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CommentShare & Embed Download this Document for Free Antacid Effectiveness
Analysis 7C Candy Kwok (12) Maggie Lam (13) Cecilia Wu (23) Project Title Drug:
Antacid Effectiveness Analysis To determine the neutralizing ability of antacids
in different brands using back titration Objectives 1. To determine the
neutralizing ability of antacids in different brands. 2. To compare the
effectiveness of commercial antacids and their side effects. Reasons for Choice
of Topic In nowadays, many HK people are suffering from upset stomach due to
heavy
workload, nervous tension due to the stress of daily life and poor eating habit,

which
is eating too much high-fat foods too quickly. They usually use antacid therapy
to
relieve the symptoms. From our previous knowledge, we know that antacids contain
weak bases to neutralize the excess antacid in the stomach. Every day we are
bombarded by commercials dealing with acid indigestion. Each in turn declares
they
neutralize more acid and provide strongest relief and are fastest acting. Hence,
we are
interested in which brand of antacid is the most effective medicine and its side
effects.
Introduction Stomach contents are highly acidic due to the action of cells in
the stomach walls
that secrete hydrochloric acid. The acid environment suppresses growth of
bacteria
and aids in the digestion process. The acid hydrolyzes proteins and helps to
activate
the enzyme pepsin, which further breaks down food proteins. The primary
component
of gastric juice is hydrochloric acid and the pH is very close to 1. This is the

pH of a
0.1 M HCl solution. Under normal conditions, the inner lining of the stomach is
not
damaged by the hydrochloric acid because this lining, the mucosa, is being
replaced at
a very rapid rate. The stomach often responds to overeating or under stress with
a
greatly increased secretion of acid. This excess acid can lower the pH, which is
normally in the range from 0.9 to 1.5, to the point where discomfort (acid
indigestion)
is experienced. Upset stomach, indigestion, and gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD) may occur when the excess acid travels to more delicate tissues, causing
a
burning, painful sensation which is so-called heartburn. Apart from short-term
discomfort and in the long term, gastric and duodenal ulcers may occur as the
excess
acid denatures proteins composing the stomach wall.
An antacid is taken to neutralize this excess acid. Antacids are
over-the-counter medications which are used to decrease the concentration of
hydrochloric acid in the stomach. They are available in solid or liquid form and
many formulations. Antacids Antacid Effectiveness Analysis 7C Candy Kwok (12)
Maggie Lam (13) Cecilia Wu (23) can contain any one or a combination of the
following active ingredients: aluminum
hydroxide Al(OH)3, calcium carbonate (commonly known as chalk) CaCO3,
magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 and sodium bicarbonate (commonly known as
baking soda)NaHCO3. Antacid tablets neutralize the HCl in the stomach according
to
one of the following reactions, depending on the active ingredient.
Acid + Base Salt + Water
NaHCO3 + HClNaCl + H2O + CO2
Al(OH)3 + 3HClAlCl3 + 3H2O
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O
Theory The chemical reaction of antacids: Antacids react with excess stomach
acid byneutrali zation. It is a chemical reaction,
(also called a water forming reaction since a water molecule is formed during
the
process) in which an acid and a base or alkali (soluble base) react to produce
salt and
water (H2O).
i.e. HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl During the process, hydrogen ions H+
(a bare
proton) from the acid (proton donor) or
a hydronium ion H3O+ and hydroxide ions OH− or oxide ions O2− from t
he base
(proton acceptor) react together to form a water molecule H2O. In the process, a
salt is
also formed when the anion from acid and the cation from base react together.
Neutralization reactions are generally classified as exothermic since heat is
released
into the surroundings.
Acids are proton donors which convert into conjugated bases. They are generally
pure substances which contain hydrogen ions (H+) or cause them to be produced in
solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are common
examples.
In water, these break apart into ions:
HCl → H+(aq) + Cl−(aq) OR H2SO4 → H+(aq) + HSO4−(aq) Bas
es are proton acceptors
which convert into conjugated acids. They are generally substances which contain
hydroxide ion (OH-) or produce it in solution. Alkalis are
the soluble bases, i.e. a base which contains a metal from column 1 or 2 of the
periodic table. To produce hydroxide ions in water, the alkali breaks apart into
ions as
Antacid Effectiveness Analysis 7C Candy Kwok (12) Maggie Lam (13) Cecilia Wu
(23) below:
NaOH → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Examples of bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH),
magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). In this project,
antacids are bases. Explanation of action of neutralization of antacids : The
Lewis definition of acid-base reactions is a donation mechanism, which
conversely attributes the donation of electron pairs from bases and the
acceptance by
acids.
Ag+ + 2 :NH3 → [H3N:Ag:NH3]+
(A silver cation reacts as an acid witha mmonia which acts as an electron-pair
donor,
forming an ammonia-silver adduct)
In reactions between Lewis acids andbases, there is the formation of an adduct
when
the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of a molecule, such as NH3 with
available lone electron pair(s) donates lone pairs of electrons to the
electron-deficient
molecule's lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)through aco-ordinate
covalent bond; in such a reaction, the HOMO-interacting molecule acts as a base,
and the LUMO-interacting molecule acts as an acid. In highly-polar molecules,
such as boron trifluoride (BF3), the most electronegative element pulls
electrons towards its own orbitals, providing a more positive charge on the
less-electronegative element
and a difference in its electronic structure due to the axial or equatorial
orbiting
positions of its electrons, causing repulsive effects from lone pair-bonding
pair (Lp-
Bp) interactions between bonded atoms in excess of those already provided by
bonding pair-bonding pair (Bp-Bp) interactions.
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