w,I eat.
Kelp-w, I crop, cut, shave, shear.
vn. rpuy-w, I eat, nibble.
BUBSTANTITES.
EXXt/v, tn., a Greek. IX.
6i^p, m., a wild beast. SUBSTANTIVES.
\eifjuiiv, m., a meadow. dT)S(ip, irjd6v-os, /., a nightingale.
fi-qv, m., a month. 'Adrjv-d, as, /., Athena (Miiierva).
X^v, m. or /., a gander or goose. d\d)7rr]^, dXdnreK-os, /., a fox.
dvrip, dvSp-6s, to., a man {vir).
VERBS. avxv", avx^v-os, the neck.
to.,
5tti/c-w, I hunt, pursue, chase, yeirdip, -yurhv-os, to. or/., a neigh-
^-w, I have. bour.
\elir-<j}, I leave. iTTiffToX-'^, rjs,/., a letter, epistle.
kIwv, kIov-os, to., a pillar.
VIII. k{iu)v, kvv-6s, to. or/., a dog.
SUBSTANTIVES. XtyLt^v, Xifiiv-os, TO., a harbour,
&f>T-os, ov, m., bread; a loaf. port.
yij'ip, yvTr-6%, m., a vulture. fi-qT7]p, fjLrp-p-6s, /., a mother.
S/iti-s, 6 J, TO., a domestic servant. ots, ol-6s, TO. or /., a sheep.
^pci)-s, OS, TO., a hero, warrior, demi- irariip, irarp-bs, to., a father.
god. voifirji', TToifiiv-os, TO., a shepherd.
6d\aTT-a, r]s, /., the sea. f)d^d-os, ov, /., a rod, wand.
6il3-s, 6s, m., a jackal. Tpirip-7)s, Tpi-f)pe-os, /., a trireme.
IXÔ-s, OS, TO., a fish. ipi\-os, ov, TO., a friend.
KX^TTT-rjs, ov, TO., a thief. (puv-ri, rjs,/., a voice, sound.
/cXcii/', K\ij}Tr-6s, TO., a thief. XeXi5(i)v, xfXtSoj'-os, /., a swallow.
K6pa^, K6paK-os, to., a raven, crow. X«i»', X''OP-os, /., snow.
fidxai-p-a, as,/., a cutlass, sword.
fiVKTrjp, OS, TO., a nostril. ADJECTIVES.
an ant.
Ixvp/jLTj^, fjLjjp/xTjK-os, TO., dX7)6--^s, ^s, is, (see p. 47,) true.
fivs, /JLv-ds, TO., a mouse. TToXXol, nam. ^L, (see p. 46), many.
irripv^, irripvy-os, /., a wing.
ffKvXa^, (TKtj\aK-os, m. or y., a VERBS.
young dog or whelp, a puppy. ypd<f>-w, I write.
au-s, (TV-OS, TO. or /., a pig, swine, Oavfid^-ti}, I admire, wonder at.
boar. veld-ia, I persuade.
(p\^^, 0Xe/3-6s, /, a vein piiTT-u, I throw, hurl.
«pd'p, OS, TO., a thief.
X.
ADJECTIVES. SUBSTANTIVES.
&ypi-os, a, OP, fierce, savage. AyaXfia, ros, n., an image, statue.
ifj.-6s, i), ov, my or mine. dpfia, Tos, n., a chariot, car.
}iavd-6s, i}, 6v, yellow, golden 6.px<^v,&PX0VT-0S, TO., a ruler, com
aubuni, fair. raander.
VK\t}p-6s, A, 6v, dry; rough; stiff; /3^/ia, TOS, n., a step ;
judgment-
harsh. seat-
LISTS OF WORDS. 167
yd\a,* yd\aKT-os, n., milk. rli, ris, tI, interrog. pron., who?
yip<jxv, yipovT-oi, m., an old man. which ? what ?
y^t T^J> /•> the earth ; a country; Tts, Ti'j, t/, indef. pron., some one,
a land. any one, a certain.
KvfjLCL, Tos, n., a swell of the sea, Tpl^wv, OS, TO., a (coarse or thread
wave. bare) cloak.
X^ciw, XôtT-os, m., a lion. xXa/iH/i, xXap.iS-os,/., a mantle.
/ttAi, fifKiT-os, n., honey.
fiiKiTT-a, T/s, /., a bee. VERBS.
Sfvo(l>u>p, m., Xenophon. paif-u, I go.
Tora/* m., a river.
6j, ov, ^;', he was, or I was.
awfia, ros, n., a body, a corpse. ^ffcw, they were.
inrrip^T-ris, ov, m., a servant, attend- X^-w, I say.
ant. v\4k-w, I {)lait, twine.
ADJECTIVES.
rX^-w, I sail.
6pdi-os, a, ov, steep.
Tf^TTT-w, I strike, hit.
ro\-is, iro\X-i), vo\-v, much. In
pi. many. (See p. 46.) ADJECTIVES.
fU\ai, {gen. /tA(u»-o$), fiiXaiva, fii-
VERBS. Xav, black.
/9\^7r-«, I see ; I look upon. rds, tSLjo, rap, all, every. (Se«
neXeij-w, I bid, order, command, xas, p. 45.)
desire.
XI. irapd, prep., beside. (See p. 34.)
SUBSTANTIVES. T(H>, interror/. adv., where ?
&va^, SivaKT-os, m., a prince, king. TC, conj., and. t^ — Kcd, both —aci
6.VTp-ov, ov, n., a cave.
dffiris, dffirid-os, /., a shield. XII.
yiyai, ylyavr-os, m., a giant .SL'IBTAXTIVES.
56/Li-oy, ou, m., a building, a house. aTfia, oXfiaT-os, n., blood-
KXeis, AcXei5-6j, /., a key. iar-v, eos, n., a city.
Kopvs, Kopvd-os, /., a helmet. 5wa/i-is, ewj, /., power, force.
Kp'T-T)^, ov, m., a judge. Kopv<b--ii, rti, /., a top, summit.
Xafiirds, \a/JLird5-0i, f., a torch. Ko'xXl-a.s, ov, nu, a snail.
X^^Tjj, Xi^-ijT-os, m., a caldron; fj.dtn--K, ews, to., a prophet, seer.
ewer. flip-OS, eos, n., a part, share.
65o(5j, oSovT-oi, m., a tooth. ^l<p-os, eos, n., a sword.
oXjcds, a ship of bur-
6Xa:(£5-oj, /., 5po<p-os, ov, m. a roof.
den ; a mercliant-man. 6p-os, eos, n., a mountain.
6pvis, 6pvid-os, TO. or /., a bird, 60-is, ews, TO., a serpent, snake.
fowl, hen. 8xX-os, ov, TO., a crowd ; the popu-
Tah, TTtttSoj, m. or /., a child; lace.
boy; girl. viKeK-vs, eus, to., an axe, hatchet.
TapdSew-oj, ov, to., a park; plea- iroX-tj, eiits. /., a city, state.
sure-grounds. TToryaw, irilrytap-os, to., a beard.
^f, {nv-oi, /., a nostril. In pL the ffo<puTT--fis, ov, TO., a learned man,
nose. teacher, sophist.
• As every genuine Greek word ends either in a vowel or in v, tlie kt in

p, s,
which the stem of tixia word terminates must be left off, and so -yaAoucT is reduced to
ycUa.
168 LISTS OF WORDS.
(yrT)9-os, eos, re., the breast, chest. (SA-os, eos, n., a javelin, dart, weopoa
recx-os, COS, n., a wall. veavl-as, ov, m., a young man.
vios, oO, m., a son. liirX-ov, ov, n., a weapon; 2Ji- arniii.
iraidi-ov, ov, n., an infant.
ADJECTIVES. TreSl-ov, ov, n., a plain.
/Sa/o-i^j, eta, V, lieavy. Tref-ot, u)v, VI., infantry.
Seiv-6i, ii, bv, dreadful, mighty. rd^-is, ews, /., line (of troops).
5rjK-os, 7], ov, evident, plain, vi>iblu. Xeiy^'-os, eos, re., a lip.
6^-vs, eTa, i, sharp, swift. Xopr-os, ov, m., an enclosure, a
garden.
ADJECTIVES.
SiSdcTK-w, I teach. KaK-6s, )}, 6v, bad, wicked, worth-
?/)7r-w, I creep. less. (See p. 50.)
p^ci), 1 flow. Ss, }}, 5, who, which, that.
tpe'jy-u, I flee, run away. iroirqpos, a, 6v, wicked.
vxffTjX-os, f], ov, lofty, high.
XIII. Xpw-eos, ea, eoc, golden.
SUBSTANTIVES. uxp-6s, d, ov, pale, wan.
/SacrtX-eiJs, ^ws,m., a king.
/3o0s, ^0 or/., an ox or cow.
OS, VI. VERIJS.
y€(pvp-a, ay, /., a bridge. eiipicTK-oj, I find.
yoi>-evs, ^wy, in. ory., a parent. Karaâiv-w, I descend.
ypavs, ypaos,/., an old woman.
5opK-ds, ddos,/., a gazelle. XV.
?i9-oy, custom.
eos, w., habit, SUBSTANTIVES,
OuyaTTjp, dvyarp-os, /., a daughter. dpKT-os, OV, m. or/., a bear.
lepevi, ôjs, m., a priest. yipav-os, ov, m., a crane.
'nrir-evs, ews, ?«., a horseman, /jj^j?. yvv-q, gen. yvvaiK-os, / a woinan, wife.
cavalry. 'Iv5-6s, ov, m., an Indian.
K^pas, Kipar-os, n., a horn. KCp-os, ov, m., Cyrus.
Kovp-€vs, iijjs, m., a barber. Kihp.-r], 57s,/., a village.
caOs, a ship.
i'e(i>s, /., olv-os, ov, VI., wine.
vofx-evs, iois, m., a shepherd. opTV^, 5pTvy-os, VI., a quail.
(TTparrjy-os, ov, m., a general, coip- ffToX-Ti, •?}$, /., a robe.
maiider. virv-os, ov, m., sleep.
arpaTuir ris, ov, m. ,
a soldier. (t>rifi-7], TjS, /., a rumour, report.
ADJECTIVES, ETft
ADJECTIVES.
e{rp-6s, eta, i), broad, wide.
dfMd--qs, ijs, h, unlearned, ignorant.
Hiy-as, fuyaX-rj, fiiy-a, great; p. 46.
âd-ius, ela, 6, deep.
tI, why.
SetXos, 1}, iv, cowardly; wretched,
VERIiS. miserable.
/SaS/f-w, I stalk, walk in a stately 6ap(T-tJS, eto, i5, bold, courageous.
manner. Kov<p-os, 7), ov, light.
<f)v\d.TT-w (or -(Tffw), I guard, XdX-os, OS, ov, talkative.

^^-w, I run. TTorep OS, a, ov, whether of the twa
XIV. pq.5i.-os, a, ov, easy.
SUItSTA NTIVE3. arevos, i), ov, narrow.
»f\<r-os, eos, ?i., a grove. tXtj/x-uv, wv, ov, patient; suflTering;
6,vd-os, eos, n., a flower. wretched.
adO-os, eos, n., a depth, a glen. Xapl-eis, ecraa, ev, beautiful, gracefuL
LISTS OF WOfiDS. 169
Tp<x(y-bs, ov, /., a nurse.

^p-u, I carry. ^p6vri<T-is, eus,/; wisdom, prudenoe
iel {adv.}, always.
PREPOSITIONS. vir6, prep., under, by.
Sid, through, gen. (sometimes acctis.) VERBS.
rpos, towards (with accus.) See dKo6-u, I hear.
Vocabulary. âffiXed-u, I act sue king, reiga,
XVI. rule.
SUBSTAXTITES. /3ouXei5-w, I consult, take counsel,
ypdfifia, ypdfifjLar-os, n., a letter. deliberate, advise.
tr-os, COS, a year.rj., id^-u, I wish.
rinip-a, as, /., a day. ^yjri-o), I seek.
\id-os, ov, m., a stone. dripeihW, I hunt
\6ry-os, ov, m., a word; speech; reason. ImreihU, I ride.
fiadrjT-^s, ov, m., a disciple. KoXi-w, I call, call on, invoke.
ftv0-os, ov, m., a word. \\j-tx), I loose, unyoke, let go, set
rpia^-vt, uos, or ewj, m., an old free.
man an ambassador.
; d-rrd'Ui, I roast
<ni<f>aj'-os, ov, m., a wreath, crown. iruTTev-ia, I believe.
Xîp, X^ 'P""J> /• ! the hand. 7rw\4-u, I sell, barter.
Xpvff-6s, ov, m., gold.
ADJECTIVES.
XV 111.
Same as preceding.
dya$-6s, /), ov, good. (See p. 50.)
'EXXijyix-os, i), ov, Greek.
Ktxxf>-6s, % 6v, deaf. XIX.
0iXt-os, a, ov, friendly. SUBSTANTIVES.
^X-os, 77, 01", friendly, beloved. î^Xiov, OV, n., a book.
yiv-os, fos, n., race, origin, family.
VERBS. Kpu-os, COS, n., cold.
Mkv-w, I bite.
KpiiTT-fi), I conceal. VERBS.
xifj.ir-ui, I send. KT€vl^-w, I comb.
tX^'/c-w, I plait, twine. irriyw-fu, F. Tijfw, I fasten, stiffen.
riTpuaK-o}, I wound. rp4<t>-(o, I nourish, support.
rpL^-u, I rub.
xvn.
SUBSTANTIVES. XX.
SSvcL^, 56vaK-os, m., a reed. SUBSTANTIVES.
Ao0-oy, ov, OT. or/., a deer. drip, dip-<K, m., the air.
Odvar-os, ov, m., death. âKTTjpl-a, as,/., a stick, cudgel.
l5nroAc6/x-oy, oy, m., a groom. XvK-os, OV, TO., a wolf.
KpiO-Ti, fj's, /., barley. To\ifu-os, ov, TO., an enemy.
Ki/pi-os, ov, TO., the Lord. ir6Xe/x-oj, ov, to., war.
Kv^pvTfr-Tii, ov, TO., a pilot, steers- vdup, ibdar-os, tu, water.
man. <pv\aK-ri, Tjs, /., guard, prison.
IT/|, wKT-6t, /., night ; Wicr^j, by fj.ed' for /itrd, prep., among, witli
nif^ht.
raiSi-ov, ov, n., a child, infant. 5X-0S, yj, ov, adj.. whole, entire.
ffoipla, av, /., wisdom, prudence; ydp, coiij., for, because.
ieamin°:. ijSri, adv., already, now.
170 LISTS OF "WORDS.
VERBS. e\ev9epl-a, as,/., freedom, liberty.

A'jroKTelp-of, I kill, slay. i^&raa-is, eujs,/., a review; iroieiaiîu
/SdXX-w, 1 throw, cast, hit. i^^raaiv, to review.
xXiirT-u, I steal. ipy-ov, ov, «., a work, action.
kXIv-u, 1 bend ;
(of the sun,) to set. Kao-TwX-6s, ov, m., Castolus.
fiiv-bi, I remain, stay. irarpis, irarpld-os, /., native country.
(TtAX-w, I send, equip. (7arpdir-7]s, ov, m., a satrap, or Per-
rifiv-u}, I cut. sian governor.
t/XX-w, I pluck, pull out. araOiibs, ov, m., a halting-place, a
pa.lv (a, I show, point out. stage.
ffurrripi-a, as, /., safety.
XXI. Ti/j.-'/i, 7js,f., honour,
SUBSTANTIVES.
&/xa^-a, Tjs,/., a waggon. ADJECTIVES.
dper-T^, T]i, /., virtue, merit. fiia-os, 77, ov, middle.
'Apra^^p^-Tjs, ov, m., Artaxerxes. ficr-os, T), ov, how much, how great.
apx-'f), VS, y., government, province.
pdpâp OS, ov, m., a barbarian. VERBS.
5t5d(rKaX-os, ov, m. or /., a teacher. dOpoi^-w, I collect, assemble.
KvireKk-ov, ov, n., a cup. dTro5dKvv-fu,, I set forth, exhibit,
X67-0S, ov, VI., a word ; book, trea- declare.
tise. diroKpiv-ofxat, I reply.
olKi-a, as, /., a house. dwoirip-TT-w, I send away, despatch.
p-ryrwp, pTjTop-os, m., an orator. /3o!/X-o/xa(, 1 wish.
iiiroîryi-ov, ov, n., a beast of burden. yev-o/xai, I taste, (with gen.)
iâiri-ofiai, 1 beg off (for myself.)
ADJECTIVES. fidx-o/xai, I fight.
alaxp-is, d, 6v, base, worthless. fxeTavifiir-ofiai, I send for (to my-
&î-os, a, ov, worthy, deserving. self.)
dpyijpe-os (oCs), a, ov, made of sil- TToU-ii}, I make ;

I do.
ver ; silver. aTpaTiv-op.ai, I take the field, go on
&pi(TT-os, T], ov, best. a military expedition.
avWapL^dv-o), I seize, apprehend.
^fiTrpocrdfv, culv., formerly; vêd TaTT-u {rdaff-w], F. rdfw, I mar-
adjcctively, former. shal, arrange.
vir6, prep., by. (See Vocabulary.) yjyrj [impers. verb), it is necessary.
VERBS. dvSpelois, manfully, bravely.

alpi-U3, I take, choose, catch. iTTifieXws, carefully.
Srj\6-u}, I make plain, detail. irepi, around, about. (See Vocabu-
iXaijv u), I drive, ride. lary.)
Kal-w, I set on fire, burn. irpb, before, for.
Trai5etj-o}, I teach, educate.
iropev-ofiai, I go, journey, advance. XXIII.
ri/xd-u, 1 honour. SUBSTANTIVES.
<pi\^-w, I love. fyx-os, 60$, n., a spear.
pleasure.
rjbov-ii, ijs,/-,
XXII. dr}pl-ov, ov, n., a wild beast.
SUaSTANTlVES. fX''-os, €os, n., a track, trace, foot
tf77cX-os, ov, m., a messenger. jirint.
Aapel-os, ov, m., Dariuij. KXiapx-os, ov, m., Clearchus.

LISTS OF WORDS. 171
\v5l-a, as,/., Lydia. dap€iK-6s, ov, TO., a daric (a Persian

K&r-T], -iji, /., grief. coin).
uiK OS, eos, «., a limb, member. K6ff/i-os, ov,m., the world.
Mfvuiv, OS, m., Menon. \vKovpy-os, ov, m., Lycurgus.
(i^p OS, eos, n., a part, share. fiwd-6s, ov, m., pay, wages.
Xjy OS, ov,f., Nineveh. veKp-6s, ov, m., dk dead body, corpse.
Top9/j.-€fjs, ^<i)s, m., a ferryman, v6n-os, oy, TO., a law.
boatman. irvp, irvp-6s, n., fire.
ffdx-os, eos, n., a shield. (TTT^X-r], 7IS, /., a pillar, a tombstone.
î'7-dj, (puydS-os, m. ory., an exile. Tp6irai-ou, ov, n., a trophy.
ADJECTIVES. 4.DJECTIVE3.
^pax-^s, eXa, i5, short. ?KaffT-os, 7], ov, each, every.
Seî'Ss, d, 6v, the right hand; Qrjâu-os, a, ov, Theban.
favourable, fortunate. fivpi-oi, ot, o, ten thousand ; a very
evb)vvfi-os, OS, ov, the left, lucky. great number.
Xot7r-6s, ri, 6v, remaining ; the rest. 6<ms, yJTis, Sri, whoever, which-
<r<li<f>p-(i)v, (i)v, ov, self-controlling; ever who, what.
;
wise, prudent. xCS.i-01, at, o, a thousand.
Sre, mr,j., when. VEHBS.

iroWciKis, adv., often. dvaSidta-pu, I give forth, yield, send
(liairep, as, as if. up,
aTodidu-pn, I give back, return
TTEUBS. pay.
avaôLiv &j, I go up, ascend. dipicTTTi-fu, I revolt.
o-Trex OjUat, I keep myself from, re- diSu-fii, I give, grant.
train. id-ca, I allow, permit.
dvodirfi<TK-(i>, I die. elirov (2 aor. of <f>rifiCj, I said.
&Tr6X\v-fjLi, I perish, I die. iicrldji-iu, I expose.
diro0ei>y-w, I flee away, retreat. ^êcTT-iv, impera., it is lawful ; it is
yvj-wd^-w, I exercise. permitted.
^\aiv-(a, I ride forth, march for- evTvxi-d}, I am fortunate.
ward. tarrj-px, 1 cause to stand, I erect.
ifî-ofiai,, I lead the way, guide. Kara.Tl0ri'pj., I put down, I pay.
W-w, I sacrifice. Kivi-to, I move.
KaraTrijSd-w, I leap down. Tidrj-fu, I place ; t19ti/u vd/i^v, I
Keifi-ai, I lie. make a law.

reid-u), I persuade. <paXv-<i),I show ; mid. and pass., I
rlirr-o}, I fall. appear.
tIkt-u), I beget, produce.
rpix-<î i run- 6ti, c<mj., that.
pdXurra, adv., very much; especi-
XXIV. ally.
SCRSTANTIVES.
yaO-d, Q», neut. pi., goods, blessings. XXV.
9\-ov, ov, n., a prize of a contest, SUBSTANTITE3.
a reward. ÂpiaTiTT-os, OV, TO., Aristippns.
|J^X'^'') &px°'^-o^) a ruler. "*., ôvk6\-os, ov, TO., a cowherd, herds-
•jfpdfifjM, ypdfjL/âT-os, n., a letter; man.
jil. an inscription. Sd<pp-r}, rjs, /., a bay-tree, laurel.
(128) 13
172 LISTS OF wonus.
Ad(J3i'is, Ad(p;>id-oi, m., Daphnis. VERBS.

ol {i.e., oZ), to him. (See p. 54.) d.\rjdetl-(^, I am truthful, I speak
a name.
6vofj.a, 6v6fj.aT-0!, n., truth.
nXdrcov, OS, m., Plato. iî6-cif, I deem myself worthy ; 1
IIuâ76p-as, a, m., Pythagoras, demand.
pd/c-os, cos, n., a rag; a coarse or dpX-w, I rule, govern.
rajiaêri garment. eiiepjeTi-w, I benefit, show kindness
aTTovS-i^, Tjs, /., haste, eagerness. to.
Ti.aaa(pipv--qs, ov, m., Tissapherncs. Kadl(TTrj-m, I establish ; mid. I take
<f>dpiiaK-ov, ov, a drug, medicine.
??., up my position, post myself.
xXa/xys, -xkanv^-oi, /., a mantle, K€pawv-/j,i, I mix.
cloak. Xafipdv-d) (2 aor. Oâpov), I take,
ADJKCT1VE8. receive.
larpiK'^[scil. r^x"'")))/^'"^- of larpiKii, tIkt-w (1 aor. pass. irixOflv), I pro-
the healing art, medicine, surgery. duce, bring forth, bear.
/c(£X\t<rr-o5, tj, ov [superl. of /co\6s), <j)opi-(i), I carry, wear.
most beautiful, or excellent.

(iTjdeii, p.i]8e/j,la, /xtiS^v (.see eh, p- 6.V, adv., perchance, if. (See Qteek
53), no one, none. Vocabulary.)
/j,6v OS, 7], ov, only, alone. ei5, becomingly.
ado., well,
xoT-6s, -q, 6v, drinkable j rori^v more, rather.
fj.d.XKov, adv.,
(pdpfiaKov, a potion. 69ev, adv., whence.
XpT/tctfiL-os, Tj, ov, usefiU. xff^, adv., thej).
GREEK YOCABULARY.
m. fvtandg for Masculine,/, for Feminine, and n. for Nenter. Proper names begin
with capiUU. In Verbs, f. stands for Fotore, r. for Perfect
iyaO-Ss, -fi, bv, good; brave; noble; dyopd^-u, F. dyopdffu, to attend

wise, &c. : t6 a.ya.Bbv, advautage, market ; to buy.
a blessing : rd a/yadi, goods, Aypi-os, a, ov, wild, savage, fierce.
wealth. (For Comparatives and iyp-bs, ov, m. (Lat. ager), a field,
Superlatives, see p. 50.) land, the country (opposed to the
iyaXna, irfiXfi.a.T-oi, n., delight town).
honour ; gift ; statue ; picture. iyvi-d, as, /., a way, street, rosd;
i.faXp.aTOTroi.-bs, is, by, making from dyw. In pi., a town.
statues: as a siihst. m., a statuary. dyvpT-Tjs, ov, m. (from dytlpv), a
4701', adv., very, very much. gatherer, beggar mountebank,
;
iryavaKT-id), F. ^ffui, to feel violent quack, cheat.

irritation ; to be vexed ; to be d7xw, F. dyû (Lat. ango), to press
angry, &:e. Governs dative, and tight; hence, to throttle, strangle.
sometimes accusative, or is fol- dyu, F. dû, p. ô, 2 aor. (redu-
lowed by a preposition and case. plicated), Ijyarfov, with inf. dya-
From 570*, and perhaps iyu yelv, to take with one,
lead,
(which see) ; or dxôj (grief, dis- carry, take away, drive consider ;
tress). (like duccii ; spend (as time, life,
iyyeXia, as, /., a message ; news ;

&c.)
command. dyuvidu, F. dau, to strive eagerly
dT-yeX-os, ov, m. ory., a messenger, to be distressed to be anxious.
;
bearer of tidings. dytoviôtioL, F. dydtviffofjuu (Attic,

07-7 A-Xw, F. d77eX-w, to announce, dyuivioij/uu) , to contend for a
proclaim. (See Liquid Verba.) prize, to struggle, to fight.
dyeu-ri^ (or i'Yeyvri^],ris, ii, low-born, dSeXtfy-'fi, tJj, /., a sister.
ignoble ; low-minded, mean : from d5eX^-6s, oi), m., a brother ; a near
d, not, and y^vos, race, descent. relative.
Sryi-oi, a, ov (Lat. sacer), devoted 98-7;$, ov,m., Hades, Pluto, the lower
(tothe gods), sacred, holy; also world the grave, death.
; The
accursed. derivation from d, not, and ISeTv,
(LyKvp-a, OS, / (Lat. ancSra), an to see, is doubtful.
anchor. dSiK-iu), P. -û, to be diucot, to
i/yvo-iu, F. Tjaw, to be ignorant of, do wrong, to violate the laws ; to
not to observe. injure, to do wrong to.
174 GREEK VOCABULARY.
dSiK-os, oj, ov (d, not, and SLkt], to lift or take for one's self, or
justice), unrighteous, unjust. what is one's own ; to gain.
i86Kifj.-os, OS, unproved
ov, ; disre- alffx-pis, d, 6v, or ai<rx-pis, p6i,
putable ; ignoble, mean. p6v, ugly, ill-looking; hence, dis-
dSokicrX'V^) o") ^^- i'^^ d56Xeffx-os, graceful, base, immoral. Coin-
OJ, ov), a prating fellow, a parative and superlative, ahx'^'i^'')
babbler. at<rx-i-<^To$.
dSi)vdr-os, OJ, ov, [active], unable to alffxvv-io, F. aio'xvvio, p. ycxvyKa,
do (a thing), powerless; [passive), to disfigure,dishonour ;
^âs*.
impossible. alax^voiiai, to be ashamed of, to
q!S-w, F. (^(XO), or (fcrofxai (contracted blush.
for deiSw, which is principally alrû, F. alTT^ffw, to ask, beg, re-
poetic in use), to sing, to chant ; to quest, &c.
praise. alri-a, as, /., a cause, reason, occa-
ael, adv., always, ever, for ever. sion ; fault, charge.
deT-6j, oO, m., an eagle. air id- fiat, alTidcofiai., deponent
driSuv, a.T]S6v-oi, /., a songstress ;
mid., to allege as the cause ;
the nightingale. hence, to blame, charge, find
d,9&vdCal-a, aj, /., immortality. fault with.
'A6t]v-3,, as, f., Athena [Minerva). alnaT-iov, verb adj., one must, or
'AOjjp-ai., Cov, f. pi., Athens. ought to accuse.
'AOijval-oi, wv, m. pi., the Athenians atri-os, a, ov (rarely afrt-oj, oj, ov),
sing. 'A0T]va7os. causing, or giving cause for blame
&d\t,-os, a, ov, or d^Xtoj, oj, ov, culpable, blamable : as subst., an
toilsome, painful ; wretched, mis- author.
erable. al<pvlSi-os, OS, ov, sudden, unexpect-
dOXov (for S,€d\ov), ov, n., the prize ed. Neuter used as an adverb.
of a contest ; a reward, gift, &c. dnavO-a, rjs, /., a thorn, prickle;
d.6pol^-(o, F. ddpolau, to collect, thorny shrub.
assemble. dKi<TTp-a, as,f-, a needle.
dQpb-os, a, ov (rarely ddpdos, oj, oj'), ddv-qT-os, OS, OV, also oj, -q, ov, un-
crowded together, set thick, nu- moved, immovable, motionless,

merous. steady ; idle, sluggish.
AlaK-6s, ov, .iEacus (one of the dKna'L-QS, a, ov, in full bloom, in
judges in Hades). the flower of youth vigorous. ;
atyeLp-Qs, ov, /., the black poplar. dKo\ov6i-(i3, to follow or go with a

AiyvTrr-os, ov,/., Egypt. ptTson, accompany.
A'iSuv-evs, ôs, m., Pluto. (See dK6vTi.-ov, ov, n. (diminutive from
4'57;s.) &,Kwv), a dart, javelin.
a.lu.a, a'i/jMT-os, n., blood. dKO'uai.-os, ov, unwilling, forced.
al^, aly6s, m. or /., a goat. dKoi-ij}, V. dKovcrofiai [dK0>j<TCi), late),
aipeT-6s, -f), 6v, desirable, eligible. 1'. uKTiKoa, v. j;ass. ilnovcr/xai, to
aip4-ii), F. aiprjcru, r. fpriKa, 2 aor. hear, listen to, obey. Governs
(from root, '^\u}),€l\ov, inf. iXeiv, usually the accusative of the
I take with the hand, receive, thing heard, and the genitive of
catch, win, conquer ; understand, the person from whom heard
detect, convict ; mid. alpionai, to but see Liddell and ScotCs Greek
take to one's self, choose, prefer. Lexicon.
aXp-u, F. ipw, 1 aor. Jjpa, v. ^pKa, dKpIpQs, adv., exactly, thoroughly,
to raise, lift up ; carry, bear strictly; from adj. dKpi§-fis,
exalt; take away: and in mid. exact, &c.
GREEK TOCABtJLAEY. 175
iKvfi.avT-os. OS, ov, waveless, calm. dXws, gen. dXw, or fiXwos, /., a
a.K-wv, &Koi'(ja, dKOV (contracted for threshing-floor.
d^Kdiv), unwilling, against one's &fia, adv., together, at the same
will. time.
£\aX-oi, OS, OP, speechless, dnmb; d/Mi5-i}s, i}s, h, unlearned, ignorant;
(from d, not, and XdXos. talkative.] stupid.
i\y-4ci), T^ffdi, to be pained in body a/xafrrdv-u, F. ifiapr-ôpuii, to miss
or mind ; hence, to be sick, to the mark, fail ; go wrong, sin,
grieve, to be sorry for. mistake, ofiFend.
aXeicrpv-div, 6vos, m., a cock; some- dft^\vd)TT-w, or dfi^vweff-ot, ifi^
timei/., a hen. Xvw^tj}, to be dim-sighted, to be
'Wi^cwSp-oi, ov, m., Alexander; purblind ; to want power of dis-
applied to Paris, son of Priam. crimination.
dXrjOfi-u, cru, to speak troth ; from dfi^pocl-a, OS, /., ambrosia, the food
the fiiUowing. of the gods.
dXTj^-Tjs, i)s, 4s (from d, not, and ifielû, F. dfielû, to exchange,
Xaêr*", to lie hid), unconcealed, change mid. to give in return,
;
open ; true, candid, genuine. to recompense, to answer.

aXriOwi, adv., truly, in truth, &c. ifieiv-uv, (i/v, ov, gen. -ovos, better
'AXKijoT-ts, tSos, /., Alcestis, daugh- comp. of d7o^6j, for which see
ter of Pelias, and wife of Adme- p. 50.
tus. i/x.e\-4u, -f/ffa, to be careless, to
AXxt^tdS-rjs, ov, m., Alcibiades, a neglect.
famous Athenian. 'Afwcu-os, a, or, f., Aminean : as a
'A\Kfi^v-7}, •!)%, f; Alcmena, mother gubgt. /., "a cask of Aminean
of Hercules. wine." Both Aminea in Cam-
dXX', for dXXd. pania and Aminaeum in Thes-
dXK6., conj., but, but then, nay. saly were famed for wine.
aWd. ydp (enimvero), but really, dfjiv-6s, ov (the oblique cases are
however this combination im-
: generally borrowed, being dpvos,
plies an ellipsis, as explained in dpvl, dpva, &c.], TO. or/., a lamb.
the notes. dfiop<f>-os, OS, or, misshapen, ugly,
oWdTT-u, or iXkd(T<r-u, f. dXXdf-w, unseemly.
p. ^fXXaxtt, to make other than it dfivv-u, F. dfivv-u, to ward oflP, de-
is, to change, alter ; to exchange. fend to help : mid. to defend or
;
dXX'^Xwi', gen. pi. (see p. 56], of avenge one's self.

: one another, mutually, recipro- ifupl, prep., with accusative, geni-
^ cally. tive, and dative, on both sides,
dXX-o$, 17, (Lat. cdius), another, around, about ; concerning; used —
other dXXot, others ;
; but ol sometimes as an adverb, all round.
£Xkoi, the rest. 'Kft(f)iTplT-ij, rjs, f; daughter of
dXX6Tpi-o$, a, ov (Lat. alientis), be- Is'ereus and wife of Poseidon
longing to another, foreign, {Neptuni\.
strange ; inconsistent irith, un- dn4>&rep-os, a, ov, both, (seldom
suitable to. used in singular.)
dXXws, adv., in another way, other- ifi<f>-<i}, gen. and dat. dfupoiv, both,
wise ; heedlessly, at random ; in both parties (whether individuals
vain : from SXXos ; dXXwj re xal, or aggregates). (Lat. ambo.)
especially. ip, adv., perchance, haply,&c. It
IXa-<K, eoi. n^ a grove, lawn, wood. cannot be easily translated by
iXuvq^, dXiixe/c-os, /., a fox. one word, but always implies a
condition,and so refers to a verb dvaîoiraB-lij}, to suffer un-

-i]ffv,
either expressed or understood. deservedly be indignant from
; to :
It never begins a sentence. (See dvd^Los, unworthy, and ivadov.

Grammar, and Liddell and ScoWs dvaireid-w, F. dvairelcro}, to bring
Oreeh Lexicon.) over to a different opinion, to per-
dvd, prep., with accusative, genitive, suade to incite to.
;
and upon opposed to

dative, up, dvaTrX^w, F. dpaTr\eijffop.ai, or dva-
KCLTd. Its meaning varies with ir\evcrodp.ai, to sail upwards or
the case governed by it. up the stream; to sail back again.
divafialv-w, F. dva^^ffofiai, to go up, dpdTrXe-us, us, up, gen., avdirXed)
ascend, climb; to embark. (see p. 22), full to the brim, full.
ivaî-Sui, -dcofiai, aor. dye^luv, dpairviu), F. dvairveiao), to breathe
inf. dvaîuivai, to come to life again ; take breath, breathe, re-
again, revive. spire.
ivayxcu-os, a, ov, also oj, 09, av, by dpapxi-a, as, /., want of govern-
force, using force ; necessary : ol ment ; lawlessness, anarchy.
ivayKoioi, relatives. (Lat. neces- dpa(TTpi<p(i}, F. dpaarpi^po), p. dpi-
sarii.) (TTpocpa, to turn upside down to ;
ivdyw, F. dvdû, to lead up; to turn back, turn round, return.

bring up (from the dead), to raise; dpo-reiv-u, F. dparevd, to stretch or
to bring back, to withdraw. lift up, raise, hold forth.
F. dPaSibau), to give up,

&vadi5ii)f/,i,, dvax<^p-iu, 7)cru), to retreat, retire,
give forth or yield; to distribute; return to.
give back. dpSpdwoS-ov, ov, n., a slave (cap
dvaS6vw, to come out of, emerge. tive in war) from AvSpa diro56-
;
dvadijofjMi,, F. dvadifffOfiat, 2 aor. adoLi: or, according to otliers, from

act. dvi^vv, to come up, rise, dvbpbs and iroi5j, the captive fall-
emerge (asfrom beneath a sur- ing at the feet of his conqueror.
face), to ascend to embark. ; dpdpei-os, a, op (dyT^p), belonging to
dvaiixurl, adv., without shedding a man ; manly, courageous.
blood, bloodless. dp5p€i6raTa, n. ,
pi. of superlative of
dvaipioi), F. dvaip-f}<r()}, p. dv-gp-qKa, dydpelos, used as adv.,most man-
2 aor. dvuKov, to take up or away, fully,most bravely, &c.
to overturn ; destroy, kill : mid. dpdpelws, adv., in a manly way, man-
to gain ; i.e., to procure for one's fully.
self. dpSpdiS-rjs, 7]s, es, like a man, manly
dvoLKaioj, F. dvaKa^crca, to kindle, &P€fi-os, ov, m., current of air,
a
light up. wind ; from Au, drifii, to blow.
dvaKbiTTii}, F. dvaK6\//03, to beat back, dp^pXOfiai, F. dveKevffOfiai, aor.
repulse ; stop ; cut off. dvrjKdov or dpT^XvOop, v. dveXiJXw-
dvoKafi^dvw, f. dvdK-{)ipoiiai., to take 6a, to go up; go or come back,
up receive
; ; resume. return.
dvaiufj.irf)(TK(i), F. dvafiv^cru}, to re- &pev, prep, with gen., without, away
mind one of a thing, to recall to from, except, besides.
memory, to remember; to suggest; dp^X^ {^^-^ ^X<^)' ^° li"!"^ "Pi 1"^ "P !
admonish. maintain, support ; endure.

Aj'ttJ, dvaicT-os, »i., a lord, master; dPT^p, gen. dpdp6i, voc. &pep, a man
prince, king. (as opposed to a woman, like vir;
Apaâydpas, ov, m., Anaxagoras, whereajj dvOpwvoi means a man,
a philosopher of Clazomenae in as opposed to a beast, like homo),
Ionia. a husband, a warrior, &c.
GREEK VOCABULARY. 177
iv9' for AptL A|i67r«rr-os, os, of, worthy of credit,

ifd-os, eoj, n., a blossom, flower ;
trustworthy.
shoot Aî-oi, a, ov, worth, worthy (literally,
S.vOpunr-0^, ou, m., a man (as opposed weighing as much ; from tf^w, in
to a beast), mankind; sometimes the sense, to weigh), deserved,
/., when used of a woman (con- meet, fit.
temptuously). dtî6<ti, F. iîtiffo), imperf. ^^lovr,
iviaci), ividffO), to grieve, distress ;
to deem worthy of, to think fit
vex, annoy. require, demand ; think, suppose.

avoi-ywfjLi and iyotyu, p. dw^w, dL^lw/xa, gen. dîtifiar-ot, n., that
imperf., with double augment, of which a person is thought
dvîjryop, v. av^cfrya, to open, unworthy, an honour worth, high ;
fold, disclose. character, dignity ; an axiom,

dirr' for avrl. dx' for iir6.
avrl, prep, vnth gen., over against, dirayy€0^.tt), F. dvayyeKQ (see Li-
opposite ; equivalent to, instead quid Verbs), to bring tidings, to
of ; at the price of, in return for. report, relate, announce.
' kvrlyov-os, ou, m., Antigonus, king dvayopei-w, ffu, to forbid to bid ;
of Asia. farewell to, to renounce to fail

—
;
avTiXiyu (see X^w), to speak a- (through fatigue see dxelpTiKa).

gainst, gainsay. dTdyo) (see dyu), to lead away,
'Atrri6T-rj, Tjj, /., Antiope, mother carry off; bring back.
Amphion and Zethus.
of dvaiT-iu, fi<TU), to demand back,
ivriiroiiuj, to do in retUm : in mid. seek payment of.
to exert one's self about a thing; diroXXdrT-w, or draXKdaffw, r.
to lay claim to, pretend to. diraXXdIw, to set free, release ; to
' kvTLcrOit-ris, ovs (eos), m., Antis- remove : intrans. to escape, get
thenes, an Athenian, founder of off to give over, cease, &c.
;
the sect of Cynic philosophers. 4xa|, adv., once, once for all
avTiTiiTTO), or ajmriafftj}, P. d»^t- (semeT)
Ta^w, to range in order of battle iiras, diraaa, ILtop {Ana, Tat), all
mid. to strive against, oppose. together [cuncti).
dLvr\-ibj, -^(Tu, to bale out bilge- dteid-ita, -fjaa, to be disobedient, to
water, to drain, dry; exhaust. disobey.
Ibrrp-op, ov, n. {anirum), a cave, i-reifu (see etpu, Irregtdar Verbs], to
cavern, hole. go away: pres. used as ful., " I
iinjTroSTjT-os, oj, op [Slv, not; {rr6, shall go away ;" depart.
under ; 5^w, to bind), unshod, dretirop (2 aor.), F. dvepw, p.
barefoot. dr-iprifca, to speak out, declare
ivd), adv. {(ip<£) , up, upwards, above, to deny, refuse ; but usually it
on high; inland : ivw Kal jcdrco, means to fail, to be wearied, to

up and down. sink from exhaustion.
apwyai-op, ov {Apu and yaia, earth), d*flpr]Ka. (See foregoing word.)
anything elevated above the direipL-a, as, /., infinity, immensity;
ground ; the upper storey or floor it also means, inexperience, ignore
of a house. ance.
ipuiyewv, gen. avtiyeu (see p. 22), &ireip-oi, OS, 01'. infinite, boundless ;
n. ; also dvtiêws, gen. dptjyeti), also, unused to, ignorant.

m. and/., same as dpdycuop. 4ireXai5»'w (see iXaipu), to drive
iinaOaf, adv., from above, on high; away, expel, &c.
from the beginning. dvepydlôfiat., P. direpydffOfiou, P.
178 GREEK VOCABTJLAKY.
diretpyafffiai, to finish off, com- destroy utterly, to kill ; mid. &ir6\'

])Iete. Xv/xai, to perish, to be undone.
(see fpxofiai),
d.ir^pXO/j.a(, to go 'A7r6XXwv, 'A7r6XXwv-os, m., Apollo.
away, depart, go out of. dwovevor)p.iv(i3%, adv. (from perf. part,
dTT^w, F. d(f>iû} (see ^w), to hold pass, of ctTro^'oô/iat) without re- ,
or keep off from mid. dir&x.of^cLi;

: gard for life, desperately, foolishly.
to hold one's self off from, to ab- dir-o^vvw (dir6, dîjvw from dîjs), to
stain, desist from : intrans. to be bring to a point, to sharpen.
away or distant from. d7r6ir€ip-a, as, /., a trial, venture,
dirb, i^rep. , governing genitive only, risk.
from, away from, far from ; of diroxifjLiru (see vifiirta), to send
time —from, after, since. It is away, dismiss; send back, return.
sometimes used also to express the dirowXiw (see ttX^w), to sail away,
instrument, the cause, or the ma- set sail ; sail back.
tenal. diroirvl'yw (see vviyu), to choke,
diro^dWu) (see /3(£\Xw), to throw off throttle; pass., to be choked,
or away, to reject; to lose {e.g., throttled, drowned.
to lose children by death). dirop-iu, F. i}(7w, to be in perplexity
d7r6â<r-tj, ewj,/. [diroâlvu], a step- to be at a loss for, to be in want.
ping off, landing, disembarking. dvopi-a, as, /., perplexity, diflSculty,
dTroSelKvvfj.1 (see Verbs in -fit), to doubt; need, poverty.
point away from (other objects, to dwoa-iwTr-du}, F. -Tqaw, trans, to keep
one specially) ; Tience, to show secret ; intrans. to be silent (after
forth, exhibit, produce ; to de- speaking).
clare, appoint, create. dTToariWu (see (xt^Wu), to send off
diro5i5(i)/Ju (see Verbs in -jtii), to give or away, despatcii ; 2 aor. pass.
back, return, repay ;
give away. dTre<TTd\r]v.
dTTodv-qaKdi (see 6vfi<jK<t}), F. diroOa- dTroaT€(pav-6ci), dxrca, to deprive of
vovjiai, 2 ax)r. dir^davop, to be j)iit a crown, or garland.
to death, to die. diroriOrjiJLi put
(see I'erbs in -/u), to
iiroKaX-iu), F. -^crw, to call back, away, or stow away mid. to put ;
call away or aside ; miscall, to away from one's self, to put off (as
call by a disparaging title. clothes), to lay past for one's self.
dTTOKepS-aivti), f. -avu and -iêrw, to d-iro(pevyu (see êuyw), to flee away
derive benefit or enjoyment from from, escape.
something. diroxpdw, inf. diroxpfiv, imperf. diri-
diroKiv-iw, F. ijcrw, to remove from. Xp7]i>, to suffice, be sufficient.
dwoKvalw, or diroKvdw, to scrape off dirdxpv (3«/ sing, jires. of i)receding
to wear (a person) out, to worry, verb), used impersonally, it is
annoy. enough, sufficient, &c.
diroKplv-uj, F. diroKpXvdf to separate, dvpdyfiwv, uiv, ov, gen. -ovos, free
distinguish, choose out ; mid. from occupation, disengaged
diroKpivofiai, to give answer, to hence, free from trouble, easy,
reply. quiet ; lazy.
avoKpviTTU, F. diroKp'ifca, to hide dirpeir-ifis, ^s, ^s, unbecoming, un-
from, conceal. seemly.
atroKTelvu), F. diroKTevQ, 1 <ior. dn-Tepos, OS, oy, without wings, un-
drriKTeiva, to slay, condemn. fledged, callow.
d7roXai5-w, F. -ffu, to benefit from, dtrru, P. fi^w, to fasten, bind, tie ;
onjoy. to kindle or set fire to : more

ijrdWvfju, diroKiatj), and diroKCo, to uaiuU in mid. drrofULi; perf.
GKEEK VOCABTTLAJRY. 179
pass.7/v"", to fasten one's self leader, founder; prince, chief,

grasp; set upon,
to, cling to, to general.
attack; to overtake, gain. ifiX''^! î'^t to ^
firsti to begin
'Apy-os, ov,m., Argus, son of Agenor, (usuaUy mid. in this sense) ; to
called the " hundred-eyed." lead, govern, command.
'A/yy-os, ovi (cos), n., Argos, a town &PX(j3v, ipxovT-os, m. {partidpU of
in the Peloponnese. dpx^, used as a svibst.), a mler,
ipyvpeos, contracted dpyvpoih, o, commander, chief magistrate.
ovp, (made) of silver. dadtv-i<i), fyra, to be dxrdeprp, — ix.,
o^>^ '^1 V^: f-\ excellence, merit (of weak, feeble, sickly.
any kind) ; bravery, (moral) vir- dffBa^-4p, 1)1, h (d, aBbwi), without
tue ; skill. strength, weak, sickly ; insignifi-
dpiffT-d(i>, flaw, totake the ipurrop, cant.
or mid- day meal ; to lunch, to ' AaK\f(ri-bs, ov, m., .Êsculapius,
dine. son of Apollo, and god of medi-
' ApiffTirr-m, ov, m., Aristippus, a cine.
philosopher from Cyrene. dfffUvon, adv., willingly, gladly.
dpurr-oi, 77, OP, best. (See irregular doiris, dairldoi, /., a round shield.
comparison, p. 50, mider dya06s.) 'AffcnJpt-ot, (in>, m.pl., the Assyrians.
' ApiaToriK-Tjs, m., Aristotle,
eot, dtrTet-ot, oi, op, and os, a, op (from
tutor of Alexander the Great. 4<7Ti;), of the town, polite («r-
dpK-i(i), F. -^ffw (Lat. arceo), to banus], comical.
ward off; to assist, to be of ser- dffTuc-6i, ^, 6p, of the city, or town.
vice, to avail ; to suflSce : imper- dar-v, €0i, w., a city, town.
sonal, dpKfi, it is sufficient, I am datpaX-Tis, ijs, 4s, not tottering; safe,
content. secure, sure, steadfast.
ipfui, ipfiaros, n., a chariot (espe- ire, conj., inasmuch as. seeing that,
cially war-chariot), car. because.
app6^ti/, Attic, apfjb&TT-w, F. ip/iAau, dreKP-os, oi, op, without children,
to fit together, join, arrange, suit childless.
intraiis. to tit, suit, be adapted 'ArXaJT-ii, -ISoi, /., a daughter of
for. Atlas.
dp&rris, ou, IB., a ploughman.
'AtXoi, 'AtXcut-oj, m., Atlas (who
dpoirpa, as, /.. a field. bears heaven on his shoulders).
ipovpeu-<K, a, OP, from the country, droT-ot, OS, OP, out of place, extra-
rustic. ordinary, strange; absurd, mon-
aprd^to, F. aprdffopMt [dprdâ], to strous.
snatch away, carry otf; to seize aîs, adv., back, back again, again,
greedily, to plunder. afresh, hereafter.
Kpraîpîp, ou, tn., Artaxerxes, aiiX-id), -fyra [aSKbs), to play on the
king of Persia. flute, to pipe.
dpTi, adv., just, exactly; just now. 01JX-1), rjs,/.,the open court-yard, a
&fT-ot, ou, m., bread, a loaf court or hall; palace, dwelling,
(wheaten) ; in ^, loaves, bread country house (villa).
^:enerally). Barley bread is /laô- ov^dMV, or aO^, f. aA(^w (LaL
A/>xAa-os, 01;, m., Archelaus, king augeo), to make larg^ increase;
of ilacedonia. honour, extoL
'^'Xî V^)/-i beginning, origin; first dvrv-os, OS, OF, sleepless, wakeful.
place or power, dominion, sove- turrlKO, adv., immediately, forthwith,
reignty, magistracy. presently, at once.
ipXTf^< 6c, 6p, used tubstantivelij. aitSffi, adv., on the spot, here, there.
twT-6j, )}, b, reflexive pronoun, self; i<f>iKviofxai, p. ilôixax, v. past,

but in oblique cases often used d<pLyfiai, to arrive at, come to,
for personal pronoun (see p. 55), reach.
myself, thyself, &c. 6 ai>r6s, the : d(p[ffT7}fii (see t(TTrjiJ.i, and Verbs in
very one, the same (contracted -fj.i), F. dirocrrijo-w, p. aîiar-qKa,
airrhi). to make to stand off from, to put
aiiTov, avTTJi, avrov, for iavroO, &c. away, remove mid., and intrans. ;
(see p. 56), himself, herself, itself. tenses of act. to stand aloof from,
,
avx-^t^, "fiffoj, to boast, plume one's shun, revolt.

self; declare, avow. ' A<ppoSlT-rj, Tji, /., Aphrodite {Ve-
avxh^t avx^v-os, m., the neck, nus) goddess of love.
throat. 8.<ppovT-i^, IS, gen. d(pp6trrt,S-os, free
d(paip4(i) (see alpiot), to take away from care [securus).
from, remove, deprive; mid. more 'Axa'-<5s, d, 6v, Achaian ;
pi. ol
usual, to take for one's self, carry 'Axo.iol, the Achaeans.
off. 'Ax''^X-ei5!, â»5, m., Achilles, son of
d(pdpfjLaicr-oi, or, ov, unmixed with i'eleus and Thetis.
drugs, free from poison. dxP'^j 0^ dxpa (before a vowel),
d,(plr]fii (see irnJ.!., and Verbs in -fii), 2»'ep. governing gen., until, up to,
to send forth or away, let go, set as far as ; as conj. , until.
free, give up.
B
/SaSifw, p. (fiaSlcru}), âSiovfiai, and Pacn\el-d, as, f, sovereign power,
âSiaopLaL, to go ; to walk, or go kingdom, dominion.
slowly. paaiX-eh, iojs, m., a king, chief,
pdO-os, eos (ouj), n., depth, height; sovereign, prince. (See p. 37.)
deep place, valley. paffiXeij-u), tobe king, to rule.
âO-is, eta, i, deep, high (like jSaj-rctfw, F. âardata, to lift, raise,
altus). exalt, support; carry off.
âivu, p. P. î^-qna (f.
^rjaofiai, pdrpax-OS, ov, m., a frog.
prjcro}, cause to go), 2 aor.
will /3A.-0S, eos, n., a missile; a dart,
i^riv, inf. ^Tjvai, to go, walk, ad- arrow ; a weapon.
vance. pfKTL<TTos, r), ov, the best; irregular
âKTTipl-a, as, /., a staff, cane, walk- superlative of dya66s.
ing stick, sceptre. ^rina, p-fip-ar-os, n., a step, pace; a
/SdXXw, P. /3a\w or paW-qcru), p. platform or tribunal (to speak
pip\-qKa, 2 aor. iâXov, to throw from)
at, or hit (opposed to riirrd), to /9/oi-os, a, ov, forcible, violent.
strike), to throw, cast, fling. ^latbTepov, adv., compar. of fore-
pdpPap-os, OS, ov, barbarous [i.e., going, more forcible, with con-
not Greek), strange, foreign out- ; siderable force or violence.
landish, rude, boorish, uncivil- î^XL-ov, ov, n., a paper, letter ; a
ized. little book.
âp-iw, T^cru, to weigh down, oppress. PL^pibcTKU, F. PpiiaopLai, 1'. P^PpuKa,
âp-ijs, eia, v, heavy, weighty ; op- to eat, eat up.
pressive, troublesome. /3/os, ov, TO., life (Lat. vita) ; way of
fiafflXei-S, as, /., a queen, a princess. life, livelihood ; common life.
GREEK VOCABITLARY. 181
fiiSv, licofiai, 2 aor. iîtav, inf. /SoAo/tat, F. ôv\f)<rofuu, to will, ba

îwvax, part, ^lois, to live. willing, wish. It sometimes takes
p\4iro}, F. IfiXiût) pXixpo/iai, to rj as augment; e.g., -^ôvXiqdriP, as
have the power of sight, see; to well as ipov\-^9r)».
look on or towards. /3oCy, /3o6s, m. and/., an ox or cow ;
fiodd), -fjaofKu, to cry aload, to shout in pi. cattle (generally).

to call on (a person). PpaSvvw, F. ^paSuvw, to make slo-v,
ô-qdioy, rjffu), to succour, assist, help, delay intrans. to loiter, be tardy.
;
come to the rescue. ^paS-is, eta, 6 [tardus], slow, heavy;

BoKitrl-a, as, /-, Bceotia, a district sluggish.
of Greece. Ppax-vs, eto, i (previa), short, little,
^Srpv-s, oj,a bunch of grapes.
ffi., petty,
/Sou/coX^w, to act as a shepherd, to ^pi<f>-os, COS, n.,an infant, babe.
tend cattle to guard.; /3p^w, ^pi^w, to wet (on the sur-
F.
Povk6\-os, ov, m., a cow-herd, herds- face), moisten, soak.
man. PpovT-dw, ^(Tw, to thunder.
ôuXev-w, <rw, to take counsel, deli- ^pvxdo/jLcu, ^pvxqffofjLcu, to roar or
berate ; to decide; to plan; to give bellow.
counsel, advise. ^pvxi)0fi-6i, ov, m., a roar, bellow.
ûX-iJ, §5, /., will, determination BpdjffKCj. (See î^piixrKU.)
purpose, plan, counsel; a conn- ^<i}fM-6s, ov, a raised place ; a stand,
cU. altar.
yal-a, oj, /., the earth; a land, or spring, descendant; lineage; class,
country. kind.
yd\a, yd\aKT-os, n., milk. yipav-os, ov, m., a crane.
ya.\r}v-r), ijy, /., stillness of sea, a yipojv, yipovT-oi, m., an old man.
calm. yevo), yfiKjoi, to give one to taste;
ydp, conj., for, (introducing the rea- mid. yevop-ax, to taste.
son why). It is sometimes used, yi<l>vp-a, as,/., a bridge.
like nam in Latin, to strengthen yeu)pry-6s, ov, m., & husbandman,
a question, as, tLs ydp ; why, who? farmer, labourer.
(See dXX(£.) yjjpai-di, d, 6», or-6j, 6j, 6v, aged. old.
foar-ffp, yacrTp6s, /., the paunch, yijpas, yi)paos, n., contracted yi^pui,
belly, womb. old age.
7^, a limiting particle, at leasttued 7^701, ylyavr-os, m., a giant : in
;
also to call special attention to j}l., as proper name. The Giants.
something ; even. yiyvo/iai, or yho/xai, f. yevT^cofiai,

yilrwv, yelrov-os, m. andy., a neigh- 2 aor. iyev6firiv, to come into
bour, borderer. being, to be born ; to be, to arise,
yekdu, yeXdffo/juu, to laugh, to happen, occur.
laugh at (one). yiyvw<rK(i}, f. yvdi<roiuu, aor. hfinav,
yewalus, adv., nobly, magnanimous- opt. imperat. yvQdi, inf.
yvoLr)v,
ly, generously ; bravely. yvGivai, part,
yvovs, P. fyyw/ttt,
yew-dct}, -fyrd), to beget [trans.); to to begin or learn to know ; to per-
bring forth ; to grow. ceive, distinguish; to form or givs
y4v-oi, (OS. n., race, descent; off- an opinion, judge, decide.

•f\avK-6i, t}, 6v, gleaming, glancing, the alphabet: in pi., letters, the
glaring ; [rmth idea of colour), alphabet a letter (epistle) ; docu-
;
grey, pale blue, light blue. ments, writings; learning.

yKavKwTTis, yXavKdoirtd-os, epithet ypavs, ypa6s,f., an old woman.
of Athena [Minerva), fierce-eyed; ypdcpu, ypd\po}, to scratch, scrape;
blue-eyed, azure-eyed; [y\avKbs, sketch, write, inscribe, engrave.
and c3^, the eye). F/siyXX-os, ov, m., Gryllus, son of
y\vK-vs, eta, i5, sweet; delightful, Xenophon.
dear (beloved). yvp.vdl(i), F. yv/jLvdffu, to train in
y\u)TT-a, or yXwcrcr-a, rj^, /., the gymnastic exercises, to accustom
tongue a language.
; (a person) to (a thing) mid. and :
yvdO-os, ov,f., a jaw; mouth. pass., tc practise one's self, to

yva(pei-ov, ov, or Kva<puov, n., a exercise.
fuller's shop, a fulling mill. yvfJLP-ds, /), 6p, naked, unclad, un-
yov-e'js, ^ws, m., a father: in pi., covered.
])arents, ancestors. yvfiv-6o>, (iffU), to strip naked, to
Fopyl-as, a, m., Gorgias, an orator bare; to spoil, bereave.
and philosopher of Leontini in yvv/i, yvvaiK-6s, vac. y6vai, a wo-
Sicily. man (Lat. femina) : in voc. a term
yovv, adv., at least then, accordingly; of respect, mistress, lady; wife,
at all events. spouse.
ypdfifia, ypdififjuT-os, n., a thing yiiip, yvTfbs, rn., a vulture.
written, a character, i.e., letter of
5' for 5^. French have pieces called "Lonis

iaipiwv, Salfiov-os, m. and f., a god, d'or" and "Napoleon."
goddess; providence; lot, fortune, Aapei-os, ov, m., Darius, king of
chance; genius. Persia.
SdKVd), F. St^ô/jmi, 2 aor. ^SaKov, to Saa-^s, eta, v, thick, shaggy, rough
bite, champ (the bit); sting, prick; of dense foliage.
gall. Sd(f>v-r}, 7]^,f, a laurel, a bay-tree.
SdKpS-op, ov, n. {poetic form, SdKpv), Ad(pi'is, Ad(pvi5-os, m., Daphnis, i

a tear. Sicilian hero. Also/., a nymph.
SaKpv-w, <rw, to weep, shed tears; S4, conj., in the second place, on the
lament. other hand; but, and: it usually
SaKTvX-oi, ov, 771., a finger: /liyas responds to piiv,
SdKTvXos, the thumb. S^7]<r-ts, ews, f. [Sio/iai), an en-
Sdfia\-ti, ewj, /., a young cow, hei- treating, prayer, petition; want,
fer ijuve7ica). need.
Lavdri, tjs, /., DanSe, daughter of Sei, impers. verb, it is necessary, it
Acrisius, king of Argos. behoves, there is need of [opus
SaTrdvrjfjM, SairafrifiaT-os, n., usu- est), one ought: F. Se'ficrei, 1 aor.
ally in pi., expense, outlay. i8ir]ffe, &c.
hap€iK-6s, ov, m., a Daric, a Persian beiypxt, tflyfiar-o^, n. [SeUvv/u), a

gold coin, equal toabout ai/Mtraca, sample, specimen, proof.
English money: —
said to be SeUvvfu (nee Verbs in -fu), and 5«k-
called from king Darius. So the vvia, to show, point out; explain
GREEK VOCABCLABY. 183
ttiX-6s, ij, i», ojwardlj; wretched; dia^cJru (see pabnJj, to pass over or
worthle&s; miserable. through, to cross.
Aeot'-as, ov, m., Dinias, an Athenian. htaftywwCKU (see ftyvuxTKai^, to dis-
5cu'-6y, )}, 6w, dreadful, terrible, tinguish; resolve, decide; give
calamitons ; mighty, powerful judgment.
clever, skilful. StdSrifui, SiaS-^pMT-os, n., a band or
Seirp-oy, ov, n., a meal; the chief fillet (for tlie head), a diadem,
meal, dinner. (Lat. coma.) 5taît-i7, 17J, /. {5iaTl&T}iu), a dispo-
Mko, indecl. numeral, ten. sition (of property), will, testa-
hivbp-oy, ov, n., a tree. ment ; a covenant
5efi-<£, a J, f., the right hand: h Siatp-4w, -fyru (see cdpiti^, to take
5ef t^ on the right. one from another, separate ; divide,
de|i-6s, d, 6f, on the right hand ; cut in two, distribute ; distinguish.
hence^ fortunate, lucky, favourable. ZiatT-a., T/s, /., life, way of life ; food
Seofuu, F. be-qcroficu, to need, be in dress; maintenance.
want of ; beg. ask. SiaiTT]T--qs, oO, m., an arbitrator,
Sipw, F. Stpd, 1 aor. fSet/xt, 2 oor. umpire.
/««. iSdpnrp^, with wi/. 5a^>^tu, SidKOP-iu, 'fjcu, to be a Siaxofos, —
to take off the skin, flay; to beat, ue., to wait on, serve; to supply,
cudgel [lUe our phrases, to tan, administer.
emd to hide). SidK6(Ti-oi, ou, a, two hundred.
Sf<rr6T-r}f, ov, m., a lord, master, StaXafffditj (see Xay^cbw], to escape
autocrat ; owner. notice, lie hid.
Sfvrep-oi, a, OP, the second, latter of SiaXiyv (see X^w), to pick out,
two (as to time) ; inferior (as to choose, distinguish: mid. to con-
rank and position) : ix Sevripov, a verse with, to discourse ; argue.
second time. SioXiij (see Xi^), to loose from one
54(0, F. 3ij<rw, SiSeKO, P. pass.
p. another, unravel; break up; dis-
Sibeftai, 1 aor. pass. thiOrff, to miss ; put an end to, destroy.
bind, tie; fetter, imprison. Siararr6s, i.e., Sid rcvrit, tlirougfa-
9^ (shortened from 4^), adv., out, always.
now; already: in narrative, well Siaropdfieita, to ferry over, transport.
now. Suurr-dbi, daofuu, p. Sifffiraica, to
brjkovint ''5i;Xoi> 5rt), adv., clearly, tear in pieces ; to distract.
evidently. Suurrpiiyyv/u, and -vw. f. Sutorpdata,
iriK-bi, -fi, 6m, also 6s, 6s, 6v, clear, to spread, lay out (as couches,
evident, conspicuous. or chairs).
5i}X-6, biau, to make clear, make Siare\4w, to finish, accomplish.
evident, &c. ; to declare. huirifUKit, Siarefiu, to cut through,
Arifjii^rip, Ai}fi.riTp6s, /., Demeter to cut in twain, sever.
{Ceres), goddess of com and of SultI [i.e., 8{& tQ, wherefore. (LaL
a^cnlture. tpiamobrem).
ii for 5u£. Siarpiî^, rjs, /., a. wearing away;
5t(£, prep, governing the gen. and waste of time, delay.
accus. (1.) With the gen., through Sia^pw (see (p^pa, to carry across;
and through, quite through; (of bring to an end ; carry different
time), through, daring; (of cause), ways : intrans. to differ ; excel.
arising through, by means of. (2.) Siaipevyw, to flee throush, escape.
"With the accus. (1 and 2 poetie), huKftOdpti, SuKpdepCj, SUipOtipKa, to
with the same meanings. SiA destroy utterly.
rarrSs, always. HMffKoK-os, ov, m. and/, a teacher.
184 GREEK VOCABULA.RY.
SiSd(TKU}, F. SiSdû, to teach : mid. 8o\ix65et/5os, os, ov, long-necked,

to have one taught for one's self having long necks.
e.g., to get one's children taught. 56î-or, ov, m., [domus^ a building,
SlSvfi-oi, 7], ov, also OS, ov, double, house.
twofold, twin. Siyal, ZbvaK-os, m., a reed; dart;
SiS<j}/j.i (see Verbs in -fu), to give, writing-reed (pen).
grant, offer. 5()^-a, r]s, /., an opinion; estimation,
Siepevvdu}, tjcu), to search through, good report honour, glory.
;
examine minutely. dop-d, as, /., a hide of a beast, (when

SLrjyr]fia, dnjyrjfjMTos, n., a tale, nar- taken off.)
rative. S6pv, gen. 86paT-os, a stem; tree;
5ucrTr]/j.i (see Vei-hs in -/m], f. Sm- hence, the shaft of a spear; a
<rT7}<T(j), to divide, cause disunion spear.
in pass, to stand apart, to differ, Sov\eij-u), ffu, to act the slave; be
disagree ; to stand at intervals. subject to; obey.
5j/cdfw, diKaffd}, to judge, determine. 5ov\-os, 01, m., a slave, bondman.
5iKai-os, a, ov, attentive to rules; a drachma, a silver
dpaxM-'f], v^,/.,
upright; scrupulous, honest, just; coin worth about 9^d.
well merited. Spdo}, F. Spdaw, to do, fulfil, per-
5iKa(TTi^pi-ov, ou, n., a court of jus- form.
tice judgment-seat.
;
Svpa/jLai, F. hw-fjaofiai. (see iffxafiai.
Aio7^^-7;s, eos, w., Diogenes, the Verbs in -fu), to be strong, to be
famous Cjnic philosopher. able; to be equivalent to to sig- ;
Aiovvai-os, ov, m., Dionysius, tyrant nify (mean).

of Syracuse. SOvafM-is, ews, /., power, strength,
5i6rt, co»i/.,^Std [tovto] Sti, because ability.
that, since wherefore, (in indirect
; SvvaT-6s, -f), 6p, mighty, able, strong;
sentences.) (of things) possible.
dltrovs, diiroSos, two-footed ; two feet Svo, gen. and dat. Svoiv (see p. 53),
long. two.
5^s, adv., twice. A^(nrap-Ls, tSos, unlucky Paris
6i\t'(£w (contracts ae, &c. into?;, not a): (Alexander).
inf. Si'tprjv, be parched.
to thirst, to Su&TTjv-os, OS, ov, wretched, un-
SidiKoj, Siu^w, Scwô/ia^, to pursue, happy unfortunate.
;
hunt drive away.

; Sijw, F. 2 aor. fSvv, to put
S6ff(i3,
Sfiibs, 5/iw6y, m., a slave taken in on, (as clothes, armour, &c.) ; to
war; a slave, attendant, domestic enter (a house, country).
SoKû, F. 56fw, to think, expect, SuSeKa, twelve.
imagine : intrans. to seem, ap- dw/ia, ddb/juiTos, «, a house; chief
l)car : impers. BoKfi, it seems room, hall.
good, it pieces. Svp-ov, oVf n., a gift, present.
E
fdv, conj. (contracted into Ijv, and self, itself: reflex, pron., foi
in Attic, du), if, if perchance. In which see p. 56, (contracted into
good writers it is always joined avTovj.
with the .subjunctive mood. idu, F. idffu, p. etaKa, to allow,
iavT-oO, ijs, ov, of himself, her- permit ; let alone, let pass.
GREEK VOCABULAEY. 185
tyyvdu, T. --^(rw, to give over as a tXi, fiUt, tp, numeral adj. (see pu 53),
pledge ; to plight, betroth. one.
iyyvs, adv., near, at hand. els or is, prep, governing aeeus, onbff
lyKavfjui, iyKovfJUiT-oi, n., a mark into, to, towards.
made by burning into (the flesh, etffeifu, to go into. (See et/u.)
&C.), a brand; a sore firom burn- ttaipxpfuu (see Ipxofuu), to go into,
ing. enter.
^K^âX-oj, ov, m., within the head etffofiai (firom obsolete verb elSht,
(«âX^ : hence, the brain. or etSu), F. of ttSa (which see.
iyx^<^, f- oor- 6êa, to
^7XeWi Irregular Verbs), I shall know.
pour in, water, wine, &c)
(as (See also eZ3ov.)
fyX'O^j foj, n., a spear, lance, pike; elfforrplôfiai, to look into a mirror.
sometimes even a sword. elff^pui (see 4^pu) eUrolab), &e., to
eyu, gen. i/tw, I (see p. 54). Lat. bring or carry into to contri-
;
ego. bute ; to introduce, propose.

lyuye (Lat equidem), I at least, cTra [deinde), adv., then, next, in the
I for my part. next place; then, therefore [ita.)
idfKu (or eû), F. ieiKfyrv, to ttre [el ri), conj., whether.
will, be willing; to wish, desire. iic (before a vowel ^, from out of,
eZ, conj., if; whether (in questions). away from out of, forth frt>m
Used with indicative and optative from.
moods. ?K<WT-oj, ij, OF, every, every one
fiSevcu. (See oZ3a in Vocabulary and each {quisque).
in Irregular Verbs.) endrep- oi, a, », each of two; each
eI9or, used as 2 aor. of bp6ju (which by himself.
6ee);*u^/. tSo), opt. tSoi/u, imperat. 'ExdT-17, rjs,/., Hecate, goddess of
lii,part. iSuv, inf. IScTf, to see, the lower world and of magic
behold ; to l«ok at. ^/râXXw (see /3aXXa>, to throw out
ttOe (Lat utinam), interjection, O to throw away ; banish, cast oat
that, would that. or away ; reject
ewcdiw, F. eUdau, p. pass, j/cacr/uu, iKSiSdaKca (see 5t5<i<rjcw), to teach
to make like, liken ; compare thoroughly ; inform accurately
conjecture. (edocere.)
tUds, gen. eiK&ros, neuter of per/, iKiubfv (see 3u6kci>), to chase away;
particip. of eLco [ioixa], likely, to banish.
probable, reasonable : as a subsL iKel, ado., there, in that place (tZ7ic).
T& eUdi, probability, likelihood. ixeWep, adv., from that place, thence
etKOffi {indeclinable numeral}, twen- [Ulinc).
ty. (See p. 54.) ifeip-'os, Vy o» til** person there; that
eU&TUi, adv., in likelihood, natur- well-known person (like Lat ille.)
ally; reasonably, with good rea- iKOfpfi-cupu, -ai^, to warm tho-
son. roughly.
EtX^^w-o, aj, /., Ilethyia, goddess ixSpwcKW, iK0opmj(uu, aor. iî-
F.
of birth. Oopor, to leap out of, or forth.
tlfd (see Irregular Verbs), to be. iKKoJO-alpu, F. -apv, to cleanse out
f^ (see Irregular Verbs), to go purify thoroughly.
pres. used by Attics as/ut I shall iKKkriffl-a,oi, /., an assembly, or
go- public meeting ; also, the place
drop, used as aor. of tpijfd. (See of meeting, assembly haU.
Irregular Verbs.) iKKo\d-TTu, -if/it), to scrape oat,
^VV^, r)s.J., peace, time of peace. erase ; peck out^ hatch.
{K\av9dv<a (see \av0dvu), to escape ifiâlvo) (see âlvw), to go into,

notice entirely in mid. to forget : enter ; embark.
utterly. i/jL^dXXo) (see jSdXXw), to throv/
iKTri/xiru) (see iriinroS), to send forth, into;
put in to excite, inspire
;
or out, or away. introduce to fall upon, attack.

;
iKireravvv/Mi,, F. iKireriau}, to stretch iî^pbvrrjT-os, os, ov, thunderstruck

forth ; spread out, unfold, dis- (attonitus); as a svhst. crazy (fool).
play. ^/i-6s,(], bv, my, or mine possessive :
iKplTTTO) (see piirTui), to throw out pronoun from {'kytl)] i/iov.

or away, cast forth. ip.Tri7rpr]ij.i, aor. ivivpijcra, to kindle,
^ktolStju {iKTelvw), adv., stretched set on fire, burn. The pres. ought
out at full length. to be ifj.irinTrpT]fii, but the second
€KTidT]ixi (see TldTjfii), to set forth, fj.
is omitted to avoid the recur-
put out ; expose, exhibit. rence of the /ti sound. So i/iTrl-

iKTV(p\-6ui, F. -<Ii(Tii), to render en- TrXrjfu, and not ^/xTrfjttirXij/ii.
tirely blind. iniriirrb) (see vLtttu), to fall ijito
'Ektoj/), 'EKTop-ot, m., Hector, son to liglit upon ; fall in with ;
of Priam, king of Troy. happen.

iK<f)0^-iia, T^trw, to frigliten away, ifiirXiKO}, P. ^yUTrX^lw, to weave or
terrify : pass, to be afraid. plait in, to intertwine ; entangle.
i\aTT-6u}, ticrw (or iXaaadoi, from ilxirpoaOev, or ifiirpoaQe (before con-
i\dcrau)v, smaller), to make less, sonants), adv., before, in front of;
diminish pass, to come worst
: off, earlier, sooner. Sometimes it is
be defeated be diminished. ; a pirep. and governs jrcn.,— before.

iXarjvu, F. iXdcro}, Attic i\w, to (Lat. ante.)
drive, set in motion ; ride ; ad- i/itpayeiv, inf. of 2 aor. ind. ivi-
vance, (as an army on march.) cpayov (the used^^jres. being iaBlu,
IXa^-os, ov, m. and/., a deer, (stag which see), to take some food ;
or hind.) feed upon, eat, devour.
iXe-iw, F. -tJcw, to pity, feel com- iv, prep., governing the dative only,
passion for; show mercy to. in (i.e., being within); on; at or
i\€r)jj.ocnjy-r], rjs, /., pity, mercy; by, (near) : iv 5dirv(i), at dinner:
alms. iv oivifi {inter pocxila), at wine.
'KKiv-T], Tjs, /., Helen, wife of Mene- ivaXXd-TTO), or ivaXXd-aao), v. -fw,
laus, carried off by Paris. to give one thing in exchange for
fKe-os, ov, m., pity, mercy, com- another, to barter, to change.
passion. ivdXXo/xai, F. ivaXod/j.ai, aor. ivijX-
iXivdepos, a, ov, free, free-spirited ;
d/j,r]v, to leap on, (and so like t«-
liberal, generous. sidtare, in Lat.,) to leap on con-
i\ev$€p-6u, F. (iffw, to free, set free, temptuously ; to rush at.
release. ivavrla, adv. [n. pi. of ivavrlos, a,
iXdelv, iXdiLv, &c., 2 aor. of lpxofJ.ai, o;'), over against, opposite ; to
to come ;
go. the face, in the presence of.
'EXXas, 'EXXd5-oj, /., Greece. ^vai^w, to kindle, set fire to.
'EXXt]v, "EXXtjj'-qj, m., a Greek ivbov, adv., within, in; in the house,
"EXXrjces, the Greeks. at home [domi].
'EXXr]viK-6s, ri, bv, Hellenic, Greek. hSo^-os, ov, of high fame;
oi,
(Xniû), V. iXiriaw, Attic iXxiQ, to honoured glorious. ;
liope expect think, suppose.

; ; ivSuco, and ivSvvu, v. iv56aoftax (see
i/iuuToD, ^s, ov, myself. (See p. 5ya>), to pit on, clothe enter. ;
56.) ivetixi (see elfi^, to be in or at

GREEK VOCABULARY, 187
(vtffTi {used impersonally), it is iîraa-is, ews, /., a drawing out in

possible ; it is in one's power. line; scrutiny; review.
EvcAca, prep, with gen., on account iêvplffKu, iêvp-ffaw, aor. iêvpov,
of; for the sake of (like causa to find out, discover win.
;
and grattd in ; becaase of.

Lat.) iôi,S-i(i}, F. r^ffti), to be swollen up :
ivda, adv., thereupon ; just

then ; perf. part.
iîfSriicdis,
then : as relative, where. iôveid-l^w, F. Uru, Attic tw, to cast
ivddde, adv., thither here ; there ; ; up to a person, tatmt with, re-
now. proach.
ivOovat-dû), dffu [hfOeot], to be in- iôvffl-a, ay, /
[f^fOTt], power ; per-
spired, possessed {jy a god ; to mission, authority.
be in ecstasy #^w, adv., on the outside, without
ifiavT-Si, ov, m., a year. beyond.
evi-oi, cu, a, pi., some. (oiKa, 2 perf. from old stem, efjcw,
ivLorre, adv., sometimes. to be like : particip. ioiKws,
(voiK-io), ijcrw, to dwell in. shortened into cIkus, eUvTa, eUds,
ivoTrX-os, oj, ov, in armour, armed. (see eUSi, Ln Vocahulary,) to be,
ivoxX-4o}, -qaii), imperf. ip>dr)(\ow or to look like ; to be probable,
(withdouble augment), to give to stem.
annoyance to ; trouble, annoy, At' for iirl.
pester. iTTq-Su (see #5w), to sing to or over

ivravda, adv., here ; there ; at the to harp upon ; inculcate.
very time ; then. hraiv-iu, f. iaa, mid. 4<ro/Mi, to
ivriKko) (the active seldom used, approve ;
praise, commend.
the mid., ivriWofjiai, being almost iwaiv-os, ov, m., approval, praise,
always employed), to enjoin, com- panegyric
mand. lift up, raise, eiralpo), F. IvapQ, to
luxuriate or
iirrpv<p-d<i), F. "qau, to elevate, exalt ; rouse.
revel in to make sport of, mock. 'Yiirafiivuvb-as, -ov, m., Epaminon-
;
i^, prep, with gen., used instead of das, a famous Theban general.
iK before vowels, out of; without, ivavipxop-ai (see fpxofiai], to come
&c. (See iK.) or go back return. ;
iâip-^w, Tjcro), 2 aor. ^|et\oi', to iirapK-iu), F. iffu, to ward off, de-

take out or away, remove. fend hinder be enough for. ; ;
fâiT-io), Tiau), to demand from an- iirax0iii'<J, to load, burden with.

other to beg (a person) off
; to iirel, conj., since ; seeing that.
;
obtain by asking. hreiZdv [iireiSr] S.v], conj., as soon

iâvloTTjfii in Vocabu-
(see tanjfu, as, whenever.
larij, and
Irregular Veris), to ivei.^ [iirel 5i}), conj., since; seeing
raise up, rouse excite mid. to
; : that.
change one's abode or residence. ivecra [iirl elTa), thereupon in the ;
i^fifii, to go out ; come out. next place then therefore.

; ;
têifjLi, impersonal forms only tised ;

iirevSvvo}, or -Svui, to put on {wie
e.g.. iêoTLV, it is allowed. part of dress or armour) over {an-
iêkavvo}, iêXdau, to drive forth. other).
(ê\iy-X<j}, F. |w, to search out iwfpelSo}, F. iirepelau, to press, or
try ; convict and confute. drive against j^''^^- to lean on,
;
iêirlTi^S-€i, adv., on set purpose press against.

hence, maliciously. iirl, prep., governing accusative, geni-
iîpXo/Mii (see fpxofiat), to go or tive, and dative. (1.) With accus.
come forth. it indicates motion towards of
(128) 1
3
188 GREEK VOCABULAEy.
against, — to, towards, against. to forget : mid. to forget, lose

(2.) With (7eJi., rest or motion, thought of.
upon, at, near. (3.) With dat., iwiXiyu} (see X^w), to say in addi-
nearness to, in or at (a time or tion ; to choose, select.
place), for (a purpose.) iwi/xeXus, adv., carefully.
hriâivcj (see ^t^lixix], to go upon, iTrifj.7]xavdo/j,ai, to devise plans
tread upon arrive at ; to mount ; against, plot.
upon ; embark. iirnripLTTO}, to send after or again
iinp€\\ii) (see /SciXXco), to throw send against ; let loose.
upon ; add to ; attack. iirnrXdTTU) (or irXdcrtrw), F. ivi-
iTTifidr-T]^, ov, m., one who mounts; vXdcdi, to spread a jjlaster on.
a rider ; a passenger ; a marine iirurK^TTTOfiaL (better hrtaKoirû}), p.
(soldier). iiriaK^ô/xai, r. iiriaKe/Mfiai, to
iiripodu), P. iviôiicronai., to call look upon, visit, examine.
upon, shout to; cry out against; iirKXKw-irTU, P. -^^w, to laugh at,
invoke. jeer, make game of.
iiripovXei-oj, F. -ffu, to devise plans hriariXXta, P. iiriaTeXQ, to send to;
against one, to plot ; lay snares tell ; enjoin, command ;
give in
for. charge to.
iirlôvX-os, OS, op, plotting; treach- ivi(TToX--f}, 71$, /., a commission;
erous, stealthy; designing. a letter, epistle.
iTriyeXd-u}, -(TOfxai, to laugh ^t, de- \j/<i), to turn towards,
iiTKJTpi- <}>(>}, p.
I'ide; smile to. turn mid. and pass, to turn one's
:
iiriylyvo/xai (see ylyvo/xaCj , to como self towai'ds ; to turn round ; to

after, liappcn after ; accrue to. care for.
iiriypdijxj) (see ypd<pw), to graze, iiriTapd-TTO) (or -(r<rw), F. -fw, to
scratch; write upon; mark; in- trouble yet more, give additional
scribe, engrave; write down, enroll. (extra) annoyance.
ein5eiKVv/j.i (see Irregidar Verbs), to iiriTelvd), p. iTTiTevCi, to stretch out
exhibit, show off, display. upon on a frame) to tighten
(as ;
ewiSiSufii (see Irregular Ferbs), to to increase to urge on, excite ; ;
give in addition ; to give freely ;

to strain after.
to give one's self up to, devote to. lTru-lOt]Hi, to lay by or upon ; to put
iineiKU)^, fairly; tolerably; pretty to, addsuggest ; attack.
;
well ;
pretty much. iTriro/i-os, OS, ov,cut off; shortened
^L^7]r-iu], rjiTCj, to seek after; wish ^ iiriTo/MOS (soil. 656s), the short
for, desiderate. road.
iwiOea-is, ews, /., application. iinTpix<^! F. iiriOpiôfxai, or ^7rt-
ewiKadiîi), to set upon intrans. to : dpa/JLOvfiai, to run to or after ; fol-

sit upon. low ; attack.
iiriKoK-û, -i(7(x), to call on or to iiTKpwv-io}, -'fiffd), to mention by
appeal to; invite; invoke; to call name ; to add, .subjoin.
by a surname. iiTLxeip-iuj, -iô-w, to put one's hand
hnKK(h6(t), P. iTLKK(!}(T(i), to spin to to; attempt, endeavour.
one, (as the Fates;) to allot, de- iTrd/JLVV/ii, and -vu, F. iiro/iov/jLai, to
cree, destine. swear to (do a tiling) ; to swear in
hrCKafi^dvw (see Xafi^dvoj), to re- confirmation.
ceive in addition to attain ; : in ipdo}, to love.
mid. to hold on by seize ; to ; at- ipydiôp-ai, p. -d(rofjL<u, v. etpyacrftai,
tack, (as of battle or disease.) to work, labour ; do, pcrfonu
iiriKavOifO} (sec \av6du(ii), to make effect.
GREEK VOCABULABT. 180
fpyo^, ov, n., a work; deed; thing; evyvwfi-(i>j>, WF, oy, of good feeling;
matter, fair ; charitable ; reasonable.
f'pfftj, F. iplffu, to strive ;
quarrel evdoKifi-iui, F. -i7<rw, to be in good
vie with. estimation ; to be honoured, re-
?pi-op, ov, n., wool. spected famous. ;
Ipis, IpiSoi, /., [accus. fpiSa, or evfpyer-4<i), f. -iJcw, to be a benefac-

Ipif,) strife, rivalry ;
quarrel. As tor do well ; do good to, show
;
a proper name, The Goddess of kindness to.

Contention. evepry^-tji, ov, m., one who does
Ipiip-os, ov, nu and/., a young goat, well to others, a benefactor.
a kid. evTjêi-o, ay, /., goodness of heart
'E/>/i^s, ov, m., Hermes (Mercury), simplicity; honesty; also, folly.
messenger of the gods. evdap<r-T^s, ijy, ^y, of good courage;
[ipofiat], for which ipurdu is used daring.
by the Attics as pres. ; fut. ipri- €xi6€T-iu, F. --fyru, to set in order,
ffonau aor. ijpbfrqv, to ask, inquire. arrange duly or well.
(See ipw.) djOvfi-oi, OS, OF, cheerful ; spirited,
(epxi/fw) , aor. etfnrvaa, (the only part of good spirits.
used by Attics, who preferred evOvfWTep-ov, adv., n. of compar. oj
ipirv) to creep, crawl. preceding, more cheerfully.
tpirci), inxperf. ttpirov, to go slowly eid-&s, fia, ii, straight, direct : as
creep, craw]. adv., evdvs, directly, straightway;
IpXofJiaL, F. iXevffOfiaL, P. iki^Xuda, straight towards. evOvs [adv.)
aor.^\6ov (for ilXvOov], to come ; properly refers to time, and ev&i
go, go away. [adv.) to place.
epu [fut. of old pres. etpw), to be €ifiey^0-7]s, Tjy, es, of good size;
about to speak ; proclaim say ;
;
large, great.
promise, &c. the per/, is etpTjKO.
: evfii^K-Tjs, 7]S, €s, of good length;
p. pais. etpTjfioL. tall, long.
tpas, iporr-os, m., love, aflfection. As €Cfiop<fy-os, OS, ov, of good form,
a proper name, Eros (Cupid), god well made ; comely.
of love. eSoafjL-os, oy, op, of good smell
•du, -ijffw (see (pojxaCj, to ask, fragrant.
inquire. eihrop-os, oy, ov, easily passed
ipwriK-6s, "fi, b», of or belonging to through; easy; steady; ingeni-
love; amorous; amatory. ous; inventive.
i% or ety, prep, \cith accits. onhj, eiirpdyl-a, oy, well-doing; welfare,
into; unto, towards. success.
iadid), F. iSofiat, p. idi^doKa, P. evplffKw, p. ei'priffti), aor. eZpop, to
pass. iSriStcrnat., 2 aor. i<f>ayov, find, discover; invent; obtain.
to eat. 'Ei/pvîdS-Tj^, ov, m., Eurybiades,
tralp-os, ov, m., a companion. commander of the Spartan fleet at
trep-os, o, ov [alter), the other; one Salamis.
of two ; the second ; different, 'EvpvSix-ij, ijy, /., Eurydice, wife of
frt, adv., yet, still henceforth.
; Orpheus.
froTû-oj, Ti, Of, or oy, os, of, ready, eip-is, eta, 6, wide, broad ; exten-
prepared ; certain, sure. sive.
tr-oi, eoy, n., a year. evrikei-a, as, f., cheapness ; eco-
t7', ade. (&ene), well. nomy; frugality; shabbiness.
f 5y€ (e5, 7^ adv., well ; weU done eimrxô}, to be successful, have gooil
bravo. luck, turn out welL
tii(ppalv(a, V. ei><f)pavQ, to inspirit i<})l<rTri(ii, F. iirKXT-fiau (see trrrj/xi),

gladden : pass, and viid. to make to place upon ; to set over, by, or
merry enjoy one's self.
; near inlrans, to stand upon, by,
:
eiKpvQs, ingeniously cleverly. ; or near; to impend; to stand

ei!/xoyu.at, f. edôfiai, to pray vow ;
;
still, halt.
pay one's vows boast, speak ; ixO-p6s, pd, p6v, hateful ; hostile
proudly ; profess. as a snhst., an enemy.
ei/tkvv/i-os, OS, ov, of good name ?XW, F. iûi, or ax'^'^'^} ^- ô'X''?'^*)
of good omen, lucky, fortunate 2 aor. iaxov, toith inf. ax'^^v,
(in reference to omens), on the std)j. <rxw, opt. ffX'^^Vt part.
left hand. <rx^''> to have ; hold ; kec])
tixiTxiui, to entertain sumptuously know : mid. to cling to, with
in mid. and pass, to fare sumptu- gen.
ously, feast ; relish, enjoy. ibiOev, adv., from the morning; in
i<pi.inr-os, OS, ov, on horseback the morning at dawn.
;
riding.
id.il},contracted fw, fijs, ff inf. : 7ii]v6(pavT-os, ov, m,, Zcnophantus.

impcrf. ^^wv, F. ^Tjfffi) (rare),
^rjv : Zrjvwy, Zw^^vos, m., Zeno, founder
to live; to be strong, be fresh of the Stoic school of philosophy.
and vigorous. ^rp--û, F. rjffWfto seek, ask, search for.
Zei^s, voc. Zed, gen. Ai6s, accus. Ala, ^(jioyoviw, to produce ;
propagate
Zeus {.Jupiter, i.e., Zevs TraT-qp). (animals).
l^rfKoTviriw, to be jealous of; to tQ-ov, ov, n., a living creature, ani-
emulate to envy. ; mal.
I^r]\'6<j, F. -tip-Co, to envy ; imitate ;
fw/3-6s, is, 6p, pure ; unadulterated,
rival. (of wine.)
I^rifu-6it3, F. (Lffw, to cause damage to Iôipdrep-os, a, ov, compar. of fore-
one; to punish, fine. going.
H
fj, (1.) advers. conj. (a?^^), or : (2.) ^5??, adv. {Jam), already ; before
interrog. whether, (in indirect ques- now; forthwith.
tions) : (3.) compar. as, than, (like USt], fjSrjs, &c., Attic for -gSetv.
quam, in Lat.) i]5l-uv, wv, ov, compar. of :^5i;i.
Jj, adv., truly, verily, certainly: in- t/5oi'-tJ, i]S,
f, pleasure, enjoyment.
terrog. (like an and num), pray, is ijd-vs, eXa, i/, sweet pleasant (of ; ;
it really so ? men), kind, dear.

tfyioiiai, Tiyf)(rop.ai,F.lead the to tJKO}, F. ^'â>, I am come; i.e., I
way, act as guide ; take the com- have come, I am here, (used as a
mand of (troops) ; to suppose, perf)
imagine, (like ducerc,) i]\lK-oi, T), ov, of what size ; how
^SeLv, ^Sets, &c. (Seo olSa, and great ; as great as. (Lat. qvantua.)
Irregular Verbs.) ^Xos, ov, m., a nail ; stud ; wart
ifiiui (^5i)»), glndly, with pleasure. knot.
GREEK VOCABTJLAPvY. 191
ilfi^p-a, ai, /., a day. ffwov, adv., of a truth ; beyond a

r]fiepoSpofii-o}, to be a ijfiepodpSfioi, doubt ; certainly.
i.e., a day runner, or courier ; to 'Hpo, as, /., Hera (Juno), sister
post. and wife of Zeus.
ijfjLep-oi, 01, ov, or a, ov, tame, (of 'HpoKX-^s, contracted for 'Hpo-
animals ;) cultivated, civilized. K\iT}s: voc. 'Hpa/cXetT, (contracted
rjnirep-os, a, ov, our {noster). for *Hpd/cXees,) and a shorter
ijfi-rjv, imperf. mid. of eifd, to be. form,'H/)o/cXey : gen, 'S.paK\ieoi,
ijfjLLTfX-'fis, rii, is, half-finished, (ap- contracted 'Hpa/cXôvi, m.; Hera-
plied to a house which has lost cles [Hercules.)
its head ; or, perhaps, which is i}po}-s, TJpoi-os, tn., a hero, demi-god;
childless.) a free-man ; warrior.
r]pil<l>\eKT-os, oj, ov, half- burnt, tJTT-uv, uv, ov, or ijaawv, [irregvlar
scorched, singed. cornpar. of KaK6s,) less ; lower;
ijf, conj., with mbj. (for iitf), if, in weaker ; inferior ; unequal to.
case that. "H<âi<rT-oj, ov, m., Hephaestas
^veyKe. See {<pipa.) (Vulcan), god of fire.
G
6d\a}i-os, m., an innerov, room Oepdiraiv-a, 171, /., a waiting-maid,
bed-room; store-room. maid-servant.
66.\a.TT-a [ddXaffffa), 17 j, /., the sea. 6epairev-<a, -ffu, to act as attendant
6<ivar-os, ov, m., death. As a pro- pay court to ; fawn on ; flatter ;
per name. Death. " dance attendance to."

dappiu}, or Oapffiu, to be of good Bep/i-cdv(o,-avQ, to warm, heat :
courage ; to be audacious ; to be pass, be heated.

daring, bold. Bepp.-bs, 1), 6v, warm, hot ; hasty
6app6v<j}, or dapcivw, or Opaxrivu, (in temper.)
to encourage, cheer on : intrans. Bipfi-os, ov, m., a kind of lupine.
take courage. 6ip-os, eos, n., summer.
6apa-vs, -eta, v. (See BpaoTui.) Qiris, QiriSos, /., Thetis, mother of
BavpAû {-ia(ji\, davfidiffofiai, to Achilles.
wonder, be astonished, marvel QerraXl-a, oj, /., Thessaly a dis-
at, to admire ; esteem. trict of Greece.
9avpM<rr-6s, ij, 6v, wonderful, marvel- Biw, F. Beijcofiac, to run ; move
lous, strange. quickly.
6ed, as, /., a goddess; (but dicL, a Qijâl-os, a, ov, Theban, belonging
sight.) to Thebes (in Boeotia).
OedopLai, OeiaopLox, to view, behold, Briyo), Btiû), to sharpen, whet ;
pro-
look at contemplate.
; voke.
B{\o3, dek-fiffij}, shortened form of Bi]K--q, ijs,/., a case, box, cheat.
idfKu, to will, be willing. B^p, 6ijp-6s, m., a wild beast, beast
0ipA.s, dipixTos, or Oi/uSos, accus. of prey ; a monster.
0ipj.v, law (of usage, like jvs and chase; eager pursuit.
Biip-a, OJ,/., the
fas in Lat.), right. mid. B-rjpdaopML, to
07ip-d(i), Bripdffu,
Q€pm7tok\-7\s, iovs, m., Themis- take part in the chase, hunt ; tfl
tocles, a famous Athenian. pursue eagerly.
Ms, ov, TO., God; a deity: and so belonging
6i]p€VTiK-6s,-^, 6v, of or to
/. 17 Bebs. hunting ; fond of the chaae.
Orjpeio), to hunt, chase; catch in Opaff-is, eta, i5, bold, spirited ; fool-
hunting. hardy [audax) ; arrogant.
6r)pL-ov, ov, from d-fip,(a diminutive Oprjv-ôi, -Tjaos, to wail, lament.
in formation, but not in use,) dvydT7]p, dvyarpds (for duyaripoi),
beast, animal ; wild beast. a daughter.
0r}pi(i}5-r]s, 7]S, ej, full of wild beasts dvfj.-6s, ov, m., the soul; life; breath;
brutal, savage, ferocious. spirit courage ; passion
; ; heart,
67](Tavp-6s, ov, in., a store, treasure; (of the kindly feelings;) mind,
store-house chest. ; (intellectually.)
(from stem âi*-), P. Oavoxi-
6vr](7K(i} 6vp-a, as, /., door, entrance, gate.
fxai, aor. Wavov, to die ;
perish. Ovai-a, as, /., a sacrifice; vic-
SfTjT-ds, 6s, 6v, or i}, bv, subject to tim.
death, mortal, human. Ovaid^-us, to sacrifice, offer a victim,
Bbpii^-oi, ov, m., noise, din, uproar, or gift.
clamour. dvio, F. dv(ju), p. riOvKa, aor. pass.
Bpaaivw (see Oapptjvu)) to encourage, , MOtjv, to make sacred offerings ;
embolden pass, to be bold be

: ; sacrifice ; celebrate.
confident in. 0d)s, Ooibs, VI. or/., a jackal.
l6.op.ai, Idaofiai, to heal, cure. 'Ivax-os, ov, m., Inachus, a river of

larpiK'^ [sell, properly the
rtxyr)), A rgolis.
fem. of larpiKbs, i\, bv, the medical 'I»'5-6s, ov, m., an Indian.
art, surgery; medicine. l-mr-eiiis, iuis, m., a horseman, rider;
larp-bs, ov, m., a surgeon, physician, knight.
doctor. liriroK6p,-os, ov, m., a horse-tender,
ISr], rjs, /., Mount Ida, near Troy. groom. It is properly an adjec-
rSt-oy, a, ov [also -oi, -os, -ov], one's tive of two terminations, -os, -or,
own; private; peculiar. -ov, horse-tending.
ISwv, Ideip, &c., 2 aor. part, and inf. ?7r7r-o$, ov, m., a horse : lolien f., it
of ftdov, (See also opdco.) means either a mare, or a body of

lep-eis, ius, m., a priest; sacri- cavalry {eciuitatus).
ficer. 'I<rts, 'laiSos, /., Isis, an Egyptian
lep-6s, a, ov {also -bi, -6s, -bv), sac- goddess.
red, consecrated, holy rd iepd, : t(r-os, rj, ov, equal, fair, impartial
as 2î- subst, the victims; tiie in- level, flat, (of ground.)
ternal parts of the victims ; and X(TTr}pn, (see Irregular Verbs,) to
hence, the auspices. cause to stand, set up, or erect; to
'lOaK-^cn-os, a, ov, of or belonging set in order, or arrange to check, ;
to Ithaca {e.g., Ulysses.) stop; rouse, excite; establish. The

[Kav-6s, 7], bv {^KW or Ikclvw), becom- pres.j inipcrf., fut., and 1 aor.
ing, suitable ; sufficient for ;
active, are transitive; the other
satisfactory ;
(of time,) consider- tenses intransitive: the pres., in*-
able, pretty long. per/., /ut., and 1 aor. mid., are
IXi-os, ov, /., and "IKi-ov, ov, n.. also sometimes transitive.
Ilium, Troy. IcttI-ov, ov, n., a web; cloth; sheet;
fra, conj., that; in order that: as an sail.
adv. (of place,) in what place, Iffxvpus, a/lv., strongly; very maoh;
where ; to what place, whither. exceedingly.
&<!«, adv., (from tffoi,) equally, /X^s, oi, m., a fish.

fairly ;
probably (the chances be- rX>'-oj, eoi, n., a track, foot'step;
ing equal), perhaps. trace, mark.
1^/cX-oj, ov, or 'l<piK\-rls, 4ous, m., 'Id), 'loOs, /., lo, daughter of In*-
Iphiclus, or Iphicles, father of chus.
Protesilaus.
K
K&yd, and I.
for Kal iyd, sure (of time); anil hence, right
Kd.dfj.os, ov, m., Cadmus, a Phoeni- time, crisis, season, occasion, op-
cian, son of king Agenor, and portunity.
brother of Europa. KoxTOt, adverhial ccmj., and yet, yet.
KaO', for Kard, before an aspirated Kdiw, or Ka.u, F. KOLicbi, and koju-
vowel. aofujn, to kindle ; bum, scorch
KaBaipoj, F. KaOapQ, to make clean, (of cold,) pinch.
purify, cleanse, purge. KdKtivoi, and he ; for koI iKexvo%.
Kadapfia, Kaddpfiar-oi, n., that KaKoSaifMuv, u», or, ill-fated; un-
which is removed by cleaning, off- happy, ^vretched.
scourings ; a castaway, outcast, /ca/c-6s, bad; ugly; cowardly;
i}, 6v,
worthless fellow. base, wicked, &c.
KaOiôfiai, F. KaOeSovfuu, to set KaKwi, adv., badly, ill; like a
one's self down, sit down; sit coward.
still ; encamp. KoXdw, F. KoK^ffw, {mid. ica\4aoftat),
Ka0€ij5(i}, F. KaOev^Tjaw, imperf. Att. KoXw, to call, invite, sum-
Ka0T]v8ov, or iKadevbov, to lie mon ; call by name.
down to sleep ; to sleep, rest, be Ka\\idi}nlS-7}s, ov, m., Callidemides.
still. KaWl-wv, uv, ov, compar. of KoKbs,
KaOii^w, p. Kadlad}, Att. KaBiw, to more beautiful, &c.
cause to sit down, seat, set : in- KdXk-os, (OS, w., beauty, comeli-
trans. to sit down, be seated. ness.
Ka6lr]fii {Kard, trj/ju —see trifii, Irreg- Ka\-6s, -fi, bv, beautiful ; seemly
ular Verbs), KaOrjcw, P. KaOeiKa, honourable good.
;
to send or let down ; to reach. /caXtiSt-ov, ov, n. (from k£Ku)s), a

KaBiKviofiai, f. KaOlô/juii, to come small cord.
down, reach to, touch strike. ; *cdX-«j, w, m., a rope, sail-rope,
KaOiiTTafiai, and KaravirofjuL, v. cable.
KaTaTrnqcofJUii, aor. KaTerrdfiTjp, koXCjs, adv., beautifully; well.
to fly down. Kdfj.^, for Kol ifj-i, and me.
Ka6i(rrr]/ju (see Xarijfu, Irregular Kafifi-iw, for Karafiuu, f. -iJcw, to
Verbs), to set down; set in order, close the eyes ; nod, doze.
arrange, (as soldiers ;) station, ap- Kd/ivv, F. Kafiovfiai, aor. iKaftxv,
point ; establish, confirm : intrans. intrans. to be weary, tired ; to
to settle. be sick; afflicted: trant. to labour,
Kol, conj., and, also. work.
Katv-6s, i}, 6t>, fresh, new; newly K&v, for jco2 idp, and if.
discovered; strange. Kdireibrj, for Ktd eiretSiy, and when;

Kaip-6i, ov, m., due proportion (of and as soon as.
one thing to another); due mea- xdri, for kolI iicL, and upon.
194 GEEEK VOCABTJLAHY.
Kipd, n., used only in the nom. and Ka.Ta.(TKev-d^<j), P. dou), to prepare,
accus. sing., the head, top, sum- furnish ; finish ; adorn.
mit. Karaaotplô/xai., to overpower by
Ka(rrwX-6j, oO, m., Castolus, a city fallacies; outwit, wheedle.
of Lydia. Karacxir-do), F. -data, to draw or drag
rar', for Kard. down.
Kard, prep, governing gen. and Ko-Taaipu), to pull down; ravage,
accus., down, or downwards. (1.) plunder.
With gen., down from; down KararldTj/jii (see Irregtdar Verbs), to
over; towards; against; concern- put or lay down lay by, deposit ;
ing. (2.) With accus., down to, lay aside mid. pay down. :
or along (opposed to d^rf); through- KaTa(f)ip(i}, p. KOTolffw, to carry or

out ; in over at according to.
; ; ; bring down; overtlirow, destroy.
Karapalvu (see âlvw), to go down, Karatpei-yu, p. -ô/xai, to flee for re-
descend. fuge, take refuge; escape.
KarafidWo) (see ^dXXw), to throw KaratpX^-yu, f. -^w, to burn down,
down, strike down lay down, pay ; consume.
down. Kara<l>pov-iti), f. -t^ctw, to think down
KarayeXdci], f. KaTayeXdcro/Jiat., to upon; i.e., to think little of, de-
laugh down or at, deride, mock, spise.
jeer. KaTa(pp6vr](r-is, ews, /., contempt
naTay-vv/M, p. xardf u, aor. Kariaâ, overweening self-conceit.
to break down or In pieces, shat- Kareffdito (see i<rdi(o), to eat up,
ter; weaken. {literally, eat down,) devour.
Karaywrnôfiai, KaTaywulcrofiat, Kar- Kar^X'^ (•'Ce ^w), to hold down or
ayutou/j-ai, to struggle against ; back, restrain ;
possess, occupy
overpower, conquer. seize, arrest.
KaraSuli-Kd), f. -|w, or-ô/j,ai, to hunt Kdro) (Kard), adv., underneath, (op-
down ;
pursue hard ; overtake ;
posed to &VU,] below ; (of time,)
capture. afterwards.
KaT-4.Sw, v.-q.(T(i}, and-4<ro/xat, to sing KdrwOe, or, before a vowel, KdruCev,
to; to deafen by singing; to sing from below ; below, beneath.
in derision of one. Kavx-dofiai, f. -^(xoîai, to speak
KaraicXlvio, p. KaraKXipQ, to lay loud vaunt, boast, brag.
;
down ; cause to lie down : in KeifjLai, 2d sing. Keicai., Bd, KeTrai,

pass, to recline at table. F. Kelcro/xai, to be laid ; to lie, be
KaraXa/ipdvu, Ka.Ta.X-f)\j/ofiat., to seize inactive.
upon; hold down; check; over- Keipta, p. KepC), to cut short, crop,
take, catch. clip, shave.
KaraXeliru, f. \f/(o, to leave behind, KeXeC-d), F. -<TU3, to drive on, urge,
Ibrsake, abandon ; allow. impel ; order, command.
Karaixd-u), -ffu, to close the eyes K€v-6i, -f), 6v, empty fruitless, vain
;
drop asleep ; nod, doze. bereft of.

KaTairi/jL-irw, f. -^w, to send down. Kepdwvfu, and -iJoi, p. Ktpdau, Alt
KaTairrjMd), to leap down iVom. KtpQ, to mix, mingle.
*fara7rX^-TTU (or -irXi^cro-w), F. -^w, to Kipas, Kiparos [Kipus], n., a horn;
strike down; astoun'd ; terrify. bow wing of an army.
;
KaravXavT-iû), p. -laa, Att. -iw, to Kepavv-6(i3, f. -ibaw, to strike with a

make very rich, enrich. thunderbolt, to blast.
Kardpar-oi, os, ov, accursed ; abo- w, bringing gain
KepStfi-os, a, ; wily,
minable. crafty.
GREEK VOCABULAKY. 195
tipKOi, ov, y., the tail of a beast, Ko\oi-6s, oO, m., a jackdaw {gracultu).
[ovpi, is the more general term, k6\v-os, ov, m. [sinxts], the bosom;
applicable to birds also.) the fold or lap of a robe ; a bay.
KfôX-^, 175, /., the head- Ko\vft^-dcj, --^(Tu, to dive ; to jump
Kfpr-0%, ov, m., a garden. in and swim.
Kr]p-6s, ov, m., bee's wax ; wax. K6/j.-ri, r}s, /., the hair ; foliage of
mjpO-TTO), or -caw, f. r»7pi/|w, to act trees.
as herald ; make proclamation, KO/d^W, F. KOfdffti, Att. KOfuQ, to
announce. take care of, tend, provide for;
Ki6ap-lû), F. -Iffw, to play on the to carry, bear ; bring.
cithara or harp. Kovlû, F. Kovtffu, to render dusty
icwSweiJ-w, -ffw, to incur danger, run cover with dust.
a risk. Korpl-a, as,/, a dunghill.
Klv5w-oi, ov, TO., danger, risk, k(itt-(i}, k6\}/u, to strike, smite; chop
hazard. oflF; hammer, forge.
Ku>-iw, F. --fiau, to move, excite, K6pa^, KbpaK-os, to., a raven, or
stir. crow.
tiuiv, Klov-oi, m., a pillar ; some- Kbp-11, 17 J, /., a maiden, girl [pudla) ;
times, like <m}X7j, a grave-stone. a daughter ; a doll ; a pupil of

xXa/u, Att. kK&w, f. Kkaiaofiat, to the eye.
weep, lament, wail; to weep for, Kbpvs, K6pvO-os, /., a helmet: aecus.
deplore. Kbpvda, and Kbpw.
Kkiapxoî ov, m., Clearchus, a icopv<t)-fi, Tjs, /., the head, top, summit
Greek general. KOCfJL-i(t}, --qffu {Kbfffios), to arrange,
K\fti>-6s, 1}, 6p, glorious, famous, set in order ; adorn ; set oflf.
illustrious. Kbfffi-os, ov, TO., order, decency

jcX^TrT-ijy, ov, m., a thief. ornament, honour ; the world.
kXîtt-w, f. K\i-\f/-w, OT-0/j.ai, to steal; KOTv\-rj, 17s, /., a hollow vessel, cup
cheat, beguile ; conceal ; do (a the socket of a joint ; an Athen-
thing) in an underhand way. ian liquid measure = half a pint.
/cX%}-os, ov, m., a lot ; drawing of KovSeis, for koI ovSels, and no one.
lots ; the thing allotted. Kovp-evs, i(i)s, m., a barber, hair-
kXip-'j}, p. kXwC}, to incline, i.e., dresser ;
gossip.
make to ; lay down, to re-
bend Kox^âs, ov, TO., a snail vrith a
cline, lean ; draw to a close. spiral shell.
K\iffl-a, as,/., a tent, hut; a reclin- Kpdû, F. Kexpdôfiai, aor. fKpaycp,
ing place, couch. to croak scream clamour.
; ;
icXoTr-Y), -rfi, f., theft, firaud. Kpdvl-ov, ov, the skull.

rotXoj, t}, ov, hollow, hollowed, KpaT-iti), T^ffw, to be strong, power-
concave. ful ; to rule ; conquer.
Koifi-d(j),'--{)<T<i), to Itill to rest or sleep Kpâs, Kpiaros, Att. Kpiws, flesh, a
in pass, to fall asleep ; lie abed, carcass.
rest; die. KpdTToiv, uv, ov, irregular eompar.
Koit>-6s, 1}, 6v, common, public, of ayaObs, stronger; braver; bet-
general. ter ; too great for.
KoivuvL-a, as,/., communion, inter- Kp4fjia/iai, pres. pass, and mid. of
course, fellowship. following.
Ko\dio}, f. KoXdffOfjLcu, to check Kpe/juivwfu, Kpe/juiffu, Att. Kpe/ui,
chastise, punish. ^s, ^, to hang up, suspend.
if6Xo^, KdXaK-os, m., a flatterer, KpidT^, 17s, /..barley ; generally used
fawner, parasite. in j)l. Kptdal.
196 GREEK VOCABULAKY.
Kplvfa, F. KpivQ, aor. ^Kpiva, to sepa- KijXi.^, KivXiK-os, / , n cnp, drinking

rate, divide; select; judge, decide. vessel.
Kpi'bs, ov, m., a ram; battering-ram. KvfjLa,k6pmt-os, n., the swell of the
KDLT-r\s, ov, m., a judge, umpire. sea, wave, billow.
Kpor-iu3, -^<t(j3, to make to rattle ; to Kvvr)y-6s, ov, dog-leading ; a hun-
strike together, clap (hands.) ter.
Kp6-os, eos, n.-i cold, chilling cold K&ireW-ov, ov, n., a beaker, cup ; a
frost. bellied drinking-vessel.
Kpii-VTO), F. -ypu, to hide, cover, Kijpi-os, ov,m. a lord, master, ruler
,
conceal. guardian.
KTev-ijÔ}, -IcTO), to comb, curry. Kvpos, ov, m., Cyrus. .
KTTJ/xa, KTrjfiaTos, a possession,

n., Ki'uv, Kvv6^, m. ory., a dog or bitch.
jiroperty : jil. wealth, goods. KLbp.-7], r]s, /., a village, country
Kvêpv7)T--r}s, ov, m., a steersman, town.
pilot ;
guide. Kii)v-<i}\p, -wjroy, TO., a gnat, or mos-
KiiKKuxf/, Ki^kXwtt-os, m., a Cyclops, quito.
or one-eyed monster. Kd>iT-7], 77s, /., a handle.
Kv\iv8-i(i), F. -•)7<TW, for Kv\lv5c>}, to Kucp-ds, -f), bv, blunt, obtuse ;
dumb
roll, roll along. deaf.
A
A<£7-os, ov, m., Lagus, a Macedon- tice, to he unseen, unknown, bt
ian, father of Ptolemy, king of concealed.
Egypt Xa-6s, ov, TO. {Aft. Xt(iy, Xeti), the
\ay-(bs, Xa7t6, to., a hare. people at large; a people, tribe, or

\a.dpd, adv., secretly, stealthily, un- nation.
known treacherously.
to, \âip-a, 7]^,/-, a lioness.
\ai-d, Sj, y., the left hand. It is Xi^/Sijs, 'Kiîp-os, TO., a caldron, or
properly the/cTO. of Xat6y [Iccvus), kettl»; urn ; vase.
and is almost entirely confined to X^w, F. X^|w, to lay lay in order, ;
poetry. arrange; choose, jiick out; count,

Xai/i-6y, ov, m., the throat, gullet. tell; say, speak: Xêroi, inqters.,
AaKeSaip-bvL-oi, ov, m., a Lacedae- it is said.
monian, a Spartan. \eifi<S)v, Xeip.wi'-os, to., a meadow;
Xasr/f-w, F. XaKrlffO), to kick with holm.
tliehec'l; tranipleon; knock, beat. XeF-or, a, op, also -oj, -oj, -ov, smooth
XaX-^w, babble, cliat-
F. T^crw, to talk, (Lat. la;vis, or Icvis), level.
ter ; to indulge in incessant trifling \eliru3, F. Xeiû), aor. fKivov, P.
talk. XAonra, to leave ; fail ; be defi-

\d.\-oi, OS, ov, talkative, babbling. cient.
Xafx^dpu, F. \-i']\f/o/xai, v. ei\7)(pa, AeopTip-os, ov, TO., a native of Leon-
aor. Oâôv, to take ; receive ;
tium, in Sicily.
catch, overtake, get; apprehend. Xt7rT-6s, )}, 61* (X(?7rw, to peel), peeled
\ap,w-ds, \afMirdS-os, /., a torch, off; licnce, fine, thin, lean.
lamp. \evK-bs, -fi, 6p, light, bright, clear,
\afnrp-6s, d, ov, bright, brilliant, white.
gleaming, glancing. X^cjp, \ioPT-os, TO,., a lion.
"KavO-dvu), F. X'^crw, aor. f\a,6ov (Tât. Xetiy, Xew, Attic form of \a6s, the
latere), p. XiXijOa, to escape no- people.
OKEEK VOCABULARY. 197
\.eu<p6p-ot, OS, ov, bearing people \oiZop-i(a, "fyxti, to rail at, revile, re-
crowded : as subst. a highway, a proach.
thoroughfare. Xot/i-6y, ov, m., a plague, pesti*
A^5-a, -as, (or-i7J,)/., Leda, mother lence.
of Helen, Castor, and Pollux. \onr-6s, 17, 6t>, remaining, the rest.
A-Ô-T], r]s, /., Lethe, the river of Xov-w, -<r, to wash, cleanse ; bathe.
oblivion in the lower world. As AiiSl-a, as, /., Lydia, a district of
a common noun, forgetfulness, Asia Minor.
oblivion. Av^6s, ov, m., a Lydian.
Xjo-r-^s, od, m., a robber, pirate. XvK-os, ov, ra., a wolf.
Xtav, adv., very, very much, ex- AvKoDpy-os, ov, nu, Lycurgus.
cessively. Xv/jLoivofiai, p. pass. XeXiufiaur/xai, to
\i0-os, ov, m., a stone ; gem. cleanse one's self: also, to out-
Xi/iî*, Xi/iiy-oi, m., a harbour, haven, rage, maltreat, injure.
place of refuge. Xwr-^w, -ijffw, to cause pain, grieve,
XLfjjf-T], a lake, pool ; marsh.
tjs,/., distress.
\iH-bs, ov, m., hunger; famine. XvTT-i], rjs,/., pain, grief.
XifjiWTTO), or Xifiwaau), to be hungry Xvirr]p-6s, d, 6», painful ;
grievous ;
to be starved, to famish. troublesome.

Xorfiôficu, F. XoylffOfwx, or Xorfiov- XvffireX-ids, "fiaa, to benefit, profit.
fuu, to calculate ; consider ; con- Xv-(a, F.Xvau, v. XAvko, to loose,
clude. unbind, set free, release, dis-
Xo7((r/x-6s,0?, a m., calculation, miss.
reckoning, account. Xif<TT-os, r„ ov (X(ic<rroi), sttper. of
Xby-oi, ov, m., a word ; speech ; rea- ayadbs, (Xwfw*', X(^<rros,) more de-
son ; account ;
praise. sirable, better.
M
(ui^-a, or fia^-a, r)i, /., a cake (of fiaXXor, adv., more, more especially,
barley mL-al.) (See iproi.) [compar. of/zdXa.)
(laOifT-ifis, ov, m., a learner, pupil, fiavOdvu, F. fjLadâofiat, aor. ffiaOov,
disciple. to learn, understand ; notice, per-
Mat-a, as,/, {ifaia), daughter of At- ceive.
las, and mother of Hermes. MavTivei-a, as, /., Mantinea, a town
fmivQfwx, F. fjLovovfjLai, p. fiifxijva {(is in Arcadia.
2'res.)., to rage, be anjcry. fidvT-is, fidvT-eus, m., a diviner, seer,
ftai-do/iai, F. (bffofiai, to act as a prophet.
midwife, deliver. fiaaTiy-bo), f. tbco}, to whip. flog.
fialurp-a, -up, n. pi,, midwife's wages /idrai-os, a, ov, also -os, -os, -ov,
or fee. foolish ; idle ; trifling.
(laKoplû, to pronounce happy ; to pArriv, adv. [fnistra), in vain, fruit-
bless, congratulate. lessly ; at random.
lioKp-hs, a, ov, long ; deep ; broad fidxcu-p-a, as, /., a large knife ; a
extensive, large. short swi rd ; dagger.
yAXa, adv., very, very much. t^X'V) V^j f-i battle, fight, combat.
lLaiKaK-6s, i}, bv, soft, gentle, light fmxofuu, fiaxô/iai, engage in bat-
tender, delicate. tle, to fight; quarrel.
ndXtiTTO, adv., most of all, especi- /j-iya, adv., greatly; neuter of fiiyas.
ally, {superl. of fidXa.) lieydXus, adv., greatly, exceedingly.
I
fiâ^, fieydXr], fUya (see p. 46), M^vwp, Mivui/oi, m., Menon, a

great, large. Thessalian, one of the leaders of
fiedi<TTr]fj.i, to change the position of; the Greeks in the expedition of
to remove (from one place to Cyrus the younger.
another), to flit. fiip-os, eos, «., a part, Bhare, por-
fiedvffKO), F. fiedOffu, to make drunk, tion, division.
intoxicate. fiep-l^w, F. Iffw, Att. -tw, to divide,
uel^-cov, (iiv, ov, compar. of fiiya^, share, distribute, apportion.
greater, larger. fii(j-os, 1], ov [medius), middle ; in
HeipoLKi-ov, ov, n., dimin.from /jieTpa^, the middle ; middling, moderate.
a boy, lad, stripling. /j.€<TT-6s, "f), 6v, full, filled with,
fieip'aKlcTK-os, ov, m., a lad, boy, sated ; wearied.
youth. ixeri, prep., governing accus., gen.,
fielpo/xai, aor. ifipiopov, p. ^/nfiopa, among,
arid dat., in the midst of,
to receive as one's due ; be allot- between into the midst of after.
; ;
ted. In perf. and pluperf. pass, It governs the dat. in poetry only.
etfiaprai, and etjiapro, it is al- fiera^dWii), to throw round; change,
lotted, destined, fated. alter ; turn back.
lie\ayxo\(i(i), to be melancholy-mad. Herdka/ipdvu (see Xa/ipdvw), to re-
\i.iKa.s, fiiXaiva, pi.i\av, black, dark, ceive a share of, partake ; assume.
obscure. fxera^^, adv. {/ierd), in the midst of,
fiAet, impers., it is for a care; it between ;meanwhile, whilst.
concerns {est curce mihi.) /leTaTripLTTUf, to send one after an-
\i-iKi; jJ-fKiT-os, 11., honey. other : mid. to send for one, sum-
y-iXiTT-a, [or-ffffa,) rjs, /., a bee mon.
[apis.) HeroLKiio, to change one's residence,
MeXtrai-os, a, ov, Maltese : from remove.
McX^TTj, Malta. /lerpidTTji, fJLerpi&rTjT-os, /., modera-
fiiXXu, F. /xeW-^ffu, aor. unth double tion, the middle course, temper-
augment, rj/j,{\\r](Ta, to be about ance.
to do, purpose ; to delay, loiter. fierplon, adv., moderately, temper-
/ii\-oi, eos, a limb, member
«., ately ; enough.
also a song, strain, music. fj.-^,
adv., not (in dependent clauses,
(jLiixvTjiiai., p. pass, of lUfiv^ffKU, to and in independent clauses giving
remember, (which see.) a command; hence, with imperat.
fii/jLipofiai, F. /j.ifi\l/onai, to blame, and subjunct. :) also a conj. lest, —
find fault with, complain of. that not, whether.
fiiv, conj. adv., [responded to by S^,) firiî (neque), nor, neither; not even.
in the first place, on the one hand /xTjSety, fjLrjSe/ila, fir)S^v {fj.r]Si, eh),
h fiiv, the one ; 6 5^, the other not even one, no one, none.
some
01 iiiv, ; ol S^, others. firjSiTTco, adv., nor as yet; not as
MevAd-oj, ov, m., Menelaus, hus- yet by no means.
;
band of Helen, and king of Lace- fi-flKicn-os, ri, ov {jirJKOi, length),

daamon. supcrl. of fiaKpSs, longest, tallest
Miviirir-oi, ov, m., Menippus, a Cynic as an adv., in the highest degree.
philosopher. fi^\-ov, ov, n. {malum), an a])ple ; a
(lim-oi, adv., certainly, indeed, as- fruit-tree. t4 firjXa {mdla), the
suredly for that matter. cheeks.
fxivu, r. fi€vS), aor. ffieiva (Lat. fi-^v, adv. (vera), indeed, truly, in
maneo), to stand fast, remain, sooth, verily.
abide. fiT^v, nt/v-Ss, m., a month; themiwn.
Hijn-y^, fji-tinyy-oi, /., a membrane ;

ftSv-oi, rj, or, alone, only, solitary.
the membrane of the brain. fwpfioXvKei-oi', ov, n., a hobgoblin,
H-qTrip, /tip-pAs, /. (see p. 28), a bugbear.
mother. /iiffX-os, ov, TO. or/., a young shoot:
fuip-6s, a, OP, stained, defiled, pol- hence, oflfepring ; a calf, a young
luted, filthy: as a aubsL, worth- bull, a heifer.
lesswretch. Moi/<r-a, »;i,/.. The Muse, goddess of
Mi5-a9, ov, m., Midas, a king of music, poetry, &c. There were
Phrjgia. nine Muses.
fiiKfhds, d, 6v, small, little, tiny, fUMaiKwi, (ufr., musically; elegantly.
irapd fUKp6v, nearly, almost. fiOxOvp-ii} <^ ^"j subject to hard-
fufurr)<iKW, F. yjrffffw, to remind, re- ship, distressed, afflicted, wretched;
call to one's memory : mid. more troublesome.
usual : p. pass, aspres., fj.i)jjrrifj.cu, fwX^-ii, oO, m., a lever, crow-bar,
I remember : subjunct. fUfwufiai bar, or bolt.
opt. fu/JLVT^fir]P, or fUfjLyiffniP. fivl-a, as, /., a fly.
fila-id), Tjaw {juaos,
F. hatred], to fjLVKT-^p, fivKTTjpoi, m., the nose : pi.
hate, abhor. the nostrils.
fuffd-6s, ov, wages, pay, hire, re- fivXdiv, fwXQy-os, m., a place for a
ward. mill, a mill-house, a mill.
fivTj/xovevo), to remember, call to fwpi-oi, at, a, ten thousand.
mind ; to remind one. fwpur]^, m., an ant.
fivpfj.r]K-os,
luXp-a, as, /., properly a part or m. (see p. 26), a mouse.
/xCs, /jLV-os,
portion ; hence, one's lot, fate, fiupalvu, to be silly, foolish ; to play
destinr> tke fooL
N
fat, adv., yea, verily, yes, ay. bnte, apportion, assign: mid. to
fd-ds, ov, m., (AU. vetSn see p. 21,) — possess ; inhabit ; enjoy ; to feed
a dwelling; especially, z. temple. or tend cattle.
favdyi-u, -fiau, to be shipwrecked; peiryafi-os, or, op, newly married.
to go to ruin. yi-os, a, op, also -os, -os, -op, young,
vaSJs, yedis, /., a ship. new, fresh.
va&r-Tis, ov (navta), m., a seaman, peoAKiu, to haul up a ship on land.
sailor; a voyager by sea. vewvTjT-os, OS, OP, newly bought.
vedvL-as, ov, m., a young man, youth. peiis, P€w, m. (see p. 21, art. 9),
vidvlffK-os, ov, m., a youth, a young Attic form of pobs, a temple.
man {under forty). p(urrep-os, a, op, compar. of pios,
Net\-oj, ov, m., the Nile. younger, more fresh, more recent.
r€Kpix-6s, Tj, bv, belonging to the dead. p^, affirmative adv., used in assevera-
V€KpcnrofjLir-bs, 6s, 6v,conducting the tions; as, VT] Ala, "by Zeus."
dead; ghost-conductor. Kijxi-oj, a. OP, also -os, -os, -op, not
V€Kp-bs, ov, m., a dead body, corpse. speaking (infant); »'.«., very young:
riKTap, viKTap-os, n., nectar, the hence, childish, sUly.
drink of the gods. 'Stiprjts, ISrjpTjtd-os, /., a Nereid, sea
'SefU-d, aj, /., Nemea, a town and nymph.
forest in Argolis. rd 'S^fiea, n.pl., PTJff-os, ov, an island.
f.,
the Xemcan games. piK-dbi, -lieu, to conqoer, prevail,
viiui, F. veiM, aor. iveifia, to dlstri-- gain, win.
vIk-ti, 17s, /., victory, conquest, supe- voffi-u, fjffu), to be sick, to ail, suffei
riority. from disease {v6(ros).
Nrc-os, ov, /., Nineveh. voOs, gen. vov, m., (eontr. for vbos,)
vo/i-evs, ^wj, m., a sliepherd, herds- the mind.
man. a bride; a nymph.
vv/xcp-Tj, 775, /.,
vofi-Tj, Tji, /., pasture, food, (like vvfKpL-os, a, ov, marriageable: as a

fo/xAs.) subst., a bridegroom, husband.
vofjLiû}, F. vofxiaw, Alt. vofiiQ, to vvv, adv., now, at this very time
regard as a custom; to believe, [nunc),
think, suppose, consider; acknow- vvv, now; well now, (the now of
ledge. sequence;) then, thereupon.
v6fj.-os, ov, TO., a usage, custom, law; vv^, vvKT-bs, f. [nox), night, dark-
but vofibs, pasture. ness.
f6-os, ov, m. (contr. vov^), the mind, ywxeX i^y, 175, h, moving slowly,
head, intellect, reason. sluggish, dull.
âlvui, F. âvC), to scratch; comb, êvo(f>wv (see p. 30), Xenophon, a

card. distinguished Athenian, famed as
âvdiinr-T], r]s,f., Xantippe, wife of a philosopher, writer, and mili-
Socrates. tary commander.
iâv9-6s, yellow, auburn, fair,
•)}, 6v, ^rjp-6s, d, 6v, dry, dried up, withered,
blonde applied to hair).
(as parehed.
^€vi-a, as, /., hospitality; the right ^l<p-os, eos, n., a sword.
of hospitinm, as between states or ^vKov, ov, n., wood, timber a piece ;
individuals. of wood.
^cvoKpdT-7}s, eos [ovs), Xenocrates, ^vvovaL-a, or avvovaia, as, /., a
a pliilosopher. friendly meeting ; intercourse ;
^^v-os, ov, a guest-friend, stran-
in., society.
ger ; also a host, entertainer. ^vp-6v, ov, n., a razor.
o
6, 7), t6, tlie article this, the. (See olda, I know; a jierf. vnlTi pres. sig-
p. 21.) nification. (See elSov, dMvon,

6ô\-6s, ov, m., an obol, a coin worth and Irregular Verbs.)
about three-halfpence. olKh--7js, ov, TO., an inmate of one's
oyK-do/iai, rjôîai, to bray (like an house ; a house-servant, domestic,
ass). Comjjare d-onk-ey. menial, slave.
6S-6s, ov, /., a way, path, road ; ex- old-a, as,/., a house, abode; house-
pedition ; way or means. hold, &c.
ddovs, 6d6vT-os, TO., a tooth. oIkISc-ov, ov, n., dimin. from otKot,
ddvpo/xai, to wail, mourn, lament. a little house.
'05v(T<T-e\js, iws, Ulysses, king of of/cot, adv., at home [domi).
Ithaca (fiodie, Theaki). oTk-os, ov, TO., a house, dwelling.
&d€v (utide), adv., whence, from ot/xai, contr. for oto/xai.
whence; from whom, &c. oiixwy-il, ^y, /., weeping and wailiug.
olfuiû, F. ol/juaôfuu, to wail, la- dveiS-li'u, F. Iffu, to cast reproaches

ment, pity. on one ; revile, reproach, upbraid.
olfoi, ov, m., wine. dvbnifu, dvfyru, 2
F. aor. mid
otyoxf>-os, ov, m., pouring out wine or uvdfirjv, opt. ovalfjLijv,
ujvi/lfir]v,
cup-hcarer. to profit, benefit : mid. to have

<ôficu, F.oliôfuu, aor. ifffiiff, to .the advantage of, be a gainer.
suppose, consider, judge. Svofta, dv6/jM,T-oi, n,, name; fame,
ot-oi, a, ov, such as [gudli^ ; of reputation.
what sort. ovo/Ji-dl^ti}, F. -dffo3, to name; address
oT-oi, tj, o», alone, only. by name.
Oir-ij, 17s, /., Oilta, a mountain in 6vos, ov, m. andyi, an ass.
Thessaly. 6^60vft-os, 01, ov, quick-tempered,
oixo/JLat, F. olxôfuu, imperf. ifiX' passionate, irascible.
6fiTlv, to be gone ; to have gone 6|-iJs, eta, 1/, sharp, pointed ; acute,
to die. (of pungent, (in taste;)
pain;)
6\idpL-os, oj, ov, destructive, deadly, hasty, passionate; swift
fatal. 6{(5xoX-os, OS, ov, quick to anger,
6\iy-os, 17, ov, few, little, small. passionate.
oXicds, 6Xxdd-o;, /., a ship of burthen, inrlau, adv., behind, backwards, (of
a merchantman. place ;) hereafter, (of time ;) again,
S\-os, rj, ov, whole, perfect, complete. oxot-os, a, av, of what kind or qua-
SKws, adv., wholly, altogether ; in lity [qxtalis).
short. ot6c-os, 17, ov (suofj, how many; as
'OXi/îridy, 'OXi;;xirid5-os, f., an in- many as.
habitant of Olympos ; a goddess inrT-axii, ijffw, to roast, broil ; fry
in pL the contests at the Olympic bake,
games. ({(rroiuu), F. Sjpofuu, I shall see.
'0/xr]p-os, ov, m., Homer. (See 6pdu.)
6/itX-ew, ^w, to be together ; asso- Srui, conj., how, in what way; so
ciate with, mix with. that ; when, as soon as.
dfiyvfu, F. dfwvftai, P. dfttlifioKa, to bp6.(j3, imperf. iuipuiv, F. 6ij/0fMU, P.
swear, affirm by oath. ewpdjca and edpdxa, pass. aor.
ofwyev--^s, ^j, is, of the same family, <S<pdT]v, p. pass, ewpafuu and
akin. H/ji/juu, to see, look at, observe;
Sfjioi-os, a, ov, like, resembling, simi- think; understand.
lar ; common. (5/ry-tfw, F. Iffu, Alt. -iw, to make
ofxoius, adv., in like manner, simi- angry, irritate, provoke : mid. be
larly. angry.
6fi6v€Kp-os, OS, ov, companion in dpOQs, adv., right ; safe, well ; truly,
death, fellow-gho<t. really.
b/jLirrexy-oi, os, ov, of the same art or op-lû, -lau, Att. -lu [5pos, a bound-
cratt.fellow-workman. ary), to set a limit, separate from;
OS, ov, voting with,
ifi6:f'r]<p-oi, sid- to bound, determine, define.
ing with being a party to.
; 6pfi-du, •ij<r&>, to set in motion ; urge
'Ofup£K-ri, rjs, /., Omphale, queen of on, excite: intrans. to hurry,
Lydia. rush ; set out ; make an effort
f. , an unripe grape.
6fx<j>a^, ifjLipaK-os, 6pv€-ov, ov, n., = 6pvii, a bird.
ivap, n., used in nam. and acctis. flpws, 6pvid-oi, m. or/, (seep. 32), a
sing. only, a dream : the other bird, fowl ;hen omen.;
cases are supplied by 6veipos, 5p-os. COS, rt., a mountain ; hill; cbaiji
with irreg. pi. ovtipara. ofhiiia.
6po<f>-oi, ov, m., a roof. oHkow, adv., not therefore; so not;

Sfrrv^, 6f>Tvy-os, m., a quail. not then ? But ovkovv, therefore,
'Op(p-eOs, ^ws, m., Orpheus. then, accordingly, [losing the nega-
6px-iofiai, F. -^(TOfMi, to dance tive /orce.)
leap, bound. oZv, adv., then, therefore, accord-
8s, ij, 8, relative pron., who, which, ingly, consequently.
that {qui) : 6s, 17, 6v, possessive, oip-6,, as, /., the tail of beasts, birds,
his, her's, its. &c.; (a more general term than
offdKis, and ocaKt, adv., as often as. KipKos, which see.)
6ff-os, 71, ov, how many, how much oCipav-o";, ov, m., heaven, the firma-
[quantus) ; as many as, as much as. ment of heaven.
Sairep, ijirep, Hirep, which very one o5$, (bros, n.,the ear; a handle or
[qui quidem) ; which indeed who ; ear of a jar, &c.
(you must know). oCre {ov ri), and not ; neither, nor.
dari-ov, ov, contr. dcrrovv, pi. dcxria, oStis, oihivos {oil rls), not any one,
contr. (Jcrra, a bone. no one. .4s proper name, Odris,
Saris, ^Tis, 8ti (written sometimes 8, accus. oUtiv, Nobody, Noman.
i), gen. ovrivos, ijcmvos, &c., Att. oCtos, avTT] TovTo (see p. 57), this
gen. 8tov, whosoever,
dat. 8T(p, {hie), this well known (person.)
whichsoever interrog. who, what.

: ovToai, avT7]l, rovrl {hicce), this man
Srav, adv. (for 8t' &v, i.e., Sre 8.v), here, this identical individual.
whenever, as soon as. ovTu, or ovrus (before a vowel),
fire, adv., when; since; seeing that. adv., in this manner, thus.
8ti, conj., that, because. oiix, adv., not. (See 06.)
oil, adv., ov is used before
not. owe, be in
6(p€l\u}, F. 6<peL\ri(TW, to
consonants, ovk before unaspirated debt for (something), to be under
vowels, and oiix before aspirated an obligation ; to bp bound;
. vowels ; as, ov X^w, ovk idu, oix doomed, destined.
opdu. 6(f)6a,\fi-6s, av, m., the eye.
oiidafiQs, adv., by no means, in no 6(j3-is, ews, m., a serpent, snake.
wise. 5(pXrjfj.a, dtfA-^/xar-os, n., a fine, a
oi)5^ [ov 5^, but not ; and not ; not debt.
even. 6xX-os, ov, m., a crowd of people,
ovdels, oiiSe/ila, oiiS^p [ovS^ ets), not tlie populace, mob.
even one, no one, none. 6\{/-is, ews, /., a sight, appearance,

ovdeiroTe, adv., and not ever, never. vision ; face ; eye-sight.
ovbiiru, adv., and not yet, not as yet. 8\p-ov, ov, n., boiled meat; flesh
OVK, not. (See ov.) (generally) ; anything taken with
oiiKiri,, adv., no more, po further, bread or flesh, as vegetables, fish,
no longer. &p.
n
irci7KaX-os, 7), ov, or -os, -os, -ov, all Ilairiwv, Tlai-fjovos, or Tlaidv, or
beautiful ; all good. llatt.')!', I'ajon, the physician of
raiSev-u, -au, to bring up a child ;
tlie gods.
train, teacli, educate. Trais, iraiS-Ss, vi. or /., a child (boy
iraioiov, ov, n., a young child, little or girl) i
boy, youth j /. a girl, «
child, infant. slave.
ralu, F. vaiffw [vcuiû)], to strike, other's table ; hence, a flatterer,

smite, knock. parasite.
raXa(-6;, d, ov, old, aged, ancient, xaparelvu), to stretch beside ;
pro-
antiqae venerable.
; tract ; extend ; defer.
ira\al<TTp-a, as, /., a palaestra, xaparldrj/ju, to place beside; hold
wrestling school, gymnasium. forth propose intrust.
; ;
rdXiv, a<^v.,back, backwards; again, irapei-d, a.s, f., the cheek.

afresh. xdpeifu (see Irregular Verbs], to be
irdXXtij, to wield, brandish, swing. beside, present, at hand.
TrafXfieyid-T]s, rjs, es, very great. wdpeifu (see Irregular Verbs), to go
Ilav6ir-Ti, rjs, /., Panop^. by, or past ; pass over ; come
Tavovpy-os, oy, ov, ready for any- forward.
thing ; knavish, roguish, vil- xap4x(^ (see ^«), to hold in readi-
lanous, crafty ; up to every- ness ; afford, furnish, supply.
thing. xapdiv-os, ov, f., a maid, maiden.
raw, adv., altogether, entirely. raplyjfu (see Irregular Verbs], to
trap' for irapd. let fall beside ; let pass ; omit,
wa.pd, prep., governing accut., gen., neglect.
and dat. (see p. 34), beside. ndpis, HdpiS-os, and Hdpios, m.,
With accus., along, beside, to Paris, son of Priam.
with gen., from beside, from, by -raploTTifju (see Irregular Verbs], to
means of; with dat., beside, near, place near; present 2>as3. to stand :
at, among. near or by assist. ;
vapa^dWu (see /SctXXu), to throw Hap/ievluv, JIaf. fji.evl(i}v-os, m., Par-

beside, or to ;
give ;
put side by menio, one of the generals of
side, compare ; deliver. Alexander.
irapaylyvofiai (see yiyvofuu), to be xapoUT-7)s, ov, TO., a passer-by, tra-
near ; to be present ; stand by veller, wayfarer.
one, support. Ttdpob-os, ov, f., a way past or
irapd5fia--os, ov, m., a park; pleasure through, passage Tap68(fi, by : h
grounds ;
paradise. the way, in passing.
xapa5i8<i}fu, to hand over, give up, vapotK-iu, i}(rw, to dwell beside, live
deliver ;
grant, bestow. near.
xapd8o^-oi, OS, ov, contrary to ex- ras, raaa, tSlv (see p. 45), all, the
pectation ; strange, incredible. whole, any, every.
irapaKaX-iu, i<jw, to call to one TaffT-bs, ov, m.. a bed-chamber,
send for, invite ; entreat ; exhort irdffxw, F.
xeliroixai., aor. ixdOo*
encourage. [pdti, from patior], p. viwovda,
xapaXafi^dvu, to receive &om an- to suffer, endure to be treated. ;
other ; receive ; undertake. Trardcrffw, xord^w, to beat, knock,

xapakoylôfioi, to calculate wrong; strike, wound.
cheat. TaT-4u), fyrta, to tread, walk tra- ;
vapafiiviis, to stay with, remain, verse ; trample on.

abide. xar-fip, irarpos, (see p. 28), m., a
rapa/jLvdiofuii, to encourage, exhort father : in pi. parents, forefathers.
console, soothe. warpls, iraTpiS-os, /. (patria), one's
wapdrai' (xapA itSj'), adv., altoge- native country, fatherland.
I ther, entirely.
vapairi/xiru,
conduct, convoy
to send past
; despatch.
; escort,
iravw, F. iraiffu, to put an end to,
stop, allay : intrans. and mid. to
cease, give over, desist.
rapdffir-os, os, ov, eating at an- T^5-i7, rjs,
f. (jpe<f»ca), fetters.
(128) 14
204 GKBEK VOCABULARY.
reit-of, ov, n., a plain, a flat coun- irepixô}, F. irepixeQ, to pour round
try. or over ; to spread out.
Teldo), P. jreftrw, 2 aor. ^tI'ôj', to Il€p<Te<p6v-r},
rjs, f. , Persephone [Pro-
persuade, (governs
prevail on, serpine], wife of Hades, and queen
accjis.) in mid. to persuade one's
: of lower world.
self, believe, trust to; obey, lis- Hiparjs, ov, m., Perses. (See p. 14,
ten to, (governs dat.) 5 (2), and p. 16, note.)
veip-a, as, /., a trial, attempt, ex- H4pa7is, ov, m., a Persian. (See p.
jH'i'iment. 16, note.)
veip-do), F. -dad) {hut mid. ireipd- irh-p-a, /., a rock, a ledge of
as,
o/xai more used), to try, attempt, rock while trirpos means a piece
;
strive. of rock, a (small) stone.

iriXay-os, eos, n. [pelagus), the open ttJ, indef., somehow some place, ;
sea, tlie ocean. somewhere interrog. irrj, how,:
viXeK-vs, ews, m., an axe, hatchet. what way whither, where. ;
w^fiiru, P. iripApu}, 1'. iriirop.cpa, to irrpf-^, rjs, /., a fountain, spring,

send ; let go, dismiss. well ; source.
iriv7]s, Tfivrf-os, m., a day-labourer; TT'ffyvvfiL and vriyvioi, P. irijfw, p.
a poor man. iriinjya, to make fast, fix, fasten
wivre, indecl., five. stiffen.
iriireip-os, os, ov, ripe, mellow, ma- irT]S-d, ijcrw, or -i^cropui, to spring,
ture. bound, leap ; throb.
wep-du), -o.(T<i), to force (a passage) HrjXeijs, U.r]\îx)s, m., Peleus, father
tla-ough ;
pass through or over ; of Achilles.
cross ;
penetrate ; reach : hxit v/jXIk-os, 7], ov, how great, how
irepdii}, P. irepa<r(i}, to carry over large, of what size.
sea for sale ; to sell. irrip-a, as, /., a leather pocket, wal-
wepl, prep., governing accus., gen. let, scrip.
and dat, round, about, near;

all w^pucr-is, maiming of the
ews, /.,
concerning. limbs or senses blindness. ;
irepi^dWu), to throw around, sur- TTid^d}, to lay hold of, catch.

round put on, (of clothes, &c.)
;
wLd-os, ov, m., a wine-jar, flagon,
irepiylypofuit, to overcome, surpass, jar.
be over and above remain ; viKpus, adv., from iriKpSs, bitterly,
escape ; survive. severely sadly harshly. ; ;
irepi5-4(i}, ijo-w, to bind round, band- Trf/ieX-i^s, T^s, ^s, fat.

age. vivaKls, TTivaKlS-os, /., a little tablet,
jrept^w, to hold all round, embrace, memorandum-book.
surround, encompass ; hold on xlvci),P. irlo/xai and irioup.ai, p.
by ; surpass. iriwtjJKa, to drink.
HepiKXrjs, TlepiK\4ovi (see'HpaKX^s), TiirpdaKti}, p. vepaffct), viirpaKO, P.
m., Pericles, a celebrated Athen- to sell. (See vepdu, irepdau.)
ian. irivTtj), p. ireaovp-ai., 2 aor. iire<TOV,
wtpifiivbt, to wait for one, await, V. irdwTuiKa, to fall, fall down.
expect. iriffrev-u, au), to trust to, have con-
irepiirXiKu, to fold around, cling to, fidence in, believe ; obey.
embrace. 7ri<rr-6r, tJ, 6v, trustworthy, faithfal,
wepnr60riT-os, os, ov, much longed true.
for, much loved or desired. -d)ff(i}, to make trustworthy,
iTLaT-dd),
rrepL<f)ipo), to carry round or about, confirm faith mid. give mutual :
revolve. pledges ; give security.

GEEEK VOCABULAKY, 206
IIt7Tojc-6», oO, m., Pittacus, one of vo\ifu-os, a, ov [also -ot, -of, -op],
seven wise men of Greece. belonging to war, hostile : ol
nXdrctT, nXdrwjôj, m., Plato. roXifuoi, the enemy.
irXeicT-os, tj, Of, superL of voXvs, v6\efM-os, ov, m., a battle, fight,
most, very much. war.
x\ei (ov, UP, ov, corner, of icokvs, ir6X-is, eus, /., a city; state, re-
more, greater. public.
tXc/c-w, f. v\i^(i), to twine, twist, iroXiV-ijj, ov, m.. a member of the
plait, weave ; devise. body politic, citizen freeman. ;
r\i-<j3, F. -KKevcoiuxL, to sail, travel ToWdxis, adv., many times, often,

bj sea. frequently.
irX^-ciji', uv, ov, for rXeton', (which T6\v6fjLfw.T-os, OS, ov, many-eyed.
see.) roXvs, ToXX^, iroXy (see p. 46),
a blow, stroke ; ca-
ir\yjy-r}, ijj, /., many, (opposed to 6\lyos;) much;
lamity, plague. (Lat plaga.) great. The neut sing, and pi.
v\r,d-oi, cos, n., a great number, are often used as adverbs.
crowd, multitude. UoXviprjfi-os,ov, m., Polj-phemns,
irX^p, adv. or prep., besides, except, one of the Cyclopes, and son of
save ; more than, over, beyond. Neptune.
s-XijTT-w, or v\T)ff<i-<i), F. v\i)û, P. vov-io}, "fiffu, to toil, labour ; be af-
vivX-rjya, to strike ; wound. flicted, distressed.
irXot-oi', ov, n., a ship, merchantman. rovTip-6s, d, 6v, {literaUi/, causing
transport ; boat. pain), painful, hurtful ; worthless,
B-X6-0S, contr. v\o\Js, gen. v\ov, and bad, wicked.
later irXooj (of Zd Declension), a Topev-u), aw, to caase to go, bring,
sailing,voyage. carry: mid. to. go, travel, jour-
irXoi/cri-os, a, ov, wealthy, rich. ney ; sail.
rXoirr-^w, T^ffci), to be rich. TopQp.it-ov, ov, n., a passage over,
xXoirr-ijw, Iffu, Att. -iQ, to make ferry, ferry-boat ; fare for cross-
rich, enrich. ing a ferry.
nXoi>7-wj', JJXo&ruv-oi, m., Pluto, ropdfi-eis, ius, m., a ferryman,
god of nether world. boatman, sailor.
TTvi-bi, F. Tvetjffu, or Tvevaofuu, to T6p6fu-ov, ov, n. (Same as ropd-
blow, breathe. fieiov.)
TvLy-d}, F. Tw'|w, to choke, suffocate, vopipvpU, irop<f>vpl5-os, /., a purple
stifle, drown. robe.
ir6dev, adv., whence ? by what HoaeiSwv, HoceiSwvos, m., Poseidon
means ? how ? [Xeptune), god of the sea.
TPot^ adv., whither (= ywo ; but vrj rdc-oi, 71, OF, (ântus.) of what
= gwi.) TO* x^<"'"5s, to what number ? of what kind ? how
part of earth, (like ubi terrarum.) much ? how great ?
troi-ica, F. rfyru, to make, produce, irorafi-6s, ov, m., a river, stream.
cause, bring to pass.
eflfect, xfire, interrog. when? at what time?
woirfT-^s, ov, m., (Zjferafly, a maker), indef. at some time, once upon a
a poet, writer. time.
Toifji^v, TTOifJiiv-oi, ffi., a herdsman, irfrrepov, interrog. adv. (utrum), whe-
shepherd. ther or no ?
rdfivi-ov, ov, n., a herd of cattle, Torepos, a, ov, whether of the two ?
fli^ck of sheep. {uter.)
Toi-os, a, ov, {f/ualit), of what kind, TT&r-os, ov, m., a drinking, drinking-
of what nature. bout, carousal, rapa rdror, while
206 GREEK VOCABULAEY.
drinking {inter pocula). irorbv irpoffipxofiai, to go to; come for-

tf>dpfx,aKOV, a potion. ward approach.
;
irov, interrog. adv., where? how? As irpocxiTi, adv., moreover, besides.

indef.voi {enclitic), somewhere, irpoff^w, to hold to ; bring near
somehow. give attention to (tt. rbv voOp) :
iro6s, ToS-Ss, m., a foot, leg. mid. to cling to, remain with.
vpayfia, irpdy/xar-oi, n., a thing irpoffO-^K-T], i}s,f., an addition, supple-
done, deed matter, affiiir.
; ment, a douceur, into the bargain.
trpdTT-w, or xpdcrcrw, f. irpdô}, to irpoaKcCK-iii), F. icyu, to call to, sum-
do, work, effect, accomplish. mon, invite ; call to one's help.
vpiirei, impers. {(lecet), it is suitable, TrpooKvv-iw, P. --^ffofiai, to kiss the
it becomes, it is seemly, hand to ; hence, do homage, wor-
vpbr-u), to be distinguished (among ship, adore.
a number), to be manifest; be jrpo(r\ap,^dv(i), receive in addition ;
like; become, beseem. take to one as partner ; acquire.
vpia^v^, wpicr^v-oi, and TrpicTêuii, {irpoabTTTOfiaC), irpoaopdw, irpocbil/o-
an old man, elder ; ambassador. fiai, to look to, behold, see, regard.
Uplafi-os, ov, m., Priam. Trpoffwalû, F. Trpoffwalônai, to
"TTplacxdai, to buy, (2 aor. of uviofiai.) make sport with, joke with, make
Tplv, adv., before, formerly, before game.
that {priusquam.) TrpoawliTTU (see ttIittcS), to fall upon
irpb, prep., governing gen., before (of or against ; attack prostrate one'a ;
place), infront of; before (of self before.

time) by reason of, for, through.
; vpoardTT-u}, or vpocriaata, f.
irpbâr-ov, ov, n., used mostly in 7?^. trpoardûj, to place in a position,
irpoâra, cattle, (especially) sheep. arrange; appoint, enjoin, intrust.
TrpoSldufJU, to give up, betray, aban- Trpoffrldtj/Mi,to put to, add mid, :
don. associate one's self with ; assign.

irpoLKa, adv. (really the accus. of irpoarîpo) (see <pipw), to bring to,
n-pol^, a gift), freely, gratuitously to add, contribute to attach ; ;
{gratis.) approach agree with. ;
vpoKdXv/ifjia, wpoKoK^fifiar-os, n., a irpordTT-b}, or irpordcrau), V. irpo-

veil, curtain, screen; cloak. rdû, to post in front, appoint
irpoKaTaKklv-b), to set one down be- before mid. to take the lead.
:
fore others (at meals) : mid. to vpbrepov, adv., before, sooner, ear-
recline (at meals) in a more hon- lier, {netit. of folloioing.)
ourable place. irpbrep-os, a, ov {irpb), before others;
irpovo-iu, to perceive beforehand, in front of; sooner, earlier.
provide, anticipate. TTpoTi/xdu, to honour specially ;
pre-
rpoTrrjS-du, to spring (forward) before fer esteem highly.
;
others. irpoTpô} (see rp^w), to run for-

vp6s, prep., governing accus., gen., ward ; outrun.
and dat, in front of; from before; vpoCpyov, contr. for irpb fpyov, {lit'
near, at, to, towards, against. erally, for a work or object, t.e.,
rrpocrayopti-u, to address, salute, of service,) useful ; profitable.

accost. trpo(j>ipu, to carry forward, ad-
npocrdirrw, irpoadipio, to fasten to, vance allege ; propose display.
; ;
attach to, append mid. to touch,: vpox(op-4(i3, -fiffu), to go forward, ad-

lay hold on, reach. vance succeed.;
irpba-fipn {dfu, to go), to go towards, irpibrjv, adv., lately; just now; day
advance, approach. before yesterday ; the other day.
GREEK VOCABULARY, 207
rpifipa, or rpifpa, as, /. , the prow ;

irwBdvofiai, F. TfvcofJMi, P. pass.
tore part of the ship, ship's head, rhrvafuu, to ask, inquire ; hear,
bow. learn.
JlpcjTeffCKa-oi, ov, m., Protesilaus, Tvp, Tvp-6s, n. (in pi. rh xvpi, and
the first Greek killed at the siege dat. vvpoh], fire watch-fires. ;
of Troy. irvp-Ss, ov, m., wheat.

rpCrrov, and vrpOra, adv. {neut. sing. vvp-6u}, F. iSi<T(>), to set on fire
and pi. of follotcing), first; in the burn with fire; to fire, (harden
first place [primtirn]. by fire.)
TrpOr-os, rj, ov (Trp6), first, foremost; wppix-^^^t *"• -'''w, to dance the
earliest. war-dance, or Pyrric dance.
TTTipv^, trripvy-os, /., a wing- TTwywu, vdrfuv-os, m., the beard.
TlToi6Sup-os, ov, m., Ptccodortis. vujk-iu), F. --fjab), to exchange, bar-
nToXeât-os, ov, m., Ptolemy. ter; sell.
llvOaySpai, gen. UvOaySpoVy m., itwua, viiifjMT-os, n., a lid, cover.

Pythagoras the philosopher. rtlnrore, adv., at anytime; usually
t6\-i}, yjs, /., a valve or wing (of joined teith a negative.
folding-doors) : usually in pi. the irwj, interrog. adv., how? in what
gates (of a city, as opposed to way ? indef., in any way ; in
Oijpa, a house door). some way, somehow or other.
p4j95-oj, ov, /., a rod, wand, stick. P'flTwp, jt'ffrop-os, m. [rhetor), a pub-
p4.S1.-os, a, ov, {also -os, -os, -ov,) easy; lic speaker, orator ;
pleader.
ready ; obliging. ptfoT6/i-oj, -OS, -01') catting roots
fxfolus, adv., easily; readily. (formedical purposes) ; herb doc-
pdK-os, eos, n.,a rag; ragged garment, tor
;
quack.
p^wv, aw, Tj., pg.oy, compar. oi p(j.dios, plvTW, F. f)lyp(o, to throw, cast, hurl.
more easy. ph, piv-Ss, /., the nose in pi. the :
pevfia, peîfiar-ot, n., astream, river; nostrils.

flood. p6va\-ov, ov, n., a club, cudgel
piu, F. peiffop.a.1., to flow, run, gush. stick.
ffolp-w, F. crapw, to grin {ringt) ; to (TCour-oO, rji, of thyself: a re/fex.

sweep ; clean. pron., on which see p. 56.
cdK-oi, eos, k., a shield. ffeiti), F. ffelffu, to shake; disturb;
ffdvSa\-ov, ov, n., a wooden sole, move to and fro.
sandal ; woman's shoe slipper. ; ffeX-^v-rj, Tit,/; the moon.
aawp-bs, d, bv, «., rotten, putrid êfiiX-rj, ris, /., Semele, mother of
old; filthy. Bacchus.
"LapZavdvSX-os, ov, m., Sardana- <Tepu'-6s, ij, 6p, revered; august;
palus, last king of Assyrian em- holy ; majestic ; digni-
stately,
pire of Nineveh. fied ; proud, haughty.
aarpdir-rjs, ov, m., a satrap; i.e., Sepfi^t-os, ov, m., an inhabitant or
governor of a (Persian) province. native of SerTphus, one of the
ffavrov, contr. for (rcai/roO. Cyclades islands.
a-fjliavrp-ov, ov, n., a seal, a stamp. <77roi'3-t£fw, -cJo-w, or -daofiai, to

îddiv, 2cSQ;>-os, /., Sidon, a city of make haste ; be eager, in earnest
Wioenicia. busy.
Sij/WTT-eivs, m., an inhabitant iias, cirovS-i^, Tjs, /., haste, speed ; zeal
or native of Sinope, a town in anxiety.
Asia Minor, on south shore of (TTa6ix.6s, ov, TO., pi. often, tcl crraO'
Black Sea. fid, a shelter; dwelling; quarters,
usually in p?. to,
arrl-ov, ov, m., crirla, halting-place, or stage.
food made of corn, bread ; vict- oracrt-dfo), f. -dffu, to make a rising;
uals, provisions. rebel, revolt; quarrel; be at vari-
<TiT-os, ov, TO., but in id. ret cira, ance with.
corn ; meal, flour ; bread ; food, ariWu, f. crreXQ, p. iara\Ka, to
provisions. set,place ; get ready ; send dis- ;
ffidnr-du, F. --/lixo/jMi., be silent,

to patch ; start.
keep silence ; not to speak of, jTevayfi-ds, ov, to., groaning; sigh-
keep secret. ing ; wailing.
(TKa<l)l8i-ov, ov, n., a small vessel or ffT^vo) (used in pres. and imperf,
tub ; a little skiff or boat. only), to groan ; lament ; bewail.
ffKi\-os, eos, n., the leg. arep-û, F. -ijcrw, pass, usually <rr^p-
(TKev-os, eoj, n., a vessel or imple- ofiai, to deprive of; bereave of.
ment : in ^;Z. utensils ;

gear, ari(pav-os, ov, m., a wreath, garland;
tackle ; baggage (of an army) fillet ; crown.
stores, &c. (jTi(j>(i}, F. ari-ôi, to surround;
ffKy}v-'fi, rjs, y., a covered place 5 tent; wreathe ; crown.
hut; house. (XTTjO-os, eos, «., the breast ; the
(FKi-d, as, /., a shadow, shade. heart, (as scat of feeling.)
ffKipT-dw, -i^cru, to spring, leap, (TTriK--q, rjs, /, an upright stone, a
bound; frolic about. pillar, post ;
gravestone.
CK\-qp-b%, d, 6v, dry ; hard ;
harsh, (TtoX-tJ, TJs, /., equipment; clothing,
rough, stern. dress a garment, robe.
;
ffKOTT-iCi}, F. (TK^fofiai., P. ^(TKe/JLfJMl (Tt6/JLa, (TT6/xaT-oj, n., the mouth, an
(from look at
ff/c^TTTO/iai), to opening passage, &c.
;
inspect, examine contemplate. ; ffTpaTeiojjjui, and (mpcTeû, to take

Ski5^-7;j, ov, TO., a Scythian. the field; be in active service; act
(TKvXa^, ffKv\aK-os, m. and f., a as a soldier.
young dog, whelp, puppy. (TTparrjy-iu, F. -^<rw, to act a.s a
ffKunrru, f. crKU)iôfj.ai, to ape, (TTparrjyos, or general ; to com-

mimic ; scoff at, jeer, mock ; cut mand.
jokes on. arpaTTiy-bs, ov, to., the leader of an
co^-iu, ijcrw, to say aov, aov [shoo, army ; a general.
shoo) to a bird ; to drive away arpari-d, as,/., an army; squadron;
to shake ; to bustle along, go (military) expedition.
hastily : a6§ei ii 'Apyos, off with <TTpaTu!ir-ri^, ov, to., a soldier.
you to Argos. aTpardired-ov, ov, a camp, en-
n.,
2,6\wp, S6\wj'-os, Solon. TO., campment ; squadron.

tTO<pi(rr--^s, ov, to., a skilled person ; <rrpovOl-ov, ov, «., dimin. of (rrpovdln,
clever man; a teacher; a sophist. a young or little bird ; esjMxiallg
ffo<f>-l)s, T}, 6v, skilled ; clever ; wise a sparrow.

I)rudent ; shrewd. (Ti), ffov, 2d pers. pron. (see p. 64),
nriJXat-ov, ov, n., a cave, grotto, thou.
cavern. ffvyyiypiiffKu, f. ffvyyvdxrofuu, to
GEEEK VOCABULARY. 209
think with, agree with ; yield to, ffvreari-du, F. -dffo}, to entertain in

allow ; confess ; pardon. one's house ; feast along with.
avyyrd)ii-rj, ijy, /., fellow-feeling (Hjpexun, adv. (from adj. awex/p,
with ; allowance ;
pardon. holding together), continuously,
<rvyKaX-iu, F. -iau, to call together, incessantly.
invite. ffvflij/u, or (wIt]/u (see trj/u), to
ffVYxaipa, to rejoice with, congrata- throw together, i.e., conjecture
late. perceive, understand-
ffvyxtap-iu), F. -i}<rw and --fyToiuxL, to awo/jLoXoy-id}, f, •fyru, to confess,
unite; make concessions to agree; ; acknowledge ;
promise.
pardon. {owiTTOfJuu) , awopdu, F. aw6\f'0fuu,
miyXaiJ^dj'U) (see "kanîvu)), to take to see at a glance; survey; be-
along with ; seize, apprehend hold.
comprehend ; assist. <rvpoval-a, oj, /., friendly inter-
ffVfiTXiw, F. <rv/xrXei;<7'o/i«u, to sail course ; sociality ;
geniality.
along with. avrrplû, F. ffwrplyf/w, {con-tun-
ffvfirftffi-ov, ov, n., a drinking-party dere), to bruise, crush, smash,
feast, hanqnet. shatter.
<ru/juf>4pu (see tp^pu], to collect ; con- <n)ppi<x), F. (TvppeiffopLcu, p. <nn^p
tribute ; to agree together ; to ptJTjKO, to flow together, meet,
conduce to, profit. ri <nJ/»- combine.
ipepow. ffv-i, (Tu-ij, m. or/, (see fivs, p. 26),
(TVfupop-d, as, /., an event, chance; a swine, pig, hog, boar, sow.
misfortune, calamity. (TwrrpaTuIrr-iji, ov, m., a fellow-sol-
prep, vnth dat., together with,
<r6v, dier.
with. (See p. 15.) c<pa?p-a, ai, /., a ball, sphere,
awdyu, F. awd^b), to lead or bring globe.
together, collect, assemble. ff^fdXkti), F. atpaXw, 1 aor. iaîriKa,
awoPT-dw, F. -û, to fall in with, to cause stumble or fall ; to
to
meet. foil : pass, to be foDed ; to make
(Twaprd-lû), -ffw, [corriperi\, to seize a mistake, to blunder.
and carry off ; to carry off {/undo), a sling.
<T<p€vS6v-ri, yf!,/.
(TwStaxpdTT-w, (TwSjaT/Kifw, to as- a<f>pay-l^b), r. -lau, Att -t£>, to seal,
sist in performing. stamp, mark.
<rw36/cet (placet), impera., it pleases; <rxp\-d^w, F. -dau, to be at leisure,
it seems good. to have time to do a thing.
avvetdov, 2 aor. of awopdw, to see <rxo\cu(rTU(-6s, 6v, one having lei-
-f),
plainly understand.
; sure an idler a simpleton.
; ;
avveiSoy, 2 aor. of avvoiSa (see dtSa, <rxp\--fi, rp, f., leisure ; rest, ease;
Irregular Verbs), to be conscious, idleness.
convinced of (Twfw, F. ffihffio, to save, rescue,
aiveifu, trwicoiicu, (see elfd), to preserve.
have intercourse with, associate HuKpdr-Tjs, -fo$ (-ow), m., Socrates.
with. ffQfio, ffih/uiT-oi, n., a body, a
avyelpu}, to string together, connect; corpse ; carcass.
continue in discourse. auhos, a, ov, contr. ffwy, a defective
ffweriXa/i^dpu, to lay hold of along adj., safe, sure, certain.
with (some one) to take a hand ; ffurripl-a, os, /., safety, deliverance.
at, assist. ffdxpp-uv, uv, ov, of sound mind
wy^pxofuu (see ipxofuiCj, to come self-controlling, moderate ;
pru-
together, meet; live with. dent, wise.
ri\7]9^s, for rb dXij^^s, the truth, TTn--fi, 7}s,f., worth; honour, esteem
the real thing. worship ; regard.
rapax(iS-i}s, ris, ei, perplexing, con- TLfiup-iui, -fiffU}, to punish, take
fusing. vengeance on.
tcCttw, or Tttcrcrw, f. rrf |w, to arrange, TifjLwpi-a, as,f., revenge, vengeance,
put in order ; draw up ; appoint. punishment.
ravp-os, ov, m., a bull. Tivdffffu, F. tivd^w, to brandish,
rdxicrr-os, >), oi>, superl. of raxiJj, shake cause to quiver.
;
quickest, swiftest, speediest. t/j, indef, some one, any one ; a

adv. neut. offollowing., quickly,
Tttxi^, , certain person. (See p. 33.)
rax'i^y, eto, iJ, swift, quick, fast, rb, inierrog., who ? which ? what ?
speedy, (See p. 33.)
rawy, Taw, m., a peacock, Ti(xaacpipv-7]i, -eos, (-ous), Tissaphcr-
r^, enclitic conj., and. (Lat. g'Me.) nes, a Persian satrap and general.
retx-oy, eoy, n., a wall, (especially rlrpao) and rirpalpu), late forms of
that of a city.) Ttrpalvd}, to bore through, pierce.
riKv-ov, ov, n., a child of&pring. ; TK-fjfji-uv, -uv, -ov, patient ; bold
reXevr-diij, ijcrw, to bring to an end ;
wretched.
to end one's life j to die. Tol (old dai. for t#), adv., there-
tA-oj, eoj, n., an end, limit: as accordingly in truth, truly.
fore, ;
adv., in fine. Toiyapovv, adv., so then assuredly, ;
riixvu), F. re/tw, aor. fre/wp (or ft-o- certainly; wherefore.

/aoi'), to cut, hew, &c. toIpvp, adv., therefore, then; more-
rivwv, t4vovt-os, m., a sinew, muscle, over, furthermore.
repcfcrrios, os, ov, strange, monstrous. TM-ovTos, -a&n), -ovro, ot-ovtop, of
ricaape^, or rirrapes, four. such kind, of such nature.
retpalvu), or rirpdu, F. rpâw, to rotx-oi, ov, m., a wall (of a house or
bore through. court.)
ritft^, rh-Tlf-oi, m., (cicdda,) a To\fid-u), F. ^(Tti), to have the courage
grasshopper. to (do), to dare undertake ; ven- ;
T7]\tK-ovT09, -aijTT], -ovto, of such a ture.

size or age so young.
; ToX/jLrjpl-a, ds, /., boldness.
rriiJLepov, or (ti/ifiepou, adv., this same To\onr6v, adv., for the future; for
day, to-day. the rest accordingly. ;
TfjvLKavra, at this or that time of t6w-os, ov, m., a place, spot (locus);
day ; then, at that time. a passage in a book.
tI, adv., neut. of rls, what ? why ? TOffavtdKis, adv., so many times,
rlOri/u {see Irregular Verbs), to place, so often.
set, fix, settle ; make. TOff-ovros, -airrr}, -oCro, or -ovtop, so
Ti0wv-6s, ov, m., Tithonus, brother much ; so great ; so numerous.
of Priam. T&re, adv., at that time, then.
tIktu, f. T^fw, aor. ireKOP, to bring ToSpo/jLa, contr. for t6 6pofia, the
forth, beget, procure. name.
rfWu), F. TiKC), aor.
irlXa, (Lat. Tpdlrt^-a, i;s, /., a table ; dining-
vellico), to pluck, pull, pluck out. tablc.
Tifi-io), -fiau, to honour, reverence, Tpau/xaTl-as, ov, m., a wounded man.
worship ; value. rpdxv^-ot, ov, TO., the throat, nock.
rpdx-^, «a, i5, rough, rugged rpoirur-fip, TpoTurrTJp-oi, m., a thole-

harsh ; savage. strap ; an oar-loop, or twisted
Tpeis, TpeTs, rpla, three. (See p. 53.) leathern thong, which fastened
rphru), F. 2 aor. itparoy,
Tpi\j/(>), the oars to the thole.
p. rirpoipa, to turn, alter ; rout Tpo<f>--f], rfi, f., food, nutriment
mid. and pass, turn one's self to. rearing.
Tp4<f>(i), F. 6pi\l/(i), p. th-po<f>a, to Tpo<p-6s, ov, TO. and /., a rearer,
make solid, i.e., to thicken ; hence, feeder, nurse.
to fatten, nourish, feed. Tpi^SKi-ov, ov, n., a cup, bowL
rp^d), F. dp^ôfjuu, or dpafiovpuu, rpC^di, (used only in pres. and I'wi-
2 aor. (SpafjLor, to ran, hasten, perf.,) to make a low murmuring

hurry. noise, to murmur, buzz sing. ;
rplû, F. rpit(/u, to rub, thrash, rpwt>--fi, rp, /., softness ; luxury

grind ; wear down ; spend. effeminacy ; conceit.
rplôjv, rpiûv-oi, m., a worn gar- Tpwds, TpwdS-os, ./., the district
ment, a threadbare cloak or robe. around Troy ; The Troad.
rpiTjp-ijs, Tji, ej [rph, and 4p«), triply Tpuryu, F. rpdiô/juu, aor. frpayow,
equipped ; hence, as a fern, tubst. to chew, gnaw (as herbivorous
i) rpi-fipTji (scil. paCs), a trireme, animals.)
or ship with three banks of oars. riryx«t*'w, F. reiôfuu, aor. (rvxof,
rpls, ado, (rpcit), three times. upon happen upon
to hit, hit ;
Tplr-of, ij, Of, third. meet by chance ; gain.

Tpol-a, oj, /., Troy, The Troad. Tv«f>\-6s, ^ 6t', blind dark ob- ; ;
Tp&rtu-OP, ov, n., (tropceum,) atrophy. scure.

rpSr-ot, ov, m., [rpiiru,) a turn, Tv<f>\-6co, F. c&ru, to m&ke blind,
way, means ; direction ; turn of deprive of sight.
mind, disposition.
ir^piû, F. -lu, and i^pioOfjuu, to inteiffiprxppLoi, to come in by stealth,

act insolently towards; to oat- to come in unawares.
rage, insult inrevayrlop, adv., neut. of adj. virer-
v^p-is, ewj, /., violence ; insolence avrloi, in opposition to, on the
outrage. contrary.
v^piffT-iqi, an overbearing vrip, prep., with cuxus. and gen.,
ou, TO.,
person, an insolent man. over, above ; beyond, across
iJ7(et-o, a», /., health, soundness of for the sake of.
body or of mind. inrip-a, as,/., [vrip,) usually in ^.,
iiyi-î, -fis, 4s, healthy, sound, strong, the uppermost ropes ; the main-
hearty. sail brace.
vSp-oi, ov, m., a water-serpent. vrepfK-rlvtii, r. -rlffu, p. -rh-ixa, to
vScijp, vSar-oj, n., water. pay on behalf of another ; to pay
vi-6i, ov, TO., There is a
a son. for.
form, vUoi in the gen., vUT in the ^^P^PXPl'^h to pass over, go be-
dat, &c., as if from a nom., vlevt- yond; exceed.
'^'Vi Vh f-1 * wood, forest timber. ; [vrep&irronaCi, vrepopdw, P. vrtp-
hvi-frxys, F. irripô}, to begin; to ixj/ofjuu, to overlook, let pass;
begin to exist, i.e., arise, be; to despise, slight.
belong to. vTiporyKoi, OS, OP, exceedingly swol-
len ; large, very great ; very im- {nroKpiT--fis, ov, m. an actor a di*- , ;
portant. sembler, hypocrite.

{nrepxaipt^, to rejoice exceedingly. viroXafi^dvo), to take up; answer,
inn)peal- a, as, f., a sliip's crew reply engage ; suppose. ;
hard service assistance, attend-

; \nrop.iv(j}, to remain behind ; endure,
ance obedience.
; bear; hold out, persevere.
vir-iper-icj, F. -i^ffu}, to do service uiropLifj.v^<TKU, F. inroiiv^ffii), to re-
for, work for ; aid, serve, assist. mind, recollect, remember.
V7r7]ph--7]s, ov, m.,a rower, seaman; inroTrvly'j), to choke, suffocate
labourer ; servant, attendant. drown.
inrL(TXviop,ai, F. iroaxi^crofiai, to vtrorapdrTCi), or -cffO}, F. {nrorapdû,
undertake, promise, engage. to stir up an under-current of
viTP-oi, ov, m., sleep. trouble; to trouble a little, dis-
V7r6, prep., with accus., towards and turb : pass, to be somewhat
under, beneath gen. from under, : troubled.
by: dat. under, beneath. F. {nroiffu, to bear up
viro(p^po},
viroôXi/jial-os, a, ov, substituted by undergo, sustain; endure, suffer.
stealth ; supposititious, counter- varepov, adv. {neut. of adj. vorepot),
feit. afterwards, at length after, too ;
inroSixofô-h iiroSiô/jiai, to receive late.

kindly ; give ear to, listen to v^', for inr6, under.
promise. vipair\-6(>), F. -dxTO), to spread out
{iiro^L-ov, ov, n., a beast of burden beneath ; unfold.
or draught. vfr]\-6s, i}, 6v, lofty, high.
^
(paydip, 2 aor. part, of icdlw, to eat. <j>CK-i(j), F. -ijata, to love, regard.
(paivo), F. (pavQ, aor. Itpriva, to (piXl-a, ai, /., love, affection, friend-
bring to light, show, exhibit ship.
mid. and pass, to appear, seem. ^[Xitrir-os, ov, m., Philip.
(f>aK-7J, Tjs, /., a dish of lentils pulse; ;
(piXdKaX-oi, OS, ov, loving the beau-
porridge. tiful ; an admirer of the fair.
<f>a.vep-6s, d, 6p, open, clear, visible, (piKoKivSOvcos, adv., in a foolhardy
manifest, evident. way, in a venturesome way.
(papp-aK-eus, ^wj, m., a medicine (pCX-os, 1), ov, loved, dear; friendly:
vendor sorcerer poisoner.
; ;
as suhst. a friend.
^dppMK-ov, ov, n., a drug, medicine, as, /., love of learning;
<f>i\ocTO(f>l-a,
poison. study, philosophy.

<f>d(TKU), strengthened form of (l>ripJ,, (plXrar-os, superl. of 0fXos, most be-
to say, assert ; affirm. loved, dearest.
(ftipu, F. olffu, 1 aor. ijveyKa, 2 aor. <j)\^^, (pXe^-ds,/. (sometimes m.), a
ijveyKOV, P. iirffVOXO; to bear, vein.
carry ; bring. (piXvapSta, to talk nonsense, play the
(pe&yu, p. <pe^ô/jLai, 2 aor. i<pvyov, fool, trifle : ri xpXvapovv, for
to flee away, run. <f>Xvapiov, neut. oi pres. j)art.
TJS, /., (fama,) a rumour, say-
4>'^/Ji-7), (j)o^-itj), F. i}(r«, to frighten, scare,
ing, voice, report ; speech. terrify.

pripj., p. ipT^ffb) (see Irregular Verbs), <f>op-iw, F. -fjiTU), to bear, carry, wear.
to say, speak, declare. <p6pT-os, ov, m.,a load, cargo, burden.
i>pâp, (fipiar-oi, n., a well, cistern <f>v\dTr(i},or -ffffu, P. ipvXdû, to

pit. guard, watch, protect.
^pov-4w, F. -i}<rw, to think, consider, ^{iKk-oy, ov, n., a leaf inpL leaves, :
reflect. foliage.
i>pi/^, #/)iry-6s, nam. pi. ^pvyes, m. <p6a-ij, tun, /., nature, essence;
or/., a Phrygian. shape ; constitution.
(pvyds, (pvydS-os, m. or. /., a fugi- <l>uv-ri, fi$, f., sound, voice, report.
tive, exile. (f><tjvTiTiK-bs, suited for speaking;
i), bv,
<pvy--q, ijs, /., flight, banishment, able to speak.
exile. (fniip, (fxap-ht, m. {/«r), a thief, smug-
î/XaK-i}, rjs, /., watching, guarding; gler.

a garrison ; a prison. tpQs, contr. for tpioi, n., light ; de-
*yXd«-os, a, of, of or belonging to liverance; joy.
Phylace.
Xatptfivet-o, aj, f., Clueronea, a X^Xt-ot, at, a, one thousand.

town in Boeotia. Xi-Twv, x'Twiôj, "»•, an upper robe,
Xoip<^, ^- X*'/"}<''<^> ^° rejoice, be frock, mantle ; coat of mail.
glad. Xtw*", X'^'''<'S, /•> snow.
yâlr-jf, iji, /., long hair ; a horse's xXaî, xâfjLvS-oi, f., a cloak,
or lion's mane; foliage (of trees). mantle, or cape military cloak. ;
XciKLV-6%, ov, m. {pi. sometimes, tA X^pr-oj, ov, m., an enclosed place

XoXivi, n.), a bridle, bit, reins. {hortus) ; feeding-ground ; fodder,
Xnpt-ftJ, -fffffo, -e» (see p. 44), grass, hay.
graceful, beautiful, elegant. Xpdofuii, inf. xp^ff^tt*, to use, put
Xaptiyrus, adv. (xopfetj), becoming- in force ; experience.
ly, decorously ; gracefully. Xpi}, impers., it is fated, it is ne-
Xapllôfiat, F. âptoCyuat, to gratify. cessary ; it behoves ; one must
XcipiJ, X'^P'-'^'^^t f-1 S^'^î favour, TCPVfJ^ XP^fMT-oi, {xpdofiaii, n.
kindness; service; delight. a thing that one needs ; a thing,
Xdpuv-oi, m., Charon, ferry-
'S.dpwv, matter, aflair : in pi. goods ;
man of the Styx. money ; property.
Xaw-6(j}, F. -dxTw, to make loose XP^<TifJi-oi, f), ov, (also OS, OS, ov,)
render proud, puflF up. useful, serviceable ; fit, proper.
XeiX-oj, eos, n., the lip. Xpbv-os, ou,m., time ; a period, season.
Xftfidiv, x«î«j'-oj, m., a storm XpiJce-os, o, ov, contr. xP^<^''^f °^
winter. ovv, made of gold, golden ; gold-
^^^ hand.
X^l'P, X^'-P'^î f-1 coloured.
XfipoTov-û, -â, to stretch out the Xpv<ri-ov, ov, n., dimin. from follow-
hand (in voting), to vote. ing, a piece of gold, gold ; a gold
XeXZStiv, xf^'5<i'ôs, /•» * swallow. coin; money.
X^/X-i}, î, /., a horse's hoof ; a claw, Xpvff-bt, ov, m., gold ;
gold coin
a talon. money.
XV", XV-^î »«• or /., a goose, gan- Xyrp-a, OS, f
an earthen pot, jar.
.
der. Xwpfs, (1.) adv., separately; apart:

XVP-<'h «*> /•» * widow. (2.) As a prep, yrith gen., with-
X^^, adv., yesterday. out ; &r from.

214 OKEEK VOOABULAXY.
âi5-w, P. \{'ai5-<rw, to touch, graze, spirits of the dead to the lower

handle reach ; gain.
; world.
}j/6(p-os, ov,m., a.n inarticulate sound,; ipvx-'fi, v^,/; hreatb, life; soul, spirit.
noise, crash, din. f&X,-o3, F. yp^ô, to blow ; to cool, re-
^vxaywy-iu, f. -iiffw, to conduct the fresh, revive ; to chill, dry up.
Q
u5, intetj., (of address), I (of sur- iLv-ioiMi, P. --^(To/iai, to buy, pur-
prise or pain), ah woe's (me.)
1 chase.
(bSls, ciSTj'-oj, /., pain of child-birth, (i-6v, ov, n,{pvum], an egg.
pang, throe. up-a, aj, /. {hora), a season ; time
lifc-i^y, €?a, 6, swift, fleet, rapid of day, hour ; nick of time ; time
keen. of life; age.
(hfi6\w-ov, ov, n., raw flax ; coarse toj, conj., as {ut); that (^Mod)
linen ; a barber's towel or shoul- w'y, adv., thus {sic.)
der-cloth. (Sffvep, adv., as, even as, just as.
«5/t-os, ov, m., the shoulder (and upper woTf, adv., like as, just as, so that
arm, =humerus.) Also the shoul- wherefore.
der of a beast, =
armus. Cirxp-bi, d, (>p, pale, wtn, bloodless.
ENGLISH TOCABULARY.
A (a certain), ris. Ambassador, T/)€(r/3-i5s, 4us, m.

About (around), xepl (occjm., gen., Among, iv, with dat.
and dat.) : about (on both sides), Anchor, iyicip-a, as,/.
i/jiip^ {accus., gen., and dat.) And, Kol [ri, U.)
Action, Ipy-ov, n. : before we take Apple, HTJk-ov, ov, n.
action, irpb fpyov. Aristippus, ' AploTirir-oi, ov, m.
Admire, Bavfidl^-u}. iyafiai. Army, rrpdrevfia, tos, n. ; ffrparl-a,
Advise, ôvXev-u, ôvXeôftcu. OS, /.
Against, eij {accus.) ; ixl and xphz, Arrange, rdrru, or rdaffu; F. rdû
{accus.) Artaxerxes, 'Apra^^p^-iis, ov, m.
Air, 6.-fip, iip-oi, m. (the lower air, Ass, 6vos, ov, m. or/.
properly) ; alOi^p, alOip-oi, (the At, irl {dat.) ; ip {dat.)
upper air.) Athena {Minerva), 'AOrjv-a, as,/.
All, every, tSj, retro, toi' ; ^to;, Athens, 'A^^p-ot, uv, pi. /
ATafro, Sltov. Athenian, ' Adifvai-os, ov, m. ;
pL
Along (parallel to), irapi, (accus.) ol 'XdT]v<uoi, the Athenians.
Along with, ffiv [dat.) ; /icrd (yen.) Ayt&j (from), (1x6 {gen.)
Altar, pufi-is, ov, at.
B
Bad, KaK-6s, "fi, bv. Before, (».«., previous to, or in
Ball, a<paip-a, as, /. front of,) vpb {gen.)
Barber, Kovp-eis, Itas, m. Beg oflf (for one's own satisfaction),
Barley, Kpid--^, ijs, /. iâiri-ofioi.
Battle, fidxv, vs, /• Believe, rurre6-u {dot.) ; xelO-opuu,
Be, ApX ylyvofixii.
;
{dat or accus., and in/.)
Bear, ipicr-os, ov, m. or /. Beside, trapd {dat.)
Beard, irwyuv, irwyutv-os, m. ;
yipei- Bite, SdiO'w ; F. Sriôfiai ; 2 aor,
ov, ov, n. ISaKov.
Beast (wild), 6^p, 6Tjp-bs,m.; 0T]pL-oy. Black, /iâs, aiva, av. (See p. 45.)
ov, n.: beast of burden, vroli'ijyt-op. Blessings, dyaO-d, Civ, n.
Beautiful, Kd\-6s, -fi, bv, x«P^-"s> Boar, ffvs, av-bs, m. ; Kdvp-os, ov, m.
€aaa, ev. Boat, (floating vessel, generally,)
Because of, Ii^ko {jen.) ; 5id {gen.) ir\o1-ov, ov, n. ; <iKa<f>-ls, L5os, /. \
Becomingly, e5; vpeirbvTUS. <jKd{.-ov, ov, n. ; aKaip-r), -qs, /

216 ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
Body, awfj.a, awpLaT-os, n. Bright, Xa/jLTrp-hs, d, 6v.

Hook, î^Xl-ov, ov, n.; /3t/3X-os, ov,f. Broad, evp-ijs, e?a, v.
Both, coHJ., ri; botli —and, /cat Brother, dSe\<f>-6s, ov, m.
Kdi; Kal — t4; ri— ri. Bull, ravp-os, ov, m.; /SoOs, /3o-6i, m.
Boy, irais, 7raiS-6s, m. Burn, Kalo} ; P. Kaij<T(i).
Brt:ad (wheateii), &pr-os, ov, m. ;

Bushy (shaggy), Saa-vs, eta, i5; also,
(barley), fxd^-a, or /tSf-a, ris, f. thickly wooded.
Bridge, y^<pvp-a, as, f. But, dXXcC, 5^.
c
Cable, (cdX-ws, AcdX-w, m. (Seep. 21.) City, TrAX-ts, v6X-eus, f. ; dar-v,
Cake, p-d^-a, or fid^-a, tjs, /. ; irKaK- &<TT-eos, n.
ovs, TrKaKovvT-os, m.; irdiravov, n. Cloak, xXap.is, "xXapid^-os, f. rpl- ;
Call on (invoke), KoK-iw, iaoi. §u}v, Tplô)v-os, m,, a tliread-baro

Carefully, iwip-ekCos, adv. ; atrov- cloak.
Saiios, ado. Company (i.e., in company with),
Carry, ^^pw, Kopi^w. companionship, ffvvovala.
crOy :
Cast, plwTw, /SdXXw. Consult (i.e., take counsel \vith any-

Catch, alpiia; 2 aor. et\ov: \ap.- — body), ôvXeiJCt) ; more frcquculhj,
/Savw; 2 aor. Oâfiov. mid., §ovXevop.ai [ireptj, or avp.-
Cauldron, Xi^rjs, \i^7}T-<n, m. ôvXevop-ai tlvl wepl twos.
Cavahy, i] ittttos, oi iTrweis. Cottage, aKTi]v-i], ijs,
f. ;
koXij^t],
Certain (a),T/s; (sure, firm), /3e/3a(- or, Vhf-
a, ou. Counsel (take counsel). (See Con-
Chamber. (See Room.) sidt, above.)
Chase (in hunting), d-fip-a, as,/. Court-yard, avX--fi, r,s, f. the king's :
Chase (to), SidiKU. court or palace, aZ âaiXiws Oupai,

Cheek, irapei-d, as, /. Crane, yipav-os, ov, m.
Cliest (breast), arrjO-os, eos, n. Crop (to), Kelpoj.
Chest (i.e., box), O-qK-t), •t)s,f.\ KiôfT- Cup, <pid\-7], ijs, /.; KvXi^, K>jXiK-os,
6s, ov,f. ; \dpva^, XdpvaK-os, f. /.; KiiweXX-ov, ov, n.
Child (son or daughter), irais (in- ;
Cut, Kelp-w, rip-uoj.
fant), TraiSl-ov, ov, n. ; fipicp-os, Cutlass, p.dxo.ip-a, as, /. ; f/^-oj,
eos, n. eos, n.
Citizen, iroXir-rjs, ov, m. Cyrus, Kvp-os, ov, m.
D
Daughter, Ovydrrip, dvyarp 6s, / ;
Dense (of a wood, &c.), Saa-vs, ela,^
Kop-v, Vhf- Descend, Karaâlv-w.
Day, rjiiip-a, as, f. ; (Sp-a, as, f. Desire (wish), iO^Xu), or 6iX u.
Deaf, KU}<f)-6s, tJ, ov. Desire (order), KeXev-u.
Dear, <piX-os, r], ov ^t'Xt-os, a, ov,
;
Dinner, 5f7'rrv-ov, ov, n.
or OS, OS, ov. Doctor (i)liysician), l2Tp-6s, ov, m.
Death, Odvar-os, ov, m. Door, Ovp a, as, f-
Deep, âO-vs, eta, 6. Down (from), Kara, with <jen.
Deliberate, ôvXev-w, jiovXev-op.at,. Dry, ^Tjp OS, d, 6v.
ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 217
E
Each, ?/ca<rT-oj, rj, oy. Enemy, voXiû-os, ov, m. ix6p-ot, ;
Eagle, der-os, ov, m. ov, m.

Eat, iadiu ; of herbivorous animals, Every, vas, vaaa, Trav,
rpdydj, usually. Expose, iicTidr]iu.
Educate, iratSeii-u. Eye, 6<p6oLkiJ.-6s, ov, in. J/x/ui, <5>i-
;
Egg, d)-6v, ov, n. Ha.T-os, n.

Empty, Kev-b%, ij, ov.
F
Faithful, TWT-6s, i}, ov ; dXij^-ijs, For my, thy, his, her, our, &c.,
•/is, ^j ;
/3^/3ai-os, o, oj*, or os, ov. part, fi^v in the first clause, fol-
Fall-into position, KaOiffTafiai. lowed by 5^ in the second (and
Farmer, yewpy-os, ov, m. succeeding ones, if necessary).
Father, irarrip, warp-os, m. For, (motion towards,) els, with
Ferocious, 6.ypt-o$, a, ov, and os, accus.; e.g., he sets out for Greece,
OS, ov (hp.-6i, Tq, 6v.
; i.e., to Greece.
Field, ayp-6s, ov, m. ôrce, S^vafjL-is, ews, /.
Fierce, dypi-os, a, ov. Forest, vk-r], tjs, f.
Find, evpl(TK-w. Fore-part (of ship), vpi^p-a, as,/.
Five, irivre. Fox, dXwvT}^, &X(lnreK-os, f.
Floor (thrashing), &\us, &\u, f. Friend, 0tX-os, ov, m.
(See p. 21.) Friendly, îX-os, r), ov; (f>t\i-os, a,
Flow, pt<i3, pevaopMi. ov, or OS, OS, ov.
Fly, (ivl-a, as, /. From (beside), dir6, or irapd.
Foolish, VTjTTi-os, a, ov ; fj.u}p-6s, d, From (out of), iK, or f|.
ov; or fjLup- OS, a, ov.
G
Garden, if^r-os, oi*, m.; ^dpr-os, ov, Good, d7a^-6s, 17, ov.
m. Goods, TO. dyaOd.
Garment (of poverty), ^dx-os, eos, n. Goose, XV"} XV-^h "*• or/.
Gate, tiJX-t;, 97$, /. Government, dpx-% '^Sj /
Gazelle, Sop/cds, Sop/cdS-os, /. Grant, SiSwfu.
General, (rrparriy-bs, ov, m. Great haste — in or with great baste,
Giant, yiyas, 'fly'avr-os, m. ffiiv iroXX^ airovS^.
Girl, K6p-Tj, rjs,

f. Great, p-âs, pieydX-i), \iiya.
Give, didw/jLi. Greece. 'EXXds, 'EXXdS-os, /.
Give back, dTo5t5w/u. Greek, 'EXXt/ii, "EXXT^y-os, m.
Glory, 56$-a, r)s,
f. Groom, lvitOK6p.-os, ov, m.
God, 6e-6s, ov, m. Guard, tpvXd-rT-u, or ijaw; F. ^v\-
Goddess, de-d, as,/. d^w.
H
ITabit, fff-os, eoy, n. Himself, iavrov, contr. airrod. (See
Hair, k6/j.-t], tjs, f. ; Opi^, rpix-6%, /• p. 56.)
Hand, xîp, X^'-P'^'h /• His, her,its, their, &c., expressed
Harbour, \i/j,-^v, \ip.iu-oi, m. hj gc7i.

oi airr-6i, iKeiv-os, iavr-oS
Hare, Xa7-t6j, Xa7-ciJ, ot. (when referring to the subject).
Haste, a-irovd-Tj, ^s, /. The article often serves as a,posse8-
He, avT-6s, gen. ov, m., (but in this sive pronoun.
sense only in the oblique cases); Hit, Ti/iTT-w; /9(iX\-w (to hit with
iKelv-os, 6Se, (when he is empha- something thrown).
tic, like ille); and the article 6. Honej, fiiXi, fi{kiT-o$, n.
(See p. 56.) Horse, tirir-o^, ov, m. and/.
Head, KeKpoK-ii, Ijs, f. Horseman, lirir-evs, ius, m. ; o»
Hear, dKouu, (with accus. of tJdng IvireTs, cavalry.
heard, and gen. of person frovi House, ol/c-or, on, m.; olKl-a, as, /.;
tvJiom.) S6fj.-os, ov, m. [domus).
Here, ivOdSe, ivravOa, Hunt, didiKU, drjpeû, Orjpdu.
Herself, eavrTJs. Husbandman, 7ew/)7-6[, ov, m.; dpdr-
High, v\f/T]X-6s, i}, 6p. 77s, ov, m.
Hut, <TKriv-i], 71%, f.; Ka\6p-rj, r)s, /.
I& J
I, iyd). (See p. 54.) Infantry, Trcf-oi, wv, m.; rb ireîKdv.
Ignorant (unlearned), dfiaO-'^s, -qs, Inscription, ypdfj./xaT-a, uv, n. ;
pi.
is: (inexperienced), dirup-os, os, of ypdnfia, a letter.
ov ; vf)Tn-os, os, ov, or os, a, ov. Into, els, with accus.
In, iv, with dat. Island, vT}(X-os, ov, f.
Indeed, (I, indeed; i.e., I, for my Itself, kavT-ov, avr-ov, n.
part,) iyu fiiv: fiTiv; d-q. Jackal, 6(Iis, Ou-ds, m.
Infant, iratSl-ov, ov, «.; ^pi(f)-os, eos, Javelin, /3 A-os, eos, n. ; iraKr-bv, ov, n-
«.; vr]iri-os. Judge, KpiT'-^s, ov, m.
K
Key, jcXefs, xXetS-is, /., [clavis.) \
King, /SoatXci^ ; iva^.
Lacedaimonian, AaKe8atya6n-os, oi',»i. Large, fiiyai. (Sec p. 46.)

Land, 7^, 7^j, /. dyp-bs, ov, m. (a
; Law, m.
vd/x-os, ov,
piece of land for tillage). Learning, awpl-a, os, /.
Land [verb], trans. iKî^dtu, i^dyu, Leave, Xe/irw.
d7ro/3t/3dfa> intrans. to go on
: Let go, X(ya> let alone, iiw.
;
shore, iKâlveiv, diroâlveiv, with Letter (of the alphabet), ypd/tfta,

rrjs veilis sometimes added, and Tos, n.; aroixî-ov, ov, n.: epistle,
sometimes els tt]v yrjv. hrtaroX-fj, rjs, f.
ENGLISH VOCABFLAEY. 219
Liberty, ikevOepl-a, as, f. rj,oy, in the accus. in expressions

Light, (not he&Tj,) Kovip-oi, 17, op. of time ; as. CXrjw t^v Kf/icro, th«
JAao (of troops), rd^-is, eon, f. live-long night.
Lion, \iiiiv, \ioirr-ot, m. Loaf, iproi, ov, m.
Lioness, Xôtv-a, rji, /. Long, fiaKp-6s, £, 6v.
Lip, xctX-oj, eof, n. Lycurgus, SMKOvpyos, ov, m.
Live-long, Toy, xo^ro, rar, or JXoj,
M
Maiden, K6p-ri, »/f, /. Midnight: about midnight, rept
Xlajority (the), ol roWol. fUffas viicrai.
Make laws, rldi}fu vSfiovs. Month, y.riv, ftijv-os, m.
Man, dydptiTT-os, ov, m. ; di^p, Moon, <reXî'-i7, 171, /.
dj'5/>-6j, m. Mother, fiifnip, firfrp-oi, f.
Mane, X'*^''"''?) '7', /. Mountain, 6p-os, eoi, n.
Many, xoXX-of, a/, d. Mouse, fivt, fw-6i, m.
Master, SfaTdr-ij^, ov, m. Much, ToXi/j, toXXt}, roXi. (See
Meadow, Xec/u&p, Xet/wSv-or, wi. p. 46.)
Merchantman (ship), oKxtis, dXxdS- Muse, MoO<r-a, iji, /.
My, my own, ifi-is, -fi, bw ; or gen.
fUM, ifioS, ifMvr-m), i)t, ov.
N
Narrow, artp-hi, ij, 6i». Nightingale, irfiiSv, &r)Z6p-os, f.
Near, iy^, adv. ; rXrjalov, adv. Nine, bmia.
also irapd, with <2a^ or accus. Not, oil {ovK, oirx^ in definite clauses,
,
Neck, auxn", avxiv-oi, m. ; t/x£- and those stating facts. With im-
jperativea, with indefinite clauses,
Night, nii, yvicr-is, f. : by night, and with clauses expressing doubt,
yvKrSi. IJL-il is used.
o
Of, (about,) vefA: of, (out of,) U: Only {adj., agreeing with noun),
of, (made of,) (k. Of is generally fJMv-oi, ij, op: only {adv.), /x^ror.
expressed by the gen. of a svbst., Order, bid, command, KeXev-u.
without say prep. Our, TifUrep-ot, a, op, or gen. of
Old, TaXa(-6;, d, 60: old-man, ftpb»v, pers. pron., ijfiQp. Often not ex-
yipovT-os, m. pressed at all, when it is very
Old-woman, ypavs, ypa-bs, /. evident to whom " our, my, hit,'"
On, (of place,) iv, with dat.; irt, &c., refer. The article shows
with gen.: on, (signifying time), sufficientlythe meaning, and
ir, or simply dative case; as, h becomes equal to a possessive.
Ty rplriQ rjfUpif., on the third day. (See His.)
One, els, jda, Iv. Out of, îc, or i^.
(128)
15
Palace, <iS\-fi, ^s, /.; âalXei-a, uv, Port, \ipA)v, \ip.iv-ot, m.

n. pi: Portion, p.ip-os, eoj, n.
Pale, wxp-ii, d, 6p "KevK-ds,
; -fj, 6v. Position, —
to fall into position, kolO-
Parched, (7]p-6s, d, 6v. Irra/ioi.
Parent, 7ov-ei5s, ^ws, m. or/. Post one's self, KaOlarafiai.
Part, flip- OS, COS, n. Priest, Up-eis, iois, m.
Pay, flier d- OS, ov, m. Prison, ^vXaK-'^, rjs,
f. ; Sea-fi-ol, (av,
Peacock, ra-cDj, ra-w, m. m. pi.
Perses, IUpcr-Tjs, ov; voc. HipaT]. Prophet, ndvT-is, eus, m.
Persian, Il4p<r-r]s, ov; voc. Il^pcra. Province, dpx-^t V^> /•
Persuade, irdO-u. Prow, irpifip-a, as, f.
Pillar, kIuv, kLov-os, m.; a tomb- Prudence, (ro<pl-a, as, f. ;
<pp6vr)ff-is,
stone, crrrjK-Tj, tjs, /. ecas, f. ',

ff(i}(f>po(T6v-r), rjs, f.
Plain, ireSi-ov, ov, n. Purse, wfjp-a, as, /.; §aXdvTi-ov (or
Plait, irXiK-w, /SaXXctJ^joj'), on, n.
Plato,nXdrup, HXdruv-os, m. Pursue, SidsKO).
Ploughman, 6.p&r--qs, ov, w,' Put-in-prison, jSciXXw, or diSw/ii, eh
Poet, TToiTjT -^s, ov, m. <f>v\aK-f)v.
Poor, TTTwx-ij. >}, iv. Put- in -position, (of troops), KaO-
Poplar, atyeip-os, ou, f. lffT1)/U.
Q
Queen, /So(rO|«-a, as,/.; but/3o(rtX- 1 Quickly, raxv, tox^wj, adv.; 3t4
«/a uaeans sovereign power. I rdxovs dvb rdxovs.
;
R
Razor, ^vp-6v, ov, n. Robe (of wealth), cloak, jâpujs,
Remain, fiivu. XXa/ti5S-os,/.: (of poverty), rpl^tav.
Return, (give back,) AiroSiSufii. (See Cloak.)
Review, iîraxr-is, eus, /. Rod, fid^d-os, ov, f.
Review, hold a review, noiet-
i.e., Room (upper), ivdry-ewv, ivd/y-tu,
<r6ai iîraatp. n.; inrep(fi-ov, ov, n.
Revolt, d/piTTtitu. Rope (cable), kciX-ws, KdX-w, m.
Rich, ir\oiai-os, a, ov 6\pi-os, a, ov.
; Rule, /3a<rtXei/u fipx^ (in active)
;
Ride, lirireuu, Kpariu, (the last two governing

Kiver, norafjirSs, ov, m. gen. or dat.)
lioad, way, journey, 68-6s, ov, /. Run, did}; t/j^w, f. S/ia/uoC/tcu.
s
Safety, ffumipl-a, as, f. Sailor, vadr-r^s, ov, m.
Sail, irX^w; F. wXeiJa-oynot, (or TrXeiJ- Same (the), 6 avr-bs, -fj, 6, contr.
Ota.) a,vT6s, avri}, ravrb, or Tairrov.
ENGLISH VOCABULAEY. 221
Savage, iypi-oi, o, ov. Slay, KTetvu, drorrc&w.

Say, X^w. Sling, ff<p€pS6p-rj, 171, /. : to sling,
Scut (tail of hare), xipK-oi, ov, f. o'0«'5oi'(£-w.
Scythian, S/n5tf-7;j, ov, m. Small, /xiKp-6s, d, op.
Sea, sea-shore, OdXarT'O, or -aaa, Smooth, Xer-o?, a, op.
gen. rjs, /• by land and sea, ical
: Snow, x"^**! X'^*^*", /.
KoriL yijv Kal /cord dSKarrap. Socrates, ^wKpdr-rjs, eos, contr.
See, /SX/irw, optfw. ovs, m.
Sell,rw\4o}. Soldier, <rrpaTiuT-Tjs, ov, m. : heavy-
Send, (rrfXXw, AtootAXw, jriparu. armed soldier, oxXTr-ijs, ou.
Send for (to one's self), /nerariftr Some, tIs, tIs, tI.
roficu. Some tL
(kind), tIs, tIs,
Serpent, 6<p-is, 6<p-ebyi, m. Somewhere, xov (encUtie.)
Servant, xnrijpir-Tjs, ov, m.; oiKir-rji, Son, vl-6s, ov, m.
ov, m,; Oepdrup, Oepd-rorr-os, m.; Speak, (speak of,) X^«.
Sfjuln, Sfiii>-6s, m. (xan in prose.) Stafii Paicnjpl-a, as, /.; pdfiS-os, ov,
Set free, XiJw. f. wand, small stafll)
(a
Seven, Irrd. Stalk, (towalk in a stately manner,)
Shaggy, Sac-is, eto, tf; X<f<rt-oj, o, âSljâ, F. paSiovfuu aoîw. ;
OP and X(£<ri-oj, os, op.

; Stand, (cause to stand,) trrrjfu ;
Sharp, 6^v$, eto, 6 (of anything jKrf., t<rn]Ka, ils jtres. "I stand."
instrament, pain, person, &c) Stay, ftdpu.
Shave, Keipu, droKelpa, ^vpdu, or Steep, 6p0i-os, a, oi*; or 6p9i-os, os, op.
Step, ^Tj/xa, ^-quaT-os, n. (steps 01
Shear, dTOKetpw, Kelpu. stairs, &c.) ; txp-os, eos, n.
Sheep (a), otj, ol-6i, m. or/. Stick, p<£/35-os, ov, f. ; paxTrjpl-a,
Shepherd, Totff^p, TOip-ip-os, m.
Shield, dcrirls, dcvlbos. f. Stone, \ld-os, ov, m.
Ship, vavi, pedis, ; /
t\m-op, ov, n. Strike, tvtto}, /3<£XXw.
Silver, Apyvp-os, ov, m. : made of Swallow, xeXtSaK, xeX{54r-oi, /
silver, dpyvpe-os, a, or, contr. Sweet, yXvK-ih, eia, A.
dpyvpovs, a, oOi'. Swift, ibK-vs, CMt, i5; tox-i5s, ««», A.
Six, tl Sword, ^l<lyos, eos, n.; ftdxatp-a,
Slave, 5oCX-oj, ov, m. as, f.
Table, rpaxet-a, 17J, /• Their. (See His.)

Tail, oi'p-d, as, / ; xipK-os, ov, f. Thick, rax-^t e'la, i5 ; Saa-vs, e'ia,
Take, Xafi^dvw, alpica. i, (shaggy.)
Take counsel (deliberate), ôvXeio- Thief, K\irT-r]s, ov, m. ; kXw^,
flat. KKuir-bs, m. ; <pd'p, <fxitp-6s, m.
Take the crpaTeOonat.
field, Third, rplr-os, 17, op.
Taste, yevop.ai,, with gen. Thirty, Tpt&Kovra.
Teach, hibdaKu, raideiu. This, these, oxiros, avrq, tovto
Temple, va-6s, ov, m.; pews, peii, m. (For pi. see p. 57.)
Ten, 3^<ca. Thorn, &Kap0-a, rjs, f.
Tent, ffKr)v--fi, ijs, f. Thou, otJ. (See p. 54.)
Tenth. SfKar-oj, n, op. Thousand, x^'Ot, x^^-**. X^-<^
The, i, ij, t6. Thrashing-floor, SXus, S\u, /.
Through, Sid, with gen. Tooth, iSoiJ?, 6S6vr-oi, to.

Throw, ftliTTU, /SctXXw, tr)fu. Torch, Xafiirdi, \afivdS-ot, f.
Tissaphernes, 'Siffiraipipv-iii, eoj, Towards, els, with accus.
contr. ovs. Town, 7r6X-K, ews, /. ; dirrv, dtareo*,
To, (towards,) els, with accus. : to n.
the side of, up to, irapi, or irp6s, Trireme, rpf^p-rjs, eos, contr. ous, /
with accus. Twenty, ef/coat.
Tongue, yKwTT-a, or y\Ci><T(Ta, rjs, f. Two, Si/o.
U& V
Unyoke, Mia. Very, superl. of adj. ; e.g., very
Up, dvA, with accus. great, fiiyiaros.
Upper (room). (See Soom.) Very much, ^ndXiora, or •B-Xettrroi'.
Used-to, expressed by imperf. ind. of Visible, Srj\-os, r), ov; <pavep-6s, d,

verb ; e.g., f\eye, " used to say." bv.
Venerable, (repiv-bi, i}, bv\ al5i<Tip.-o%, Voice, <f>uv-i^, ^y, /.
OS, ov. Vulture, yuxf/, yvir-'os, m.
w
Waggon, ific^-a, i/j, /. Wing, Trripv^, irripvy-os, f.
Wallet, vfip-a, as, f. Wise, ao(p-bs, i}, bv; auxppwv, m. and
War, iriXe^-os, ov, m. /.; n. ffQ<f>pov; gen. adxppov-os.
Warrior, ripias, !jpu>-os, m.; crrpa- Wish, idOû), 6û, ôffKopMi.
Tn!)T-7)s, ov, m. With, (along with,) ff'uv, with dat.
Wave, Kvpjti, Kijp.aT-os, n. with, (in the midst of, ) yuerd, with
Weapon, /3^-oy, cos, contr. piXovs, gen. With, sign of dat. of the
n. ; 6irX-ov, ov, n. instrument, to be expressed by
Wear, tpop^w. dat. only.
What? ri. Without, prep., Hvev, X'^P^^t "'''î
Where? vov, irij. gen. W
hen meaning outeufe, Ifw.
Which, relative, 6s, -Ij, S. Wolf, Xi5/c-oj, ov, in.
Which, interrog., ris, rls, tI, Woman, yvvr), ywaixos, f.
White, \evK-bs, "f), bv. Wonder at, Oavp.di'w, dya/Mi.
Who, relative, 8s, ij, ; interrog. rls, Wood, ilX-77, rjs, f.
tIs, Word, p.vO-os, ov, m. ; \by-os, ov,
Why? tI, Sid ri. m. iir-os, eos, n.
;
Wicked, xaK-os, >}, bi>; vovijp-bs, d, Worthless, /ca/c-or, »}, bv ; ipavK-os,

by. 7], ov ; ovSevbs dîos.
Wild (beast), 5^/), Orjp-fts, m.; 0ripl-ov, Wound, TiTp{i)(TK<i), /SdXXw.
ov, 71. Wreath, aricpavos, ov, tn.
Wine, otv-os, ov, m. Write, ypacpu.
Xenophon, êvo<pC!>v, rot, wi. (See I Xerxes, 'S,ip^-i)s, ov, ».

p. 30.)
THE DECLENSIONS, &a,
WITH THE CASES IN AN ALTERED ORDER.
PIBST DECLENSION.
flNGTTLAB. DUAL. PLURAL.
(1.) N. auX->7, avX.-d, av\-ai.

a court twocoort& eoDits.
V. auX-17, avK-df avK-aly

Oconrt. two courts. courts.
A. avX-iyv, av\-a, av\-a^f

a comt. two courts. courts.
G. av\-rjs, avX-aiv, av\-a)V,

of a court. of two' courts. of COUTtSL
D. ai5X-p, avX-aiv, aOX-aff,

to or for a eoatt. to or ft>r two courts. to or for oonrta
sntatTLAs. DUAL. PLTTHAL.
(2.) N. & V. (TKi-ay (TKl-d, (TKl-aiy

a shadow. two shadows. shadows.
A. (TKl-dv, (TKl-a, (TKi-aSf

a shadow. two shadowsL shadows
G. (TKi-a^, (TKl-aiV, a-Kl-COVy

of a shadow. of two shadows. of shadows.
D. (TKi-a, (TKl-aiV, (T/Ci-aff,

to or for a shadoir. to or for two shadows, to or for shadowa
PLirUAt..
(3.) N. & V. y\S>rT-a(oT) . ,

COTT-a, y\u)TT-aif
a tongue. two tongues. tongnes.
A, y\wTT-av, yXdoTT-af 'yXa)TT-a9,

G. yXcoTT-r]^, yXu)TT-aiv, y\u)TT-U)V,

of a tongue. of two tongues. tongnes.
D. y\a)TT-ri, yXu)TT-aiv, 'yXcoTT-a/f,

to or for a tongue, to or for two tongues, to or for tonguea
SINQULAR. DUAL. PLURAL.
(4.) N TeXd)v-r}g, TeXc6j/-a, TeXtoj/-at,

a toll collector. two toll collecton. toll collectors.
V. TeXoov-r] TeXu)v-a TeXSiv-ai
A, TeXdov-rjv TeXcov-a reXtoiz-a?
G. reXdav-ov TeXwv-aiv TeXuiv-wv

D. TeXtoi/-»? reXuiv-aiv TeXwv-aig
SECOND DECLENSION.
(1.) N. SovX-oi, masc. , SovX'COf ôvX-oi,

a slave. two slaves. slaves.
V. SovX'C SovX-00 ôvX-oi

A. SovX-ov SovX-co SovX-ovg
G. SovX-ov SovX-oiv SovX-cov
D. SovX-(a SovX-oiv SovX-019
SINQULAB. DUAL. PLURAL.
(2.)N.V.&A. fi^X-ov,}aeut., ixriX-w, /ntjX-a,

an apple. two apples. apples.
G. fii^X-ov IxrjX-olV IxrfX-Oil
D. /ttjJX-y IJ.r]X-OlV H^qX-Oig

FIRST GBEEE KEADEB. 23ft
THE ARTICLE, o, 7, to, the.
gnrGHLAB. DCAU rhujikx,

Masc Fem. Kent iltae. Feco. KenL Matr Fem. Kent
«
N. >7 TO TOO Tft) (ra) TO) 01 at Ta
A. TOV -rnv TO TUi TO) (to) TOJ TOV9 Tay TO
G. TOV TrJ9 TOV ToFl/ TCUV TOIV TOOV TbiiV Ta>P
D. T(p T^ TftJ TOIV TOiv TOIV TOt9 Tofy TO?p
ATTIC SECO>T) DECT.F.XSION,

SrSOCLAR. DCAU PLITRAL.
N. & V. Xay-wi, masc, Xay-eo, \ay-(pt

• bare. twohara. haniL
A. Xay-wv \ay-ta \ay-(ai

G. \ay-(0 \ay-wv Xay-wv
D. \ay--a Xay^wv \ay-wg
N. V. & A. ai/<ê-ft)i',neut., avwye-w, avdoye-ti,
an upper ehamber. two upper cbambenk npper chambeim
G. avcoye-oo avcoye-wv avtaye-iov

D. avwye-m avatye-tav avwye-ut^
THIRD DECLENSION.
snrouLAK. DUIX. PLURATt.
N. & V. Xe/yLiojt', masa. Xeiixwv-e, Xe/yuoJv-ey,

a meadow. two meadowa. meadowi.
A. Xeifiuiv-a XeifJ.(£V-€ XeifiS>v-a^
G. Xeifxojv-og Xeifiwu-oiP Xeifitov-w^

D. XeifiMV-i Xeifi(hv-oiv Xeifxlo-a-i
sraacLAB. DUAL. PLURAL.

N. & V. ^/XB-y, jjpco-e T]pO}-€S
ahera twohavea. heroes.
A. TjpOD-a = nfx^ iJp(i>-€ T}pa}-as
G. tjpoo-oi ripda-OlV Tjpui-tav
D. ^p(0-t iipw-oiv i}p-<Tl

226 FIRST GKEEK READER.
SINOULAR. DUAL. PLCRAL.
N. iXû-i, masc, ixOu-e, ixOu -e? = ix0v9t

a fish. two fishes. fishes.
V. 1x66 lyQv-e ixOv -e? = ixOvs

A. IxOv-v l-^Qv-e lx6u--a? = t^^yy
G. i^Pv-os ixOu-oiv ixOv -0)V
D. lx0v-t IxQv-oiv ixOv -(Tl
SIKaULAB. VVAh. PLURAL.
N. &V. rrroijui^p, masc, iroifiev-e, TTOifiev-ef,

a shepherd. two shepherdi. shepherds.
A. TTOijuev-a TTOi/uLev-e TTOifiev-ai
G. TTOt/UieV-OS TTOllXeV-OlV TTOljUieV-MV
D. TTOlfieV-l iroiixiv-oiv TTOifxe-a-
N. avrjp , masc, auSpCi avSp-e^f

a man = Latin, vir. two men. men.
V. avep avSp-e avSp-eq

A. av-S- pa (for avepa) auSp-€ avSp-ag
G. av-S- pos avSp-oiv avSp-cov
D. av-S- pi avSp-oiv avSpd-(ri
SINGUtAB. DVAU PLURAL.
N. & V. 1S,€vo(l)wv, masc,

Xenophon.
A. 'iE!t€vo(f)U)t>T-a
G. 'i3,evo(b(iovT-og
J). 'êvo(puivr-i
N. V. & A. crw/ua, neut.; ,

(rco/J.aT-€, (ru)fiaT-a,
a body. two bodies. bodies.
G, croofxaT-o? (TW/UidT-OlV arcouaT-<eu
D. crcofiaT-i a-cofiar-oii' (Ta>jJLa-(Ti

FIBST GREEK RHATHTR. 227
SI5Gin,AK. DUAIb FLITRAU
N. & V. opvi^, m. ( or f., opvi6-€ opviO-eSf

a bird or fowl two birds. birdi
A. opvi6-a,OTopvtv 6pvi6-e opvi6-ag

G. opvi6-09 6pvi6-c<iv 6pvlQ-<av
D. OpVlB-L opvlO-oiv opvi-<ri
SI50ULAB. VVlh. PLCUAL.
N. /j.avTi-9, masc., fidvre-e, fiavre-es = fxavreif,

• prophet or seer. two prophet* prophets.
V. fldvTl uavre-e fiavre-e^ = fxairreig

A. fiavTi-v fxavre-e fiavT€-as = fiavreig
G. fidvre-co^ fxavre-oiv /J.dvT€-0)V
D. fidvT€H = fidvrei fiavre-oiv fiaVTihO-l
BIK0OT.A1t. SCAL.
N.V.&A. T€iy(0-^, neut. reiê-e = Tet^'/.

awalL two wallai
G. TCi'ê-os = T€l-^0V9 T€fê-OlV = TCfÔlV

T). re/ê-f == T€l-^€l T€l')^€-01V = Tei-)(01V
walla.
G. Tetê-«v = Te/^c
SnroiTLAR. DUAIi. PLXmAL.
/8a<rtXe-ep, -6??,
a kin^ two Unga.
V. âa-iX-ev âa-iXe-e âcrtXe-ep, -€??

A. âaiXe-d j8a<r/Xe-€ âtriXe-d^, -€ig
G. âcriXe-ojg âariXe-oiv âcrtXe-wv
D. 8a(TiXe-i', fiaa-ikel âa-iKi-oiv Baa-iXeva-t
J28 FIEST GREEK READER
ADJECTIVES.
BINGULAR.
Masc. Fein. Nent
N. <r€fiv-6i, o-e/xiz-ij (rejULv-ov
venerable.
V. (T€IJiV-e (reîv-jy a-eixv-ou
A. (refiv-ov o-e/jtiA-jJi/ aefiv-ov

G. crefxv-ov (reiuv-ijg a-ejuv-ov
D. arefiv-w a-efJLp-rj cre/uLv-^
DUAL.
N. V. & A. a-€fiv-u> (Te/ti/-a a-efjiv-u)
G. & D. orefiv-oiv arefiv-oiv
PLURAL.
N. &; V. crefiv-ol (refiv-al a-efiv-d
A. creixv-ovi (refjLv-dg creixv-a
G, arejuLv-wu aeixv-wv (re/xv-wv
D. crejmp-ois aejuLv-ais (refJLu-019
SINGULAR.
Masc. Fem. Nent
N. âp-vs, âp-eia I3ap-v
heavy.
V. /3aî; âp-€ia âp-v

A âp-vv /Sap-eiav âp-v
G. jSap-ioi (3ap-eia^ âp-€09
D. I3ap-€i, -e âp-ela âp-ei, -ei
DUAL.
N. V. & A. âp-ie /Sap-ela jSap-ie

G. & D. âp-€oiv âp-eiaiv /3ap-€oiv
PLURAL.
Masc. Fem. Nent
N. & V. l3ap-€€g, - er? I3ap-€iai âp-ia
A, âp-eas, - €19 âp-eia^ âp-ea
G. âp-etov l3ap-€io)v (3ap-ecov
D. )8a/)-eV/ Bap-€iai9 âp-icri

FIEST GKEEK READEE. 229
8IH0UI.A&.
N. TTOW-IJ TTOX-V
much, many
V. TToX-y xoXX-i; TTOX-J
A. TToX-VV -TTOW-^V TTOX-U
G. TTOW-OV TroXX-tjg TTOXX-OU

D. xoXX-o) TToW-tj 7roXX-c5
PLURAL.
N. & V. iroW-oi TToW-al TToXX-a

A. TToXX-ot/y TToXX-a? TToXX-a
G. iroXk-wv TToXX-toJ/ TTOXX-WV
D. TToXK-Oti TToW-aig TToXX-OlS
SISQULAR.
N. fiey-as, /aeyaX-T] fiiy-a

great, large.
V. fiey-a fieyaX-tj (xiy-a

A. fiiy-av fieyaX-rjv fxiy-a
G. fMcyaX-ov /xe-yaX-j/? fxeydX-ov
D. lneyaX-ip /xeydX-^ fjLeyaX-<a
PLURAL.
N. & V. fjLeyaX-oi fxeyaX-ai fieydX-a

A. fjLeyaX-ovg fieyaX-as IJ.eya.X-a
G. IxeyaX-wv fxeydX-wv fieyaX-cov

D. fjLeyaX-o if fxeyaX-aii fieydX-oii
E RELATI VE PRONOUN, Who Which , , That.

SIXGULAR. DUAL. PLURAL.
Masc. Fem. Neut Masc Fem. Neut Muw. Fem. Kent
rf ff rf If t
N. OS V o CO a 0} 01 at a
f rt rf ff ft tt H
A. ov tjv o CO a w ovg a? a
T 9 9
G. o5 r}s OV oiv aiv oiv cov wv cov
•p ? * •p p
D. CO OIV aiv OIV ok; aif oi9
230 FIKST GREEK EEADKR.
THE THREE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

DUAL.
N. VW,
I lego]. we twa we.
A. efJL€f or /te, VCOf

me. na twa us.
G. e/ULOv, or fJLov, PMV,

of me. of US two. of as.
D. ifxoi, or fioi,
to or for me. to or for 08 twa to or for OS.
SIKaiTI.AB. DUAL. PLURAL.

N. OT/, (TÔ),
thou [tu]. you two. you.
A. (re (T(pCO
Q. (ToO arcpwp VfJLWV
D. (To/ (rd)wv VfllV
N. —SINOTTLAR.
(r<peig, they
A. e [se], him.
G. ov [sui]
D. ot [sibi]
BIHO0LAR. D0AL.
Masc. Fem. Neut Fem. Nent
N. OVTOif aUTf} TOUTO TOVTO) (ravTo) tovtco

this.
A. TOVTOV TaVTtJV TOUTO TovTW (ravTo) tovtw

G. TOVTOV TaVTt]S TOVTOV TOVTOIV TttVTaiV TOVTOlt
D. TOVTW TauTrj TOVTW TOVTOIV TaVTatV TOVTOIV
PLURAL.
Masc. Fem. Nent
N. OVTOl avTai TavTa

A. TOVTOVS TavTa9 TOVTa
G. toJtcov TOVTCOV TOVTCOV
D. ToyVot? TavTai9 TOVT019
FORMATION OF THE
TENSES OF GEEEK VERBS.

The following Btiles attempt to account for the formation of all the Tenses
of Begular Verbs. Bat analogy is so often departed from in conjngation, and
dialectic peculiarities so often occur, that it is impoasible to provide for every
irregularity. As many verbs are defective, the student cannot be too ear-
nestly urged to consult a good List of Irregular Greek Verbs, in regard to each.
The principal parts of a Greek verb are

ACTTTB. PASSIVE.
Present, Xuto
Future, XvOâ-ofiai
Future, \vcra>
Perfect, \eXvfxai
Perfect, Xe'Xu/ca
I.— ACTIVE VOICE.

I.-IMPERFECT TENSE.
Rule. —The imperfect active is formed from the
present by prefixing the augment, and changing the
termination -as into -ov ; as,
Xi/o) eXi/oj/
Tvinto erviTTOV
ll.-FUTURE TENSE
1. Rule I. — In verbs not liquid, the future active is
formed from the present by insertiug cr before -w; as,
232 FORMATION OF TENSES.
\va> Xvcroo
ypacpo) ypdy^w
Xeyco \eP(o
2. Rule II. — Liquid verbs do not insert cr; they
only shorten the penult * if it is long, and are de-
clined as contracted forms ; i" as,
imevco fxevca, eff, ei, &c.

CTTreipoD (nrepw, eff, e?, &a
<Paii/(io (pavco, &c.
KpLVM KpXvW, &C.
SPECIAL RULES.
A.. MUTE VERBS.
3. (1.) Before -crw reject r, §, 9, o-, and v',t as, —
avvTO) avv(T(i>
aSco acroo
TrXj/Oft) ttX^ctw
irKaadw, or TrXaTTW TrXctcra)
airevîa (nrela-oo \\
rvTrroo TJ;\|/-to)
voiniQa POfiicrco (Att. vofJLiu))
4. (2.) Many verbs in -cro-w and -^ft) make -^co §
in the future ; as,
* The long penult is shortened by rejecting the latter of two vowels or

consonants ; as, cnrelpo), airepQ ; rif^vtis, re/iio. The variable vowels are
short in the future.
t In the future, -w, -eis, &c., are contracted for -^w, -^«j, &c. ; hence
the circumflex.
J See Appendix, page 153, ii. 10.
II
See note, p. 31.
§ Most of these verbs have stems ending in a guttural ; thus, irpdffffoi
has stem irpay-, and Kpi^w, Kpay-. Hence -{w in the
its future.
AcmvB VOICE. 233
Trpacrcru), or TrpaTTco Trpaâ

-to
Kpdl^co Kpdâ
-to
5. (3.) And some have both -crto and -^w
B. PURE VERBS.
6. (1.) Verbs in -aw, -e'o), -oo?, change the short
vowel into its corresponding long before -a-u) ; as,
TlfiaU) TlfXrjCTUi
(piXew (biXriau)
orjXoco oriXwo'co
7. (2.) Exc. —But some verbs retain the vowel of

the present ; as,
eao) eacroy
yeXdco (yeXdcrw) yeXdaofxai .
TeXeci) TeXe<ra)
apow apocra)
8. (3.) And some in -eu) have both forms ; as,
aiveco alv-eaw, or -jycrw (Epic, &c.)

TTOveta irov-ia-iOf or -âco
9. (4.) Some in -ew make their future in -eJo-w; as,
TTveco Twevcrui
peco (to flow) p€v<T(a
lll.-FIRST AORIST.
1. Rule. —The first aorist active is fonned from

the future by prefixing the augment, and changing
-o) into -a ; as,
* mast be observed that the different forms generally belong to

It
Hence the student must be careful to consult a good
different dialects.
Lexicon, or Lbt of Irregular Greek Verbs.
Xvcrco eXvaa
Tvy^co €TUâ
TijuLtjcroo eTifitjcra
Xe^co eXeâ
2. But in liquid verbs the penult is lengthened
by changing e of the future into ei, and a short
variable vowel into its own long as, ;
fxevM fievo) ejueipa
a-Trelpco (TTrepw ecnreipa

oireXXw crreXS) ecTTeiXa
(paivia (pavo) €(pr]va
TTiaiPOO TTiavoo eTTidva

KplvU) KpCVO) €Kplva
' a/xvvw a/uivpoo ijfivva
3. There are a few first aorists which do not re

tain the characteristic of the future ;
as,—
Sl^CdlJLL Scoa-co eScoKa
TlOtJ/Xl Oiâ-O) eOtjKa
7t}fii t]cro) ^Ka

Also elira {(pfjfju) jjveyKa (cpepco) Ixea (xew)
IV.-FIRST PERFECT.
1. Rule. —The first perfect active is formed from the

future by prefixing the augment (with reduplication),*
and changing -co or -orco into -rKa or -d {i.e., making -ku
from -ft) or -cro), --â from -^co, and -(pa from -y^cci) ; as,
* See p. 62, 11. But it must be remembered that those verbs have
no reduplication which begin (a) with a vowel, {b) with a double conso-
nant, (c) with two consonants, except certain combinations made up of a
mute followed hj a liquid.
Acnvc yoicK. S6
\traXXct) -vpôXw eyj/aXxa
ayyeXXo) ayye\u> f^yyeKKa

(paii'O} (pavw Tre(payKa
Xvo) \v(ra> XeXvKa
irXeKCd 7rXe^(o xexXepâ
TVTTTto Tu\|/-ft) Tervcpa
2. In some verbs the radical vowel t is changed ; as,
(xreXXw crreXcd arroXica

Te'ivta T€vw Teraxa X
TTreipw airepw eairapKa

3. âXkco makes îpKriKa, and yuevo), fie/jLevrjKa.
V.-FIRST PLUPERFECT.
Rule. —The first pluperfect active is formed fix>m
the perfect by changing -a into -eiv, and prefixing the

syllabic augment (when possible) ; as,
XeXf/ca iXcXvKeiv
Tervcba ereTvcpeiv
lyyyeXxa tjyyeXKciv
VI.-SECOND AORIST.B
1. RuLK —The second aorist active is formed
from the simple stem of the verb by prefixing the
augment, and adding the termination -ov ; as,
See p. 154, 12, Appendix.

t This phrase is used merely for convenience, and to agree with
general usage. The simple stem of the verb is foond in the second
aorist (when it exists) ;as, t-\ir-op bnt this is osoaUy strengthened in
:
the present by the insertion of a vowel or consonant The radical vowel

is often changed. See vi., below.
X Some verbs reject p before k ; as reu>w : so also KpUu, xiicpuca.
I The form called the second aorist is found chiefly in those verbs
028) 16
236 FORMATION OP TENSES.
Pres. Simple Stem. 2Aor.
rvTrro) TUTT- ervirov
/3dX\(a /3aX. ejSaXov
XeiTTft) XlTT- eXiTTOu
XajuâvM \a^- eXaôv
\av9dvco XaO- eXaQov
2. Some verbs seem to have had two stems
thus, Tefxvoo has 2 aor. ere/uov and erajULou ; and many
verbs have a, e, i, v, in the aorist, while the present
has J?, ft), 6, €1, ai, I, or eu. See vii. 2, below, with
examples.
VII.-THE SECOND PERFECT.

1. Rule. — Tlie second perfect active is formed
from the simple stem of the verb by prefixing the
augment (with reduplication), and adding the ter-
mination -a ; as,
Pres. Simple Stem. 8 Pert
TVTTTCa TVTT- TCTUTTa

2, Eut the radical vowel is often changed ; viz.,
a, from presents in e or ei, into o ;
a, from presents in f] or ai, into >/
e, from presents in e, or et, or i, into o

I, from presents in ei, into oi.
As,—
^
SepKOjxai eSpaKov SiSopKU
KT€iv(a eKTavov eKTOva
XavOdvoi) (XÔw) eXaOov XeXrjOa
which have no first aorist ; for very few verbs have both tenses. Pure
verbs, as a general rule, have no second aorist also those verbs whosa
;
stem in the second aorist would be the same as in the present e.g., \4yti).
PASSIVE VOICE. 237
ipa'ivu) e(f)dinjv (2 aor. pass.) ireiprjva

TiKTU) ersKOv TeroKa
XeiTTw eXiTTOu XeXonra
VIII.-SECOND PLUPERFECT.
Rule. —The second pluperfect is fomied from the
second perfect by prefixing the augment, and chang-
ing -a into -€iv ; as, Tervrra, erervireiv.
II.— PASSIVE VOICE.

I.-PRESENT.
Rule. —The present passive (and middle) is formed

from the present active by changing -w into -o/xai ; as,
TUTTTO) TVTTTOJJLai
II.-IMPERFECT.
Rule. —The imperfect passive (and middle) is
formed from the present by prefixing the augment,

and changing -/xat into -/J.t]v ; as,
Tvirrofiai eTVTrTOfitjv
Svva/xai eSvvdutjv
lll.-FIRST FUTURE.
1. Rule. —The fii-st future passive is formed from
the future active by changing -co or -a-w into -Orja-o/xai
as, —
ayyeXu) ayyeXdâofiai
\v(T(jo XvOtjcrojuai
*
Tvyôo TucbOrjcrojuai
2. Many verbs insert cr before -6wonji.ai :
(a) Certain pure verbs ; as,
/cXe/ft) K\i.i(r6ri(T0iJ.ai
/cXa/o) icXava-drjcroâL
TeXe'ft) TeXecrO^crofxat
(6) Verbs which reject a consonant (r, S, 9,
cr,
^) in the future active ; t as,
TreiOco Tre/cTft) TreKrOâofxat.
3. Some verbs shorten the last vowel of the

future stem ; as,
alprja-w atpeQrjcroixai
IV.-FIRST AORIST. I
Rule. — Tlie first aorist passive is formed from ^
the first future passive, by prefixing the augment,
and changing -Qna-otxai into -Qriv ; as, —
XvO/iaojuai eXv6r}i/
TvcpOwo/nai eTV(p6>]P
TeXea-O^crofxai ereXecrOijv
SoO^crofxai iSoOijv
TeOrjcrofxai ereOijv
V.-PERFECT.
1. Rule. —The perfect passive is formed from the
• The rules of euphony, p. 153, must be attended to.
t See Appendix, Euphony, p. 153, i. 3.

PASsrvB voicK 239
first future passive, by prefixing the augment (with

reduplication), and rejecting -Otjcro- before -ytiat; * as,
ôv\ev6r/(rofxai l3el3ov\€v/xai
\€i(p6f](T0fJi.ai XeXetyu/iat
2. Exc. —But o- before -Qriaofiai does not always

remain before -fxai ; and some verbs which have not o-
in the future assume it before -fiai (see p. 153,7); as,

fivt]a6t](T0fxai fxe/iti/r]/jiai
cr(a6j](rofi.ai (reaaxTfiai
3. A few verbs lengthen the last vowel of the

future stem ; as,
alpeO^crofiai ^pijfxai
4. In the Attic dialect, v before fi (see p. 154, 13)

is sometimes changed into a- ; thus, irecpav/xai should
become 7re(pafxfxai, but is made irecpacrfMai.
5. The three verbs, TôeVo), rpecpw, and (rrpecpw,

change the vowel of the future stem, making TCTpa/j.-
fiai, TcOpafMfjLai, ecrrpafi/xai.
VI.-THE PLUPERFECT.
Rule —The pluperfect passive is formed from the
perfect passive, by prefixing the augment, and chang-
ing -fxai into -p-rjv', as,
TeTVfifxai ereTVfifjitjv
XeXv/xai iXeXvfirjv
* In declining the perfect passive, the rules of enphonj most be care-

fullj attended to,— viz., p. 153, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; and p. 154, 11,
12, 13. It must further be remarked that, in the terminations -<rBow,
ffOe, -cdcu, -ffdw, -ffOwv, the <r is rejected when another consonant pre-
cedes ; as, TiTV<t>Bo¥, for Tirvwadom.
240 FORMATION OP TENSES.
VII.-SECOND AORIST.
Rule. —The second aorist passive is formed from
the simple stem of the verb, by prefixing the aug-
ment, and adding the termination -fjv ; as,
Pres. Simple Stem. 2 Aor.
VIII.-SECOND FUTURE.*
RuLK —The second future passive is formed from
the simple stem, by adding -i/cro/xat ; as,
Pros. Simple Stem. 2 Fut.
Tl/TTTO) TUTT- TU7r^(T0/J.ai
IX.-THIRD FUTURE, OR PAULO POST FUTURE.

Rule. —The third future passive is formed from
the simple stem, by prefixing the reduplication, and
adding -crojULai ; as,
Xuft) XeXvcrofxai
III.— MIDDLE VOICE.

I.-PRESENT AND IMPERFECT.
[See corresponding tenses of Passive, p. 237]
II.-FUTURE
Rule. —The future middle is formed from the
future active, by changing -w into -ofiai, and in
liquid verbs into -ovjuai ; as,
* The second future is of rare occurrence. See note ||, p. 235.

MIDDLE VOICE. 241
Xuo-to Xva-ofiai
fxevu) fievovfxai
ill-FlRST AORIST.
Rule. —The first aorist middle is formed from
the future middle, by prefixing the augment, and
changing -o/mai into -afirjv ; as,
Tvyôfxai eTir<\raiJ.r]v
Xeôfxai eXe^dfirjv
K.B. —In liquid verbs the penult is lengthened, as

in the first aorist active, which see, p, 234, 2.
IV.-SECOND AORIST.
Rule. —The second aorist middle is formed from
the simple stem, by prefixing the augment, and add-
ing -ofitjv ; as,
Prea. Stem. 9Aor.

XetXft) XlTT- eXlTTOflTJV
[See the Second Aorist Active.]
GENERAL VIEW.
ACTIVE VOICE
Present.— Either simple or strengthened stem.
—From
Imperfect. present ;
prefix augment, and
change -o) into -ov.
Future. —From present ; insert a- before to in pure
and mute verbs ; in liquid verbs shorten the
penult (if long) without insertion of cr.
Aorist I. —From future; prefix augment, and change

-co into -a.
Perfect —From
I. future ; augment (with redupli-
cation), and change -w or -o-m into -Ka or -a.
Pluperfect — From
I. perfect ; augment, and change
-a into -eiv.
Aorist II. —Simple stem, with augment, and termi-

nation -ov.
Perfect II. —From simple stem augment (with ; re-
duplication), and add the termination -a.

Pluperfect II. —^From second perfect ; augment, and
change -a into -€iv.
PASSIVE VOICE.
—
Present. From present active change -w into -ofiai. ;
—
Imperfect. From present augment, and change ;
-fiat into -fitjv.
Future. — From the future active ; change -co or -o-w

into -OfjcrofJLai.
Aorist —From
I, future ; augment, and change
-Otjarofiai into -6t]v.
Perfect. —From future ; augment (with reduplica-

and
tion), reject -drjao- before -/uLai.
—From
Pluperfect. perfect ; augment, and change
-jmai into -fxt]v.
Aorist —From
II. simple stem; augment, and add -tjp
MIDDLE VOICE.
I
—From
Present. present active ; change -w into -ofxai.
Imperfect — From present ; augment, and change

-fjiai into -fjujv.
Future.—From future active ; change -« into -ofiau

GEKEBAL VLKW.
Aorist I. —From future ; augment, and change -oiJ.at
into -a/xrjv [or, add -/xrjv to first aorist active].

Aorist II. —From simple stem ; augment, and add
TABLE
SHOWINQ THE FORMATIONS ACCORDING TO THE PRECEDING SCHEME.
Note, that thoteform* which hteome principal partt, art aUo ffiven, in bolder
type, and xciih a waved line underneath, in the column to which eadi properly
belongs, at being themtelvet derived.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. ACTITE. PASSIVE. MIDDLE.
TUTTTto) T&rroiiM Ti}rro/iot
(Tvrroy
Tvy^w TV(p6t^(ro/xai riôfuu

(rv\pa
TeTV<pa
Tervcba
irerOipfiP
TV(p6i}arofiai
Tervju/xai
TeTV/JLfiai
irerimiriv
Simple Stem.
(rvTOf TVr-fjffO/JMl trvrbiiifv
Tenu^f/OfjLoi
rirwa
h-€T{nrew
244 PURE VERBS.
PURE VERBS-
INDICATIVE. SUBJtjNCTIVK.
Pres. \i5w Xi/w
Imperf. ^vov
Fut. Xi5(r«
>
Aor. \6<TU
•<
Perf. \6\vKa XeXiJxw
Pluperf. iXeMKeif
Pfes. Mo/mi XibJfJMl
Imperf. i\v6iJ.7i»
m Fut. I. \v6-âo/J,ai
>
Aor. iUOrjv XvOQ
1
<
Perf. \^v/uu \e\v/Mipos (3
Pluperf. iXeki/iriP I
Put. III. \{\i(rofiai
Pres. \ionai Ma/uu

Imperf. i\v6fir}v
Fut. \6aofJiai
a
Aor. iXvcrd/JLTiv Xicw/Mi
PURE VERBS. 245
\vM, I loose.
OPTATITB. IMPKKATIVE. IHFISITIVE. PARTICTPLB.
Xi^;u XOe Xveip Xvoiv
XiiTOlfU Xvceiv Xvffuv
\6ffaifu XvffOf Xvaai Xiffas
Xe\iJKOifU XiXvKS XeXvK^vat XeXvKws
\volfJir]v X6ov Xveffdai Xvofievos
\v6riffolfi7iv XvO^ffEcffai Xydriffofievoi
XvOelrjP XMirri Xvdijvcu. XvOdt
XeXv/iivos ett]v XAvffo Xe\6(r0ai XeXu/iA-os
XeXvffol/i'Tjv XeXijo-eadat, XeXvffonevos
Xvot/iriv Ximi Xie(r6ai \v6iJ.€vos
Xtjffeffdai Xvcofievos
XwraifJ.r]P Xv<TCU XvffaaOai Xvffdfievos

246 MUTE VERBS.
MUTE VERBS-
INDtOATIVK. SUBJUNCTIVK.
Pres. riiTTO} TlJjTTCO
Imperf. h-VITTOV
Fut. *Ti;^w [ruirTT^ffw]
Aor, I. iTv\pa [^ri/TTTijo-a] TlJ\f/U

>
Perf. I. *TiTV<pa \T€T6irTr]Ka] TeTi;0W
^ Pluperf. I. * irerijipeiv
Aor. II. irvirov t6iru

Perf. II. * Th-vira TeT&irco
Pluperf. II. * ireriTteiv
Pres. r&TtTOfiai T&trTU/JUU

Imperf. iTVVT6/i7]V
Fut. * Tvcpd'^ffofiai
Aor. I. h'i>(f>6r]v {irvirT-fid-riv] TV(t)65>
^
xa
Perf. th-vfinai [and TeT&irrriiMi] rervfifiipoi d
t Pluperf. h-erCfifiriv
Aor. II. iTijTrr}ti TvirQ

Fut. II. Tvn-^ffOfiat
Fut. III. * T€Tii\f'oiiai
Pres. T&lTTO/iat. T&irrunai

Imperf. irvirrbiiriv
i
p Fut. Tifofuu [Ttrtrrijffo/iot]
a Aor. I. hv^dfirju rij\punai

Aor. II. * iTinr6fir]i> T&irufiai
Note. —Those parts which are not found, or which are used only in
brackets exist, and some of them are more Attic than those of the
MUTE VERBS. 247
ryTTTO), / strike.
OPTATIVE, IMPKBATIVE. ISFISITIVE. PAKTICIPLE.
T&rroifu tiJttoi/ rinrreiv TlJuTWI'
riôi/u TT/êo> nJ^wi'
Tufatfu rvôp rCâi rifas

reriipoi/u, TiTV<pe renxphxu TCTWpiit
T&roifu rim Txnreiv Tvriip
Terôi/u rhmre rennrivat TervTuis
TVTTolnrp> rinrrov TihrTea6ai TVTrSfieyos
Tv<j>dT}ffoliiriv rv<p6^€a0ai TvipdrjiTofieyos
TVipddriv TtKpdrp-i rv<t>0rpnu TV<t>d€Ls
rervfifj-ivos etijv riTv\po Ter{nf>6ai rerv/jLfjLivoi
TVTreii}v Tivrfii TVTTljVai Ti/iret'j
TVTnjaolfiifv TviTTêffOai TwrtaofJiivos
TfTV\polfiy)V TfTVif/eadaL rerV'poiJ.evoi
TVTITolfiriV TVTTOV T&rreffOai Tvrr6yj£P0i
rvfolfii}* Ti^peadcu Twf/6/jLeros
Tvâl/jLijv Tvypat T&if/a<r0<u TV\f/dfj.epos
TVTolnrjv TVTTOV rwicOai Tvirofievos
post-classical times, arc marked with an Oiiterisk. The forms in

regular formiation.
248 MUTE VERBS.
MUTE VERBS-
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNOTIVK.
Pres. tX^/cw irX^Kw

Imperf. iirkeKOV
Fut. fl-X^ty
w Aor. I. iir\€â wXiô}

>•
Perf. TiirXexa. ireTrX^X"
-<1 Pluperf. iTreirXixîv
Aor. II. * îrXaKov nXdKO)

Perf. II. * TriirXaKa ireirXdKU
Pluperf. II. * iireirXdKCiv
Pres. TX4K0fjLat. wX^KU/JXLl
Imperf. iTrX€K6firiv
Fut. TrXex6'fl<ôiiai.
H
> Aor. I. iirXixOw irXexOio
Perf. TTîrXeyfiai ireTXeyfi^yoi (3
t Pluperf. iireirX^Hrjv
Aor. II. iirXdKr]P 7rXa/cw
Fut. II. irXaK-^ffOixaL
Fut. III. irewXiôixai
Pres. ir'KiKO/JLa.t. 7rXiKWfi(n
W Imperf. iTrXeK6fir]i>
Fut. TfX^ôfiai
Aor. I. iirXi^dfirfv TrX^ûfiai
Aor. II. * iirXaK6/JLrjv irXdKWfiat

MUTE VERBS. M9
7rXe/cw, / plait.
OPTATIYB. IMPZaATITB. iinriHiTivB. PARTICIPLE.
rXiKOtfu vXiKe xXiKCiP xXiKVP
rXiioifju rXiêii> xXi^wv

xXiâifu vXiôv tX4î xX^laj
TcxXôt/u x^Xexe xerXexA'cu xexXexi!)i
irXdKoipu irXdiKi rrXaKeiv xXaKtbp

xeirXdKoifu TrbrXaKi reirXaKivcu xexXaKus
T\eKoifJir]» vXiKOU rXiKeffdai xXeKofievoi
TXex^<''oiM'?»' irXex&'^ffeaOai xXex9r}c6fievos

xXex^fti?*' XX^^T/Tt vXexdiiKU xXexOili
veirXeyfiims etrpr x^Xe|o -rerXix^cu xexXejfiivot
irXaKeir]v rXdxTidi TXaKrjvai xXaxeli

vXaKrjaol/l-rjP vXaKTicecdaj. xXaKrjabfJLtvfn
V€TrXe ôlfirjv TeirXiêffdcu xexXe^6ixfvos
TXeKolfi-qv xXiKOV xXiKCffOat xXtK6fievoi
irXeôifj.r]v xXiêadai xXe^fiePos

vXfâlfiip' xX^lat xXiâadai xXe^dftevot
trXaKolfitjp xXaKov xXajciffdaL xXaKbfuvoi
2S0 MUTE VERBS.
MUTE VERBS—
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. rphru) rpdrw

Imperf. h-peirw
Fut. rpi\l/u)
Aor. I. h-p€â Tpitpo

w
>
Perf. I. Tirpocpa [and rirpaiixx] rerpoû
""l
Pluperf. I. iT€rp6<p€iv [or iTeTpd<f)€<,v]
Aor. II. ^rpairov rpd-TU)
Perf. II. * Tirpoira Terpord)
Pluperf. II. * ireTpoTreiv
Pres. Tpivofia.1. Tpiirwfx.at.
Imperf. irpeiroix-qv
Fut. * TpeipO-âofiai
Aor. I. hpiipd-qv Tpe(p0u
Perf. Tirpa/ifiai rerpafifiipos (3
Pluperf. ireTpip-fji-qv
Aor, II. iTpdlTTjV rpairQ

Fut. II. Tpaviicojiai
Fut. III. rerpiypopjui [or T^rpi-']
Pros. Tpiiro/xai Tpîrwfiai
w Imperf. iTpenonrjv
Q Fut. rp4\j/opLai
a
a Aor. I. irpefiUfiv Tpi\f/<t)piai
Aor. II. iTpaironrjy Tpdrrufiat

MTTTX VERBS. S6l
Tpeiro), I turn.
OPTATITK. IMPKRATIVE. ISriKITIVK. PAETICIPLH.
rphroifu rpire rphrup
Tp4^0lfU, rphpev rphf/op

TpiypaifU rphj/ov Tp4^CU, rpiiffas
f rerpoifKlii [or
T€Tp6<pOl/U rirpotpe Ttrpoiftivai
\ TeTpCUffUi']
rpdToifu Tpdxe rpaweip Tpariim

TerpoToifu rirpowe Tcrpovhai TcrpoTtis
Tpi-rolflTJV rpixou TpixeffOcu Tperbiievos
Tpe<pOt)<rol/JiriP Tp€<pdl^€ff6(U Tp€(f>0r]ff6/xa>os
Tp€<p0eirjv Tpi<pOriri Tp€<p6ijpai Tp€(pdeli
TcrpafipLipos etjjp Tirpayj/o TeTpd<f>0ai TerpamUvoi
Tpaxelriv Tpdvi}6i rpwrifvai rpareii

TpaTr)<ro[/i7}P Tparq<rea6cu Tparijcdfuvos
Terpe-'polfirjv TerpdêaBai Terpe^SfJuevos
Tperolfjirjv rpixov TpixfffOai .TperSfievos
TpeôLfi-qv Tpi\fieff$ax TpeTpd/s^voi
Tpf\f/alfir]v Tp4\pat Tphf/turOai Tpe\l>i4i€voi
TpaxolfJLtjv Tparov rpaviaOai Tpaxbfuvos
a28i
17
252 MUTE VERBa
MUTE VERBS—
INDICATIVE. SDBJ0NCTITE.
Pres. velOu irelOu
Imperf. iireidov
Fut. irel<ru
Aor. I. lwei<Ta trdffO}

>
Perf. viireiKa ireirdKO)
< Pluperf. iweirelKeiv
Aor. II. îriOov Tridu
Perf. II. viwoiOa T€Trol0(i)
Pluperf. II. iiretroldetv
Pres. Treldofiai irelOufiai
Imperf. iireiOofiTiv
Fat. I. ireKrO-^jofiai
Aor. I. €weUr6r]P ireiaOu)

^
Perf. rriirei(T/JM,i ireireifffi^vot c5
i
Pluperf. îreireiafirjv
Aor. II. * eiridr)V iriOw
Fut. II. * TnO-f)(TotiaL
Fut. III. * ireirelffo/Mai
Pres. irelSoftai vel$u/jLal
Imperf. iireiOofiriv
s
a
Fut. veiffOfiai I
Aor. I. iireicdfir]v TrelffWfiat
Aor. II. iirido/JLTJV irlOu/jiai

MUTE VEBBS. 363
'TreiOco, I persuade.
OPTATIVE. IMPERATIVE. INFINITIVE. PABTICIPLB.
ireldoifu ireWe reWeiv veldwv
jrelffoifu irelffeiv ireliTwv
veiuaifii veiffov ireiffai irelaai
iren-elKoifu viveiKe xexet/cA'ot TTEfl-eiACcij
vldoifu ride iriOeiv viOdv

ireirolOoifu irh-oiOe •
Teiroidivai V€VOl0d)S
ireidol/jLTiv treldov ireWeadai ireMfifvos
ireia&rjffol/jLrjv weurOiâeffdai veurdTjabnevoi

weurOelTpi velffOrp-i jretffOTJvai veurdels
TreireKTfUvos etrjv xln-euTO reirelaOai ireireiff/Uvoi
jndetrjp trie-rrri iriOijvai irideli
iridrjffol/Mrjv TiO-^ffeffOai iri^TjffdfJievos
ireireiffol/JiTjp veirelffeadai vereuro/tevoi
vei0ot/j.7iv velOov irelOeaOai ireiddufvos
jreuTolfj.r]v ireiaecrOai veiffbfjxvoi
xei(Taifij)v xeiffai TtlcaaOai veiffdfievos
iriOolfjiijv VI.0OV mdiaOat. vi06fiepos

2&4 LIQUID VERBS.
LIQUID VERBS—
INDICATIVE. BUBJUNCTIVB.
Pres. AtyAXw dyyiXXu

Imperf. ^êXXoj'
Fut. dyyeXQ
g
Aor. I. ^f776tXa dyyeCXu)
O
-< Perf. ^l77eXKa ifYyiXKw
Pluperf. ^YY^xeiv .
Aor. II. ijyyeXov dyy{\(a
Pres. dyyOiXo/Jui dyyiXXu/xai

Imperf. fjyyeXKofiijv
Fnt. I. dyyeXO'/iffOfiai
Aor. I. iiyyÔrjv dyyeXOu

>
Perf. fyyeX/Mi 177-yeX/i^j'os <3
i
SJ
Plaperf. nyy^/J-V
Aor. IL fryy^v d77eXw
Fut. II, iyyeX-^ffoixai
Fut. III.
Pres. iyyiXXo/j-ai iyyfKXu/tat
M Imperf. êXU/ivV
Fut. dyyeXoO/nai
g
3 Aor. I. iiyyeikdnrir d77efXw)[«it
Aor. II. fiyyeX6fj.r)v dyyAw/ittt

LIQUID VEBBS. 866
ay-yeXXw, / r&port.
OPTATITK. nfPXU.TIYS. IHnHITIT*. PABTICIPM.
d77AXoi/u dvyeX^c iyyMi€u> dyy^Xkuv
dVYeXw/w dyyeXeiv dyyeXQv

iyyeCKaxiu iyyiikov dyyetXot dyyeCXas
ijYy^XKOifu ^yyeXxh'cu TTVyeXActij
d.yyf\ot/u iyyeXe dyyeXer^ d'/^/eXuv
dyyeXXof/iJjj' iyy^XSov dyyfêffOai d77€XX6/x€TOj
dyye\dT}ffoi/JLi]v dyyeXdiêffOai dyyeX^Tjffd/itvoj
ayyeXdelrjP iyyÔWi dyyeXOTJPcu d77eX«eri

rfYêkfitvoi etTju ijyyeXffo î\0ai iTVyeXÂ'Oj
ayy€\eir]v dryAi;fft dyyeXijvai d77eXe/i

dYy€\i}<Toi/j.rjv dyyeXêo-ât dyyeXriffdfiePOi
dvyeXXof/tiji' d77AXoi; dyyMêaOai dyyfWdfievot
dyyeXol/JLTjv dyye\ela6ai dyyeXo^fievoi

dYYî^cU/JLV d77etX(u dyy€[\oLa0ai dyyeikd/ievos
ayye\ol/J,r]r d77eXo5 iyye\iff6(u dyyiKhixevoi
4s
-fe
t
3
m 1
-§
I I
Pi sa •^ "1-
> l-
g
H
Pi ^
& *
ci 3
a 4d fc
-I-I
Pci o
o a
H 02
«%
1-
s
P$ Jb
h:
<J
w 2i
o
^
o ^--f
HH
&
Q
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FIRST GREEK READER:

jfor i^t (*ls£ oi Bt^oah.

AKci). H^BRYCE, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.8.E.

This volume is at once a Grammar, a Header, an

flexions of Nouns and Yerbs, with a careful regard

a series of interesting and easy lessons in continuous

In the grammatical part of the work care has

that each class of Inflexions is kept separate and

which, it is hoped, will lead to a due appreciation of

and has been introduced as little as possible in the

as suggested in the text (Section II. 6, and III. 8)

but to afford facilities for comparing form with form,

old mode^ paradigms have been printed in full de-

The Rules of Contraction will be found brief,

simple, and comprehensive.* They have been bor-

rowed, with the kind permission of the author, from

a forthcoming Greek Grammar by the Rev. I)r. Bryce

a praxis on the Inflexions, and to this end the strict

fore been introduced in such order, and to such an

genei-al plan, and most conducive to rapid progress.f

The sentences, which by easy steps increase in difli-

culty, have been selected, as far as possible, from

classical authors ; but the choice of words and of

by peculiar features in the design of the work. The

ciple of frequent repetition may have as much play

in their labours. Sentences of an abstruse or philo-

Introductory Readers, have been avoided, as tending

of the book, p. 164.

to an unnecessary extent, inasmuch as the power of

spent in analysing simple sentences. It has therefore

been deemed prudent to introduce promiscuous read-

mind may at the same time be interested in the

subject-matter of his task, and his ambition not dis-

struction is occasionally observable ; but this is of

less consequence than at a more advanced stage in a

out of this idea to an adequate length ; which is the

place, with thorough driU in the Inflexions ; and,

when these are once mastered, the doctrine of the

confusion in the mind of the young. If the ear be

accustomed from the beginning to the proper accent,

HiOH School of EoiNBURan,

natioe both in vowel and in quantity ;* —

rijxu, x^x""'; ''^^"'^j ^^"'- The large class of Adjectives in -vt

the two Irregular Adjectives, roXvi and /liyai in which, so arranged,;

remembered. And here it will be remarked, that in the Nouns just

contrary, which agree in throwing forward the accent on the inflexion

Many other arguments, deduced from special cases, might be brought

THE PABTS OF SPEECH.

IIL Second Declension —Examples and Exercises, ... ... .~ 18

Attic Second Declension— Examples and Exercises, ... 21

IV. Third Declension, ... ... ... ... ... 28

Present Indicatire Active of Verb, ... ... 24

Class III.— Of — Examples and Exercises,

Class IV. —Of Nouns— Examples and Exercises, ... ... 30

V. Contraction, Rules of, ... ... ... ... ... 39

The Relative Pronoun, ... ... ... ... 41

VL Adjective Nounc, ... ... ... ... ... 42

VTL Comparison of Adjectives, with Exercises, ... ... ... 48

IX- The Prononns —Examples and Exercises ... ... ... 54

Miscellaneous Exercises, ... ... ... ... •• 87