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20th June 2000
Day-wise Schedule...................................................................................................4
1. INTRODUCTION TO VSAM.............................................................................. 5
Features of VSAM................................................................................................... 5
Advantages of VSAM.............................................................................................. 5
Types of VSAM Datasets.........................................................................................5
VSAM history.......................................................................................................... 6
2. VSAM Catalogs...................................................................................................... 7
Vsam catalog............................................................................................................ 8
3. Inside VSAM Datasets......................................................................................... 10
Control Interval...................................................................................................... 10
Spanned Records.................................................................................................... 11
ESDS...................................................................................................................... 12
KSDS......................................................................................................................12
KSDS Structure...................................................................................................... 13
4. IDCAMS COMMANDS...................................................................................... 19
Format of IDCAMS command...............................................................................20
IDCAMS return codes............................................................................................21
Defining an ESDS Cluster..................................................................................... 22
5. LISTCAT.............................................................................................................. 29
6. Creating Alternate Indexes................................................................................. 32
Building Alternate Indexes.....................................................................................35
7. Reorganizing VSAM datasets............................................................................. 37
With REPRO you can do the following................................................................. 37
Redefine the cluster using IDCAMS DEFINE CLUSTER command...................39
8. VERIFY , PRINT, DELETE, ALTER Command............................................ 43
VERIFY................................................................................................................. 43
DELETE.................................................................................................................43
PRINT.................................................................................................................... 44
ALTER................................................................................................................... 45
9. Generation DataSets............................................................................................ 49
Physical deletion of entry.......................................................................................52
10. COBOL VSAM Considerations..........................................................................54
11. Appendix-A........................................................................................................... 59
VSAM ASSIGNMENT......................................................................................... 59
12. Appendix -B.......................................................................................................... 61
References.............................................................................................................. 61
13. Appendix-C........................................................................................................... 62
Table of contents - Figures....................................................................................62
14. Appendix-D........................................................................................................... 63
Table of contents - JCL Programs.........................................................................63
Day-wise Schedule
Day-1
What is catalog?
Types of VSAM datasets
IDCAMS command
COBOL Considerations for ESDS
Listcat overview
Day-2
Introduction to Alternate index
Define Aix
Define path
BLDIndex
COBOL Considerations for AIX
Day-3
IDCAM commands
REPRO, EXPORT/IMPORT
VERIFY, ALTER, DELETE
Additional options on
IDCAMS command
KEYRANGES, IMBED,
REPLICATE
Day-4
READPW, MASTERPW, UPDATEPW options
Creating and using Generation Dataset Groups
Deleting and altering GDGs
1. INTRODUCTION TO VSAM
VSAM stands for Virtual Storage Access Method, is IBM high performance access method which
allows you to access files of different organization such as sequential, indexed, relative record and
linear datasets.
Features of VSAM
VSAM is one coherent file storage system used to store and retrieve data. It is not a database
management system like IDMS or DB2. It does not provide for relationships among the data. The
existing databases like IMS or DB2 may be implemented using VSAM.
VSAM is not a programming language. But you can access VSAM dataset through programming
languages like COBOL or PL/I. It is not a communication system like VTAM or CICS. It has no
equivalent for a ‘PDS’ type of file organization.
Advantages of VSAM
Provides protection of Data against unauthorized access through password facility.
Cross-system (MVS & VSE) Cmpatibility. VSAM datasets can be imported and imported in MVS and
VSE systems.
Device Independence (Access Via Catalog). The application programmer need not be concerned with
Block size ,volume and other control information, as access to VSAM dataset it always through the
Catalog and all control information are stored in the catalog entry of the dataset.
VSAM files are often called clusters. A cluster is the set of catalog entries that represent a file. A
cluster consists of one or two components. All VSAM datasets consist of a data component in which
data records are placed . For KSDS , there is an additional index component, which contains the
indexes used to access records in the data component. ESDS RRDS and LDS have data component
only and no index component
These datasets are stored in sequence of some key field in the record. The data component and index
component are separated. The keys are stored in a separate index and records are accessed through the
index. Individual records can be accessed randomly on the basis of the record key. Locating the record
is a two stage process.
These datasets associate a number to each record. There is no key field but records are accessed by
deriving the relative position of the record in the dataset.
LDS Linear dataset. These datasets consist of a stream of bytes which are accessed
and written as 4k blocks accessed by Relative Byte Address
VSAM history
VSAM was introducted in 1973. This version had only Entry Sequence Datasets and Key Sequenced
Datasets. In 1975 Relative Record Datasets and alternate indexes for KSDS was added. In 1979 DF/EF
VSAM was introduced with Integrated Catalog Facility (ICF).
DFP/VSAM Ver 1 was introduced in 1987 to run under the MVS/XA architecture. DFP/VSAM version
2 introduced Linear Datasets (LDS)
• Master catalog
• User catalog
There’s only one Master catalog per system. The entries in the master catalog may point to VSAM or
non-VSAM dataset, user catalogs, system datasets or other objects.
User catalogs contain same type of information as master catalog. All user catalogs must be cataloged
into master catalog.
Access to a dataset can only be made through a master or user catalog. Therefore all VSAM datasets
have to be cataloged. Non-VSAM datasets can also be cataloged. Catalogs are protected by RACF.
Vsam catalog
Catalogs maintain the following information
• Name and physical location of datasets
• password information required to access protected datasets
• Statistics about datasets Example No. of records added, read, deleted or no. of Control
Interval/Control Area splits
• Information about dataset itself Example ESDS, KSDS, RRDS, CSIZE, KEYLENGTH
• Location of catalog recovery area
Vsam records
VSAM records can be fixed or variable length. Records can also be spanned
VSAM space allocation depends on whether the dataset is cataloged in an ICF or the older VSAM type
catalog. For VSAM datasets cataloged in the newer ICF-type catalogs, dedicated space is allocated
dynamically when the cluster is created with the DEFINE CLUSTER command
Each VSAM dataset cataloged in an ICF catalog has its own VTOC entry. These VSAM datasets can
have 1 primary and 122 secondary allocation unlike OS dataset which can have only 1 primary and 15
secondary extends on a volume.
VSAM maintains detailed information in its catalogs about DASD space allocated to VSAM files. This
allocation information stored in the catalog is more comprehensive and flexible than the equivalent
information stored for a non-VSAM file in VTOC.
Sub Allocation
Once the space has been allocated, VSAM has complete control over subsequent allocations within that
space. Within that space, VSAM can create suballocated files. Whenever a suballocated files need to be
created, extended or deleted, VSAM uses it own space management facilities.
Unique Allocation
Alternatively an entire VSAM space can be allocated to single VSAM file. In that case allocation for
the file called UNIQUE file, is managed by DADSM rather than by VSAM. Allocation information for
the unique files is maintained in two places : the VSAM catalog entry for the file and the VTOC entry
for the space that contains unique file.
The figure below shows two DASD volumes. The first volume has a VSAM dataspace contains two
sub-allocated files. Notice that there’s unused space within the dataspace too. However, that space is
not available to non-VSAM files because it’s already under VSAM’s control. The second DASD
volume contains two unique VSAM datasets. All of the unused space on the volume is available to both
VSAM and Non-VSAM datasets. Under VSE/VSAM & OS/VS VSAM most VSAM datasets are sub-
allocated. Under ICF, there is no VSAM space. All VSAM files are Unique
Control Interval
A control interval is the unit of data VSAM transfers between virtual and disk storage. It is similar to
the concept of blocking in non-VSAM files. Each control interval can contain more than one logical
record.
The size of CI must be between 512 bytes to 32K. Upto 8K bytes it must be multiple of 512, beyond
this it is multiple of 2K. The length of the CI is specified at file creation time.
A Control Inverval consists of records, free space and control field information as shown below
In th Control Interval shown above Rec1, Rec2, Rec3 are records. Free Space is where new records can
be inserted.
Control Interval Descriptor Field(CIDF) contains information about available space within CI. Record
Descriptor Field (RDF) contains the length of each record and how many adjacent records are of the
same length. There’s one RDF for each record in variable length records.
There will be only two RDFs per CI in case of fixed length files. One RDF specifies the length of the
record and the second RDF specifies how many records are there in the CI. Each RDF is of 3 bytes .
VSAM groups control intervals into contiguous, fixed length areas of storage called Control Areas.
Maximum size of a CA is 1 cylinder. You can also specify freespace in CA. The total number of
CI/CA in a Cluster is determined by VSAM.
CONTROL AREA
Spanned Records
Spanned records are records larger than the specified CI size. That is they span more than one CI. So
one spanned record may be stored in several CIs.
Each CI that contains a record segment of a spanned record has two RDFs. The right RDF gives the
length of the segment and the left gives the update number of the segment. Spanned records can exist
only in ESDS and KSDS.
A CI that contains a record segment of a spanned record contains no other data. Records can span
Control Intervals but not Control Areas. For KSDS the entire key field of the spanned record must be
in the first Control Interval.
Figure 3.4 Spanned Record
ESDS
ESDS is a sequential dataset. Records are retrieved in the order in which they are written to the dataset.
Additions are made always at the end of the file. Records can be retrieved randomly by using
RBA(Relative Byte Address). RBA is an indication of how far, in bytes, each record is displaced from
the beginning of the file.
KSDS
In Key Sequenced Datasets logical records are placed in the dataset in the ascending collating sequence
by the key field.
• Key must be in same position in each record and key data must be contiguous
• When a new record is added to a dataset it is inserted in its collating sequence by key
KSDS Structure
The first level of index is called a Sequence set. The Sequence set consists of Primary keys and pointers
to the Control Intervals holding records with these primary keys. The Sequence set is always in
sequential order of the primary keys. The Control Intervals may be in any order. VSAM uses the
Sequence Set to access records in the KSDS sequentially.
The index component is a separate entity with a different CI size , a different name and can be stored
on a different volume.
CI CI
CI CI
Index Set
Index
component
Sequence Set Sequence Set
CA1 CA2
Full
Control Interval
100
200
100
200
• DEFINE
• MODAL COMMANDS
IF
SET
PARM
• BUILDINDEX
• REPRO
• DELETE
• VERIFY
• IMPORT/EXPORT
• ALTER
• LISTCAT
The example 4.1 shown below is a skeleton JCL for executing IDCAMS commands. The PGM
parameter specifies that the program to be executed is IDCAMS utility program . The statements that
follow SYSIN DD * are IDCAMS commands. The end of data is specified by /*.
Optionally JOBCAT and STEPCAT statements may be coded to indicate catalog names for a job/step,
in which concerned dataset may be cataloged
Every IDCAMS command starts with a verb followed by object which takes some parameters. In the
code listing 4.2 DEFINE is the verb CLUSTER is the object which takes a dataset
DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER as parameter
DEFINE CLUSTER -
NAME(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER) -
CYLINDERS(5, 1) -
VOLUMES (BS3013) -
INDEXED -
)
Comments:
/* comment */
or
/* -----
*/
Condition code:
The condition codes are stored in LASTCC/MAXCC. LASTCC stores the condition code for
the previous command and MAXCC stores the maximum code returned by all previous
commands. Both LASTCC and MAXCC contain zero by default at the start of IDCAMS
execution. You can check the condition code of the previous command and direct the flow of
execution or terminate the JCL.
Syntax of IF statement
IF LASTCC/MAXCC
comparand VALUE -
THEN -
command
ELSE
Command
Hyphen is required after then to indicate the continuation of the command on the next line . Comment
is assumed as null command . ELSE is optional. LASTCC and MAXCC values can be changed using
the SET command.
Note : LASTCC and MAXCC can also be set to any value between 0-16
e.g.
SET LASTCC = 4
Setting MAXCC has no effect on LASTCC. Setting LASTCC changes the value of MAXCC, if
LASTCC is set to a value larger than MAXCC. Setting MAXCC = 16 terminates the job
.........
REPRO INFILE (INDD) -
OUTFILE (OUTDD)
................
IF LASTCC EQ 0 -
THEN -
PRINT OUTFILE (INDD)
ELSE
PRINT INFILE (OUTDD)
IF MAXCC LT 4 -
THEN -
DO
/* COMMENT */
Command
Command
END
ELSE
Command
DEFINE CLUSTER
….
IF LASTCC > 0 THEN
SET MAXCC = 16
ELSE
REPRO
……
DEFINE CLUSTER
Clusters are created and named with the DEFINE CLUSTER command.
Format : NAME(Cluster-Name)
Cluster name :- The name to be assigned to the cluster
Example: NAME(DA0004T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER)
The cluster Name becomes the dataset name in any JCL that invokes this cluster either as an input or
output
//INPUT DD DSN=DA0004T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER,DISP=SHR
The high-level qualifier is important because in most installations this technique ensures that VSAM
datasets are cataloged in the appropriate user catalog.
The space allocation parameter specifies space allocation values in the units shown below:
Format :
CYLINDERS(Pri Sec)
TRACKS(Pri Sec)
RECORDS(Pri Sec)
KILOBYTES(Pri Sec)
MEGABYTES(Pri Sec)
Primary : Number of units of primary space to allocate. This amount is allocated once when the dataset
is created
Secondary : Number of units of secondary space to allocate. This amount is allocated a maximum of
122 times as needed during the life of the dataset. VSAM calculates the control area size for you. A
control area size of one cylinder usually yields best performance. To ensure control area size of one
cylinder you must allocate space in CYLINDERS.
Allocating space ine RECORDS must be avoided as this might result in an inefficient Control Area
size.
This VOLUMES parameter assigns one or more storage volumes to your dataset. Multiple
volumes must be of the same device type.
Format :
VOLUMES(volser) or VOLUMES(volser ........ volser)
Example :
VOLUMES(BS3011)
VOLUMES(BS3011 BS3040 BS3042)
You can store the data and index (in case of KSDS clusters) on separate volumes as this
may provide a performance advantage for large dataset
This parameter tells VSAM what size records to expect. The avg and max are average and
maximum values for variable length record. If records are of fixed length, avg and max should be the
same.
Format :
RECORDSIZE(avg max)
Note :
This parameter allows large record to span more than one control interval. However records cannot
span Control Areas. The resulting free space in the spanned control interval is unusable by other
records, even if they fit logically in the unused bytes. [NONSPANNED is the default] & it means that
records cannot span control intervals
DEFINE CLUSTER -
(NAME(DA0001T.LIB.ESDS.CLUSTER) -
NONINDEXED -
RECORDSIZE(125 125) -
RECORDS(100 10) -
NONSPANNED -
VOLUMES (BS3013) -
REUSE - ) -
DATA(NAME(DA0001T.LIB.ESDS.DATA))
The DATA parameter tells IDCAMS that you are going to create a separate data component. This
parameter is optional for ESDS and RRDS datasets. You should code the NAME parameter of DATA
for KSDS datasets, in order to operate on the data component by itself.
Format :
DATA(NAME(dataname) Parameters)
Format :
INDEX(NAME(indexname) Parameters)
indexname : The name you choose to name the index component
INDEX(NAME(DA0004T.LIB.KSDS.INDEX))
When you code the DATA and INDEX parameters, you usually coda a NAME parameter for them. If
you omit the NAME parameter for DATA and INDEX , VSAM appends .DATA or .INDEX as the
low-level qualifier.
This parameter defines the length and offset of the primary key in a KSDS record.
The offset is the primary key’s displacement (in bytes) from the beginning of the record.
Format :
KEYS(length offset)
Example :
KEYS(8 0)
VSAM records begin in position zero
Note :
Default is KEYS(64 1) [Key is in bytes 2 thru 65]
This FREESPACE parameter, which applies to the KSDS, allocates some percentage of control
interval and control area for planned free space. This free space can be used for adding new records or
for expanding existing variable records. FREESPACE applies only to the data component
Format :
FREESPACE(%CI %CA)
Note :
Default is FREESPACE(0 0)
The REUSE parameter specifies that the cluster can be opened a second time as a reusable
cluster. NOREUSE is the default, and specifies the cluster as non-reusable.
Format :
REUSE|NOREUSE
Some application call for temporary dataset or workfile that must be created, used and deleted each
time the application runs. To simplify these applications, VSAM lets you create reusable files. The
reusable file is a standard VSAM KSDS, ESDS or RRDS. The only difference is that, if you open an
existing reusable file for output processing, VSAM treats the file as if were empty. Any records already
present in the file are ignored.
This parameter specifies the Control Interval size. It is usually abbreviated CISZ.
Format :
CISZ(bytes)
Example :
CISZ(4096)
Remark : Control Interval is VSAM’s equivalent of a block and it is the unit of data that is actually
transmitted when records are read or written.
ESDS is processed sequentially, so the CISZ should be relatively large, depending on the size of the
record. For sequential processing with larger records you may choose a CISZ of 8k
For datasets processed randomly as well as sequentially (for backup at night) choose a CISZ for
random processing and then allocate extra buffers for sequential processing with the AMP JCL
parameter.
RRDS is usually processed randomly, so the CISZ should be relatively small, depending on the size of
the record.
SHAREOPTIONS
This parameter tells VSAM whether you want to let two or more jobs to process your file at the same
time. It specifies how a VSAM dataset can be shared
Format :
cr value : Specifies the value for cross region sharing. Cross region sharing is defined as different jobs
running on the same system using Global Resource Serialization(GRS), a resource control facility
available only under MVS/XA and ESA
cs value : Specifies the value for cross system sharing means different jobs running on different system
in a NONGRS environment
Values :-
• multiple read OR single write
• multiple read AND single write
• multiple read AND multiple write
Default :- SHAREOPTIONS(1 3)
5. LISTCAT
LISTCAT’s basic function is to list information about VSAM and NONVSAM objects. With
LISTCAT you can also view password and security information, usage statistics, space allocation
information, creation and expiration dates etc.
Format 1:
Options are :
• HISTORY
• VOLUME
• ALLOCATION
• ALL
ENTRIES (ENT) requires you to specify each level of qualification, either explicitly or implicitly,
using an asterisk as a wild card character.
Examples:
LISTCAT
ENT(DA0001T.VSAM.KSDS.CLUSTER) -
CLUSTER -
ALL -
LISTCAT
ENT(DA0001T.VSAM.KSDS.CLUSTER) -
DATA -
ALL -
Format 2:
LEVEL by definition lists all lower levels. VSAM assumes that qualifier to be the high-level qualifier
and list every entry with that high level qualifier .
Example
The above will list all entries with DA0001T as high level qualifier , anything in the second-level
qualifier and KSDS in the third-level qualifier . That is it would list DA0001T.ABC.KSDS and
DA0001T.TEST.KSDS.AIX, DA0001T.TEST.KSDS.DATA .
If you analyze the output of the LISTCAT command there is ALLOCATION information which shows
two fields HURBA and HARBA.
High-Used-RBA (HURBA)points to the end of the data. High-Allocated-RBA (HARBA)is the highest
byte that can be used.
HIGH-ALLOC-RBA indicates the Relative Byte Address(plus 1) of the last allocated data control area.
This value reflects the total space allocation for the data component.
HIGH-USED-RBA indicates the Relative Byte Address(plus 1) of the last used data control area. This
value reflects the portion of the space allocation that is actually filled with data records.
There are actually to HURBAs one in the VSAM control block of the cluster and one in the catalog
entry for the cluster.
You can write application programs (in COBOL, PL/I Assembler Language, in CICS) and use the
statements provided by these languages to write and read VSAM datasets
Alternate Indexes may be defined on one or more than one Alternate Key(s) i.e. Field(s) other than
primary key. Alternate Key(s) need not be unique. Each alternate index itself is a KSDS with data and
index component.
Alternate Index greatly reduces redundancy. There is no need to keep a separate dataset for different
views like Employees’ Social Security No. The records may be accessed sequentially or randomly
based on the alternate record keys.
Alternate Indexes do not support a reusable base cluster. So NOREUSE which is the default, should be
specified.
Too many Alternate Indexes built on a KSDS may lead to performance Degradation as access by
alternate key requires twice as many I/O’s . VSAM first locates the primary key from the alternate
index and then locates the Control Interval information from the record key index.
For ESDS, VSAM builds AIX by mapping one field to the record’s RBA.
RELATE Parameter
Format:
RELATE(base cluster name)
This parameter establishes the relationship between the base cluster and the alternate index via the use
of the base cluster name. It is unique to the DEFINE AIX command, and it is required.
Format:
RECORDSIZE(avg max)
This parameter specifies the average and maximum length of each alternate index record. There are two
types of alternate indexes.
KSDS unique alternate index: You can create a unique alternate index by specifying the
UNIQUEKEY parameter. The records of unique alternate indexes are of fixed length. The length of a
unique alternate index built over a KSDS is derived as follows:
For example if an unique alternate index on Soc-Sec-No is built on our KSDS cluster Employee then
the RECORDSIZE will be calculated as follows:-
5 Bytes fro HouseKeeping + size of alternate key + Size of Primary Key that the alternate
= 5 + 9 + 8 = 22
KSDS non-unique alternate index: An alternate index created with a NONUNIQUEKEY parameter has
variable length records. The RECORDSIZE is calculated as follows:-
Avgerage Record length = 5 bytes for House Keeping + size of the alternate key + size of the
primary key x average no of records the alternate index key can point to
Maximum Record length = 5 bytes for House Keeping + size of the alternate key + size of the
primary key x maximum no of records the alternate index key can point to
Define an Alternate Index Path using the IDCAMS DEFINE PATH command. The path forms a
connection between the alternate index and the base cluster. Path name becomes a catalog entry but
path does not contain any records. The path name is specified in the JCL for applications that access
records via the alternate index.
//STEP1 EXEC PGM=IDCAMS
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT =*
//SYSIN DD *
DEFINE PATH
-
NAME(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.AUTHNAME.PATH) -
PATHENTRY(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.AUTHNAME.AIX) -
UPDATE -
)
/*
//
UPDATE vs NOUPDATE
Records may be accessed by applications by the alternate index path alone, without opening the base
cluster. In such cases any changes made to data will be reflected in the alternate index records if the
UPDATE option is specified. If NOUPDATE is specified then the alternate index records will not be
automatically updated.
The UPDATE/NOUPDATE option of DEFINE PATH works in tandem with the UPGRADE /
NOUPGRADE of the DEFINE AIX command.
UPGRADE specifies that any changes made in the base cluster records will be reflected immediately in
the alternate index records if the base cluster is opened in the application. Fortunately UPGRADE and
UPDATE are defaults for their respective commands.
• The data component of the base cluster is read sequentially and pairs of key pointers are
extracted. These pairs consist of the alternate key field and its corresponding primary key field.
VSAM creates a temporary file with these records.
• If NONUNIQUEKEY option is specified then a merge operation takes place, which will merge
all records with the same alternate key into a single record.
• These records are the data component of the Alternate Index. VSAM now constructs the index
component just as it does for the KSDS.
Note: The Alternate Index can be built only after the base cluster has been both defined and loaded with atleast
1 record.
Disposition of base cluster is DISP=OLD as the BLDINDEX needs absolute control of the base
cluster.Output dataset can be Alternate index cluster or pathname
The INTERNALSORT uses virtual storage whereas EXTERNAL SORT uses disk space.
INTERNALSORT is the default. If you want an external sort to be performed then include IDCUT1
and IDCUT2 DD statements in your JCL and specify EXTERNALSORT in the BLDINDEX
command.
DEFINE Cluster
(NAME(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER)
.
)
DEFINE AIX
(NAME(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.AUTHNAME.AIX) RELATE(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER)
.
)
DEFINE PATH (NAME(DA0001T.LIB.KSDSK.AUTHNAME.PATH)
PATHENTRY(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.AUTHNAME.AIX)
.
)
BLDINDEX
INDATASET(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER) OUTDATASET(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.AUTHNAME.AIX)
.
)
REPRO
REPRO command can operate on non-VSAM datasets. It is an all-purpose load and backup utility
command and can be used in place of IEBGENER.
Format :
REPRO
INFILE(ddname) | INDATASET(dsname) -
OUTFILE(ddname) | OUTDATASET(dsname) -
While it is not possible to edit the input to REPRO, you can limit the input by providing the optional
parameters.
FROMKEY and TOKEY parameters: FROMKEY specifies the key of the input records at which to
begin reading. TOKEY specifies the key to stop reading or the last input record.
SKIP and COUNT parameters. SKIP specifies the number of input records to skip before beginning to
copy. COUNT specifies the number of output records to copy. You can specify both. For example skip
10 records and copy next 10
//DD1 DD DSN=DA0001T.INPUT.KSDS,DISP=OLD
//DD2 DD DSN=DA0001T.OUTPUT.KSDS, DISP=OLD
//SYSIN DD *
REPRO -
INFILE(DD1)
-
OUTFILE(DD2) -
FROMKEY(A001) -
TOKEY(A069)
FROMADDRESS (RBA)
TOADDRESS(RBA)
FROMNUMBER (RRN)
TONUMBER(RRN)
COUNT (NO.)
SKIP(NO)
In the example above INDATASET is the input file and DD2 is the output tape dataset which is a part
of the GDG while is more or less like a physical sequential file. (Ref to chapter 10 for more on
GDG’s )
When you DELETE-DEFINE-REPRO a VSAM dataset it has the following effects on the KSDS.
• The dataset is reorganized that is the Control Interval and Control Area splits are eliminated
• Free space is redistributed throughout the dataset as specified in the FREESPACE parameter.
• Primary index is rebuilt, however the DELETE command deletes the base cluster as well as its
indexes. So the alternate indexes have to be redefined
ESDS or RRDS need not be reorganized because the record position is fixed permanently by sequence
of entry or record number.
//DD1 DD DSN=DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.BACKUP(0),
// DISP=OLD, UNIT=TAPE,LABEL=(1,SL)
//SYSIN DD *
DELETE DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER
/* DEFINE CLUSTER NAME(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER) -
INDEXED
-
KEYS(4 0)
-
RECORDSIZE(80 80)
-
VOLUMES(BS3013)
-
)
-
DATA(NAME(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.DATA))
-
INDEX(NAME(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.INDEX))
REPRO
-
INFILE(DD1)
-
OUTDATASET(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER)
/*
The REPRO command can also be used to merge two datasets into one. The target dataset can be a
nonempty KSDS, ESDS or RRDS. If the target dataset is an ESDS, the merged records are added to
the end of the existing dataset.
EXPORT/IMPORT Commands
The EXPORT/IMPORT commands can be used for backup and recovery . You can export a dataset,
alternate index or a catalog to a different system.
Cluster deletion and redefinition not required during import as input dataset already contains catalog
information
Easily ported on other systems as catalog information available with data
Like REPRO KSDS datasets are reorganized however three steps of REPRO are replaced by one
Disadvantages:
EXPORT
FORMAT :
Optional parameters
Example :
EXPORT DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER -
OUTFILE(DD2)
IMPORT
Format :
IMPORT -
INFILE(ddname) | INDATASET(dsname) -
OUTFILE(ddname) | OUTDATASET(dsname) -
Optional parameters:
Format :
VERIFY FILE(ddname/passwd)
or
VERIFY DATASET(entryname/passwd)
VERIFY entryname/passwd (TSO)
VERIFY DATASET(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER)
Remark :
DELETE
- logically deletes dataset
- catalog entry deleted
Format :
DELETE entryname/passwd -
optional parameters
DELETE DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER -
ERASE
Example 8.2 Deleting a Cluster
Optional parameters are :
AIX
• CLUSTER
• NONVSAM
• PATH
ERASE | NOERASE
• FORCE | NOFORCE
• PURGE | NOPURGE
• SCRATCH | NOSCRATCH
PRINT
The default output destination for PRINT is SYSPRINT.
prints in CHAR/HEX/DUMP format
limiting
Format 1 :
PRINT INDATASET (entryname/passwd) -
Format 2 :
PRINT INFILE (ddname/passwd) -
parameters like REPRO are available
Options
• CHAR | DUMP | HEX
• COUNT (number)
• FROMADDRESS, [TOADDRESS]
• FROMKEY, [TOKEY]
• FROMNUMBER, [TONUMBER]
• OUTFILE (ddname)
• SKIP (number)
ALTER
change names
• Add volumes/Remove volumes
• Change Keys and uniqueness
• Change record size
• Change Upgrade option
• Change % of FREESPACE etc.
Format :
ALTER entryname/passwd parameters
Options :
• ADDVOLUMES (volumes)
• AUTHORIZATION(entry string)
• BUFFERSPACE (size)
• ERASE | NOERASE
• FREESPACE(ci% ca%)
• MASTERPW(password)
• NEWNAME(newname)
• READPW (password)
• SCRATCH | NOSCRATCH
• SHAREOPTIONS
• (cross region cross system)
• TO(date) |FOR(days)
• UPDATE | NOUPDATE
• UPDATEPW(password)
• UPGRADE | NOUPGRADE
The ORDERED Parameter tells VSAM to assign the KEYRANGES values to the volumes, one by one,
in the order in which the KEYRANGES and VOLUMES are specified.
Format :
ORDERED | UNORDERED
Example :
KEYRANGES( (0001 1000) -
(1001 2000) -
(2001 3000)) -
VOLUMES (BS3013 -
BS3014 -
BS3001)
Note : When you code ORDERED, you must code the same no. of VOLUMES as KEYRANGES.
The IMBED Parameter directs VSAM to place the sequence set on the first track of the Data Control
Area and duplicate it as many times as it will fit.
Advantage : reduces rotational delay
Format :
IMBED | NOIMBED
The REPLICATE Parameter directs VSAM to duplicate each index record as many times as it will fit
on its assigned track. It applies to a KSDS index component only.
Format :
REPLICATE | NOREPLICATE
Example :
INDEX(NAME(DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.INDEX) -
IMBED
-
REPLICATE
-
)
VSAM provides a hierarchical list of parameters that you can specify for a non-DFSMS-managed
VSAM dataset. However DFSMS-managed dataset you must use a security package like RACF.
Format :
MASTERPW(password)
Allows the highest level of access to all cluster components, including DELETE and ALTER authority
Format :
UPDATEPW(password)
Format :
READPW(password)
Example :
MASTERPW(TRGDEPT)
At the execution time, a password can be coded explicitly in the PASSWORD clause of a COBOL
SELECT clause
AUTHORIZATION provides additional security for a VSAM cluster by naming and assembler user
verification routine (USVR).
Format :
AUTHORIZATION (entry-point password)
entry-point : the name of the entry point of a USVR
written in assembly language
password : the password the routine is to verify
Example :
AUTH(MYRTN ‘TRGDEPT’)
ALTER -
DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER -
NEWNAME(A2000.MY.CLUSTER)
ALTER -
DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.INDEX -
FREESPACE(30 30)
The following attributes are unalterable. You have to DELETE the cluster and redefine it with new
attributes.
CISZ
Cluster type,
IMBED/REPLICATE
REUSE | NOREUSE
9. Generation DataSets
Although there are many different uses for sequential datasets, many sequential files have one
characteristics in common : they are used in cyclical application
for example, sequential dataset that contains transaction posted daily against a master file is cyclical;
each days transactions, along with the processing required to post them, from one cycle. Similarly a
sequential dataset used to hold the backup copy of a master file is cyclical too; each time a new backup
copy is made, new cycle is begun.
In most of the cyclical applications, it’s good idea to maintain versions of the files used for several
cycles. That way if something goes wrong, you can recreate the processing that occurred during
previous cycles to restore the affected files to a known point. Then the processing can continue from
that point
For this MVS provides a facility called generation data group, GDG is a collection of two or more
chronologically related versions of the same file. Each version of the file or member of the GDG, is
called a generation dataset. A generation dataset may reside on tape or DASD. It is generally sequential
(QSAM) or direct(BDAM) file. ISAM and VSAM files can’t be used in GDGs.
As each processing cycle occurs a new generation of dataset is added to the generation data group. The
new version becomes the current generation; it replaces the old current generation, which becomes a
previous generation.
Figure above is the structure of a generation data group. There are 3 previous generations, note that
generations are numbered relative to the current generation, file.c1(0).
Relative generation numbers are adjusted when each processing cycle completes, so that the current
generation is always referred to as relative generation 0.
MVS uses the generation data group’s catalog entry to keep track of relative generation numbers. As a
result, GDGs must be cataloged and each generation dataset that’s a part of the group must be
cataloged too.
When you create a generation data group’s catalog entry, you specify how many generations should be
maintained Example: You might specify that five generations including the current generation should
be maintained. Then during each processing cycle, the new version of the file becomes the current
version.
Although MVS lets you use relative generation numbers to simplify cyclical processing, MVS uses
“Absolute Generation Numbers” in the form GnnnnV00 to identify each generation dataset uniquely.
GnnnnV00 represents the chronological sequence number of the sequence number of the generation,
beginning with G0000.
V00 is a version number, which lets you maintain more than one version of a generation. Each time a
new generation dataset is created, mvs adds one the sequence number. The sequence and version
numbers are stored as a part of the file’s dataset name, like this:
filename.GnnnnV00
35 chars 9 chars
// IN DD DSN=DA0002T.MASTER, DISP=SHR
// OUT DD DSN=DA0002T.MASTER.DAY(+1),
DISP= (NEW,CATLG,DELETE),
UNIT=3390, VOL=SER=BP0031,
SPACE= (CYL,(10,5),RLSE),
DCB=(PROD.GDGMOD,
BLKSIZE=23440,LRECL=80,RECFM=FB)\
//DA0003TA JOB
//UPDATE EXEC PGM=PAY3200
//OLDMAST DD DSN=MMA2.PAY.MAST(0),DISP=OLD
//NEWMAST DD DSN=MMA2.PAY.MAST(+1),
DISP= (NEW,CATLG),UNIT=3300,
VOL=SER=BS3001,
DCB=(LRECL=80,BLKSIZE=1600)
//PAYTRAN DD DSN=MMA2.PAY.TRAN,DISP=OLD
//PAYLIST DD SYSOUT=*
//REPORT EXEC PGM=PAY3300
//PAYMAST DD DSN=MMA2.PAY.MAST(+1),DISP=OLD
//PAYRPT DD SYSOUT=*
//JOB1 JOB
//UPDATE EXEC PGM=PAY3200
//OLDMAST DD DSN=MMA2.PAY.MAST(0),DISP=OLD
//NEWMAST DSN=MMA2.PAY.MAST(+1),
DISP=(NEW, CATLG), UNIT=3300,
VOL=SER=BS3001,
DCB=(LRECL=80, BLKSIZE=1600)
//PAYTRAN DD DSN=MMA2.PAY.TRAN,DISP=OLD
//PAYLIST DD SYSOUT =*
//JOB2 JOB ...........
//REPORT EXEC PGM=PAY3300
//PAYMAST DD DSN=MMA2.PAY.MAST(0),DISP=OLD
//PAYRPT DD SYSOUT=*
GDG’s are a
group of datasets which are related to each other chronologically and functionally.
Generations can continue until a specified limit is reached. The LIMIT parameter
specifies total number of generations that can exist at any one time.
Once limit is reached the oldest generation is deleted.
GDG Index
have to be created using the IDCAMS command ‘DEFINE GDG’ before datasets that are to be
included in them can be made a part of them.
Model containing parameter information of the datasets to be included in the GDG has to be specified.
All datasets within a GDG will have the same name. Generation number of a dataset, within a GDG is
automatically assigned by OS when created. Datasets within a GDG can be referenced by their relative
generation number. Generation 0 always references current generation
Creation of GDGs
Specification
Name of GDG
Number of generations
Limit …. maximum no of datasets in a GDG.
Action to be taken when limit is reached
NOEMPTY…
EMPTY …
SCRATCH ….
NOSCRATCH …
Name of the model containing the GDG DCB parameter’s is coded in the DCB parameter of the DD
statement
Example :
ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL/INDEXED/RELATIVE
ACCESS MODE IS SEQUENTIAL/INDEXED/DYNAMIC
RECORD KEY IS primary Key Dataname
ALTERNATE KEY IS Alternate Key Dataname [With Duplicates]
FILE STATUS IS status-key.
FD Entry
If KSDS then key field must match with length and position of KEYS parameter in DEFINE
CLUSTER information
File Processing
In JCL there must be a DD statement for base cluster and one or more DD statement for alternate index
path name.
Note: There is no COBOL standard for assigning ddnames to alternate indexes, so a quasi-standard has
emerged whereby a sequential number is appended to the eighth character of the base cluster ddname.
//LIBMAST DD DSN=DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.CLUSTER,
// DISP=SHR
//LIBMAST1 DD DSN=DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.NAME.PATH,
// DISP=SHR
//LIBMAST2 DD DSN=DA0001T.LIB.KSDS.DEPT.PATH,
// DISP=SHR
Example 10.2 JCL to access AIX
Remark:
No matter how many alternate indexes you specify in the program, there’s only one ASSIGN clause
pointing to the ddname of the base cluster.
FD : Should have record description having primary key dataname and alternate key
dataname
Key of Reference.
The key that is currently being used to access records is called the key of reference. When the program
opens the dataset, the primary key becomes, by default, the key of reference. The primary key remains
the key of reference when accessing records until it is changed. To start accessing records by an
alternate index key, you merely change the key of reference by using the KEY phrase as part of one of
the following statements.
START EMP-MAST
KEY IS EQUAL TO EMP-NAME.
Example 10.6 START verb
key-1 key-2 Cause
Successful Completion:
0 0 No further information,
2 Duplicate key detected.
4 Wrong fixed-length record.
5 Data set created when pened.With
sequential VSAM datasets,0 is returned.
7 CLOSE with NO REWIND or
REEL, for non-tape.
End-of-file.
1 0 No further information.
4 Relative record READ outside
dataset boundary.
Invalid key.
2 1 Sequence error.
2 Duplicate key.
3 No record found.
4 Key outside boundary of dataset.
Logic error :
4 1 OPEN of dataset already open.
2 CLOSE for dataset not open.
3 READ not executed before REWRITE.
4 REWRITE of different-record size.
6 READ after EOF reached.
7 READ attempted for dataset not opened I-O
or INPUT.
8 WRITE for dataset not opened OUTPUT,I-O
or EXTEND.
9 DELETE or REWRITE for dataset not opened I-O.
I/O error handling is one vital area where VSAM dataset processing differs from non-VSAM dataset
processing. When processing non-VSAM datasets, most programmers code their application programs
to ignore errors, because the access method would abend the program if a serious I/O error occurs. Not
so when processing VSAM datasets.
VSAM places program control in the hands of the programmer, not the O/S. For this reason, it is
important to check the COBOL status key designated in the FILE STATUS clause after every I/O
operation. For some error keys you'll want to abend the program immediately; for others you can just
display the key, the record, and an informative message and continue processing.
For these status key values, continue processing normally :
00 successful I/O.
02 duplicate alternate key encountered (expected).
10 end of file.
For these status key values, bypass the record, display pertinent information, and continue processing :
Note: You may want to have the program count the number of times these key values are returned and terminate
the program if the counter reaches an unacceptable number, which would likely to indicate that your input is
bad
VSAM ASSIGNMENT
a. Define an ESDS cluster. Populate the ESDS cluster by using a COBOL program. Using
LISTCAT command list the attributes of the created cluster.
Allocation for 3000 records primary, secondary allocations for 100 records.
Fixed record length of 80 bytes each.
Key beginning in the 5th position with length of 5 bytes.
Volume parameters.
c. Populate the KSDS cluster by using a COBOL program. Using LISTCAT command list the
attributes of the created cluster.
d. Write a program to populate an indexed master file from transaction records. There are three
datasets.
1 56 10
1 5 6 25 26 28 29 33
1 56 13 14 18
1. A table of product numbers and corresponding unit prices is to be created in storage from
PRODUCT-MASTER. There are 50 product numbers.
4. Perform a table look up using the product number from the PURCHASE-TRANS record to find
the corresponding unit price in the PRODUCT-MASTER table.
The key field is a combined group item consisting of state number and country number. Create a KSDS
cluster and populate the cluster from the following transaction records.
The output master file is also an indexed file with following record layout
Amount Owed = Qty x Price per unit + Tax rate x (Qty x Price per unit )
12. Appendix -B
References
MVS/VSAM for Application Programmer by Brown and Smith
Table of Figures
Figure 2.1 VSAM Catalog...................................................................................................7
Figure 2.2 Space Allocation................................................................................................ 9
Figure 3.1 Contents of Control Interval.............................................................................10
Figure 3.2 Contents of Control Field.................................................................................11
Figure 3.3 Control Area.....................................................................................................11
Figure 3.4 Spanned Record............................................................................................... 12
Figure 3.5 Contents of Control Area................................................................................. 13
Figure 3.6 Contents of KSDS Index.................................................................................. 13
Figure 3.7 Contents of Sequence Set.................................................................................14
Figure 3.7 Contents of Index Set....................................................................................... 14
Figure 3.8 Inserting a new record into a KSDS.................................................................15
Figure 3.9 Inserting a new record into a full CI................................................................ 16
Figure 3.10 After Control Interval Split.............................................................................. 16
Figure 3.11a Effect of Control Interval Split on Sequence Set....................................... 17
Figure 3.11b Effect of Control Interval split on Sequence Set.........................................18
Figure 5.1 HURBA and HARBA...................................................................................... 31
Figure 6.1 Contents of KSDS unique alternate index........................................................34
14. Appendix-D