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Bonnie Elkins

Mr. Neuburger

English 101-121

28 April 2011

Annotated Bibliography

Rounding up Jews – Ghettos

Works Cited

Bard, Mitchell. "Warsaw Ghetto Uprising." Jewish Virtual Library - Homepage. Web. 29 Apr.
2011.
Warsaw Ghetto was the site of a revolt. The Nazis were sending all the inhabitants of the
destruction camps to the killing camps and the Warsaw Jews staged a revolt that lasted 28 days.
A small supply of weapons were slowly smuggled into the camp for the fighters to use. When the
Germans came to once again deport the citizens the fighters fired on the Germans and started a
revolt.

I will use the information from this web site in my report.

"First Person Podcast Series | Erika Eckstut." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web.

29 Apr. 2011.

Erika Echstut was a young girl living in Czernowitz ghetto in Romania with her parents. Life
was hard with deplorable living conditions. She tells of sneaking out of the Ghetto to get food for
her family. She knew where the store was that sold to the priests and nuns. Erika Echstut left the
camp and wert to the store to get items that were needed for daily survival. When the clerk ask
for money to pay for the products she gave the Priests name. When she got back to the camp her
mother fainted. Erika's father ask her where she had gotten the money to pay for the groceries
she told him what she had done. Erika's father made her go back out of the camp and explain to
the priest what she had done. The Priest told her it was ok but to never repeat his name to
anyone.

I found this as a good testimonial.

"Ghettos." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. HOLOCAUST ENCYCLOPEDIA, 06

Jan. 2011. Web. 27 Apr. 2011.

Ghettos were city districts where Germans forced Jewish citizens to live in impoverished
conditions. The Jewish people were stripped of their belongings and placed in the ghettos
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without basic necessities for survival. Ghettos separated the Jewish people from the non-Jewish
population to segregate them until the Final Solution could be decided. This article lists three
types of ghettos: closed ghettos, open ghettos, and destruction ghettos. Open ghettos had a
curfew of when the Jews could come and go from the camp. Closed ghettos were walled or
fenced in with barb-wire and no one could leave. Closed ghettos were the most common type of
ghetto. Destruction ghettos were the most deadly. Anyone entering this ghetto was sent there to
die. Destruction gheoots were only open for a few weeks then the inhabitants were shot or sent to
killing camps.

I will look further to find more information on the types of ghettos.

Gluckman/Shanghai, Ron. "Shanghai's Amazing Jewish Community." Ron Gluckman in

Cyberspace. June 1997. Web. 29 Apr. 2011.

Life in Shanghai's Jewish community was far different than any other Ghetto I have read about.
Jews fleeing from Adolf Hitler arrived in Shanghai to war time conditions. Jews were allowed to
read and write newspapers, have group meetings, have religious ceremonys and attend group
functions. It wasn't until Japan bombed Pearl Harbor that the stateless Jews were put into ghettos
in Shanghi. Unlike the other camps most of the Shanghai Jews survived the Holocaust.

I found this article interesting after all the reports of death and destruction. I may not be able to
use much of this report but to find that Jews were helped instead of destroyed was amazing.

"Holocaust Testimony: Roman Halter - Resources - HMD Trust." Home - HMD Trust. Web. 29

Apr. 2011.

This is a testimonial by Roman Halter about life in the ghetto in Poland. Halter was 12 years old
in 1939 when the Germans took over his home town and shot all the Jewish and Polish leaders of
the town. Halter and his family were sent to the ghetto in Lodz. when they arrived at the ghetto
they were told there was room for only 120 people. Halter His grandfather, parents and Aunt
with 2 of her children were selected to enter Lodz. the rest were taken out and shot. Lodz was a
political camp with the ruling faction having plenty and the rest with nothing. The camp was a
place of starvation and death. He was one of 7 children and the only one that survived the
selection.

This has useful information that I may be able to use on my report.

"Jewish Councils (Judenraete)." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 06 Jan. 2011. Web.

28 Apr. 2011.

The Jewish council was established for the Ghetto inhabitants to assist the Nazis in maintaining
policies and regulations. Jewish council members were ordered to cooperate or be shot, some
council members chose to take their own lives rather than submit. Council members were
ordered to compile lists for deportation to forced-labor camps as well as lists for killing camps. If
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they did not comply they were either killed or forced to be deported with their entire family to
the killing camps. Most council members choose compliance to ensure that at least some of them
would survive.

I would not have wanted to have to choose who lived or died.

"Polish Jewish Refugees in the Shanghai Ghetto, 1941-1945." United States Holocaust Memorial

Museum. 06 Jan. 2011. Web. 28 Apr. 2011.

Polish Jews found a safe haven in Shanghai China. Living conditions were meager but they did
not have to worry about being sent to killing camps . Early arrivals managed to survive and
thrive in Shanghai until the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. Japan tightened their security and
ordered the stateless Jews to live with in a designated area. For the most part the Jews were
ignored and left alone to survive as they could. They were allowed live in small apartments with
poor sanitation and meager food. Life was hard due to the wartime conditions but life went on.
Shanghai Jews were not exterminated daily, they could read poetry, publish newspapers and
create artwork fir publication.

I will use this source in my research as a contrast to the European Jews.

"Types of Ghettos." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 06 Jan. 2011. Web. 29 Apr.

2011.

There were three types of Ghettos during the Holocaust. Open Ghettos had no walls and allowed
the Jews to leave the camp under strict rules. A curfew was strictly inforced if you were late you
were shot. Most of the Ghettos were Closed Ghettos that had walls or barbed wire fences to seal
the Jews inside. Inadequate housing, chronic food shortages and diseases lead to the high
mortality rates. Destruction Ghettos were short lived camps where the Germans either deported
or shot all the inhabitants. The types of camps are an important addition to this report.