Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
LIABILITIES
Actual Deposits 30,360 41,200 51,732 61,657
Growth 35.7% 25.6% 19.2%
In %
Local Currency 78% 79% 84% 78%
Foreign currency 22% 21% 16% 22%
Breakup
Export refinance 60% 57% 30% 46%
Interbank liabilities 40% 43% 70% 54%
ASSETS
Cash 0% 4,424 4,736 Err:522 Err:522
as % of deposits 11.5% Err:522 Err:522
Details
FIB & PIB 2% 2,058 5,144 4,671 6,135
as % of Deposits 6.8% 12.5% 9.0% 9.9%
Bonds / TFCs / PTCs / Debentures & OTHERS 75% Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
% of total investments Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
as % of DTL Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Details
Guarantees for Govt, Banks and Suppliers 65%
Growth
Commitments to lend credit
Growth
Trade-related liabilities 5%
Growth
FX contract 1%
Growth
INCOME STATEMENT
Gross Interest Income - Actual 3,213 4,251 4,858 4,074
-16%
Gross Interest Income - Calculated - - - -
Difference (Actual-Calculated)
Details
Return on advances
Ret on advances/Avg advances
Actual
Weighted Average return on Advances
Breakup
Interest on NET loans
Interest on INVESTMENTS
Rent on lockers 6 6 7 7
Growth 10% 16% 2%
Net profit on sale of property & equipment 2 7 4 5
Recovery of expenses from customers 83 89 137 157
as % of Advances 0.5% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4%
Rent on property 17 6 14 31
Growth -65% 137% 116%
Trading Income - - 57 79
as % of avg investment in ordinary shares 0.0% 83.8% 119.8%
Actual
Weighted average rate on Deposits
Excluding Zero
Other charges 0 1 2 1
% of NPL 0.0% 0.1% 0.0%
SPREAD ANALYSIS
Earning Assets (Loans + Invest + FI lend - Equity Inv) Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Return on earning assets 3,213 4,251 4,858 4,074
Return on average EA Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
AKBL M
Cost of fund
6.0%
5.5%
5.0%
4.5%
4.0%
3.5%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
CY04A CY05A
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
108,019 127,691
8.5% 11.2% 10.9%
10.2%
10.0% 11.0% 11.7% 11.7% 11.7%
38 (37) 0 (2) - - -
0 - - - - - -
0.0% 0.0% -0.4% -0.4% -0.4% -0.4% -0.4%
8 8 10 11 12 14 15
8% 6% 15% 12% 12% 12% 12%
5 7 7 6 20 20 20
132 155 281 293 323 355 390
0.2% 0.2% Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
33 37 24 26 29 31 34
8% 12% -35% 9% 9% 9% 9%
5,823 7,321
5,852 7,325
3,526 3,482 4,657 6,995 8,022
7.0% 9.0% 9.9% 10.5% 11.0% 11.0%
3.6% 5.1%
3.6% 4.6% 5.1% 5.9% 6.1% 6.1%
4.3% 5.6% 6.3%
- - - - 1 2 3
0 2 6 12 13 14 15
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2%
- - - - - - -
(9) (17) (33) (41) (51) (59) (68)
(221) (38) (39) (827) (146) (168) (194)
- - - - - - -
- - - - - - -
AKBL Margins
Cost of fund Return on EA NIMS
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
CY04A CY05A CY06A CY07A
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
10.45
7.59
18.04
279 291 304 320 338 359 384 412
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
73 84 98 113 132 153 177 205
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
(70) (70) (70) (70) (70) (70) (70) (70)
PROVISIONING (In Rs Mn) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Opening balance 538 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Exchange adjustment - - - - - -
Charge for the year Err:522 Err:522 357 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Amounts written off (1) (5) 0 (51) (60) 0
Miscellaneous adjustment - - - -
Classificaiton of Provisioning
Other Assets Espcially Mentioned (OAEM) - 64 64
Substandard 7 5 52
Doubtful 7 25 175
Loss 574 786 1,120
General Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
TOTAL Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Classificaiton of NPLs
Other Assets Espcially Mentioned (OAEM) 32 42 -
Substandard 94 70 305
Doubtful 91 91 551
Loss 945 1,074 1,517
TOTAL 1,085 1,162 1,246 1,278 1,166 2,373
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
- - - - -
Err:522 3,922 796 838 966
(2) (34) Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
(23)
64 209
22 45
47 407
2,607 5,867
Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
3 5
107 210
103 819
3,442 5,874
3,656 6,908 7,815 8,922 10,277
KEY RATIOS 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Ordinary shares (Listed) / Total equity Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 13.0%
Investment in Mutual funds / Equity Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 0.0%
Equity investments / Total equity Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Income analysis
Net interest Income / Total income 60% 63% 69% 74% 67%
Other income / Total income 40% 37% 31% 26% 33%
Return Ratios
ROE - CORE EQUITY Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
ROE - INCLUDING EQUITY SURPLUS Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
ROE - TOTAL EQUITY Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
ROA Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Book value per share - CORE EQUITY Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 23.7
Book value per share - INCLUDING EQUITY SURPLUS Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 25.1
Book Value per share - TOTAL EQUITY Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 25.1
Deposits
Deposits - INDUSTRY 1,325,000 1,457,000 1,662,000 1,947,000 2,376,000
Growth 10.0% 14.1% 17.1% 22.0%
Deposits - Askari 30,360 41,200 51,732 61,657 83,319
Growth 35.7% 25.6% 19.2% 35.1%
Advances
Advances - INDUSTRY 896,000 926,000 945,000 1,146,000 1,616,000
Growth 3.3% 2.1% 21.3% 41.0%
Advances - Askari 17,893 23,291 30,035 44,778 69,838
Growth 30.2% 29.0% 49.1% 56.0%
Investments
Banking Industry Investments 320,051 312,884 625,201 745,291 626,046
Growth -2.2% 99.8% 19.2% -16.0%
Investments - Askari Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Growth Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
ADR + IDR
ADR + IDR - INDUSTRY 92% 85% 94% 97% 94%
ADR + IDR - Askari Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Branch Analysis
Branches 29 36 46 58 75
Deposit / Branch - In Mn 1,047 1,144 1,125 1,063 1,111
Advance / Branch - In Mn 617 647 653 772 931
Admn expense / Branch - In Mn 10.02 10.93 10.75 11.17 10.99
Employee / Branch 39.6 35.6 31.7 29.7 28.2
Employee Analysis
No. of employees 1,147 1,281 1,456 1,723 2,118
Salaries / Employee - In Rs 256,568 279,798 312,121 340,493 376,411
Total Income / Employee - In Rs Err:522 Err:522 467,536 Err:522 Err:522
Growth
Advances 30% 29% 49% 56%
Deposits 36% 26% 19% 35%
Assets Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
8% -10% -12% 4% 7% 7%
-7% Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
2014 2015
Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 Err:522
QUARTERLY ANALYSIS 2005
Income Statement 1Q2005 2Q2005 1H2005 3Q2005 4Q2005 2005
Gross Interest Income 1,596 1,953 3,549 2,477 2,755 8,781
Interest Expense 615 858 1,472 1,256 1,550 4,278
Net Interest income (NII) 981 1,096 2,077 1,220 1,205 4,502
Gross spread ratio 61.5% 56.1% 58.5% 49.3% 43.7% 51.3%
YoY
YoY
Profit after tax 465 399 864 570 Err:522 Err:522
Total Dividends
DPS 0
Bonus 0%
ADR 74%
IDR 22%
ADR+IDR 96%
Core Equity 6,038 6,437 7,008 7,369
Revaluation on Fixed assets & Investments 354 276 732 1,218
Total Equity 6,393 6,713 7,740 8,587
Nos of share 300.65 300.65 300.65 300.65
Asset quality
NPL 2,373
Provisioning 2,419
Branches 99
-
- -
0% 0%
15%
Sep-07 Dec-07
94,877 Err:522
42,703 39,429
142,436 143,037
70% Err:522
30% 28%
100% Err:522
11,277 Err:522
2,008 166
13,285 Err:522
300.65 300.65
37.5 Err:522
44.2 Err:522
6,509 6,908
4,403 Err:522
6.6% Err:522
2.2% Err:522
68% Err:522
1H2007 3Q2007
1.08%
150,098
705 187
142,255 142,436
INCOME STATEMENT (In PKR Mn) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
CAGR
Gross Interest Income 3,213 4,251 4,858 4,074 4,487 8,781
Interest Expense 2,274 2,903 3,017 1,380 1,117 4,278
Net Interest income (NII) 939 1,348 1,841 2,694 3,370 4,502
Gross spread ratio 29.2% 31.7% 37.9% 66.1% 75.1% 51.3%
Growth 44% 37% 46% 25% 34%
CAGR
Profit after tax Err:522 Err:522 681 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Appropriations
Transfer to:
Statutory Reserve 64 111 137 221 385 404
Revenue Reserve 1,036
Bonus:
Bonus: - 52 48 114 251
Bonus for previous year 251
Dividend:
Interim Dividend
Final Dividend 148 207 217 228 251
Dividend for previous year 251
Unappropriated profit c/f Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 1,538 Err:522
Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 2,683 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 6.61 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 14% 13% 12% 11% 10%
1,618 1,800 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 4,482 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
894 597 597 597 597 597 597 597 597 597
- - - - - - -
497 1,002 1,052 - - - - - -
- - - - - - -
226 200 451 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
1.00 1.50 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
1.00 1.50 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
200 451 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Err:522 17% 25% 25% 30% 45% 45% 45% 50% 55%
-11% 125% Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
0% 0%
50% 35%
50% 35% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
2,004 3,006 4,059 4,059 4,059 4,059 4,059 4,059 4,059 4,059
AKBL Financial Highlights
(Rs mn) CY06A CY07A CY08F CY09F CY10F
Net Int. inc. 5,620 6,458 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Prov. & Writeoffs Err:522 3,920 796 838 966
Other income 2,139 4,565 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Non int. expense 3,283 4,802 5,578 6,268 6,947
Profit after tax Err:522 2,683 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
EPS (Rs) @ 405.8mn Err:522 6.61 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
DPS (Rs) #REF! #REF! 1.50 1.50 Err:522
ROE - Core Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
ROA Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Source: Company Reports & InvestCap Research
BALANCE SHEET (In PKR Mn) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Equity
Authorized Capital 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 4,000 4,000 4,000
Nos of Shares 98.62 103.55 108.73 114.17 125.58 150.70 200.43
Liabilities
Deposits 30,360 41,200 51,732 61,657 83,319 118,795 131,839
Fixed 5,679 7,741 7,732 6,763 13,275 38,000 40,350
Savings + Current (remunerative) 20,364 27,785 37,054 43,083 51,292 59,361 66,389
Current 3,879 5,027 6,507 11,406 18,464 20,089 23,925
Financial Institutions (FI) 342 619 438 404 288 1,344 1,175
Borrowings from Financial Institutions 4,773 5,629 11,461 15,903 13,782 10,562 14,963
Bills payable 192 320 608 974 1,227 1,316 1,839
Other liabilities 748 940 988 963 1,283 2,045 2,603
Deferred tax liabilities 185 263 1,297 807 527 567 736
Subordinated Debt - - - - 1,000 3,000 3,000
Liabilities against finance lease 42 49 55 37 14 1 1
Liabilities 36,300 48,402 66,140 80,340 101,151 136,286 154,982
Assets
Cash & balances with Central banks 4,424 4,736 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Balances with other banks 2,198 4,588 1,304 2,650 4,848 5,550 7,333
Lending to Fianancial Institutions 3,435 4,112 3,414 5,771 2,325 10,172 8,393
Investments Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Govt securities 8,058 10,478 23,357 18,380 13,519 20,387 22,777
Equity investment / Ordinary shares 345 345 285 335 1,035 1,875 2,034
Bonds Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Revaluations (56) (56) - - (38) (2) (2)
Page 42
BS
- - - - - - - - -
166 171 177 183 183 183 183 183 183
Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Page 43
BS
CY09F CY10F
1,507 2,004
0 0
38,000 40,350
567 736
0 0
3,192.86 3,810.33
0.00 0.00
Page 44
BALANCE SHEET (In PKR Mn) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Equity
Authorized Capital 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 7,500
Nos of Shares 98.62 103.55 108.73 114.17 125.58 150.70
Liabilities
Deposits Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Fixed 19% 19% 15% 11% 16% 32%
Savings + Current (remunerative) 67% 67% 72% 70% 62% 50%
Financial Institutions (FI) 1% 2% 1% 1% 0% 1%
Current 13% 12% 13% 18% 22% 17%
Borrowings from Financial Institutions Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Bills payable Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Other liabilities Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Deferred tax liabilities Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Subordinated Debt Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Liab sub to finance lease Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Liabilities Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Assets
Cash & balances with Central banks Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Balance with other banks Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Lending to Financial Institutions Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Investments Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Govt securities Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Equity investment / Ordinmary shares Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Bonds Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Revaluations Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Accumulated depreciaiton - BEGINNING 274 341 399 496 639 817 1,049
Adjustments (7) (27) (14) (25) (23) (43) (60)
Reversals - - - - - - -
Accumulated depreciaiton - ENDING 341 399 496 639 817 1,049 1,328
Book value at the end of the year 578 705 1,637 1,849 2,376 2,957 3,086
Capital WIP 63 18 27 130 219 236 724
Intangible assets - - - - - - -
Total BV of Fixed Assets 641 723 1,663 1,980 2,595 3,193 3,810
2007 2008 2009 2010
PE Multiple
EPS Err:522 6.61 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Discounted EPS Err:522 7.75 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Discounted Average EPS Err:522
Relative valuaiotns
BV - Core Equity 32.0 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Discounted Value 44.0 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Adjusted PBV Multiple - At Market Price 3.0 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
Adjusted PBV Multiple - At Fair Value Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522 Err:522
TOTAL 3,112
Recorded price Recorded Value (Mn) Excess value
21.38 420 2,331 11.63
9.76 24 141 0.70
10.73 50 (3) (0.02)
64.37 169 (19) (0.10)
7.30 11 -
-
674 2,449 12.22
SHAREHOLDING PATTERN
Categories Nos of shares %
Individuals 45,798,727 22.9%
TOTAL 200,432,064
Free Float 50%
58173844.xls
Rs. Mn
1Q 01 2Q 01 1H 01 3Q 01 4Q 01 2H 01 FY 01 1Q 02 2Q 02 1H 02 3Q 02 4Q 02 2H 02 FY 02 1Q 03 2Q 03 1H 03 3Q 03 4Q 03 2H 03 FY 03 1Q 04 2Q 04 1H 04 3Q 04
INCOME STATEMENT
Gross Interest Income 14,868.0 14,868.0 22,248.4 22,248.4 #REF! 7,054.8 6,179.0 13,233.8 6,372.3 7,520.7 13,893.0 #REF! 5,338.4 5,343.3 10,681.7 4,509.3 4,261.3 8,770.6 #REF! 4,472.4 4,761.6 9,234.0 4,938.9
Less: Provisioning for NPL/Bad debt -600.0 -600.0 -1,100.0 -1,100.0 #REF! -306.0 -674.0 -980.0 -470.0 -372.2 -842.2 #REF! -400.0 -680.0 -1,080.0 -670.0 65.2 -604.8 #REF! -285.0 -520.9 -805.9 -263.0
Less Interest Expense -9,765.1 -9,765.1 -14,320.8 -14,321 #REF! -4,593.7 -3,218.2 -7,811.9 -3,613.7 -3,272.9 -6,887 #REF! -2,664.3 -1,865.2 -4,529.4 -1,872.3 -333.9 -2,206 #REF! -1,456.3 -1,765.7 -3,222.0 -1,766.2
Net interest margin 5,102.9 5,102.9 7,927.6 7,927.6 #REF! 2,461.1 2,960.8 5,421.9 2,758.6 3,855.7 7,006.4 #REF! 2,674.2 3,478.1 6,152.3 2,637.0 3,927.5 6,564.5 #REF! 3,016.1 2,996.0 6,012.0 3,172.7
50% 65% 58% 92% 67% 63% 64%
10,681.7
Non Interest income 6,152.3 57.6%
Commission and brokerage 1,492.7 1,492.7 596.9 797.1 1,394.0 #REF! 504.1 904.9 1,408.9 621.3 1,106.8 1,728.1 #REF! 569.6 1,052.5 1,622.1 698.2 940.6 1,638.8 #REF! 940.4 1,464.6 2,405.0 1,197.2
Dividend Income 210.3 210.3 42.3 358.1 400.4 #REF! 5.4 116.0 121.4 413.2 382.4 795.6 #REF! 11.1 174.6 185.7 709.5 231.6 941.1 #REF! 3.6 100.0 103.6 1,021.4
Income from foreign currency
Other Income with capital gain 972.2 325.9 494.7 820.6 399.5
Total non interest income 1,759.8 1,759.8 999.0 1,742.8 2,741.8 #REF! 743.9 1,183.4 1,927.3 1,253.3 2,028.5 3,281.8 #REF! 853.7 2,132.3 2,986.0 2,379.9 1,882.3 4,262.2 #REF! 1,269.9 2,059.3 3,329.2 2,618.1
Total non-markup expenses -4,048.8 -4,048.8 -2,027.7 -2,195.6 -4,223.3 #REF! -1,825.3 -2,166.0 -3,991.3 -1,921.3 -3,857.9 -5,779.2 #REF! -2,017.4 -2,287.5 -4,304.9 -2,197.8 -2,768.7 -4,966.6 #REF! -2,136.1 -2,362.9 -4,499.1 -2,334.0
Staff Welfare Fund -290.9 -159.7
Profit before tax 644.9 644.9 580.7 1,790.0 2,370.7 #REF! 934.2 1,353.9 2,288.0 1,529.0 2,227.7 3,756.8 #REF! 1,054.9 2,463.3 3,518.2 2,008.4 3,482.1 5,490.5 #REF! 1,864.9 2,171.4 4,036.3 3,034.1
Less: Provision for taxation -350.0 -350.0 -563.3 -953.8 -1,517.1 #REF! -646.0 -511.3 -1,157.3 -995.0 -1,639.1 -2,634.1 #REF! -493.6 -1,093.6 -1,587.1 -643.6 -2,579.9 -3,223.5 -4,810.6 -893.9 -953.3 -1,847.1 -1,021.4
Profit after tax 294.9 294.9 17.4 836.2 853.6 #REF! 288.1 842.6 1,130.7 534.0 588.6 1,122.7 #REF! 561.4 1,369.7 1,931.1 1,364.8 902.2 2,267.0 #REF! 971.0 1,218.1 2,189.1 2,012.7
No. of shares #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
EPS #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Effective tax rate -54% -0.5 -97% -53% #REF! -69% -38% -1.1 -65% -74% #REF! -47% -44% -0.9 -32% -74% -48% -44% -34%
As per current no. of shares 492 mn #REF! 0.41 1.19 0.75 0.83 #REF! 0.79 1.93 2.72 1.92 1.27 #REF! #REF! 1.37 1.72 #REF! 2.84
Balance Sheet Items 4,201.8