Proceedings of the Twentieth (2010) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference
Beijing, China, June 2025, 2010
Copyright © 2010 by The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)
ISBN 978-1-880653-77-7 (Set); ISSN 1098-6189 (Set); www.isope.org
Application of OpenFOAM to Simulate Three-Dimensional Flows
past a Single and Two Tandem Circular Cylinders
Hongjian Cao and Decheng Wan
State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai, China
ABSTRACT
Numerical simulations of three-dimensional flows around a single and
two circular cylinders in tandem arrangements are presented by applying
the open source codes of OpenFOAM. The Reynolds number (Re) range
from 100 to 300 is taken into account in the computations. Two tandem
cylinders cases are considered to investigate the interference
phenomenon and the vortex shedding. The presented results, including
Strouhal number (St) and the vortical structures, show that both the Re
and the distance between the two tandem cylinders have great influences
on the occurrence of three-dimensional structures in the flow fields.
KEY WORDS: OpenFOAM; circular cylinders; tandem; transition;
interference; vortex shedding.
INTRODUCTION
The investigation of the flow around circular cylinders has important
significance in both academic study and ocean engineering application.
Many offshore platforms and pipelines made of cylinders may bring
about vibration due to the current and wave, and the more complicated
flow interference may effects their safety. With simple configuration and
complicated vortex shedding, the study of flows around circular
cylinders has been drawing more and more attention as the subject of
many investigations.
As a popular problem, the uniform flow around a single cylinder has
been extensively studied with both experimental and numerical methods.
Williamson (1991), Wu et al. (1996) and Norberg (2003) have studied
the vortex shedding from the cylinder with experimental methods.
Different numerical methods have also been applied to simulate the flow
around a circular cylinder and study the vortex shedding, such as
discrete vortex method (Meneghini, 1993) and mesh-free least square-
based finite difference method (Ding, 2007).
However, most of the above numerical simulations were carried out in
two-dimensional domain, which is not sufficient to predict the three-
dimensional structures. As is noted in Williamson (1988, 1996) that
there is a transition regime from two-dimensional to three-dimensional in
the range 150< Re <300, and this transition regime is associated with
two discontinuous changes in the wake formation as Re increases. A
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critical Reynolds number is given at Re≈190. The three-dimensional
structures of the flow occur above this critical value, and there is a
laminar vortex shedding from the cylinder below this value. Furthermore,
numerical simulations were performed to study the three-dimensional
vortex structures in a cylinder wake. The results of three-dimensional
numerical simulation done by Thompson et al. (1996) and Zhang &
Dalton (1998) were in good agreement with experimental results.
As for the complicated interferences phenomenon in the flow around
two tandem circular cylinders with the center-to-center distance T,
numerous experimental and numerical investigations have also been
carried out over the past several decades. In the earlier work done by
Zdravkovich (1977), Igarashi (1981), Chen (1986) and many other
researchers, the wake flow behind two tandem cylinders has been
extensively investigated. These investigations confirmed that the wake
characteristics have important relationship with the Reynolds number
(Re) and T/D. As reviewed in Zdravkovich (1977), three regimes of the
wake flow patterns behind tandem cylinders pair were found: single bluff
body regime (T/D<1.2D-1.8D); asymmetric regime (1.2D-1.8D<T/D
<3.4-3.8) and coupled vortex streets regime (T/D>4D). In the last two
decades, numerous numerical investigations have also been carried out to
simulate the flow around tandem cylinder pair. The two-dimensional
simulations were carried out in the work of Slaouti & Stansby (1992),
Wu et al. (1994), Mittal (1997, 2001), Meneghini et al. (2001), Farrant et
al. (2001), Ding et al. (2007), Mahir (2008), etc. And also many three-
dimensional simulations were carried out to investigate the three-
dimensional vortical structures, such as Kondo (2005) with a third-order
upwind FEM and Carmo & Meneghini (2006) with the spectral element
method. Additionally, the numerical simulations also have been done by
Deng (2006), Papaionnou (2006), Kitagawa (2008) and Mahjoub (2008)
in recent years.
With the development of the CFD techniques, lots of numerical
methods have been involved in the commercial software such as Fluent,
CFX, Phoneics, Star-CD, etc. However, for commercial interest, the
source codes of these commercial packages are not opened to the users,
which has restricted the development of CFD methods. In Recent years,
the Open source Field Operation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM) C++
libraries provide users the open source codes for developing new CFD
methods. In the OpenFOAM, numerous solvers and utilities covering a
wide range of problem are provided with different mesh including
polyhedral mesh for handling complex geometry. Large-scale parallel
computing can also be implemented with OpenFOAM. The OpenFOAM
is also supplied with pre- and post-processing environments. The
interface to the pre- and post-processing are themselves OpenFOAM
utilities, thereby ensuring consistent data handling across all
environments. The users can not only use OpenFOAM as a software, but
also can modify all the codes of OpenFOAM, even creative new solvers
and numerical schemes for particular problems. The object-oriented C++
programming language lays a good basis for the development of
OpenFOAM, as well as the development of the CFD. The main objective
of this paper is to take the advantages of OpenFOAM and present the
numerical simulations of three-dimensional flow around a single and two
circular cylinders in tandem arrangements. The numerical simulations
are implemented by solving the Navier-Stokes equations for
incompressible viscous flow with the Reynolds number (Re) range from
100 to 300, covering the critical value for the flow transition from two-
to three-dimension.
This paper is organized as follows: a brief description of the numerical
method developed in OpenFoam is presented firstly. Then the reliability
and efficiency of the numerical method with a benchmark case of flow
around a circular cylinder in a channel is shown. After that, the
simulations of uniform flow around a single and two tandem circular
cylinders are carried out. The three-dimensional results and discussions
including the Strouhal number, drag and lift coefficients and iso-surfaces
of vorticity are presented. Finally, a brief conclusion is drawn.
The OpenFOAM provides the users with numerous different
numerical schemes. It is convenient to choose the numerical schemes
what we want to discrete the momentum equation.
In this paper, FVM and PISO algorithm are used. The numerical
discrete schemes are chosen as follows: the convection term with the
Gauss cubic scheme, the laplacian term with the Gauss linear corrected
scheme, the gradient of pressure term with the Gauss linear scheme and
the derivative of time is with the Euler implicit scheme.
VALIDATION OF THE METHOD
In order to validate the computational codes provided by OpenFOAM,
a benchmark case of flow around a circular cylinder in a channel is
chosen as the test case. The three-dimensional simulations have been
carried out with Re = 20 and 100.
We choose the computational model provided by Schafer (1996), as
illustrated in Fig.1. The height and width of the channel are equal to
0.41m and the length is 2.5m. The diameter of the circular cylinder is D
= 0.1m and the length is L = 0.41m. As described in a coordinate system,
the span of cylinder is along the z-axis, and the inflow is aligned with x-
axis.

NUMERICAL METHOD

Governing Equations

In this paper, the fluid is assumed to be incompressible and has

constant density ρ and constant dynamic viscosity μ . The Navier–
Stokes equations governing incompressible fluid flow are as follows:
∂u i
=0 (1)
∂xi Fig.1. The computational model for flow around a circular cylinder
∂u ∂ (u j u i ) ∂ ∂u i ∂p
ρ i +ρ −ρ (ν )=− , (2) Three uniform meshes with different grids number are generated for
∂t ∂x j ∂x j ∂x j ∂x i
the computations. The nearest grid to the cylinder surface is less than
where i, j=1, 2, 3; u, p, ρ and ν are the velocity，pressure, density and 0.002m and the detail parameters are shown in Table 1.
kinematics viscosity respectively.
Eq. 2 can be written in the vector form: Table 1. The details of the mesh for the computation
K
∂ρU KK K
+ ∇ ⋅ ( ρUU ) − ∇ ⋅ ( μ∇U ) = −∇p , (3) Number of Number of Nodes Number of Nodes
∂t Mesh
Cells around the circle along the spanwise
where ∇ represents the Hamilton operator and μ is the dynamic
I 314880 96 40
viscosity.
The codes in the solver of OpenFOAM are programmed with the C++ II 364800 120 40
language. Each term in Eq. 3 was represented by the corresponding III 381440 128 40
codes as follows:

solve The inflow condition is parabolic velocity-inlet described by the

( function:
fvm::ddt(rho,U) U (0, y , z ) = 16U m yz ( H − y )( H − z ) / H 4 , V = W = 0 . (4)
+ fvm::div(phi,U) where the U m is the maximum velocity, and the characteristic velocity
- fvm::laplacian(mu,U)
== -fvc::grad(p) is the mean velocity:
); U (t ) = 4U (0, H / 2, H / 2, t ) / 9 , (5)
and the Reynolds number is defined by:
in which, rho is ρ , mu is μ , phi is ϕ = ρU ; The fvm and fvc are Re = U D / ν . (6)
classes of the C++ language, which represent the finite volume calculator The outflow condition is defined by:
and finite volume method; The ddt( ) is the time derivative, div( ), ∂U ∂U ∂U
laplacian( ) and grad( ) are the discrete functions corresponding to the = = =0 . (7)
∂x ∂y ∂z
convection term, laplacian term and gradient term in the momentum
equation, respectively. Cylinder Surface and the other boundaries are non-slip wall condition
with all the velocity components U=V=W=0.
Numerical Schemes The drag and lift forces are obtained by integrating the pressure and
the skin friction contributions. With the force components, the drag and

703
lift coefficient are computed from:
2 Fx 2F y
Cd = , Cf = . (8)
ρU DH2
ρU 2 DH
The Strouhal number is defined as St = Df / U with the frequency of
oscillation of the lift coefficient.
The results for Re = 20 and Re = 100 are presented in Table 2, and
compared with the benchmark results. The computed results with the
three meshes are all in between the lower bound and upper bound of the
benchmark results. The good agreements of the computed results with
the benchmark results show the applicability and efficiency of the
present numerical method.

Table 2. Force coefficients for the three-Dimensional Test Case with

different mesh and comparison with the benchmark results
(a)
Re Mesh Cd max Cl max St
Mesh I 6.1424 0.00914 ——
Mesh II 6.14113 0.00911 ——
20 Mesh III 6.14025 0.00909 ——
lower bound
6.0500 0.0080
upper bound ——
6.2500 0.0100
(benchmark results)
Mesh I 3.2973 -0.00995 0.3390
Mesh II 3.3054 -0.01033 0.3397
100 Mesh III 3.3026 -0.01027 0.3397
lower bound
3.2900 -0.0110 0.2900
upper bound (b)
3.3100 -0.0080 0.3500
(benchmark results)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the uniform flow around a single and two tandem
cylinders are simulated, and their results are presented and discussed.

Uniform Flow Past a Single Cylinder

A rectangular computational domain 30D×20D×10D is selected as

shown in Fig. 1(a). And a circular cylinder is chosen with the diameter
(D) equal to 0.1m and the length (L) equal to 10D. As described in the
coordinates system, the span of cylinder is along the z-axis, and the
inflow is aligned with x-axis. The inflow boundary is 10D in the front of (c)
the cylinder centerline. The outflow boundary is 20D behind the cylinder
centerline, and two sides are 10D from the centerline. Fig. 2. Computational domain and mesh for the single cylinder cases: (a)
Uniform meshes are generated by the pre-process tool Gambit. Along computational domain, (b) uniform mesh for the global domain, (c)
the direction of the span of the cylinder, 80 grids are used. And 120 grids details of the mesh around the cylinder.
are used to divide the cylinder circle. The distance from the nearest grid
to the cylinder surface is less than 0.002m. The total number of meshes In Table 3, the simulation results are presented including the average
is controlled less than 1 million in order to balance the accuracy and drag coefficients Cd, the amplitude of lift coefficients Cl and the Strouhal
computational time. numbers( St )at different Re numbers. As can be seen from the Table 4,
The inflow boundary condition is uniform velocity with only velocity the Strouhal numbers presented at Re = 100 and 200 agree very well
component U along the x-axes, and V = W = 0. The outflow boundary with the experimental results of Williamson (1991) and Norberg (2003).
condition is defined by:
Table 3. Results of the average drag coefficients and Strouhal numbers
∇ψ = 0, (ψ = U , p ) . (9)
for a single cylinder at different Reynolds numbers.
In order to avoid the boundaries’ effects to the flow field, symmetry Re 100 160 200 240 270 300
boundary condition is applied to the other sides of the domain which is
defined by: Cd 1.3932 1.3533 1.4056 1.3047 1.2937 1.3658
∂U ∂U ∂U Cl 0.3347 0.5501 0.7250 0.6951 0.6992 0.7988
= = =0 (10)
∂x ∂y ∂z St 0.168 0.188 0.195 0.190 0.192 0.196

704
Table 4. Comparison of the Strouhal number (St) for a single cylinder at
Re = 100 and 200.

Re 100 200
Present study 0.168 0.195
Williamson (1991) 0.164 0.196
Norberg (2003) 0.168 0.18-0.197

According to Williamson (1988), in the Re range from 100 to 300, the

(a) (b)
vortex shedding of a cylinder have two regime: laminar vortex shedding
regime (Re<190); 3-D wake transition regime (Re>190) with two
Fig. 5. Iso-surfaces of x-vorticity ( ω x ): (a) Re=200; (b) Re=270.
different vortex shedding modes named mode A and mode B.
In Fig. 3, the vortex structure in the wake of the cylinder with Re =
100 and 160 is illustrated. For the two cases, there is no 3-D structure Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 show the iso-surface of the vorticity components ω x
appeared, and laminar vortex is shedding from the cylinder and forms a and ω z , from which we can see that: the 3-D wake occurs with the
vortex street. The vortex shedding at each cross-section of cylinder is the
vortex shedding mode A at Re = 200, and mode B at Re = 270. In Fig. 6,
same.
both the comparisons of presented simulation results with the
corresponding results from Zhang & Dalton (1996) are illustrated. The
similarity of the iso-surfaces of ω x and ω z behind a cylinder is obvious.

(a)

(a) (b)

Fig. 3. The laminar vortex shedding mode: (a) Re=100; (b) Re=160. The
blue surfaces correspond to ω x < 0, and the red ones to ω x > 0. The
same illustrations are to all the following figures for the iso-surfaces of
vorticity. (b)

Fig. 6. Comparison of the iso-surfaces of ω x and ω z , Re=200: (a)

results from Zhang and Dalton (1996); (b) presented simulation results.

Furthermore, another comparison of the wake behind a cylinder at Re

= 300 with the experiments results of Williamson (1996) is shown in
Fig.7, and good agreement can be observed.

(b)

Fig. 4. Iso-surfaces of z-vorticity ( ω z ): (a) Re=200; (b) Re=270.

(a)

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 the Strouhal numbers have a sudden rise. As an example for the cases at
Re = 200, the Strouhal numbers change from 0.126 (T/D=3.5) to 0.180
(T/D=4). The same results have also been obtained by Menegnihi (2001)
in two-dimension and Carmo & Meneghini (2006) in three-dimension.

Table 5. The Strouhal number and the drag and lift coefficients obtained
at different T/D and Re. (the subscript 1 represents the upstream cylinder,
and 2 represents the downstream cylinder)

(b) Re T/D St Cd1 Cl1 Cd2 Cl2

160 3.0 0.124 1.0770 0.0240 -0.0995 0.2406
Fig. 7. Comparison of iso-surfaces of ω x , Re=300 : (a) aluminum flake
visualizations from Williamson (1996); (b) presented simulation results. 3.5 0.125 1.0616 0.0256 -0.0424 0.3188
4.0 0.174 1.1791 0.6824 0.4932 1.7926
Uniform Flow Past two Tandem Cylinders 200 3.0 0.130 1.0362 0.0256 -0.1366 0.2656
For the uniform flow around two tandem cylinders cases, the diameter 3.5 0.126 1.0170 0.0256 -0.0844 0.3254
and length of the cylinder selected are the same as the single cylinder 4.0 0.180 1.2975 0.7839 0.8020 1.9200
case, as well as the computational domain. Differently, the length is
30D+T, where T is the center-to-center distance of the two cylinders. In 240 3.0 0.127 1.0081 0.0340 -0.1420 0.3291
more detail, as illustrated in Fig. 8(a), the inflow is 10D ahead the 3.5 0.127 0.9896 0.0218 -0.0975 0.3461
upstream cylinder centerline and the outflow is 20D behind the
4.0 0.173 1.1894 0.6449 0.6431 1.6496
downstream cylinder centerline. The two tandem cylinders are placed
along the central line that links the cylinder centers. 270 3.0 0.129 0.9921 0.0437 -0.1315 0.3670
Also uniform meshes are generated for computation. As shown in Fig. 3.5 0.127 0.9697 0.0376 -0.0975 0.3721
8(b), the detail of the grid is the same as the single cylinder case. Also
the boundary conditions are identical to the single cylinder cases. 4.0 0.174 1.2198 0.7148 0.6159 1.7058
With the same numerical method, a series of simulations are carried 300 3.0 0.130 0.9759 0.0686 -0.1125 0.4033
out with T=2D, 3D, 3.5D, 4D, 5D and Re=160, 200, 240, 270, 300.
3.5 0.128 0.9546 0.0413 -0.1075 0.3874
4.0 0.128 0.9757 0.0163 -0.1125 0.3896

According to Zdravkovich (1977), the critical value of T for vortex

formation is about 3.5D~3.8D depending on the Reynolds number. In the
presented simulation, T = 3.5D is below the critical value, and the
separated layer from upstream cylinder forms a vortex behind
downstream cylinder. Thus the pressure behind the downstream cylinder
is larger than ahead of it, so the negative drag is obtained. For T>4D, the
vortex is shedding from both of the cylinders and forms a vortex street,
which is called the co-shedding regime. In this regime, both the drag
coefficients of two cylinders are positive. Therefore, the presented
results agree well with Zdravkovich (1977).
Moreover, there is an interesting phenomenon that the strouhal
numbers for T = 4D have a sudden decrease as Re increases from 270 to
(a)
300, as is shown in Fig. 9. It can be explained as follow words. For T =
4D, the separated layer from upstream cylinder forms a vortex ahead of
the downstream cylinder in all the cases with Re<270, but forms a vortex
behind the downstream cylinder with Re=300. Due to the interference of
the two cylinders, the Strouhal number is decreased.

(b)

Fig. 8. Computational domain and mesh for the two tandem cylinders: (a)
computational domain; (b) details of the mesh around two tandem
cylinders.

The numerical results are presented in Table 5. From the results, it can
be seen that the drag coefficient of the downstream cylinder changes sign Fig. 9. Strouhal number (St) as a function of Reynolds number (Re).
from negative to positive as T/D increases from 3.5 to 4. Additionally,

706
 As noted in Williamson (1988) for a single cylinder case, the critical
Reynolds number for three-dimensional structures to appear is about
Re=190. Below this value, it is the laminar vortex shedding regime. In
presented simulations of two tandem cylinder cases, below the critical
Re, there is no three-dimensional structure, as the iso-surfaces of
vorticity components ω z for Re=160 shown in Fig. 10.
(a) (b)

(c) (d)
(a) (b)
Fig. 12. Iso-surfaces of z-vorticity ( ω z ), T=3D: (a) Re=200; (b) Re=240;
(c) Re=270; (d) Re=300.

(c) (d)
Fig.10. Iso-surfaces of z-vorticity ( ω z ), Re=160 : (a) T=2D; (b) T=3D;
(c) T=4D; (d) T=5D.
(a) (b)
Now we focus on how the T influents the occurrence of the three-
dimensional structures on condition that Re is larger than the critical
value (Re>190). With the iso-surfaces of vorticity component ω z for
different cases are shown in Figs. 11~15, we can observe that the three-
dimensional structures appear only for T≥3D. For T=3D and T=3.5D,
the three-dimensional structures begin to appear as Re increases up to
240, which are shown as Fig. 13(b) and Fig. 14(b). For the cases with (c) (d)
T=4D and T=5D, the three-dimensional structures is quite obvious when
Re is lager the critical Reynolds number. Fig. 13. Iso-surfaces of z-vorticity ( ω z ), T=3.5D: (a) Re=200; (b)
Re=240; (c) Re=270; (d) Re=300.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 11. Iso-surfaces of z-vorticity ( ω z ), T=2D: (a) Re=200; (b) Re=240; (c) (d)
(c) Re=270; (d) Re=300. Fig. 14. Iso-surfaces of z-vorticity ( ω z ), T=4D: (a) Re=200; (b) Re=240;
(c) Re=270; (d) Re=300.

707
(a) (b)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 15. Iso-surfaces of z-vorticity ( ω z ), T=5D: (a) Re=200; (b) Re=240;

(c) Re=270; (d) Re=300.

As similar as the single cylinder cases, for the two tandem cylinders
cases, there are also two modes of the vortex shedding observed while
the three-dimensional structures appear. As the iso-surfaces of vorticity
component ω x shown in Figs. 16~19, for T=3D and 3.5D, only mode A
can be observed in the range 240 ≤ Re ≤ 300. And mode B can be (c) (d)
observed at T=5D. Specially, for T=4D, both mode A (at Re= 200, 300)
and mode B (at Re=240, 270) can be observed. Fig. 18. Iso-surfaces of x-vorticity ( ω x ), T=4D: (a) Re=200; (b) Re=240;
(c) Re=270; (d) Re=300.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Fig. 16. Iso-surfaces of z-vorticity ( ω x ), T=3D: (a) Re=240; (b) Re=300.

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 17. Iso-surfaces of z-vorticity ( ω x ), T=3.5D: (a) Re=240; (b)
Fig. 19. Iso-surfaces of x-vorticity ( ω x ), T=5D: (a) Re=200; (b) Re=240;
Re=300.
(c) Re=270; (d) Re=300.

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CONCLUSIONS
The numerical simulations of three-dimensional incompressible
viscous flow around a single and two tandem cylinders by means of the
CFD tools provided by OpenFOAM have been presented. In the single
cylinder case, three-dimensional structures with two vortex shedding
mode A and mode B were observed at Re≥200. Good agreements
between the computed results of the Strouhal number, the drag and lift
coefficients and the iso-surfaces of the vorticity and the corresponding
results in available literature have been shown. In the two tandem
cylinders case, the flow is complicated due to the interferences of the
two cylinders. It is found that both the drag inversion and the sudden
increase of Strouhal number happen as T changes from 3.5D to 4D,
which agrees well with other researchers’ results. The three-dimensional
structures appearing at Re≥200 and T ≥3D are observed. The critical
value of T for three-dimensional structures appearing is in the range 2D
＜T ≤3D. Moreover, there is also a transition of the vortex shedding
modes. But it is different for different Re and T. Specially for T=4D,
there is an obvious transition of the vortex shedding from mode B to
mode A between Re=270 and 300, which is due to the interference of the
two cylinders.
From these results, it is found that the complex three-dimensional
structures of flow around one and two cylinders can be accurately
captured by solving the Navier-Stokes equations based on the tools of
OpenFOAM. Since the OpenFOAM provides open source codes, it is
convenient to choose and change, even modify the numerical schemes.
In addition, with the utilities of OpenFOAM as interfaces to other pre-
and post-processing, a quick and fine mesh generation and data post-
processing become easier. The OpenFOAM is not only a convenient and
efficient CFD tool, but also lays a good basis for constructing new
numerical methods and schemes. Obviously, OpenFOAM will achieve
more success and make greater contributions to the development of CFD.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The support of National Natural Science Foundation of China
(Grant No. 50739004), National 863 Plan Project of Ministry of Science
and Technology of China (Grant No. 2009AA09Z301, 2006AA09A107),
PhD Program Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No.
20060248039), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in
University (Grant No. NCET-06-0404) and the Program for Professor of
Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of
Higher Learning for this work is gratefully acknowledged.
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