Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ie
BRONZE STAR ~IEDAL AWARDS *
ie
15th AA AW Bn. lSPJ 68th AAA Gun Bn.
*
ie Cpl. Raymond A. Krieger Lt. Col. Raymond C. Cheal *
ie
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1st Lt. Clarence C. Ballard
PFC Francis M. Dugan *
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2nd Lt.Wellington
1st Lt.
M/Sgt.
Clyde P. Chapman
S. Jones
Hollis Powell-KIA
82nd AA AW
Lt. Col. Walter
Bn. lSPJ
Killilae-OLC
*
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Cpl. Herbert M. Kiek-MIA 1st Lt. Paul G. McCoy *
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Cpl. Gerald A. Madera
SFC Merrell Brown *
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Sgt. William A. Waselewskie-MIA
Cpl. Lawrence Dotson-MIA
SFC Lewis Chaney
*
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Cpl. Marion L. Elmes
Capt. Arthur M. Meranski
Sgt. Grant Christiansen
Founded in 1892
Published from 1892 umill922 as
OFRCERS TIlE JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARTILLERY
LT. GEN. LEROY LUTES Published from 1922 until 1948 as the
PRESIDEl'o'T
COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
;\IAJ. GEN. LYMAN L. LEl\lNITZER
VICE-PRESIDENT
VOL. LXXXXIV MARCH-APRIL, 1951 No.2
~~~~ed bimonthly by the United States Antiaircraft Association. Editorial and executi\"e offices. 631 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.,
at W1nrou 4, D. C. Terms: $3.00 per year. Foreign subscriptions. $4.00 per year. Single copies, 75<. Entered as seeoud-class matter
htia~s Ington. D. C.; additional eutry at Richmond, Va., uuder the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyrigbt, 1951, by the United States
Ireraft Association.
THE third summary of antiaircraft
artillery activities in Korea can well open
It is still a David and Goliath affair in
which maneuver, precision and striking
combat areas within the UN communi-
cation zone in which Communist forces
with the statement: power are proving effective against su- are attempting to fight their way through
"Situation: Static; beginning to move; perior numbers and fanatical attempts to forward positions and back to their OWn
potentially explosi\'e," crush a determined opposition, In the lines. You can find fully manned road-
The southward surge of the Chinese parlance of the fighting front it is a blocks almost anywhere in Korea.
Communist forces has been blocked defi- "screwball war" in which single outfits Localizing the situation to the antiair-
nitely; the enemy has been hit hard and find themselves fighting on two fronts craft area of operation we find the troops
has withdrawn to reorganize his battered 180 degrees apart; it is a type of "circus" definitely employed according to doctrine
legions after surrendering the initiative action with three rings active all the time in fixed air defenses and in somewhat
and at this writing the northernmost on the main front, but with plenty of less orthodox use in ground support roles.
front has been stabilized roughly from side shows, Action involving full corps In the organic divisional organizations.
Seoul to Kyongpo, and divisions is in progress in isolated batteries are being employed in tenus of
General MacArthur with General Ridgway visits the front above Suwon .
.. .
The numerical odds against our troops
have been tremendous-probably the
greatest in history-but this setup has
provided magnificent targets for artillery
and air in which both have taken an
unbelievable toll of the enemy never
before exceeded in military records. The
antiaircraft artillery is performing prodi- ~1
gious tasks of destruction of enemy per- Chaplain Ray L. Allen holds Sunday
sonnel and material in its usual matter-of- services for 10th AAA Group.
fact and efficient manner.
The battle against typhus-historically antiaircraft organization of the Second
one of the greatest antagonists of mili- U. S. Division. The Second Division to
tary forces-is under control and the date has been engaged in most of the hot
1'Iedical Corps deserves plenty of credit spots of the campaigns and Killilae's out-
for its outstanding, though unheralded, fit has been right in the thick of the
performances. \Vhile the enemy has suf- operations all the time.
fered emasculating losses from disease After being shot up considerably in
the UN forces have observed preventive . the action in the withdrawal from the
Maj. J. C. Maldonado, S3 of the 82nd measures and discipline under guidance most forward advance of the United Na-
Bn. at Changn)'ong. of the omnipresent "medicos" and have tions forces, that outfit reorganized, re-
overcome another enemy of grave battle- equipped and on 28 December Battery
gle or multiple firing units as com- field proportions. C, attached to the 38th Infantry, made
ponents of patrols or task forces, to the contact with the North Korean forces in
horror of academic tacticians but to the the Tanyang area in patrol actions.
complete satisfaction of the force com- RECOGNITION for acts of heroism \\Then the Second Division occupied the
manders concerned. by antiaircraft troops has been accorded \Vonju salient toward the end of De-
The units in air defense activities, hav- in terms of hundreds of recommended cember the batteries of the battalion
ing had a taste of ground combat in the and awarded decorations. Among the were distributed among the various regi-
earlier days, are chafing to get back in on outstanding decorations was that of the mental combat teams except for Battery
the slaughter of the hostile concentra- award of the bronze star to Major (Chap- A which performed normal ground and
tions going on in the forward areas. In lain) Arthur F. Weaver, 37th AAA Gun air defense missions of the division head-
the advanced units the personnel have Battalion, for acts of exceptional bravery quarters and air strip areas. The winter
no complaints but would welcome just a with the 24th Division in Korea, whose road conditions were such that initially
1briefperiod in a heated tent or hut to heroism exemplifies the stalwart partici- only the M 16 units were taken with the
read the mail from home, write some pation in combat of these leaders of the task forces, the M19 material being
&euersand make some adjustments on Christian faith. They are as vital to our grouped with the armored task force
,heir war weary weapons. But war is like army as the rifleman or the cannoneer. with all the tanks of the division. Later
bat no matter whether you are fighting Their contribution to the inherent ex- on, the two types of weapons were re-
Korea or elsewhere. The main point cellence of the American soldier is out- grouped.
IS that morale remains high and the will standing; they are real comrades in arms. Battery D, supporting elements of the
~ 6ght and to win permeates the splen- In the last narrative report on the anti- 9th Infantry on many patrols, accounted
Id Antiaircraft troops in Korea. aircraft activities in Korea a brief account for 425 enemy killed in action during the
The weather has been bitter cold-but was given of the terrific combat of the period from the 15th to 25th of January.
.he U.S. and UN troops have outlasted 82nd AAA A \\T Battalion, under com- All members of the two M16 squads
he enemy in exposed types of action. mand of Lt. Col. Walter Killilae, organic were recommended for decorations by
RCH-APRIL, 1951 3
the Commanding Officer, 9th Infantry. blocks, operating with infantry agai
Battery C was engaged in patrol action pockets of resistance and silencing nil-
with the 38th Infantry and on one occa- Silver Star
merous machine guns and other hosti},:
PRIVATE FIRST CLASS ROBERT L Ol.
sion it eliminated more than 50% of an SON, Battery D, 15th AA AW Bn. (SPI. weapons.
enemy company caught in column for- distinguished himself by gallantry in ac. On February ]st, two 1'll6 units of
tion neor Sendoi-ri, Korea, on 1 Decem-
mation on a road covered by the patrol. ber 1950. On this dote, Private Olson Battery C with the 35th Infantry found
Colonel Killilae also tells of an occasion was a member of on automatic weapons themselves fogbound for a period of
crew which was protecting a convoy of
when some of his elements were in Ye- trucks evacuating wounded from the Cho. time. As the fog lifted about 300 Chi-
chon in reorganization and training ac- sin Reservoir area. An enemy rood block nese Communist troops could be seen
hod been reported destroyed by our
activities when a raider force was organ- troops, and Private Olson went forward to clearly at about 1,500 yards range. Fire
ized to Rush out a guerrilla outfit. Two verify it. Upon passing the point where immediately was opened and the enemy
the road block had been, the porty sud.
1'116 units accompanied the raiders and denly received heavy automatic weapons dispersed but not until the ground ,va's
are generally accorded credit for most of fire from a hitherto unseen enemy posi. strewn with dead and wounded who
tion. While the rest of the party took
the 210 counted dead in the brief but cover, Private Olson singlehandedly, and could not be carried away because of the
conclusive action which wiped out the with utter disregard for his own personal suddenness of the action.
safety, attacked the enemy position. By
enemy with many prisoners captured. his extremely heroic action, he killed the Two platoons of this battalion were
enemy gunner notwithstanding the fact proceeding toward Seoul with the ar-
Since the 25th of January the major that at the time it was dark and he did
portion of ground action has been with not know how many enemy were present mored units well in advance of the in-
in the position. The enemy weapon was
the 23rd Infantry with Battery B in sup- fantry forward elements. Only slight
silenced and the convoy was able to pro-
port. It was in this sector that the vicious ceed on its way. His display of gallantry hostile resistance was encountered, how-
on this occasion reflects great credit on
hand-to-hand fighting of the 23rd Infan- ever, although numerous small engage-
the military service. Entered the military
try and the French Battalion against the service from the State of Iowa. ments were undertaken.
enemy took place. The antiaircraft bat- General "Bill" Kean, Division Com-
tery participated in the tremendous mander, is enthusiastic over the pet-
slaughter of the enemy which marked the group could get into action, had dis- formances of his division and the effec-
this action. It was one of the outstanding persed the hostile group leaving 300 dead tive support of the antiaircraft units.
probing actions of the period. behind it. Upon another occasion a sec- Major Henry's battalion has installed
tion of the battery with the Third Battal- a caliber .30 water-cooled machine gun
ion of the 17th Infantry discovered a on top of the cab of the M 16 half-track
COLONEL Robert W. Hain, com- North Korean force about to attack the vehicle, to cover the vulnerable dead area
manding the ] 5th AAA Battalion (SP), battalion CPo In the action it killed 30 forward. The weapons have been used
reported that "we are spread out, and it of the enemy who broke and Red after in action and have proved valuable in
is tough getting to our outfits which are reaching a point within 50 yards of their covering an enemy until the vehicle can
employed in whole or in parts as the oc- objective. Capt. George H. Worf com- be turned across the road to permit the
casion demands. The guerrillas have mands Battery A which has recorded a action of the caliber .50 multiple
roadblocks along almost every road and distinguished record in combat action." mounted weapons.
we just have to check the reports con- Colonel Hain, who has recently re- Lt. Colonel Charles W. Stewart's 3rd
tinuously to find out what is going on. ceived his promotion to full colonel, re- AAA A \V Battalion, organic with the
The elements of the battalion are en- ports that the division has recommended Third U. S. Infantry Division, has been
gaged fully and are doing a grand job. one man of Battery D for the Medal of busily engaged with the infantry forces
"On the push northward our Battery Honor, 18 for the Silver Star and four and is continuing its splendid record in
A with the ]7th Infantry had one M]6 for the Bronze Star for their participation combat action. This also applies to the
unit on patrol with the infantry which in the Chosin Reservoir action. The separate batteries representing organic
suddenly ran into an enemy force of 350 names of those recommended are with- battalions with the 24th, 25th, ]st Cav-
North Koreans. The 1\1116opened at held pending final approval of the recom- alry Divisions and the ]87th Airborne
once at close range and before the rest of mendations. Regimental Combat Team. These bat-
Hain reports difficulty in keeping ma- teries and their commanders are: Batter)'
terial in shape due to the perennial A, 25th A W Bn. (SP), Capt. Lowell H.
shortage of spare parts under a situation Bielsmith; Battery A, 26th AW Bn. (SP),
where the troops are on the move most of Capt. Charles \V. Harrison; Battery A,
the time. 92nd AW Bn. (SP), Capt. Roger W.
Major Charles. E. Henry, commanding Miller and Battery A, 88th AB Bn.
the 21st AAA AW Battalion (SP) or- (SP), Capt. Blaine E. Young. Separate
ganic with the 25th Division, reports batteries in Korean air defense installa-
that after an eventful road march from tions are Battery D, 865th A vV Bn.
Pusan, his outnt again is engaged in the (SP), Capt. George W. Eisemann and
Staff of the 15th Bn.: Maj. J. N. Hickok, forward area in ground support role and Battery A, 933rd A W Bn. (SP), Capt.
Capts. A. D. White, G. B. Sage, Charles is achieving marked results. The various Joseph A. Harris. Hq. & Hq. Battery,
F. Farber, Co\. Hain, Capts. R. D.
batteries and separate or multiple units 52nd AW Bn. (SP), of the 24th Divi-
Motan, E. C. Ireland, ). H. Fiser, T. G.
Taft, A. M. Meranski and \VOJG M. have been used for overhead nre for sion has arrived in Korea giving Lieut.
Dadich. infantry advances, wiping out road- Col. Roy A. Tate his battalion head-
4 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
r
quarters organization. some of the antiaircraft air defense units during a terrific fire in a gasoline car
The 10th AAA Group, commanded have been able to send officers and men parked at a railway station among other
b\' Colonel \ Villiam H. Hennig, pres- to Japan for a period of ease and comfort. cars loaded with ammunition.
~tlv consists of the 78th AAA Gun Bat- In Japan they wear special insignia to The battalion is engaged in routine
[3li~n. commanded by Lt. Col. Thomas identify them as Korean war veterans but important duties in air defense as-
\or. Ackert; 68th AAA Gun Battalion, and they are treated royally by all with signments.
commanded by Lt. Col. Raymond C. whom they come in contact.
Lieut. Col. Thomas \V. Ackert of the
Cheal; 76th AAA AW Battalion (SP),
commanded by Lt. Col. Troy A. Barker
and the 50th AM A\V Battalion, com-
78th AAA Gun Battalion reports his unit
equipment in splendid condition due to
T HE 50th AAA AW Bn. (SP), for-
merly commanded by Lieut. Col. Charles
manded by ~lajor John A. Paddenburg, some exceptional work by SFC Robert S. O'Malley, was relieved from front-line
which claims the honor of being the last C. Nichols, B Battery fire control elec- action and assigned to air defense duties.
antiaircraft unit and a component of the trician, who has performed alleged mira- This battalion has served with the Ma-
last UN unit to depart from Hungnam. cles in repairing and renovating damaged rines and in the Hamhung-Hungnam
This group is engaged in air defense area since landing at Inchon. O'Malley
missions at the various fields in South feels that the M 19 units are better suited
Korea operated by the Fifth United for antiaircraft and ground support roles
States Air Force. The organizations are with infantry divisions than in static
being dug in for antiaircraft action and defenses; however, the organization is
disposed to cover the ever-present threat prepared to put up a devastating fire
of guerrilla action against the valuable against any hostile aircraft that might
military targets in the various air instal- appear. The outfit boasts of many deco-
lations. They have had time to renovate rations and many letters of praise from
their equipment which is in splendid the commanders under whom it has
condition and the troops are itching for a served. It is presently engaged in the
Lts. Berkowick and Carlisle sworn by
few targets to appear so that they can defense of one of the most important air
Lt. Co!. Parrott.
prove their worth. installations in Korea but is all prepared
The hostile air action has increased and war weary vital parts. Major Walter to displace forward immediately should
considerably in proportion and there are S. Ride, S3, and Capt. Don McClelland, the occasion arise.
daily threats over the Communist-con- S 1, have carried the bulk of responsi- In summary, the report this time is
trolled radio as to further projected air bilities in the many reconnaissances re- concerned with a much more static situa-
action. The activities to date have been quired in the numerous moves made tion than heretofore.
confined to attacks against the UN air within the past two months. Special However, the antiaircraft troops are
activities in North Korea where the attention has been given in siting both there spread out all over Southern Korea,
MIG and YAK jet jobs of the enemy 90mm and automatic weapons to provide performing their duties in a veteran man-
make fast passes at our planes and streak a tight defense against guerrilla attacks ner. Those with the division are very
for the sanctuary across the Manchurian on the air installations being protected. busy and on the go. All of them have
border. There have been a few night Patrols are sent to the hills frequently to learned to withstand the penetrating cold
bombing attacks against isolated UN locate signs of unfriendly congregations weather and other conditions incident to
areas known to be undefended by anti- preparing for attack. Korea. All have learned to watch the
aircraft artillery. These attacks have Lieut. Col. Raymond C. Cheal's 68th streams of refugees to minimize the dan-
been impotent to date but the possibility AAA Gun Battalion claims the honor of ger from Communist guerrillas.
of serious damage to the heavy traffic having made the first battlefield promo- Come what may, these officers and
on friendly fields makes air defense a tions among the antiaircraft units in
men are ready to meet it-with fortitude
highly valuable asset to our activities. Korea. Second Lieut. Benjamin M. Berk-
and resourcefulness that makes them the
Colonel Hennig and Lieut. Col. J. B. owick was sworn in as battery officer of
soldiers they are. In a little more than a
Coontz made a flying trip to Japan for Battery A and 2nd Lieut. Thomas M.
month the spring thaws will begin and
some advanced planning activities but re- Carlisle as a battery officer in Battery C
by Lieut. Col. John B. Parrott, battalion the scene will change from one of ice-
turned promptly to Korea to resume their
duties with the Group. New personnel executive. Berkowick has served as the coated dilemma to the sloshing mud
assigned to the 10th AAA Group Head- battalion sergeant major and later a war- churning movements of men and ma-
quarters are Lieut. Col. Charles L. An- rant officer. Carlisle was commissioned chines along morasses indicated on maps
drews and 1st Lieut. Robert S. Collins. from his assignment as first sergeant of as roads, across swollen rivers and streams
First Lieut. John H. Daniels has been Battery D. and through places that were cities and
reassigned as assistant S3 of the group. Sergeant Harry C. White, RA villages before the shadow of war cast
. The new rest and recuperation policy 12338890, member of Battery C, was itself over this former peace-loving na-
IS meeting with great favor in Korea and awarded the Soldier's Medal for heroism tion of Far East Asia.
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 5
AAA IN CLOSE SUPPORT OF AN
INFANTRY ATTACK
By 1st Lt. I. M. Sarmiento
T HE attack launched by elements of
the 23rd Infantry Regimental Combat
commander of the Ref-Colonel Paul
Freeman. All firing and utility vehicles
yards without undue incident.
The 2nd Battalion then advanced
Team, 2nd Infantry Division, along its were eguipped with SCR 508. to the regimental objective-6,OOO yards
sector of the Naktong River front on In the rear, bivouacked with division frqm the initial position. The 1st Bat.
Saturday, 16 September 1950, was an- artillery on a river bed, was the CP of talion was held up in its advance due to
other instance in which the AAA was Lieut. Colonel \Valter Killilae, the com- increased resistance encountered by an.
retained under artillery control while mander of the 82nd AAA A \V Bn. other unit on their flank. At that point,
furnishing close support to the infantry. (SP), with two ~139's and one jeep it was possible to shift the whole fire
That operation was important in AAA eguipped with SCR 508's. In the course support of B Battery to the 3rd Battalion
tactics, not only because it demonstrated of the operation he was in direct radio sector.
the effectiveness of fire power delivered communication with the commander of Throughout the operation, B Battery
by the AAA in close support of the in- B Battery and with the commanders of provided close fire support with the
fantry in the attack, but also because it the two AAA platoons. At the same time, heavy mortar and heavy weapons com.
showed how a working AAA radio sys- he was in direct telephone communica- panies of the battalions concerned.
tem could successfully fill in the gap tion with the commander of division At one point in the operation, when
when other means of communication artillery-Brigadier General Loyal M. G Company was unsuccessful in getting
between elements of a Ref, or between Haynes-furnishing him an account of tank fire on desired targets, the M 19's of
the Ref and higher echelon, fail or the progress of the operation. B Battery's 2nd Platoon substituted ef-
break down. In addition to the 40mm fire delivered fectively. The Ref commander reponed
In that operation, B Battery of the before the infantry jump-off, .50 caliber on one occasion that AAA fire was caus.
82nd AAA AW Battalion (SP), was fire from the M 16's using indirect ing the enemy to abandon positions.
given the mission of supporting the ad- fire, was also provided. The procedure Due to the speed of the infantry ad-
vance of the 23rd Infantry RCT. The was worked out between B Battery com- vance, communications contact was lost
infantry attacked at 0630 hours. mander and his two platoon command- between elements of the Ref, and be-
Artillery support of the Ref was pro- ers. tween the RCT and division commander
vided by the 37th FA Battalion firing As soon as the infantry battalions pro- -Major General 1. B. Keiser. The SCR
105mm howitzers. However, due to a ceeded on the attack, fire support from 508's of the AAA Platoons and B Bat- )
temporary shortage of 105mm ammuni- the AAA was delivered as directed by ery CP, supplied the links between the
tion, the 37th FA Battalion was directed the. infantry units. Fire direction was ac- elements. The commanding officer of
to fire on definitive targets only. For complished in three ways: (I) by means the AAA battalion, being in direct and
other targets, therefore, 40mm fire of the of tracer fire by the infantry (2) by the constant radio contact at his CP, with
AAA was called upon before the infan- marking of targets by flares and (3) the commander of B Battery and the
try jump-off. targets were described to platoon com- commanders of the two AAA plat~ns,
The attack started with the 1st Bat- manders who described them by radio to was able to furnish the division artillery
talion on the left flank, the 2nd Battal- the individual gun sguad commanders. commander by telephone, with a blow-
ion on the right flank and with the 3rd All three methods were successful. by-blow account of the battle operations
Battalion in rear. The 1st Platoon of the The elements of the RCT attained in the 23rd Infantry Ref sector. The
AAA battery supported the 2nd Battal- their objectives ahead of schedule. The division artillery commander, in turn, re-
ion; the 2nd Platoon supported the 1st 1st Battalion, on the left, advanced to its layed the information to the division
Battalion. first objective, a distance of about 2,000 commander.
The 1st Platoon (1st Lt. Joe Seymour) yards. The 3rd Battalion, advancing It is noted that the platoons of B Bat-
had one M39, three MI9's, four M16's from the rear, passed through the 2nd tery were in support of the infantry bat-
and one jeep. Battalion, at which time the 1st Platoon talions throughout this operation. It was
The 2nd Platoon (1st Lt. Clyde T. of B Battery passed to the support of that possible to shift the 1st Platoon to the
Hathaway) had four M19's, four 1'\'116's unit, and pushed on to its first objective, 3rd Battalion as that unit passed through
and one jeep. a distance of about 1,000 yards. the 2nd Battalion, and finally, to shift
/ Captain Kenneth 1. Boullion, B Bat- From there, the 3rd Battalion ad- the 2nd Platoon to the 3rd Battalion as
tery's commander, with one M39, two vanced to its second objective, a distance well. This could not have been accom-
\ jeeps and two 2Y2-ton trucks loaded with of about 2,000 yards; and then to the plished had the platoons been attached
\ ammunition, established his CP with the third objective, a distance of about 3,000 to the infantry battalions.
6 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
OPERATION GO"
By lieutenant Colonel Thomas W. Ackert, Artillery
~~OBlLE means movable; moving ing the direct support role. The officers
readily, according to \\!ebster. In the and men still shake their heads when
Silver Star-MIA they recall the statement made by the
78th 1\AA Gun Battalion (90mm), "mo- SERGEANT FIRST CLASS ERNEST D.
bile," we wonder if anyone had in mind DENHAM, while a member of Batlery D, infantry, "we were about two hundred
15th AA AW Bn. (SP), distinguished him-
our mission in Korea. In its first 59 days self by gallantry in action near the Chasin
yards away from the hill when you
in combat, the battalion occupied thirty Reservoir in Korea an 29 November 1950. started firing, and as your fire moved up
On this date, the platoon 01 which Ser-
different firing positions. Frequently geant Denham wos a member was provid-
the hill, we followed behind it."
one of the firing battery officers will start ing close support fires to protect nearby It was at Sinwon that ,,'e organized
infantry and field artillery elements. Be-
a conversation with a staff officer-"re- tween the hours 01 0030 and 0730, the
our battalion survey team under 1st Lt.
member the position we were in just enemy altempted to pierce the perimeter David \\!. Hughes, commanding officer
delense around the position by grouping
south of a river with that big mountain in and near an abandoned house under
of our attached Signal Radar l'vlainte-
on our right?" ... Did you ever try to cover 01 heavy automatic weapons and nance unit. This battalion, instead of
small-arms fire provided by ather enemy
recall one of 120 battery positions located elements. With complete disregard lor
borrowing help from FA units, per-
in a country studded with hills, moun- his awn personal salety, Sergeant Denham formed the assigned mission with its own
voluntarily exposed himself to fire lor a
tains, rivers and valleys, where every- long period 01 time by mounting the side
organic personnel and equipment. Lt.
thing looks pretty much alike? Surpris- 01 his tank in order that he might better Hughes, Sgt. Donald, and Corp. O'Con-
direct its fire accurately and avoid hitting
ingly enough, most of us can remember our own troops who were located in the nell made a big pretense of being un-
the different positions because of some line 01 fire near the house occupied by happy about not working on radars, but
the enemy lorce. As a result 01 his per-
event that occurred there. sonal daring, all enemy troops in the they were obviously happier with us
"WE GO" started at Fort Lewis, house were killed, others in the sector than they would have been sitting with
were lorced to abandon the attock, and
Washington, when all the firing batteries the position was saved Irom penetration. the radars in Pusan.
rolled out on a field problem as individ- Sergeant Denham's display 01 gallantry The town of Sinwon stands out for
on this occasion reflects great credit on
ual batteries, though each battery was at himself and the military service. Entered many reasons. It was at this position that
less than half strength. The real story the military service Irom the State 01 Illi- l'vlajor Ride, the S3, left us to become a
nois.
began to unfold in Pusan, when our liaison officer for the 10th AAA Group,
guns rolled off LST's on the night of 15 with the 1st ROK Division, and Captain
September, bound for Taegu, where the David I-I. Robertson took over as Battal-
guns were emplaced in the "Bowling that we had just rebuilt some forty feet ion S3. For the second time, we were
Alley" prior to midnight on the 16th, as away from a Class 40 bridge; it went the recipients of enemy shelling but, un-
long-range, ground mission artillery. through the Class 40 bridge! Hence- like the Bowling Alley, we had our first
We remember that sandspit in the forth, it was a common occurrence to casualties. Fortunately, the injuric.s were
river bed west of Taegu because it was have the roads and bridges collapse be- slight, and no equipment was damaged.
there that we organized our fire direction neath the weight of our equipment. \Ve were kept quite busy at Sinwon,
center, fired our first mission, hit our as- Though, admittedly, it was a bit of a firing for both the 1st and 6th ROK Di-
signed targets, and literally beat our shock when one of our guns went visions. Major Sorenson, KMAG Officer
brains out trying to figure out how an through a big beautiful concrete Class 50 with the 6th ROK, took to the air as ob-
AAA battalion could operate an FM bridge in Pyongyang, about a month server and adjusted our fire. All of us
radio net to Div Arty, supported units, later. It was understandable however, remember his comment, "Right 50, add
OP's, both ground and air, and to our when one of the officers pointed out a 50, repeat fire for effect. That's it. Ahhh,
firing batteries, all with one (1) SCR sawmill with its sawdust pile a short dis- they (the bursts) are blossoming and
608 radio. tance away-probably the source of the blooming beautifully, right among four
Our next position, some 12 miles building materials used in the construc- to five hundred of them; gh'e them an-
north of Taegu, is best remembered for tion of the bridge! other helping." Another time, "They are
the impossible road we traveled, built The position at Sinnyong is memora- running up the hill; now they're running
and rebuilt, to our positions; solving the ble because it was there that we first fired down the hill; now they are trying to dig
problem of installing many miles of wire in direct support of infantry, and, accord- in with their hands, let's help them ...
with Our one wire team in a matter of ing to the chief of staff of the 6th ROK repeat fire for effect!"
minutes. Also, we remember this posi- Division, were instrumental in regaining
tion because there we had our first gun some 3,000 yards of lost ground. Our
drop through a Korean bridge. Of course type guns are normally employed in a OUR supply problem began to rear its
the gun didn't drop through the bridge general support role, with howitzers fill- ugly head. There were no parts avail-
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 7
able for our equipment, or at least we quite make it. On the 16th and 17th, the
were unable to locate any. The worst battalion had been hard pressed to keep
supply problem commenced here: that of Silver Star up with the infantry who were really
FIRST LIEUTENANT JOHN O. ALLYN,
hauling rations, gasoline, and ammuni- Boltery C, 15th AA AW Bn. rSPJ, distin- rolling. Col. Bill Hennig authorized us
tion for miles over makeshift roads with guished himself by gallantry in action to pick up and move very early in the
against an armed enemy near Sendong-
our small supply section. Dozens of times Ni, Korea, on 26 November 1950. On morning of the 18th inasmuch as We
our supply run was two and three hun- this date, lieutenant Allyn was a member were now firing only at night and spend-
of a re<:onnaissance patrol which was rec-
dred miles long. The strength of the onnoitering north toward the Yalu River. ing our days chasing the infantry. At
supply section was utterly inadequate in This patrol encountered intense enemy fire about 1400, 18 October, the battalion
from commanding ground to the front,
personnel and equipment. I must say, rear and flanks. This intense enemy fire was parked ~mthe road some three thou-
however, that Captain Mike Malone and pinned down the forces, preventing move- sand yards southeast of a roadblock that
ment in any direction and ne<:essitated
his men kept us supplied, but I don't additional fire power being brought to had halted the advance. We had, for the
know how they did it. bear upon the enemy occupied terrain. last several miles, pressed through ex.
lieutenant Allyn, commanding three sec-
Our next position, at the junction of tions of antiaircraft artillery automatic tremely hilly country. There were many
weapons tracked vehicles, voluntarily and suitable howitzer positions but no gun
the Sinwon and Taegu-Waegwan roads, without regard to his personal safety,
is best remembered for two reasons hav- abandoned his position and cover a~d positions other than a large valley we
moved down the column of vehicles. Ma- were just entering.
ing little to do with artillery. At the inter- neuvering the weapons into firing posi-
section we were then some 15 miles from tion, lieutenant Allyn provided a covering Approximately 4,500 yards ahead of
fire allowing the reconnaissance patrol to us was the great plain that lies east of
Taegu, but had traveled some 46 miles withdraw. His gallant aclion and exem-
to get there. Secondly, we had to park plary leadership reflect great credit on Pyongyang. We were informed that air.
himself and the military service. Entered
there until the 1st Cavalry Division the military service from the State of
strikes had been requested and at least
rolled by. We soon got used to that. New York. one battery of 155 how's would be em-
Several positions later, we made a long placed, in addition to the division's or-
stopover at Poun. We, and the infantry, ganic 105's, to smash the road-block. We
really learned to appreciate the 90mm SFC Brookfield, that we noticed that were to move forward immediately if the
gun at Poun. Fire missions were re- "Doc" Hall's shirt was soaked with road-block were smashed. As it turned
quested at nearly every point of the com- blood. His comment was "No time for out, though, this was no ordinary road-
pass. It was not unusual to fire one mis- that now." A Soldier's Medal was never block, but a major effort on the part of
sion at zero mils azimuth, and the very awarded to a more deserving soldier. the Reds to halt our advance. We did
next one at 3600 mils. On our third not mind the wait as things were a bit
lively. As the valley curved to the right,
night, a party of Reds made the mistake
of trying to get by one of Baker Battery's
outposts. Cpl. Colomo's M-55 and M-63
I T was "We Go" until we reached the
Imjin River, north of Munsan-Ni. The
we were reasonably well-screened from
the enemy. Shells coming down our way
crews killed two and captured one. 10th AAA Group was bivouacked just hit the hills on the opposite side of the
Our S2, Captain Bill Yamaki, was across the river at Sanggorangpo, a veri- valley. Even mortar fire landed out in
worth his weight in gold to us here. He table hornet's nest. We were firing just the valley, and not on the road. The em-
was busy day and night, ferreting out a couple of thousand yards past their lo- placement of the howitzers and the
information, questioning prisoners, and cation. In the midst of the scramble, movement of the tanks and the infantry
seeking targets. One of our convoys, communication with all but one of the a few hundred yards enabled us to move
with 1st Lt. Jorgensen in charge, ran into infantry regiments went out. That one well up into the valley.
a hornet's nest. The one M-55 with the regiment gave us enough targets, how- When it became clear that the road-
convoy gave the enemy a hard time, but ever, to keep us pretty busy. One mission block would not be reduced that eve-
it was forced to withdraw. Then a task alone resulted in over four hundred ning, we were ordered to emplace. The
force under command of Captain How- dead. When on the next day, we moved lead battery turned off the road and
ard Pierson, CO of A Battery, was organ- again, two of our M-55's proceeded with moved two or three hundred yards back
ized and they completely smashed the the 1st ROK Division spearhead, in a down the valley. The other batteries just
Red roadblock. The enemy headed for support role. We were very concerned turned off the road, and emplaced where
the hills in panic when the M-55's about our men, because a 2~-ton truck, they were. We had tanks, 155 and 105
opened up on them. The number of in which the M-55's were mounted, is howitzers, and 90mm guns scattered all
enemy killed in action and taken pris- quite vulnerable. over that valley. A platoon, or possibly
oner by th,e battalion had reach~d an Although one truck was shot out, none it was a company, of tanks moved back,
impressive total by now. We left Poun of the men were injured. They did a and parked just behind our two forward
reluctantly, because we were afraid that wonderful job, as attested by the many batteries. The valley echoed and re-
we would never again have such juicy bronze star medals awarded to various echoed that night! It was the nearest
targets available. members of the crews. eM-55 crews were thing to bedlam one could imagine. By
At Chongju, we watched MjSgt. Hall rotated every few days.) The employ- morning, resistance had been cleared up,
of the Medical Detachment, although ment of M-55's with the Division ad- and we were on the move again.
wounded himself, capably administer vance column ceased just before entering Sergeant Les Daughtry got in some
first aid to four headquarters men in- Pyongyang. good shooting just outside Pyongyang.
jured by an enemy missile. It was while The division had hoped to enter He killed two and wounded one of a
he was administering blood plasma to Pyongyang on 18 October, but we didn't party of Reds that tried to slip into head-
8 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
quarters battery area. On our way out of the fourth night our ammunition con-
Pyongyang on the night of the 21st, we sumption got ahead of our re-supply. We
were delayed about an hour when one of Silver Star
were 'saved, however, by a provisional
SECOND LIEUTENANT JAMES C. GLAS-
B Battery's guns went through a bridge, GOW, Batlery 0, 3d AM AW Battalion truck company from our comrades in
as mentioned previously. (SPJ, 3d Infantry Division, United Stefes arms, the 68th AAA Gun Battalion.
Army. On 2 December 1950, near Huksu-
ri, Korea, lieutenant Glasgow Was assist- Captain "Stevie" Stevenson and his men
ant platoon leader in charge of an anti- from the 68th did not know to whom
aircraft automatic weapon section, which
AT Kunu-ri we were fortunately able, was furnishing protection at the rear of a they were hauling the ammunition, but
as a result of Lieutenant Bill Pender- convoy. lieutenant Glosgow found a por- they seemed pleased when they found
tion of the rear elements cut off by an
graft's alertness, to assist five American enemy road block, and the infantry out it was the 78th; they weren't half as
soldiers. Pendergraft and his men, while pinned down by enemy automatic fire. pleased as we were to have them show up
Under continuous enemy fire and with
on the way to transport some ROK in- complete disregard for his personal safety, in the nick of time.
fantry troops, noticed some Korean vil- he directed two infantry mortar squads to
fire on an enemy position. He then in-
lagers assisting five very tattered looking
individuals. Thinking that there might
have been an accident, Bill halted his
structed the squad leader of the antiair-
craft weapon to lay fire on the enemy, at
the same time instructing the mortar
squad on the ground to continue firing
T HE situation at Unsan had not
looked bad, but just difficult. When the
COIlVOY .and investigated. As he ap- on the enemy positions. lieutenant Glas- 1st Cavalry Division arrived on the fifth
gow then directed the antiaircraft weapon
proached the group, he asked, "Are you and two mortar squods to move ohead in day to help out, we had a feeling that
GI's?" His answer came when one of the order to shield the medical corps mell ill everything would work out fine. The
a jeep ambulance, who went givinQ first
men threw his arms about him and said, aid to the wounded. lieutenant Glas- morning and the afternoon of the last
"My God, an American!" The five were gow's actians resulted in either silencing
or pinning down the enemy thus effecting
day in Unsan were comparatively quiet.
all that were left alive out of a group of a successful withdrawal of the infantry Toward evening, we received more and
seventy-five American soldiers. When with very few casualties. lieutenant Glas- more fire missions. A 4.2 mortar com-
gow's outstanding initiative, fearless lead-
the Reds took their prisoners out of a ership and gallantry reflect great credit pany was set up immediately to the rear
cave in groups of twenty or so, and upon himself and the military service.
Entered the military service from the State
of our rearmost battery. It was a bit con-
slaughtered them, these five had been of Mississippi. fusing to have 4.2 mortars firing over the
left for dead. One of the boys had nine heads of 90rnm gun batteries, but the
bullet wounds; all were emaciated and officers and men just shrugged, "Oh
very ill. We searched the surrounding our infantry regiments to our front, one well, this is Korea." As the night pro-
hills and villages as the men felt there of which was isolated from the other by gressed it became very apparent that the
JI\ight be two more alive. At the last enemy action, and one regiment to our Reds were intent on pushing the UN
village searched, some of the natives rear. Although we established an all- forces out of Unsan.
stated that they had found two soldiers round perimeter defense, dug trenches, Between 1830 hours and 2320 hours,
and had placed them on a southbound and established strongpoints on the ad- a four hour and fifty minute period, the
truck. Sure hope the story was true. jacent high ground, we were well satis- battalion fired seventy-sevenseparate and
Captain Pearce, our six-foot-fivesurgeon, fied that the Reds did not test our de-. distinct fire missions. A withdrawal was
and "Doc" Hall did everything they fenses. not very pleasant to contemplate, but
could for the men, then bundled them Our arrival at the Samtanchon River, began to appear as a possibility. All of us
up and we escorted them to the hospital at Unsan, coincided with an air-drop of had hoped that we would be able to con-
in our ambulance, with tWo M-55s with gasoline and ammunition to the be- tinue the drive northward and close out
picked crews, to assure safe arrival. We leaguered regiment to our northwest. the campaign. In addition, the thought
do not know whether the two Reis boys, Shortly thereafter the infantry broke of having to go back down a road that we
not related, or the other three men, are through the enemy to the east and to the had barely been able to navigate under
all right now, but we trust that they are south, re-established the. 'front and ideal conditions, was very disagreeable.
fully recovered. opened the MSR. For five days and By 2230 the position of the 10th AAA
From Kunu-ri to Ipsok we traveled on nights we fired battery and battalion Group in Unsan and one forward bat-
a very poor road. There was one stretch, volleys at enemy attacks to the east, tery position became untenable.
about two miles, where our tractors and north, and west. We fired a minimum of After both units march-ordered and
guns had to creep along. We could not harassing and interdiction fire because of had crossed the Samtanchon River, the
hy-pass the road, inasmuch as the status the difficulty of replenishing our ammu- other forward battery was given cease
of the MSR, some three to four thousand nition. fire and march order. Four M-55's had
yards to the west, was rather uncertain. We had to send our ammunition been sent forward to assist in covering
As a matter of fact, all too often the trucks to Pyongyang, a 170-mile round the withdrawal of the forward batteries
MSR was in possessionof the enemy. It trip. Rations and gas were picked up at (a total of 12 M-S5's present with the
was necessary for us to maintain an all- Sukchon, a 120-mile round trip. QM, forward elements). The remaining.
out alert status during our one-night Signal, Engineer, and some Ordnance M-SS's were sited to cover the left and
stand at Ipsok. This was due not so supplies had to be trucked all the way right flanks at the river crossing, as the
much to the frequency of our fire mis- from Seoul, a round trip of 450 miles. MSR to our west was in enemy hands,
sions that night, but because a Chinese In addition, we loaned trucks to the field and the enemy was exerting very heavy
division had cut the MSR directly to the artillery to pick up ammunition, and to pressure to the east. At 2300 the battal-
west of our position. There were two of the infantry to move troops. On about ion was ordered south to Yongsan-dong.
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 9
The emplacement of C Battery was
halted, and the battery was march-
had some good shooting here and We
thoroughly enjoyed it. This included fir-
l
ordered again about 2330. By this time, Silver Star-MIA ing at Hill 606 for our old neighbors
PRIVATE JAMES c. DUNCAN, while a
the fire missions coming from the infan- from Fort Lewis, the 9th Infantry.
member of 8attery D, 15th AA AW 8n.
try were prefaced with the remark, "\Ve (SPJ, distinguished himself by gallantry in \Ve made our longest stay at 5inanju.
action against on armed enemy near the
must have artillery fire to halt the enemy Chosin Reservoir in Korea on 28 Novem. \\'hile there, we were issued a few tents.
attacks. Have you any ammunition?" ber 1950. On this dote, the command Together with the parachutes we had
post of the 1st platoon of Ballery 0 was
Each time we assured them that we had taken under heavy allack by the enemy, rescued from air-drops, we were no\\,
ammunition, although much earlier in and the personnel at the command post
able to house a goodly portion of OUr
were in grave danger of being overrun by
the evening we were firing battalion-5 the enemy. When the ballery commander battalion. In addition to the parachutes,
instead of battalion-10, and battery-4, in- called for volunteers to join a patrol to some of our men constructed satisfactory
go to the assistance of the platoon com-
stead of battery-So \Ve could have easily mand post, Private Duncan unhesitatingly shelters out of the canvas and felt ammu-
expended another 2,000 rounds if we volunteered. While crossing open ground
nition wrapper utilized for airborne re-
in the attack on the enemy force, the po.
had had it. There were 160 rounds of trol was pinned down by intense enemy supply. \Ve had the pleasure of renew-
APC on hand in the battalion, but we fire from one of the flanks. Private Dun.
ing our acquaintanceship with the 24th
can, with complete disregard for his own
had no tank targets. personal safety, immediately ran toward Division, to whom, as with the 1st Cav.
Even though we were firing smaller the strong point from which the enemy
aIry, we had been attached way back in
was firing, and with his carbine and a
concentrations than those requested, we hand grenade neutralized it. As a result the days of the Bowling Alley.
were told "You broke that one up," or of his gallant act, the patrol continued
the attack on the enemy and succeeded International relations were slightly
"You smashed that attack, but here in killing or driving of! all those who reo strained as a result of the firing at Pak-
comes another." By the time 0 Battery mained. The personnel in the platoon
chon during our second ill-fated advance.
command post were thus rescued. Private
crossed the river, requests for fire mis- ouncan's outstanding display of gallantry Our choice of firing positions was se-
sions had about come to a halt. Baker on this occasion was in keeping with the
verely limited because of extensive rice
highest traditions of the military service.
Battery was given march-order, but a fire Entered the military service from the State paddies, or steep hills, neither of which
mission came in. March order was can- of Kentucky.
were suitable for our heavy equipment.
celled, the mission assigned, and fired. Two of our batteries were, therefore,
After firing the mission, Baker had a total placed adjacent to an Allied unit. We
of eight rounds of PO or MT ammuni- all three areas at once. The flexibility of explained that we would fire the bat-
tion. Baker and Headquarters Batteries, the 90mm gun really paid off at this teries only when absolutely necessary,
except for the FDC and the Communi- position. and would give the unit prior notice.
cations section; were march-ordered. At Later the same day, 1 November, we Further, we said that we would move
about this time, a visitor to our FDC fired from Yongsan-Dong into our old into our division (Ist ROK) sector as
would have seen Captain Robertson, the positions at Unsan. Our move that night soon as possible.
53, unconcernedly sweeping out the to a position between Kunu-ri and Anju When it was time to register the bat-
FDC and straightening things up, while was one of the coldest rides we had ever teries, we phoned our neighbors; no an-
muttering to himself, "I don't know how had. \Ve were not dressed for the cold swer. The operator was told to try the
things gets so damned messed up in this weather and the sharp drop in the tem- other circuit, and to keep ringing. In
joint!" His coolness under all circum- perature was an unpleasant experience. the meantime, we went ahead with the
stances was a major factor in the efficient The farther south we went, the colder it registration problem. We fired; then the
operation of the fire direction center. got. phone practically jumped off the wall.
By 0030, Able Battery had only 17
"You fired; you said you wouldn't except
rounds of ammo left, and were given
in an emergency. Is this an emergency?
march-order. All remaining M-55's trav- SHORTLY after our arrival at the
You gave us your assurance, and then
eled with A Battery. It was felt that Chong-chon River, we were assigned to
you fired right over our heads; I suppose
echeloning the withdrawal would permit Task Force Allen, and we shifted position
next time you will fire right into us!"
us to fulfill our infantry support mission, closer to Kunu-ri. Here we had the pleas-
Our explanations were of no avail. For-
and also help to insure the safe with- ure of working with one of the finest
tunately the two offending batteries were
drawal of all elements of the battalion. artillery units we met in Korea, the 'Tri-
on their way to their next mission.
The withdrawal was orderly, and the ple Nickel" 555th FA Battalion. For a
South of Taechon, we increased our
only things left behind were two I-ton while, we wondered if we were going to
trailers that could not be towed since be involved in another Unsan. An infan-
that battery had four trucks out on other try battalion, not a Task Force Allen
missions. The infantry had used twenty- unit, moved back through our positions.
one of our trucks that day for movement However, in the end, everything turned
of troops, and many did not return until out all right.
after our move. In view of the road con- At our position south of Kunu-ri, we
ditions, the speed of all the battery con- had the pleasure of furnishing support
voys was kept to 10-12 miles per hour. to the 1st Cavalry Division again. It was
While at Unsan, where the battalion like old-home week. It seemed as though
was located at the junction of three val- ages had passed since we were last at-
leys, many times we had fire missions in tached to it at the Bowling Alley. \Ve 'Chutes used for tentage.
]0 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
scoreof enemy killed and wounded. We experience had we worked with a more
again had the satisfaction of knowing cooperative and able unit.
that we had dismpted many enemy at- SilverSfar We have not yet learned it all, but our
PRIVATE GEORGE E. MERICA, while
tacks and were of assistance to our in- serving as a member of SaHery D, 15th
76 days of continuous combat did give us
fantry in recovering lost ground. Lieu- AA AW Bn. (SP), distinguished himself by an opportunity to learn a great deal.
gallantry in action near the Chasin Reser-
tenant Richards, of the 17th Ordnance, voir in Korea on 1 December 1950. On
We almost invariably emplaced the
caught up with us and with his team, this date, the M-19 gun carriage of which firing batteries in pairs ... A and B,
Private Merica was a crew member was
replaced the gun tubes in one battery. leading a convoy of trucks loaded with
C and D •.. , with only three to four
They had arrived at Unsan, and at wounded along a road when an enemy hundred yards between A and B, or C
road block was encountered. This road
Kunu-ri, just prior to the deterioration block was heavily defended by the enemy.
and D. Then we located headquarters
of the UN positions there. Upon this Inasmuch as the M-19 hod expended all of battery adjacent to one of the pairs of
its .4Ommammunition, it was necessary to
arrival everyone said, "Here we go reduce the road block by some other firing hatteries, had the nearby firing bat-
again," and sure enough, late in the aft- means. Private Merica, with complete dis- teries run wire to the FDC while the
regard for his own personal safety, pro-
ernoon-"March Order." We were sur- cured a 3.5-inch rocket launcher and four battalion wire crew ran wire to the
prised, as just an hour or two earlier, re- rockets, and under intense enemy auto- farthest pair of batteries. In a fast mov-
matic weapons fire, courageously mode
ports indicated that the situation was his wayan foot to a point of vantage. ing situation, all firing missions came to
well in hand. It turned out that the Here he loaded and fired the four rockets FDC over our FM radio, and all firing
at the road block, reducing it to such an
right Hank was falling back under heavy extent that it was possible for the M-19 to data from FDC to the batteries via wire.
communist pressure. knock aside the remaining debris. The We did use AM radio (ANjGRC-9) to
convoy of wounded was thus permitted to
proceed post the enemy positions. Private one or two of the batteries many times
Merica's heroism in the face of almost when we first arrived at a position, but it
certain death on this occasion rellects
BACK at Pak-chon, again, we fired on great credit on himself and the military never worked very well. More often
the approaches to, and into, Yongsan- service. Entered the military service from than not the radios were inoperative
the State of Michigan.
Dong in support of the 1st ROK's coun- from the bouncing, or dust from the ride,
teroffensive. We shuddered later when or else radio entertainment, friendly or
the ROK's told us that they had halted enemy, came in better than oUI trans-
on the edge of the town and called for turning from a long supply mn. The missions.
our fire two hundred yards from their main body of the battalion was two Artillery units were continually being
positions. Many times the infantry errs hours behind us on the road, and we overrun in Korea, and it was advisable
by not calling for fire close enough to were within 2,500 yards of the front. to maintain a strong perimeter defense.
their position, but the 1st ROK Division Siting the batteries in pairs assisted in
could never be accused of that. With
the 90mm guns we felt it not advisable THERE was an engineer unit that eter.
to fire closer than 400 yards to troops at was an integral part of 'We Go." From
the establishment of this strong perim-
12 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
THE 68th IN KOREA
By Lieutenant Colonel R. C. Cheal, ~rtillery
highly commended by the I Corps Com- and rejoined the 10th AAA Group as
mander for this valuable work. \Vhile part of the divisional artillery for the 1st
the virtual immobilization of an artillery ROK Division. During the night of 30
November the battalion fired constantly, (3) Map Reading. We need more
battalion was no doubt necessary, it al-
covering the withdrawal of our units. competent map readers.
most ruined its transportation, a thing
which was felt keenly later on. The 1st ROK Division credited the bat-
talion's fire with breaking up Chinese (4) Field Expedients. This battalion
After being grounded, the battalion
attempts to cross the river near Pakchon saved some of its guns from capture
moved to Kaesong on October 19th,
thus allowing the safe withdrawal of when M-4 tractors became inoperable, by
about sixty miles north of Seoul, where
many of our units. pulling them with 2~ ton trucks over
we instituted a program of maintenance,
From the final firing on the Chong- very rough terrain.
schools, and training.
On 12 November the battalion's trans- chon river line, the battalion withdrew
(5) AAA Guns in Ground Role. The
portation was returned and it limped southward along jammed highways and
90mm AAA gun is an excellent weapon
with broken springs northward to Sinan- was ordered to resume the AAA role.
and can be efficiently employed in the
ju, where began the final phase of the During the period of activity as a
ground role. Its traverse and range as-
unit's employment as field artillery. At- ground support unit, we learned many
tonished all non-AA men. Its weight,
tached again to the 24th Division, the lessons worth recording. In order of im-
with complex and delicate on-<:arriage
battalion went into position north of the portance they are as follows:
equipment, make it more of a special pur-
Chongchon river and accompanied the pose general support weapon than one
(I) Discipline. Strict discipline must
Division to the vicinity of Chongju when which should be regularly employed as
be maintained in all respects. The actual
the Chinese struck and the great with- such. Its large Hash and Hat trajectory
combat discipline was generally good.
drawal began. At this point the Chinese make it an extremely hard weapon to
Convoy discipline and supply discipline
attempted to move a cavalry force of sev- emplace for cover and concealment.
left much to be desired.
eral thousand toward the Chongju-Nap-
chongjong road. This move was com- (2) Night Training. Ability to work l\hny non-AA Artillerymen knew
pletely thwarted by friendly air action and move at night is of utmost impor- very little of the capabilities of the AA
which routed the formation when they ance. Training on this should be em- gun-either as AA or as an FA weapon.
had reached about three thousand yards phasized-particularly night reconnais- More emphasis should be placed on this
from the battalion command post. One sance. subject in the Artillery School.
Field Expedients
CO-DESIGNERS Sergeants First rack for a gun cable which they de- staging for duty in Korea. Through its
Class Malcolm D. Cooper (left) and signed and attached to the front bogie use, one man can easily unreel and lay
Robert E. Patton (right) both gun com- wheels of all guns in the battery. This the gun cable to the junction box,
manders in Battery D, 68th AAA Gun time and space saving device was con- whereas previously, two or three men
Battalion, assisted by Corporal Roy E. ceived and constructed in Sasebo, Japan "were required to remove the cable and
Tudor, also of the unit, are shown with a while the 68th AAA Gun Battalion was reel from the prime mover and lay the
14 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
cable to the junction box. Photos were
taken when the battalion was attached to
the First Cavalry Division as field artil-
lery, in position in the now famous
Bowling Alley, near Taegu, Korea.
This same device can be constructed
and employed on the i\1-7 trailer for
either the M-7 or 1\1-18 Generator for
easy access to power cables. A simple
steel rack on the rear of each M-4 tractor
Cable rack in action. provided another space-saving device for Position on front bogie.
the gun tool box.
v V V
COMMAND POST LOCATIONS
By Lt. Co!. Walter Killilae
T HE selection of battalion command
post locations for self-propelled battalions
battalion is part of division artillery, it
may be well to locate the CP adjacent to
handled through the regimental combat
team. Experience gained in Korea, how-
organic to infantry divisions, posed four the artillery commander's command post. ever, has again pointed up the fact that
problems which do not exist to the same 'Vhen the self-propelled battalion is while these matters are often handled in
degree in other type antiaircraft units employed on a ground support mission part by, and through, the RCTs they are
and are materially different from those with the primary purpose of providing not fully handled.
encountered in field artillery battalions. ground defense for field artillery units of Just as the division artillery com-
Those problems are (I) Mission-AAA the division, the problem is equally sim- mander exercises some command func-
or ground support. (2) Command, con- ple and the ideal location is with division tions over the artillery battalions when
trol and communication. (3) Supply and artillery headquarters. they are attached to RCTs, so must the
maintenance. (4) Security. The third possible mission is perhaps self-propelled battalion commander exer-
The mission assigned to a self-pro- the most difficult. 'Vhen the battalion is cise certain command functions over his
pelled battalion will often be the decid- employed in close support of the infantry troops even though they are not under
ing factor as to the CP location. \Vhen regiments of the division the batteries his tactical control. The many functions
the unit is performing an AAA mission are usually attached. Direct command is of command continue despite the loss
the problem resolves itself into one of exercised by the regimental commanders, of tactical control-those responsibilities
central location relative to the firing bat- class I, III, and V supplies are usually cannot be passed on. From a view of
teries. \\'hen employed on an AAA handled by the regimental S4 and his that consideration, it would appear that
mission, command, control, communica- service company, communications are some point between the division artillery
tions, supply, maintenance, and security principally with the infantry, some main- command post and the regimental com-
are all purely battalion problems, and tenance is taken care of for the batteries mand posts (where an SP battery nor-
only incidentally involve other elements by the service or tank companies. In mally sets up its CP) would be the ideal
of the division. Since the organic AAA some instances administrative matters are location for the battalion CP.
16 ANTlAJRCRAFT JOURNAL
The logistical problems affect the situ- sideration proved too much for many the battery and form a provisional service
ation. Class I is normally handled by the infantry service companies. From a sup- battery, similar to that in the field artil-
lUIit to which batteries are attached, but ply point of view then the battalion lery battalion T IO&E; however, this re-
experience has taught that sU~lllision command post should be somewhere be- quires additional overhead and for that
is required by the parent battahon, par- tween the regimental service areas and reason is not practical.
ticularly in regard to such items as condi- the regimental command posts along the The last factor to be considered is that
ments and PX supplements. In some axis of supply. of security. Where guerrilla activity is
instances in Korea it has been necessary The maintenance problem in a self- prevalent, this consideration often ap-
£or the 54 of self-propelled units to draw propelled battalion is complex because of proaches major proportions. Generally
PX supplements for the full strength of the full and half-tracked vehicles of the speaking a small unit is more likely to be
his 'battalion while he may have been unit. The only support available is that attacked by guerrilla units than is a
drawing rations for only 40% of his provided by the division ordnance com- larger unit, therefore it is desirable to
battalion. This practice was encouraged pany. True, regimental tank companies locate the CP adjacent to another unit
tw division quartermasters who could not and the tank battalion mav be called thereby increasing the protection avail-
~n to follow the myriad changes in upon for assistance at times, b]Jt tbey able to both. Tying this factor in with
assignment of AAA units during certain have just as many problems as the AAA others the best location for the CP is
phasesof operations. Class II and IV are and can only be depended upon in an with division artillery.
nearly always handled by the parent bat- emergency. Tbe maintenance consid- For communication facilities a location
ralion. As has been previously men- erations then would place the battalion near the Divarty CP provides particular
tioned, class III and V are normally han- command post along the axis of ordnance
advantages. There the AAA battalion
dled by the supported unit. Despite this, evacuation between regiment and the
can utilize the excellent artillerv com-
it has been necessary on many occasions ordnance company.
munication net to all artillery battalions,
for the parent battalions to augment In order to keep the supply and main-
gasoline and ammunition supplies for tenance portions of the headquarters and through them to the infantry regi-
their batteries. Reason for that situation battery as far to rear as possible and per- ments; to the division CP and through it
was often caused by excessive distances mit the rest of the battery to be as far to the service echelons. This same loca-
to supply points and limited transporta- forward as possible, attempts have been tion also gives good geographical location
tion facilities over poor roads. That con- made to separate the service elements of with reference to the batteries.
A RELIEF OPERAliON
By 1st Lt. William C. Warlick, Jr., Artillery
Battalion, with a sound and Hash battery Coontz. group liaison officer with 1st
thrown in for good measure. ROK Division, sent in requests which
THE command group and FDe
That night, the group commander and emanated from the CG and his KMAG
which remained behind and gambled
his FDC moved to Maengjung-Dong, Advisors; National Police visited the CP
their lives on the ability of their artillery
joining the remainder of group head- and gave us additional targets, and the
fires to stop the Chinese hordes, included
quarters. This group was hungry and FDC superimposed numerous targets of
the following: Colonel W. H. I-Iennig.
tired but the FDC was set up immedi- its own, so as to cover every avenue of
e.O., l\lajor R. B. Card, S3, Captain W.
ately (wire lines had already been laid) approach. \Vith plenty of ammunition,
1-1. Morris, assistant S3, Captain Richard
and control reestablished. The FDC of and more at Sinanju, on our line of with-
D. Speer, communications, Captain John
the 9th FA Battalion. commanded by drawal, we could afford to really lay it
C. Davis, assistant S2, 1st Lieutenant
i\!lajor Thomas A. Arnold. carried on for on, and we did.
George J. Porter, radio officer, SFC
group during the displacement. The need for these /ires, of course, was Bobbie Strohl, message center; CpJ.
obvious: \Ve had to discourage the en- George S. Van Arsdale, Cpl. Kenneth C.
emy from launching his all-Dut attack; Case, Pfc Carlton L. Struble, radio op-
T HE next day the enemy probed our possibly we could make him believe we erators; Sgt. James B. Rauh, radio repair-
new defense line to the north and the were about to launch an attack of our man; Cpl. Lawrence L. Christy, CpJ.
24th successfully completed its with- own. This was to be accomplished while James I-I. Stinnett, Pfc Robert P. \Vard.
drawal thru Pakchon. It now became our our infantry withdrew, with nothing but wire crewmen; Pfc Bradley L. McDon-
turn to withdraw across the river, with patrols between us and the enemy. It ald, Pfc Donald V. Barnes, switchboard
the 5th RCT giving us an assist at the was a rather dangerous game for group to operators; Pfc Robert T. Kuntz, pre
bridges. Our problem was made interest- be playing, but the 10th Group had Francis L. Ricci, drivers; and Sgt. An-
ing by the fact that, according to POW proved itself to be a cool, calculating or- drew G. Oxley, Cpl. L. D. Lakey, Pfe
information, the entire 39th Chinese ganization on previous occasions, particu- Frank G. \Valichnowski, Pfc Earl B.
Army planned to attack the 1st ROK larly at Unsan, and thoroughly enjoyed Eldridge, Pfc Richard D. Hockenbraugh.
later that day and drive to the river. If this type of assignment.
Pvt Lucas M. Altoonian, Pfc George
this plan of the enemy's had been per- The artillery /ires began shortly after Tedder, Pfc Gino Biasi and Pvt John R.
mitted to materialize, the withdrawal of dark, coincident with the withdrawal of Makee, local security guards.
the 1st ROK could easily have been con- the infantry, and continued throughout
verted into a disastrous rout. Patrols and When this we-dry aggregation /inally
the night. The problem now was to with-
friendly air reported that in the sector left Maengjung-Dong at 300700, all ar-
draw the artillery without reducing the
abandoned by the 24th, large groups of range-which might indicate a with- tillery units had successfully crossed the
the enemy were already on the move drawal-and without materially reducing Chongchon River and the last foot ele-
south. its volume. This was done by leapfrog- ments were marching down the road in
That night saw the most carefully ging the units back, keeping enough orderly fashion. By 0900, before the out-
planned concentrations and interdiction 90mm in action to hit the farthest targets, witted enemy could gather his senses, the
/ires laid down by group during the en- at the same time increasing the volume entire 1st ROK Infantry Division was
tire campaign. Group liaison officers with of /ire of units in position. across the river and headed for Sukchon
the ROK regiments sent in requests for The 78th was the first to move. fol- and our new defense line. A difficult
punishing defensive /ires; Major John B. lowed in order by the 17th FA (ROK) withdrawal had been accomplished.
20 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
DO IT NOW
By Colonel Robert W. Hain, ~rtillery
MARCH-APRil, 1951 21
needs to know the exact status of your have an officer who can write take care
troops and your materiel at all times. To of preparing recommendations for deco-
that end he will spend a lot of time on
Silver Star-MIA
rations. The higher headquarters don't
SECOND LIEUTENANT FRANKLIN D.
the road between the two headquarters, just come around pinning medals on JOHNSON, while a member of 8attery D,
and he can't be fussy as to where he lays your heroes at your request. You have to 15th AA AW 8n. (SP), distinguished him-
self by gallantry in action near the Chosin
his wearv head at times. Your battalion do plenty of writing and legwork in Reservoir in Korea on 28 November 1950.
will be j~dged in part by the impression securing these. Above all, don't be the On this date, the command post of the
first platoon of the battery was taken un-
made bv vour liaison officer. Pick a man lazy commander who stands around com- der heavy enemy attack, and the occu.
with th~ ~bove attributes and be sure he plaining about other units getting so pants of the command post were in grave
danger of being killed or captured. The
is tactful and knows how to get along many decorations, instead of getting busy battery commander called for volunteers
with senior officers. and writing up the recommendations on to go to the relief of the besieged com-
mand post. Although just previously
If you have any choice in selecting any your own officers and men. And that wounded in the shoulder by enemy fire,
lieutenant Johnson unhesitatingly joined
of your offi~ers, you will find that it is includes awards for meritorious service
the patrol and proceeded at great per-
fortunate to have some who have pre- as well as for heroism. Groom one of sonal risk to cross open ground under in-
tense enemy automatic weapons, small-
viously served in the infantry or field ar- your writers for this assignment. He'll arms and mortar fire to carry out an at-
tillery. This is especially true when it be of great value to you at a time when tack against the enemy force. He cou-
rqgeously took a number of enemy under
comes to the lieutenants. They are the you are busiest. He can keep up your fire with his carbine and killed them. As
ones who will be in actual physical con- battalion history, too. You have to put a result of his courage the patrol was suc-
cessful in destroying many of the enemy
tact with the infantry. A knowledge and things down right after they happen be- and forcing the remainder to flee, thereby
understanding of the employment of in- cause they happen fast and current saving the personnel still alive in the
platoon command post. The actions of
fantry is extremely helpful in furnishing events crowd past history from the mem- lieutenant Johnson on this occasion reflect
close support for them. orv. great credit on himself and the military
service. Entered the military service from
Your adjutant will be a key staff officer In connection with the records, one the State of Tennessee.
in combat, too. You don't leave all the thing my unit didn't do was to procure
administration and paper work at the and bring with us a set of photographic
dock. Records, reports, histories all as- supplies so that we could take and print dends to have such equipment with you.
sume real significance in combat. Plan to pictures in the field. It will pay big divi- Put it on your POM list.
EARLY in the morning of 19 Novem- find it blown out the enemy opened fire bris and logs. The enemy, unable to
ber a task force of the 17th Infantry ap- from camouHaged positions to the right stand the heavy pounding, swarmed to
proached Mapyong-ni on its march to the across the river. Entrenchments and pill- the top of the hill leaving their trenches.
Yalu. Two sections of Battery A, 15th boxes could be detected there about 400 Then, the quad-fifties literally mowed
AAA AW Battalion under Lieutenant yards away on the slope and extending in them down. After Hushing the entrench-
Stephen Matejov were attached, each both directions parallel to the stream. ments directly opposite the fire was
manning an M19 and an M16. The tanks were not effectively firing shifted to Hush other parts of the line.
Here the road ran along the left bank because the enemy were dispersed in the When the infantry reached the hills
of a river about 100 yards wide for a mile trenches, but that situation was made to twelve shell shocked prisoners were cap-
or so to a point where the stream curved order for our automatic weapons. Two tured and ninety were found dead. Sev-
to the left and the road crossed to the days earlier the crews had routed the eral suffocated in the fires.
right on a bridge. The valley was narrow North Koreans at Sogu-ri. The first sec- The ammunition expenditure
with steep hills on both sides. tion in the point returned fire on the pill- amounted to 180 rounds of 40mm and
On the narrow road two tanks led the boxes and raked the trenches with 40mm 2400 rounds of caliber .50.
column followed by one AAA section and machine gun fire while the second This one action has made the deepest
and a platoon of infantry, with the infan- section moved forward to firing position. impression upon the infantry. It did
try dismounted and deployed along the The 40mm fire shattered the heavy eliminate a tough battle for them across
Hanks of the road. The second AAA sec- logs over the trenches and cut lanes that river and probably saved many lives.
tion was in front of the main body. through the pillboxes. This and the ma- On the rest of the march to the Yalu
As the column reached the bridge to chine gun tracers started fires in the de- the enemy offered little opposition.
22 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
WITH THE MARINES
By Captain Hal H. Rich
MARCH-APRil, 1951 25
cause changes in the ~IV; so, the correc- elevation, and ~ IV as in the presently data in Part 2, Table IXa. IT 90 Ai\-
tion in 1\IV is proper. used method. Number three is to take B-3. (See Figure 1.)
the errors due to wind and determine the Plot on the chart the burst centers
true wind speed and azimuth. Number CB-I and CB-2. Draw a line connecting
GROUPING these factors we find four is to set this true wind data in the the two and mark the midpoint C. This
that at the present time we are making director. point indicates the average results ob-
corrections for orientation svnchroniza- The effects due to wind are opposite tained in range effects. It indicates the
tion, muzzle velocity, inh~re~t errors of in sense for two points opposite in azi- point where the CB for either of the two
fire control equipment, air density, air muth at the same altitude. If we fire a problems should have plotted if there
temperature and powder temperature, TSP in one direction and another at had been no wind error. In theory the
that are reasonablv, accurate throuohout
0 the same altitude and range but 180 de- line from CB-l to CB-2 should plot paral-
the field of fire. The only major error grees away in azimuth and average the lel to \,,-\V. If there is a wide variance,
that we have left pertains to the wind observed errors, we will in effect let the check for errors.
azimuth and speed. From the discussion two opposite wind errors cancel each Step No.1. The location of point C
on this factor we found that we are cor- other. \Ve will strip out the wind error with reference to the TSP indicates the ~
recting for it in the sense and magnitude and the average observed errors will in- errors due to sources other than wind
that is necessary for only the Trial Shot dicate the errors due to all other sources. errors. The location of C with reference
Point. 1\t other points the corrections are The difference between the average and to CB-I indicates the wind error in the
too small or too large, to the extreme of the results obtained for either of the first problem; with reference to CB-2, the
doubling the error at points in azimuth TSP's will indicate the wind error. wind error in second problem.
180 degrees away from the Trial Shot Step No.2. From point C determine I
Point. PROCEDURE the trial fire corrections in elevation and
In a recent discussion with several of- REF: FT 90 AA-B-3 MV in the normal method and set in the
ficers at Fort Bliss on this subject, one Let us assume that two trial shot prob- director. In this case the elevation cor-
officer made the statement that ninety lems are fired, one right after the other, rection is minus 2 mils and the i\IV cor-
per cent of the error in the averaoeo
TSP at an altitude (H) of 5,000 yards and a rection is plus 21 f.s. The azimuth cor-
was due to wind changes since the re- horizontal range (R) of 8,000 yards; that rection is determined from the algebraic '
ceipt of the last met message. This officer the met message wind of 20 mph from average of the azimuth corrections for
was proposing the idea that Trial Shot azimuth 800 mils is set in the director; the two problems. In this case it is left
Problem corrections be set into the com- that the firing azimuths for the two prob- 2 mils.
puter as corrections to parallax. This lems and the deviations of the centers of Step No.3. To get the magnitude of
interesting suggestion raises problems burst are as indicated below: the range wind error in MPH scale the
which we shall not discuss here other
than to say that it would lead us into un- Firillg Az. Azimuth Vertical Range
acceptable solutions for ballistic changes CB-I 1600 R 5.9 1\1 Over 110 yds.
other than wind changes. CB-2 4800 L 1.7 A5 Over 25 yds.
\Vould it not be a much better solution
to separate the error due to the one fac- Construct a trial shot chart for this distance from C to CB-I and measure it
tor, wind changes, from the error caused TSP in the normal manner. Add the on the wind differential effect line \-V-W.
by the other factors and correct for them wind differential effect line \V-\V from Or scale the full distance CB-l to CB-2, 1
LAST August when several AAA traInIng actIvIties. 1\ leanwhile a great march from Camp Gordon to Camp
groups and gun battalions of the Na- deal of rehabilitation was undertaken at Stewart. There he assumed command of
tional Guard were called into Federal Camp Stewart in the mess halls, head- the post in addition to his duties as brio
Service for training at Camp Stewart, the quarters and supply buildings, latrines gade commander. For three months, he
camp was not quite ready to receive and dayrooms, theaters, service clubs, conducted a strenuous program. training
them. The bulk of the units were ordered post exchanges, chapels, and other facili- all components of the brigade. Many
to Camp Gordon under Brigadier General ties. Early in October when Camp problems presented themselves during
Ch;rles c. Curtis, commanding the 51st Stewart was ready for occupancy, Gen- these first weeks of training. For instance.
AM Brigade, for their cadre and filler eral Curtis moved the units bv motor very few of the ranges were suitable for
28 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
training. and battle indoctrination Post Commander, Colonel Lloyd B.
courses just were not in existence. How- Corkan as G3. and Lieutenant Colonel
l"\'cr. with Third Army and Engineer Robert Jones as Assistant G3.
Corps cooperation, a program of con- All AAA troops are housed in squad
,rruction was initiated and ranges were tents with cement Roors. \ Vinterizing i~
,;OOn either operable or under con- fast being accomplished. \Vith the num-
,truction. Service school quotas were ber of troops now in training at Stewart.
established, brigade and group schools housing capacity is at its limit and should
scheduled, training areas. gun parks and an expansion program be promulgated.
motor pools were organized. Gunnery in- further work will be necessarv. All
,lruction teams were sent from Fort Bliss. ranges are now complete and are being
latest school doctrine in AAOC instruc- utilized. Hunter Air Force Base at Sa-
[ion was initiated. radio controlled drones vannah bases a tow target Right for track-
ReAl'S) were furnished and Camp ing and towing missions. There is no
Stewart. once again, became a busy train- holdup in firing due to commercial air
ing camp. The brigade was provided routes or shipping; thus, from a firing
with ordnance maintenance support, and angle. Camp Stewart is an antiaircraft
U.S. Army photo
an Army band was ordered to active duty Brig. Gen. Clare H. Armstrong, Com- artilleryman's paradise.
there. manding. The Third Armv Commander has
Brigadier General Curtis has since been instrumental in aiding the growth
11100'ed with the 51st AAA Brigade I-Iead- Clare Armstrong assumed command of and early operation of the camp. An Ar-
quarters to the Fifth Army area. I-Iow- Third Army Antiaircraft Training Cen- tillery Branch of G3 was activated at
('\'er. the development which he pro- ter, Camp Stewart, Georgia. The stafl' Third Army Headquarters last August,
moted at Camp Stewart continues. is being organized with Colonel \Villiam headed bv Colonel James H. Fish, Artil-
On Decemher 27th, Brigadier General Q. Jeffords as Chief of Staff and Deputy lery.
LATE BOOKS
TilE RIDDLE OF J\'IAcARTHLlR: JA- youngest superintendent \Vest Point the Russians do.-J\IA). GEN. BLAKELEY,
PAN, KOREAANDTHE FAR EAST. By ever had, the youngest active major gen- Armed Force.
John Gunther. 254 Pl" Published by eral in the Army, the youngest Chief of ARMY ALJ\IANAC. 1014 pp. $3.00.
I larper & Brothers. $2.75. Staff, and the youngest man ever to be-
Newly published by the Armed Forces
come a full general. I-Ie is the only sol-
i\ lacArthur, says i\lr. Gunther, "has Information School, the Army Almanac
dier in American history whose father
plentv of defects, and is fiercelv hated as contains a wealth of facts and statistics
was also Chief of Staff, and the first full
\\"ell ~s loved." I-Ie is disliked 'partly be- not only on the Army but much material
general to win the Congressional Medal
cause, in a civilian country, he personifies on the Navy, Air Force and Veterans
of Honor-his father won it, too.
the ideas of military caste and is guilty of Administration.
"theatricality: what can only be called The General's work hours are roughly The book is a valuable collection of
his hamminess." There is also one other from eleven in the morning until nine at data primarily compiled for reference
reason which the author sums up this night, every day. As Mr. Gunther points purposes. Military officials will find it a
way: "One reason why so many people out, this is not only hard on his staff, it useful source of information on the Na-
dislike i\IacArthur is simple enough- is murderous. tional Defense Establishment and its
they are jealous of his superiorities As the subti'tle indicates, this book is associated agencies. I
which are, indeed, extreme. I--Ie was not entirely devoted to the subject of Part IV of the book is devoted to wars
first in his class at \Vest Point; his per- '\IacArthur. Nearly half of it deals with and campaigns with a full listing of bat-
formance there was the most brilliant in current conditions (current as of Decem- tle credits to units participating in \Vorld
many years, and in some details has ber, 1950 that is) in Japan, Korea, and War II.
ne\'er been surpassed. His over-all scho- the Far East. As Mr. Gunther sees the Subordinate commands of the Regular
lastic record for four years was 98.14 per picture, the primary driving forces Army and background ma~erial on the
cent, and in several courses he was the among the bulk of the p.eople of Asia are civilian components are covered in detail.
onh' cadet ever to enter the Academv desire for economic amelioration and na- Included under a miscellaneous heading
wh~ made perfect marks-a Rat 100 p;r tional freedom. \Ve'll lose the struggle are such topics as the Geneva Conven-
cent. He was the youngest division com- against communism in As.ia in the long tion and extracts from the .United Na-
mander in France in \Vorld \Var I, the run if we cannot do more for Asia than tions Charter.-R. \V. O.
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 29
KNOW YOUR F
Lockheed's XF-94 is a modified version of the F-80 Shooting Star with a new electronic nose for night flying. In the 600 mph
class, it is an all-weather fighter with a ceiling of over 40,000 feet.
\V'ith speed of over 650 mph and a ceiling of 45,000 feet, the North American F-95-A IS designed to climb quickly to
extreme altitudes on intercept missions.
30 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
!ndly AI RCRAFT
The XF-89, Northrop in the all-weather fighter family, has a speed and ceiling comparable to the XF-94. Its combat radius is
over 600 miles.
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 31
Psychiatry In The Korean War"
By Colonel Amos R. Koontz, M.C., Maryland N.G.
MAJOR General Edgar Erskine into \Vashington in 1861 were undoubt- into the service, to feign psychiatric COn-
Hume, Chief Surgeon of the Far East- edly psychiatric cases (scared to death) ditions and thus escape service. The
ern Command, has recently been quoted at the time of the running. However, credulous attitude of the psychiatrists
in the daily press as saying that psychi- they did not remain psychiatric cases has made this very easy for them. The
atric casualties might be expected to be and were not hospitalized with any of same credulous bent On the part of psy_
heavy in the Korean war, due to the na- the modern psychiatric diagnoses. As chiatrists during World War II enabled
ture of the war. General Hume is cer- soon as they had recovered their wind many men to escape from combat zones
tainly one of the outstanding medical and their composure, they were ready to who should have never been awav from
soldiers and scholars of the world today fight another day, and did so, and in the front line. '
and my admiration for him is un- most instances very well indeed. The figures bear out the statements of
bounded. However, I think that his Now why is it that we have been the preceding paragraph. The incidence
statement was unfortunate because it more pestered with "psychiatric" cases in of psychiatric cases was over 100 per cent
suggests the opportunity for a psychiatric recent years, and especially in World more in World War II than in World
release from the horrors of war. By its War II, than ever before? I venture to War 1. I believe that the increased inci-
very nature every war in which men suggest that there are two reasons for dence in World War II over World
stand up and shoot at each other is apt this. First, the blight to our patriotism, War I was due to the reasons briefly
<0 breed psychiatric casualties, and this is caused by the insidious creeping social- stated above.
especially true when there is a possibility istic philosophy which has pervaded our Our record of psychiatric cases in
of a psychiatric evacuation from the politics in recent years, has prepared the World War II has put the psychiatrist
scene of war. If there is no possibility of ground for any excuse for lack of per- upon the defensive. And apparently
such an evacuation, the men are much formance of duty to our country. The quite rightly so in view of the question-
more apt to stand up and shoot it out doctrine has been that we owe nothing able quality of the military psychiatry
than to succumb to "battle fatigue" or to our country, but, on the other hand, that was furnished. What is the expla-
..
war neurosIS." our country owes everything to us. Our nation of this? Psychiatry itself is im-
A Colonel in the Medical Corps of country should furnish us every oppor- mature as a science. It is a complicated
our Regular Army told me the following tunity and make living exceedingly soft specialty and one of the highest impor-
story. During World War II he attended for us. This type of philosophy breeds tance. The recognition of that impor-
a meeting of the Allied Medical Associa- soldiers who are ready to succumb to a tance in war put upon the specialty a
tion in London at which a whole after- "psychiatric" escape. Individual self- duty and responsibility it was not pre-
noon was spent with papers on the psy- reliance and toughness have become pared to handle. The expansion of the
chiatric problems of the war. At the end archaic due to the promises and efforts service brought in men without the nec-
of the series of papers, the chairman of the modern political planners. If peo- essary background of knowledge of peo-
called for discussion. A stubby little ple are not taught to be tough in civil ple and geI}eral medicine. Psychiatric
British colonel of the R.A.M.C., with a life, as they always had been prior to the training should be based on sound medi-
stubby little mustache, got up and last decade or two, how can they be ex- cal experience and years of contact with
opened the discussion in an equally pected to be tough in war? patients, as well as with normal people.
stubby fashion. He said: "For two years If a prospective psychiatrist were re-
I was chief medical officer in Malta. We quired to have ten years of medicine be-
had no psychiatric problems. Everybody ANOTHER thing which I believe fore going into psychiatry, the roster of
got equally bombed every day and there has predisposed to the great number of psychiatrists could not be weighted with
was no place to run away from the bomb- "psychiatric" cases in wartime in recent men who do not think that there is such
ing. And every morning every man who years is the fact that too much emphasis a thing as a normal person. On the con-
was physically fit went to duty, whether has been laid on such conditions as psy- trary, we allow youngsters just out of
he had had an unhappy childhood or choneurosis, neurasthenia, and minor medical school to start their psychiatric
not." psychiatric conditions in general in both training at once without having had any
The Federal soldiers who ran all the the medical and lay press. This has set experience in order to show them what
everyone to thinking about these condi- the norm is. They have to establish
way from the Battlefield of Bull Run
tions and has undoubtedly resulted in their own norm, and that is as variable
many planned and rehearsed attempts, as it is fanciful. The result cannot be
*Reprinted with permission from the Decem-
ber 1950 issue of The Military Surgeon. on the part of men about to be inducted satisfactory.
32 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
ANZIO ANTICS
By Colonel Linscott A. Hall, USAF
SEVEN years ago in January a force their vacation, while another was con- As we wcre moving toward shore our
of American and British soldiers went fronted by American rangers as he was vessel struck a sandbar several hundred
ashore near Anzio, Italy, to establish a strolling with his lady friend. Howcver, yards out from the beach. In spite of all
beachhead and to threaten the German the reaction of the German high com- the commander's efforts the craft stuck
line anchored at Cassino. This force in- mand to this landing was speedy and in- fast, so the decision was made to lighten
cluded the 3rd.Division, 45th Division, tensive and, during the next one hundred the ship.
British 1st Division, CCA, 1st Armored and twenty days, many strange things Beach charts indicated that the sea
Division and the 35th AAA Brigade. It occurred. boltom was level and that it might be
soon built up to a strength of over 100,- Anzio was a refreshing little commu- possible to wade ashore from our present
000. i\lany stories have been written nity to most of the men who went ashore position. Unfortunately my jeep was
about the exploits of our troops there; there in that last week of January. These loaded last, which automatically placed it
however, few of them combined the ter- combat veterans had been fighting for in the first position when the bow ramp
ror and humor that evcryone who was months, first in the dust and heat of was lowered. As guinea pigs my driver
there experienced .. Sicily and southern Italy and later in the and I were prepared to swim if our jeep
One of the first clues, that indicated cold, mud, and rain of that section just disappeared beneath the waves; so in that
this operation was going to be different, south of Cassino. Here the country was frame of mind we started down the
was the relative lack of organized resist- free of war damage; the little villages of ramp. As the hood of the jeep began to
ance to our assault units. Several Ger- Anzio and Nettuno were clean, white, slide under the water, my driver, Cor-
man officers were captured, en]oymg fresh appearing, and the weather, instead poral Fred Danay, and I jumped up and
of being cold and wet, was clear, crisp sat on the backs of the seats, and there
and sunny. we perched as the jeep slowly disap-
Colonel Linscott A. Hall graduated from I went in commanding the 434th AI\ peared between the waves, Fortunately,
the US Military Academy and entered the A\V Bn (SP) attached to the 1st Ar- it was not too deep and Fred had done a
CAC in 1937. He served on General
Eisenhower" s Staff in North Africa and mored Division. Our landing craft which remarkable job of waterproofing; also
commanded the 434th AAA AW Battalion carried Batteries A and D, was scheduled
ISP) attached to the 1st Armored Division
before he jumped to the back of the seat
in Italy. to disembark us early' in the evening of he had put the jeep in gear and pulled
After the war he served as on instructor the day the first troops had secured a out the throttle. The result was that
at USMA, then transferred to the Air Force
and now serves on the Air Staff in Wash- foothold; however, a storm delayed us the totally submerged little jeep slowly
ington.
and the remainder of Combat Command mo\'ed shoreward, chugging along on one
A until midnight of the day following. cylinder, with the two of us apparently
MARCH-APRil, 1951
33
sitting on top of the water urging the that were necessary. It was quite easy to visitors that they must dig adequate pl1).
little car along with all our hopes. estimate how long an outfit had been on tection for themselves while they Wete
The fact that we made it speaks highly the beachhead by the depth their ve- our guests; eventually one Air Corps
not only for the jeep that continued to hicles were dug in. For instance the first man was killed and another seriously
serve us so faithfully for many months, two or three days the new arrivals had wounded while sleeping in a too shallow
but also for the planners who picked dug only shallow foxholes for themselves trench with no overhead cover.
such a fine level beach for our exit. and nothing for the vehicles. A few days
We had been ashore only a few hours later the vehicles were dug in up to the
when the German Air Force came over- tops of their tires and the foxholes had THE number of stories about artillery
head on the way to the little port of grown to two-man dugouts with card- and bombs are as many as there were
Anzio. I was inside our half-track CP at board or canvas roofs. soldiers and nurses on the beachhead,
the time and was startled by the very By the end of a week the vehicles since nearly everyone had at least one
sudden appearance of our Catholic were dug in up to the radiators and cov- narrow escape. Two or three incidents
Chaplain. This "padre" was a wonderful ered with camouflage nets, while the will indicate the trend. One night in
guy and was worshipped by all the men; dugouts had expanded into underground April we were attending a movie in a
if they could have seen the look on his homes complete with lights, log roofs, small shack near our CP in the 1st
face at this time, however, they certainly homemade radios and pin-ups. It was Armored Division area. This so-called
would have been as amazed as I. He was amazing to watch this progress and if one building had been our movie theater
most serious and his voice a little hoarse made periodic visits t? the same unit you since a group of Italians had been evacu-
as he said, "Colonel, you won't believe would get the impression that the topsoil ated several weeks previously. Naturally
me, but I am telling the truth. I just saw covered quicksand into which vehicles, the luxury of a movie was greatly ap-
one of those German airplanes give birth men, and equipment were gradually dis- preciated and the "theater" was usually
to a baby airplane that flew off toward appearing. packed. This particular evening the
the port with fire in its taiL" Together The reasons for this back to earth movie had just begun when a small cali-
we figured out that he had seen one of movement were several, but the domi- ber artillery shell burst over the theater.
the new German radio controlled rocket nant ones were enemy artillery and the The show was stopped and the operator
bombs. On another occasion it was re- small anti-personnel bombs dropped in asked if anyone would care to leave. A
ported that one of these bombs was hit clusters by the German Air Force. Once few decided that they had business else-
and damaged by our flak and when last we had gained a secure foothold on the where, but nearly everyone concluded
seen was chasing the mother ship which beachhead and were able to make effec- that it was just another stray round and
was taking violent evasive action! tive use of our air OPs (Cub aircraft) elected to remain, so the movie con-
most of the artillery came over at night tinued.
when the little "May tag dive bombers" Less than five minutes later a single
ONE of the first things we noted had gone home to roost. It usually began shell exploded just at the back of the
about the beachhead was its flatness. about half an hour after dark with par- shack. The noise was no greater than
Those of us from the Cassino area had a ticularly heavy concentrations on our AA many other shells which had been strik-
great respect for hills, particularly when outfits just before an air raid. The stuff ing in the vicinity for several days but
they provided adequate defilade for our came in in all shapes and sizes, all night the results were horrible. The blast prac-
vehicles, guns, and ourselves. Here on long, with only occasional mass concen- tically demolished the closed building
the beachhead we eagerly sought out the trations on anyone sector. One of the and huge slivers of wood flew in all
most insignificant knoll and there was in- worst places to be at dawn or dusk was directions. In all, nine men were killed
tense competition for any topographical down in the dock area where the really and some 27 wounded. One of the jarred
feature that might have been a hill in the big ones, Anzio Express, used to wham in but otherwise uninjured men was prob-
geological past. In addition, the Ger- with so much damage to buildings and ably the closest to the explosion yet men
mans, as usual, had already seized and nerves. I know that those of us who on both sides of him were killed instantly
secured all the hills to our immediate were well dug in near the front used to and were so badly mutilated that it took
front and were looking right down dread going,"downtown." several hours to identify them. Obvi-
our tonsils. Some parts of the beachhead ously that ended our theatrical perform-
were cut up with deep ravines, but un- ances.
fortunately for us these hidden assets THIS gradual process of digging in There are numerous incidents of shells
were in the British sector. The ravines, had some interesting results. During or small bombs entering foxholes and
although providing defilade, proved March and April we began an exchange dugouts and the men within living to
something of a detriment as the enemy of personnel between air and ground laugh about their narrow escapes. One
frequently sent raiding parties down people. The purpose being to let every- huge shell struck Captain Howard Blan-
these avenues of infiltration and could one see how the other service operated. chard's "denthouse" and though it did
only be driven out by mortar, small arms Almost without exception after the three not explode, it literally tore the dugout to
fire and hand grenades. or four day exchanges had been made, pieces. Captain Blanchard's assistant,
The only immediate solution to the men from both sides were firmly con- W.O. Ellis, who was standing near the
lack of defilade in our sector was to dig in vinced that the other service had it much entry when the shell hit, was thrown
-and dig in we did. Fortunately the soil the worse. We on the beachhead, how- some thirty feet and was in the hospital
was sandy; shovels and muscles were all ever, were unable to convince our flying for two months just from shock. Blan-
34 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
chard, my supply officer, had retired and we did on the beachhead. Every clear over the beachhead. The pilot then set
was completely buried among the logs, day we were awakened by the roar of the controls, certain that it would go out
sandbags, dirt, all his forms, records and American and British fighters and what to sea. However, the plane loved that
typewriter. It was only after considerable a wonderful sound it was. We used to crew and decided that it wanted to visit
difficulty that he was eventually dragged take such a shellacking at night that the beachhead with them. At any rate
out, unconscious but otherwise unin- whenever the Air Force put on a real the ship circled the beachhead about
jured. effort, everyone came out of their holes four times getting lower each time and
On another occasion a shell made a and climbed to the highest spot to watch finally made a perfect landing right in
direct hit on my operation sergeant's dug- and cheer them on. Two remarkable the middle of the beachhead. It skidded
out and completely destroyed it. He was events will always stand out in my mind. several hundred yards, just missed a
mourned for some time until we realized The first concerns the crew of a B-17 house with about thirty soldiers in it,
that he was on duty in the CP that night. who didn't make it and the second con- struck a slight ditch, stopped, exploded
Perhaps the most spectacular events on cerns the crew of a B-26 who did. and burned, emitting huge pillars of
the beachhead were the initial air attacks In February 1944 the Germans smoke and flame and providing a Fourth
on our bivouacs. They were beautiful launched their big offensive to push us of July fireworks display of exploding
but terrifying as well. They formed a into the sea the precise day that we had ammunition.
regular pattern in that first, the enemy decided to launch a major attack at them.
would start increasing his artillery, then
a pathfinder aircraft would come over
Fortunately their attack came straight
down the road where we were strongest
I HAD previously mentioned the gal-
lant little air OPs which were so effective
and drop "window" to jam our radar and and expected the attack, while our attack
in providing us protection by their spot-
also white and green flares to mark the was a spearhead into their left flank. In
ting of enemy artillery in the daytime.
targets. Shortly afterwards the attacking laying on our attack we requested air
The Germans realized their effectiveness
enemy aircraft would enter the area and sl!Pl?ort and it had just started when a
and put on a couple of campaigns to
be greeted with a red umbrella of ma- m,ilGS of B-1Ts started in. In spite of the
drive them from the air. Through such
chine gun, 37, 40 and 90mm AA fire. ng~ting in progress on the ground and
efforts and a couple of mishaps, we lost
This concentrated fire directed by Briga- t;:, artillery coming in, everyone who
seven of them in a week's time. The
dier General Aaron Bradshaw's 35th \. was standing up and yelling like
Germans developed a technique of send-
AAA Brigade frequently drove them off, f ~ for the bombers to give 'em hell,
ing their fighters in on the deck where
but when it didn't, the aircraft would give a taste of the stuff we took last night,
they could spot our cubs, come up under-
zoom in firing greenish white 20~ ~ ..so forth. Suddenly there was
liiftned silence and then a murmur of neath them and shoot them down before
tracers before them. Finally each air-
keen toncern. the liaison pilots ever saw them. We lost
plane would drop a load of violent little
three of them this way before we devel-
anti-personnel bombs which btij:st'like I looked up and saw one of the B-17s
oped a "Bash boogie" system which
miniature volcanoes all over the country- had been hit and was on fire. I could
alerted every air OP the moment anyone
side. Each plane had its own roar or hear the man next to me murmuring like
saw a German fighter; in that way the
whine and as it sped away, there usually a prayer, "Get out, get out, you're on fire,
cub could get down lower or even land
came the too familiar cry of, "hey get out you sonofagun, get out, hurry,
medic." before the German fighter could reach
get out, get out." Then there was a burst
him.
of flame, the wings tore off, the fuselage
One of our little cubs had the unfor-
twisted and turned earthward; four or
WE had a fine person for a chaplain. tunate experience of being struck by one
five little black balls fell away from the
His best known trait was that he talked of our own artillery shells. The little air-
fuselage, but there were no parachutes.
a great deal. One morning he was parked plane had just taken off and was on its
Again the stunned silence and then the
where most of us visited briefly, at least way to the front and passed over and
dull rom: as a wave of smaller bombers,
as briefly as possible, once a day, when a slightly ahead of one of our field artillery
B-26s this time, came over. Again one
shell struck and exploded just in front of batteries just as it fired a salvo. One of
was hit 'fairly early in its approach to the
him. Fortunately no one received any the shells struck and exploded against the
targllt; but this time only silent prayer
major wounds but our goqd ~n~ was left wing at the fuselage. It knocked off
followed that brave crew as it went right
silenced for a while at ~$t,.1-t?s:tnall the wing and the plane dropped to the
on to the target, dropped its bombs, re-
shell fragment had goo$. ~t.hr~ugh his ground. The pilot and observer lived
turned over the beachhead where the
mouth making neat holel i~ both cheeks only a few hours.
entire crew bailed out leaving the faith-
and his topgue,.but missed doing serious Another incident concerns quite a dif-
ful bomber to go to its watery grave
damage because he was talking. Another alone, still smoking. ferent category of war material-fresh
time ~o of~s were enjoying a late after- eggs. Fresh eggs were a real rarity and
noon. ~me of f:orseshoest < We had' just only occasionally were we able to get
gather~'up -'our shoes for the return ANOTHER time we had an unin- some by trading such souvenirs as Ger-
pitch w~n a shell made a ringer in the vited guest in the form of a huge B-24. man helmets for them to ships crews that
far pit .. Needless to say the game was Today a B-24 doesn't seem large with the came in to the little port. This particular
called because of interference. B-50s and B-36s, but that day it was morning in early May, however, the cook
I don't believe anyone appreciated the awfully big. This plane had been heav- placed two fresh fried legitimate eggs
efforci of the Air Corps any more than ily damaged and the crew bailed out right in front of me as I sat down for
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 35
breakfast. I was a little startled and Our laughter was suddenly inter- tried by the Germans; we also de\'eloped
started to say something when I noticed rupted by several shells which burst explosive "snakes" to clear mine field~
the look of hatred on the face of the offi- quite near by. Instead of diving under and then, here was that unusually clear
cer who had just sat down opposite me. any convenient object, however, every- day when the clouds vibrated and shim.
He obviously was thinking "Who did one grabbed his dish of eggs and ran for mied whene\'er a gun was fired or an
that so and so bribe to get those eggs and cover carefully holding on to the dish. airplane passed near them. These tales
why does he ha\'e to eat them right in 1\ly dugout was within a few yards and are now all memories to us-but may be
front of me?" He continued to glare at I was soon surrounded by several officers actualities to those on other beachheads
me until the cook to his immense amaze- all frantically eating before anything on the other side of the world. In the
ment set a plate of eggs in front of him. happened to "them eggs." words of one unknown egoist, 'This d-
Since he was once more my friend, I There were many other remarkable beachhead is the most important spot in
called his attention to the same reaction incidents which made the Amio Beach- he world because I'm on it." So it
of several other officers as they came in head different. It was here that the first seemed to us then and I'm sure other in.
and we had a good laugh to ourselves. remote controlled miniature tank was dividuals feel the same w'a)' now.
•:.::...-.e ~
AbolJe: Cpl. Leonard Gutterage of B
Battery, 82nd AAA A W' Bn. guards
against snipers from his well camou-
flaged M19.
36 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Field Artillery Gunnery Training
For AAA Units
By 1st Lt. William B. Campbell, Artillery
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 37
FIELD ARTILLERY TRAI~I"G forget it. and teamwork disappears. The Liaison and Forward Obserwr
The aboye school course proyides an S3 section and the battery range sections Personnel
excellent preparatory step for battery and require about eight hours per month in Fire Direction Personnel (Indi-
battalion training-no more. It should be team practice and training to maintain vidual)
followed by battery instruction and train- efficiencv.
Fire Direction Personnel (sec-
ing, culminating in a battalion service
For refresher trammg and advanced tion)
practice.
Thereafter the training should be sup- training, Field r.lanual 6-40 outlines on Ob\'iously, actual service practices
plemented by periodic refresher training. pages 443 to 453 excellent courses as should be repeated as often as practi-
Otherwise both the officers and the men follows: cable.
38 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Electronics Career For The Soldier
By Captain Robert C. Mitchell, Artillery
XN early 1945 an instruction team from the AA School do not go below the desired reading at the tracking head.
The best method of obtaining the radar data pot errors, is
stayed at my gun battery for a week. This group taught
many things which seem to have been forgotten since then. to place the radar in remote and the cloud switch in the
It was taught that every gun battery equipped with the radar position. Since the radar and director have been
l\ 19 or l\ 110 director and SCR584 should make potentiometer oriented and synchronized. the exact position of the parabola
error charts. Basically, these charts graphically illustrate er- may be read with the greatest accuracy by observing the
rors in the azimuth and elevation data pots of both the electrical pointers at the tracking head. For ease in control.
SCR584 and the tracking head. ling the parabola, it is remotely positioned from the tracking
To obtain the necessary information for the charts, the head. The errors are read and recorded in the same manner
M9 and the SCR584 are properly oriented and synchronized. as outlined in the preceding paragraph. It should be reo
To obtain the tracking head data pot errors. the cloud switch membered that the electrical and mechanical pointers at the
is placed in track and the computer selector switch in the tracking head will not be matched due to the lag in remott'
tracker test position. The computer servo dials should then operation, and that we are only concerned with the electrical
read the exact elevation and azimuth shown on the tracking pointer. A typical potentiometer chart is shown in the
head dials. figure below.
Traverse tracking head to zero azimuth. In setting the The value of such a chart is obvious. It will aid in syn-
tracking head dials at zero, the mechanical pointer is moved chronizing the battery more accurately. Defective spots on
up to the exact position and not beyond. If it is rotated too pot cards can be readily detected. In a recent check the
far, repeat the process. The deviation from true azimuth is author found a -9-mil error in a segment of a potentiometer
read on the azimuth servo dial in the computer. This pro- card that required a new data pot. The chart will explain
cedure is repeated every 100 mils to maximum. The tracking why certain director test problems are not within tolerances
head is then traversed counterclockwise and in like manner when no other deficiencies can be found. It will aid range
the deviations recorded. Elevation data pot errors are simi- officers in determining spot corrections prior to firing for ecr.
larly obtained. Care must be exercised so that when elevating. tain types of courses.
the elevation mechanical pointers do not go abo\'e the desired Anyone familiar with the material will find many more
reading and conversely, when depressing. that the pointers advantage~ to be gained from the potentiometer error charts.
.t.
I
- .-
Th=, -
~m
, ,
,,
I
.,
I
\
"l' ,
1 I "I
40 ANTlAIR~RAFT JOURNAL
France And The Western
European Army
By Major John B. B. Trussell, Jr., Artillery
INTRODUCTION but will continue to be so for a good thirds of these are conscripts doing their
while. required military service.
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 41
which is a type of home guard, for main- lantic Treaty Organization as well. lowances he draws only $21 a month.
tenance of order, security guard, clerical Of course, 800,000 reservists are a far Although French prices are lower than
and administrative duties, etc. Service of different matter in terms of a national American, French Army pay still leaves
eight years here is followed by mustering economy from 800,000 members of line much to be desired.
out of the reserve altogether at age forty- units, and the NATO planners envision Another source of discontent in the
nine. a force of twenty French divisions in be- French Army might be promotion, which
It is true that this system's strength ing, not just a large number of trained some foreign observers say is affected hy
lies in the number of reservists provided. reservists. Some changes in the conscrip- political considerations. A French gen-
It is also true that while France mobilized tion program, including retention of eral complained last year that ".... Pro-
100 divisions in 1939, the reserve-train- classes now undergoing training and re- motion in all the grades ... is made at
ing program was completely disrupted call of a number of recent conscript the pleasure of partisan influences." H
during World War II. However, through classes, are obviously unavoidable. Re- true, these allegations and the low pay
the years 1946-1950, some 864,000 men call of reservists will be felt in the civil- suggest reasons why French Army mo-
completed Army training-better than ian labor market; nevertheless, without rale might be low.
50% of all men reaching age twenty dur- going into detail it may be stated that by Augmenting this is the fact that
ing that period. On the basis of available absorption of the unemployed and of French troops in Indo-China are suffer-
population figures, corrected for average farmers released from the land by realiza- ing significant casualties: annual losses
death rates for French males of pertinent tion of agricultural mechanization plans, of officers have been said to equal the
age groups, it can be predicted that of the the required force can be maintained in National Military Academies' yearly out-
approximately 2,200,000 French boys be- Europe without seriously affecting the put. A recent report puts average losses
tween ages twelve and nineteen in 1945, labor supply needed by the French econ- of officers at one per day. Of the war's
considerably more than 2,100,000 will omy. 40,486 fatalities, over 10,000 have been
still be alive in 1953. Assuming that Frenchmen (as distinct from native
WILL To FIGHT
Army training continues at the rate of troops or Foreign Legionnaires )-on a
50% of each "class," we can safely pre- population basis, the equivalent of 40,-
dict that by 1953 France will have a pool PREMIER Pleven recently said that 000 Americans!
of at least 1,000,000 Army-trained men "The best arms and materiel will be use- Regarding communism among non-
between ages twenty and twenty-eight less unless they are- used by men who Regular troops, it is reasonable to assume
alone. Obviously, therefore, twenty di- ... have belief and confidence in their that men called to the colors would rep-
visions are well within the country's tasks." It is this crucial question of the resent a political cross-section of the na-
manpower capabilities, for in addition to state of mind of the men who will form tion as a whole. That is (according to
the 1,000,000 men mentioned, there are the numerical backbone of the Western public opinion polls), 25 to 30% of the
the men of older age groups, some of European Army which is the one we conscripts would be Communists or fel-
whom will provide the professional sol- must try to answer. No attempt to assess low-travelers.
diers of the training cadres and of the French military capacity can ignore the Opposed to this rather ominous look-
forces in Indo-China, and the rest of collapse of 1940, qualified though it was ing situation is the apparent drop in com-
whom fill the manpower needs of the by the FFI's splendid record. Moreover, munist influence. Primarily as a result
civilian economy. there is in France a sizable body of com- of the Marshall Plan's success, the com-
The case will not be altered even if it munists and fellow-travelers. There is munists are losing ground: by their own
continues to be necessary to maintain the also a distinct current of pacifism which admission, their membership fell from
present commitments in Indo-China, as overlaps but is partially divergent from 1,000,000 after the Liberation to 700,000
their size is relatively insignificant when a feeling of antagonism to both East and in 1950. Despite violent communist op-
compared with the total number of men West. position to Government efforts to curb
who can be expected to be available. Regarding communism among French sedition and sabotage and to insure re-
Under the leadership of General de Lat- professional soldiers, some foreign news- armament, the defense bills presented to
tre de Tassigny, the French troops in papermen have suggested that as much the Assembly for enactment have been
Indo-China have lately been registering as 3lh% of all ranks are active Party mem- approved. At this writing, the most re-
numerous successes against the Com- bers, and that still larger proportions cent example is the passage, by a vote of
munist rebels. Increasing shipments of (including 3 to 5% of the general of- 333 to 181, of a defense appropriation for
American equipment, improved morale ficers) are fellow-travelers if not militant 1951 of 740 billion francs-a strong en-
as a result of victories, and ever larger communists! Such accusations are so dorsement of Premier Pleven's rearma-
forces of Indo-Chinese troops fighting on startling that their validity may well be ment policy. Though French officials
the French side should lessen any pos- doubted. But if we assume that they con- anticipate that Communists may go
sible tendency of this war to develop into tain some truth, how could such a con- underground to try to sabotage rearma-
a serious manpower drain, although com- dition be explained? ment, the very necessity of such measures
plete withdrawal of French troops will One reason might be pay standards. can be interpreted as a sign of commu-
not be possible for several years. Even For example, the monthly pay of a major nist weakness. The chief encouragement
so, French manpower is sufficient to meet general is $244; of a Iieutenant-colonel, is to be found in the economic improve-
not only the current demands of the $157; and of a captain, $123. A French ment, for communism will not flourish in
Indo-Chinese campaign but the antic- private receives about two cents a day, a prosperous country.
ipated requirements of the North At- and even with overseas and combat al- As for communism among soldiers,
42 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
progress has been made in removing be forced to fight in the psychological ably) to being occupied at all. Cyril
causes of discontent. Broad social secur- circumstances which are (traditionally, Falls, a prominent British writer on mili-
ity benefits have eased the economic lot at least) uniquely disadvantageous to tary affairs, has pointed out that "Ameri-
of military personnel. Morale should also their temperament. can statements that a stand in Europe
receive a boost from the increased admin- Nevertheless, it seems to be generally could be made only 'behind the Pyrenees'
istrative coordination to be expected now believed by Western military thinkers have contributed to this impression."
that supreme authority on military mat- that, if war comes, most Frenchmen can Doubtless, one of the important reasons
ters has been vested in General Pierre be expected to defend their country behind French anxiety for increased
Alphonse Juin. Senior officers have ex- against actual invasion. Only the com- American garrisons on the Continent is
pressed confidence that any communist munists might possibly welcome Russian that American planners might be less
sympathizers remaining in commissioned troops. The French, notoriously legal- prone to sacrifice the forces on the spot,
and noncommissioned ranks will be re- istic, would resist an entry as an infrac- and American public opinion less likely
moved at the first sign of war, and that tion of their sovereignty, if for no other to permit them to do so, if respectable
"the men will take care of" any com- reason. Initial French resistance to Amer- numbers of our own men were involved.
munist privates. It is reasonable to sup- ican landings in North Africa in 1942 There is, finally, the very important
pose, too, that in case of actual conBict, points up this tendency. Of course, an factor of French opposition to German
most Frenchmen would put their loyalty army attacking from Eastern Europe rearmament. Thr.ee times since 1870
to France ahead of their loyalty to a would reach Western Germany first, German armies have invaded France.
political party. thus gaining access to England and the The French feel that a revitalized Ger-
But the question of French will to sea. If France were by-passed she would many might constitute a threat second
fight is broader than conBicting ideolo- certainly be assured that Russia had no only to communist aggression. This fear
gies. Because of a pacifism strengthened designs on her, provided she maintained is expertly played upon by French Com-
by historical experience, a traditionally strict neutrality. This could be a very munists, who hope to discredit the whole
defeatist mentality augmented by nu- strong line for Russian propaganda to idea of the Western European Army.
merous fears, distrust of the other west- follow, and there are probably many Though described at length here, op-
ern powers' intentions and a feeling of Frenchmen willing to accept such a state- position to the Atlantic Pact is felt only
being dragged helplessly to destruction, ment at face value; their voices would by a minority of Frenchmen. Many lead-
there is a current of opinion that the At- add to the clamor raised by the French ing French commentators have pointed
lantic Pact has placed France in a dan- Communists. out that Russia has demonstrated that
gerously exposed position from which trust placed in her promises to respect
only strict neutrality between East and neutrality is folly. Besides, Frenchmen
West can save her. UNDENIABLY, there is in France a realize that their country's industrial ca-
We must remember that French World considerable body of articulate opposition pacity would be essential to a Russian
War I losses were staggering. Some to the Atlantic Pact. This is added to by war effort in a prolonged conBict; even
1,500,000 Frenchmen were killed and fear and distrust. First of all, there is fear if France attempted to stay neutral, Rus-
700,000 disabled. World War II took lest military commitments involve France sia would try to get control of French
another 474,000 French lives, 95,000 of in a quarrel which does not concern her. industry.
them civilian. The experience of 1914- Frenchmen realize, too, that war between Finally, thinking Frenchmen realize
18 did much to produce the attitude East and West, if France joined in, that the internal communist threat can-
which contributed so largely to the 1940 would probably make France again the not be halted merely by a military divorce
debacle. However, as is obvious from battlefield. Moreover, however strong from the United States; it will continue
their participation in the Resistance, the defense on the Elbe or Rhine, France so long as economic conditions permit
many Frenchmen came to feel that loss herself would still be vulnerable to communism to gain adherents. This
of their liberties was worse even than atomic bombardment. Still another point is the crux of the matter. The
war. theme of opposition is that France has French economy's remarkable postwar
The French have long had the reputa- been allocated excessive responsibilities recovery has had marked effects upon
tion, even in their own eyes, of defeat- in view of the practical aid offered. communist strength. The waning of
ism. Years ago a French general wrote There is "also considerable distrust of communism in France represents an in-
of ct ••• our national character so impres- the intentions of France's partners, espe- crease in the number of Frenchmen de-
sionable, so ardent in explo:iting a first cially of the United States. There is fear siring continuation of the present eco-
success, so easily discouraged at the first that the United States would jettison nomic and social system. It is reasonable
defeat .... " While such generalization France in case of war, not because of bad to assume, therefore, that they will want
about national combat characteristics is intentions but because of inability to increased security for the Western De-
dangerous, if it contains any truth it bring adequate support to the Continent mocracies, and that they will accept their
poses a particularly serious problem. before Russian troops could overrun it. responsibility for furnishing an appro-
Necessarily, any war between East and A variation on this theme is the idea that priate share of the forces to guarantee
West would begin with hostilities by the the French Army might be used as a rear- that security-provided they do not be-
Eastern bloc; the initiative would auto- guard, fighting while the other allies lieve that the cause of the West is
matically be surrendered by the democra- mustered their forces for a counterattack. doomed to start with, and provided also
cies, who would necessarily be placed on Although France would ultimately be that they feel themselves able to carry
the defensive. Thus, Frenchmen would liberated, the French object (understand- out the missions which considerations of
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 43
geography and population assign them. Second, while there is said to be some Army for defending Western Europe.
Conviction of Western power in general communism in the standing Army, its should allay both the fear and the skep-
and of American good faith in particular causes have been or are being removed ticism. Fourth, indifference to the out-
should be strengthened, and confidence and any communist sympathy remaining come of a war between East and West is
in French military capacity will be could probably be controlled if war broke being largely eliminated by economic re-
strengthened, by the increasing How of out; communism in the country as a covel}" which increasingly identifies the
American materiel and troops to Europe. whole is already on the downgrade, and interests of the individual Frenchman
As French divisions come into being, the in time its inHuence should be consider- with those of the other Western Democ-
French people's confidence in their own ably reduced. Third, most of the opposi- racies.
ability to discharge their responsibilities tion to the Pact is based on fear that war In short, it may be said with consider-
should certainlv be reinforced. in Europe inevitably means devastation able assurance that, as economic recovery
of France, and on skepticism of the and defense preparations progres.\
CONCLUSIONS United States' ability to carry out its Frenchmen will have the incentive, the
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the Army $3.75
THE EFFECTSOF ATOMIC WEAP- LIFE'SPICTUREHISTORYOF WORLD
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ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
631 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. WASHINGTON 4, D. C.
44 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
r
CAPTURED COMMUNIST WEAPONS
~::.~
/d
/
•~df'"
.
I
J 't
Enemy 85mm gun captured near Pyongyang. 37mm antiaircraft gun captured by U.N. Forces
in the Pyongyang area.
-
3
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 45
Jet Propulsion ... Man'
Rocket guns and jet propelled vehicles are no longer only the imaginative properties
of comic strip artists or Sunday supplement writers. Man's newest heat engine prom-
ises to revolutionize his future in terms of methods of travel, international economy,
and world relationships. Necessarily and understandably closely guarded for security
reasons, the actual methods of application of jet propulsion and of electronic controls
to plane and missile are of top importance.
46 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
(,~)---
• 914>11 ~~,
--
c.;-".J , .-
Engine!
a distance of four feet, the wood also was pushed four feet
in the opposite direction, both (because of their equal
weight) moving with equal speed.
Applied to jet propulsion, the engine and its vehicle are
tpe piece of wood and its exhaust gases are the frog. The
gases, in "jumping" away from the engine, "kick" it back
(or ahead) moving the jet-powered vehicle a certain dis-
tance at a certain speed. It is important to note that the
amount of "kick" is the same, in air or in a vacuum.
Note that the piece of wood actually does not travel as
far as the frog because part of its reactive power from the
frog is used to overcome the resistance offered by the
water in which it Boats, and by the air surrounding it.
OXYGEN IS ESSENTIAL
Rocket
The rocket is the only form of jet propulsion that does ..- DIRECTION OF FLIGHT
48 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
I.
• Four Ba sic Types
by an electric spark. The shutters are forced shut by the
combustion pressure and the thrust-producing gases ex-
hausted through a tail pipe or nozzle. As the departing
gases create suction in the combustion chamber, the shut-
ters reopen and the cycle repeats. No spark is required
~r
after initial starting, since the ignition is automatic.
FUEL STREAMUNED The German Buzz-Bomb, powered by pulse jet engine,
INJECTORS "fired" about forty times per second and travelled at speeds
/ HIGH VELD CI TY
EXHAUST JET
between 250 and 400 miles per hour, burning about 2.8
pounds of fuel per hour per pound of thrust.
Ram Jet
The ram jet or athodyd, sometimes called the "stove-
-DIRECTION OF FLIGHT --- pipe engine," is a continuous firing air duct engine looking
like an elongated barrel with the ends knocked out.
Ram Jet Gasoline is fed through a ring of small orifices ahead of
the combustion chamber located in the middle of the duct.
Requiring a relatively high speed of travel to initiate op-
eration, the air entering at the front is expanded and sped
on its way, by the combustion of the fuel.
The increased velocity, induced by combustion, pro-
vides sufficient jet reaction to keep the device up to speed
and produce power for the vehicle to which it is attached.
The unit is attractive, from an engineering and cost
standpoint, since it has no moving parts, uses cheap fuels,
and fuel consumption is only two pounds per hour per
pound of thrust, at three times the speed of sound.
Turbo Jet
AI. COMF>RESSOR
The turbo jet is quite similar to the ram jet except that
it increases the air supply to the combustion chamber by
use of a turbine-driven compressor.
A turbine in the exhaust section drives a shaft con-
nected to a rotary air compressor in the forward end of the
COMPRESSOR ROTORS
COMMON DRIVE SHAFT OF
engine. The air is further compressed before it enters the
TVR!llNE AND COMPRESSOR
combustion chamber. Because of this added compression,
"""-OIR:ECnON OF FUGHT fuel can be burned at better economy.
This turbo jet type engine finds wide use in aircraft
propulsion since it readily lends itself to various combina-
tions with propeller drives. In addition, its use is not
essentially limited to aircraft, since some forms have been
adapted to the powering of locomotives.
Turbo Jet Operating by itself in the air at 400 m.p.h. it consumes
about 1.2 pounds of fuel per hour per pound of thrust.
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 49
0.10
1.0
Turbo Jet
M
500 500
V Mph V-Mph
Turbo Jet
Driving Propeller
0.30
Supercharged
Reciprocating
Engine with
Geared Propeller
and Exhaust Jet
Relative Relative Probable
Propulsive Overall
Frontal Weight of Fuel Range of Maximum
Efficiency Efficiency
Area (Drag) for a Given Duration Flight Speeds
'lp
0.%5
•
I-Above 600 Mph
2-For Aid in Takeoff
3-For Flying Bombs
0.07
0 500
Velocit -M h
0.%5
0
I-Above 500 Mph
2-For Flying Bombs
0.05
SOO 0 SOO
V-Mph V-Mph
Intermittent
0.%5
1-300 to 600 Mph
0
0.04
SOO
0 2-For Flying Bombs
V-Mph
0.%5
0
V Mh
--..J
soo
I
soo
We are all familiar with the "automatic pilot," used to in direction, altitude or speed to bring the robot accurately
relieve the strain and monotony of continuous manual to its objective ..
manipulation of aircraft Bight controls. This device per- However, the use of television has visibility limitations.
mits the pilot to leave his controls and know that his plane Both fog and darkness will impair or void its efficiency.
will automatically and accurately follow a pre-set compass Distance, on the other hand, is no problem as the use of
course at a fixed altitude.
relay stations, either high in the air, or suitably placed on
Similar automatic controls can be used in piloting robot ground or ocean, would supply adequate ..reception from
planes, with electrical commands transmitted to order de- the robot or missile.
sired changes in course or altitude. The control engineer,
either on the ground or in a "mother" plane, is able to con- NAVIGATION GUIDANCE
trol the robot's flight as long as he has it in sight, which, It seem ridiculous to classify missiles, or robots, by de-
under ideal conditions, will approach a maximum distance grees of intelligence, but believe it or not, missiles are so
of five or six miles. rated. The most amazing high I.Q. missile is one equipped
Let us suppose the objective, or destination, of the ro- to answer intelligently the questions 'Where are you?",
bot, with its "pay load" of mail, weather reporting instru- and "What are you doing?"
ments, cameras, or explosives, is at a considerable distance Initially aimed in the approximate direction of its target,
from the ground control point and quite possibly in an and travelling at perhaps 2,500 miles per hour, such a mis-
area where a "mother" plane could not operate or might sile is electronically asked for its location. Automatically it
not care to operate. takes its bearings on the stars, exactly as a mariner uses his
sextant. Not only does it report its computed bearings to
TELEVISION GUIDANCE
the control engineer but it also gives information about its
Such difficulties of distance might be overcome by plac- altitude, speed, fuel supply, temperatures of its various
ing two television cameras in the robot, one focused on the mechanisms, density of the surrounding atmosphere and
instrument panel and the other "looking" ahead from the many other recordings relevant to its progress of Bight.
pilot's seat. The control engineer, equipped with synchro- This information is automatically analyzed by the con-
nized television receivers, is now not only able to "see" trol point, an adjusted course to the target quickly com-
where the robot is going, but also has a constant view of puted, and a new set of navigational directions issued
its instrument panel; thus enabling him to make changes which are immediately obeyed by the missile.
52 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
C01\Il\lA...~D GUIDA..~CE
..
cienc instrumentation [0 obey directions .
.-\ ground radio-radar station simultane-
ouslv "tracks" both the missile and its tar-
THE ORA VISUAL
I get '(the latter perhaps an approaching
plane). The radar readings of both are
computed and plotted, and adjustments
made in the missile's course to bring the
cwo into collision.
EASEL
MODEL D2
BEAM GUIDA..~CE
HOMING GUIDANCE
L crigger-nervous gunners!
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 53
PROMOTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS
To Fort Meade, Md. California AAA Guard Major General Cortlandt V. R.
Brigadier General Homer Case Commander Schuyler
Brigadier General Case, whose pro- Brigadier General James W. Cook, i\lajor General Schuyler, whose pro-
motion was recently announced, has commanding the 112th AM Brigade, motion was recently announced, is now
been assigned to command the 35th AAA California National Guard, was federally on duty in Paris with General Eisen-
Brigade, Fort Geo. G. Meade, i\hryland. recognized in October, 1950. General hower in the SHAPE Planning Group.
During the war General Case com- Cook began the last war commanding a In 1943 and 1944 General Schuyler
manded the 32nd AAA Brigade in New battery in the 250~h CA(I55). Serving served as Chief of Staff of the Antiair-
Guinea and through the Leyte campaign in the Aleutians he advanced to the craft Command and later in command of
where he was awarded the Distinguished grade of colonel as the executive officer the AA Training Center, Camp Davis,
Service Medal. He later commanded the at Adak, Alaska. North Carolina. From 1944 to 1947 he
101st AAA Brigade in Luzon. After the General Cook has been active in the served as the United States Military Rep-
war he served with Sixth Army and in California National Guard since 1917. resentative on the Allied Control Com-
his last assignment with the Assistant In civilian life he is a construction engi- mission for Rumania. Returning to
Chief of Staff, G 1 in Washington. neer. vVashington in 1947, he served as the
Chief of the Planning Division in the
G3 Office until his present assignment.
Late Orders
Colonel Harry F. Meyers to command the 56th AAA Brigade, Camp
Edwards, Mass. Colonel Robert \V. Hain to duty as executive officer,
Division Artillery, 7th Infantry Division, APO 7.
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 57
ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT
ZIPPO In accordance with the constitution of the Antiaircraft Association, the follow-
ing annual statements of the Association and Journal are published for the infor-
mation of all Association members and subscribers.
Lighter
ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
with the insignia of your BALANCE SHEET-DECEMBER 31, 1950
. --
Cash on deposit
Petty cash fund
Accounts receivable:
Merchandise accounts $2,083.89
$5,197.13
25.00
FIXED ASSETS:
Office furniture and equipment $8,233.16
Less reserve for depreciation 8,023.11 210.05
L1A81L1T1ES
AND NET WORTH
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Accounts payable $ 109.57
Windproof District of Columbia sales tax 86
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES $ 110.43
Polished steel case
DEFERREDINCOME:
Branch Insignia & Unexpired subscriptions 7,245.83
Division Insignia NET WORTH:
Deficit balance, December 31, 1949 $ 264.97
in official co/or- Less: Transfer of funds from Antiaircraft As-
sociation $1,500.00
gold trimmed Net profit for the year ended Dec. 31,
1950, per Ex. B 1,131.52 2,631.52
Surplus balance, December 31, 1950 ~ .. 2,366.55
Only $3.50 TOTAL LIABILITIESAND NET WORTH $9,722.81
(with one i1lSignia)
THE UNITED STATES ANTIAIRCRAFT ASSOCIATION
$4.25 with two insignia BALANCE SHEET-DECEMBER 31, 1950
ASSETS
Cash in bank ~ $ 1,121.29
Also Available Investments:
in Former CAC Insignia U.S. Government bonds, Schedule 1 $63,895.63
Common Stock 160.00
64,055.63
Special Discounts to Units TOTAL ASSETS $65,176.92
NET WORTH
ORDER FROM
SURPLUS BALANCE, December 31, 1949 $71,132.45
Less:
Antiaircraft Journal Contribution to Women's Army & Navy League ..... $5,000.00
631 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. Excess of disbursements over receipts for the year
ended December 31, 1950 955.53 5,955.53
Washington 4, D. C. SURPLUS BALANCE, December 31, 1950 $65,176.92
58 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
ARTILLERY ORDERS
DA Special Orders Covering January 1, 19;1 through Feb-
ruary 28, 19; 1. Promotions and Demotions not included.
BRIGADIER GENERALS Lattal, A., Jr., to Hq VI Corps, Ft Sill, Okla. Maynard, ]. B., Jr., to Hq Army AA Comd,
Case, Homer, to 35th AAA Brig, Ft Meade, Md. Levey, M. 1., to Joint Mil Mission for Aid to Stewart AFB, NY.
Mickelsen, S. R., to Addition to his other du- Turkey, Ankara, Turkey. O'Donnell, C. F., Jr., to Hq Army AA Comd,
ties is designated as a member of the Mil Lewis, R. H., to 1000th ASD, Cp Roberts, Calif. Stewart AFB, N.Y.
Liaison Comittee to the AEC. McGrath, D. B., to Hq Army AA Comd, Ent Oram, H. E., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Campbell,
AFB, Colo. Ky.
COLONELS Marr, H. E., Jr., to OAS of A, Wash, DC. Petresky, J. J., to Hq Army AA Comd, Ent
Albergotti, ]. S., to 34th AAA Brig, Ft Wads. Myers, G. E., to Hq Army AA Comd, Stewart AFB, Colo.
worth, N. Y. AFB, N.Y. Pierce, ]. A., Jr., to III NG Instr Gp, Chicago
Barton, C. T., to 8657th AAU Navy Amp Tng Parker, D., Jr., to OC of S, Wash, DC. Ill. '
Comd US Atlantic Fleet, Little Creek, Va. Pearsall, J. F., Jr., to Office Chief AFF, Ft Mon- Real, S. G., to Hq Army AA Comd, Stewart
Bird, J. F., to NWC 8496th AAU, Ft McNair, roe, Va. AFB, N.Y.
Wash, DC. Pearson, H. J., to Hq First Army Governors Rouse, E. B., to Hq MDW, Gravelly Point, Va.
Caever, G. A., to Second Army Hq VII Corps, Island, N.Y. Rudy, W. D., to Hq Army AA Comd, Hamil-
Ft Meade, Md. Pierre, G. H., Jr., to Hq Army AA Comd, ton AFB, Calif.
Collins, J. F., to Office Secy of Def, Wash, DC. Hamilton AFB, Calif. Russell, F. T., to London, England.
Cort, H., to OC of S, Wash, DC. Possiel, B. J., to Hq ASA Sch, Carlisle Bks, Pa. Saw.bridge, ]. ]., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft
Fitch, A. R., to DC of S, Wash, DC. Rue, C. H., to Hq ASA 8600th AAU, Wash, SIll, Okla.
Franklin, R. B., to 8452d AAU Sandia Base, DC. Schafbuch, D. V., to Hq Army AA Comd,
Albuquerque, N Mex. Russell, M. R.; to OC of S, Wash, DC. Stewart AFB, N.Y.
Gard, R. c., to Second Army VII Corps, Ft Sacerdote, S. E., to Office Chief AFF, Ft Mon- Slaughter, C. T., Jr., to Minn USA and USAF
Meade, Md .• roe, Va. Rctg Gp, Minneapolis, Minn.
Hatton, R. E., to OC of S, Wash, DC. Schnur, J. F., to Hq Army AA Comd, Hamilton Townsend, L. B., to Hq Army AA Comd, Ent
Honeycutt, J. T., to VIII Corps Arty, Ft Camp- AFB, Calif. AFB, Colo.
bell, Ky. Schwe.idel, K. R., to 40th Inf Div, Cp Cooke, Wellman, W. J., to Hq VI Corps, Cp Atter-
Humphrey, R. G., to Stu Det A Lang Sch, CalIf. bury, Ind.
Monterey, Calif. Virag, A., to EUCOM Bremerhaven, Germany. Williams, H. G., Jr., to Hq VII Corps, Cp
McLamb, N. A., to 1117th ASD Sta Comp, Cp Wiedman, C. J., to Hq VII Corps, Cp Camp- Campbell, Ky.
Edwards, Mass. bell, Ky. Witt, E. c., Jr., to Army Advisory Gp Air
Marr, R. S., to Second Army VII Corps, Ft Wood, J. E., Jr., to Hq Army AA Comd, Ent Univ., Maxwell AFB, Ala.
Meade, Md. AFB, Colo. Woods, ]. R., to Hq Army AA Comd, Stewart
Pape, R. B., to Office Secy of Def, Wash, DC. AFB, N. Y.
MAJORS Zimmerman, R. H., to 34th AAA Brig, Ft
Pearson, ]. P., Jr., to VI Corps, Cp Atterbury,
Ind. Baker, M. W., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Meade, Md. Wadsworth, N.Y.
Rainford, W. R., to OC of S, Wash, DC. Barr, O. F., to Hq VII Corps, Cp Campbell, Ky.
Boisvert, ]. R., to Hq VI Corps, Ft Sill, Okla. CAPTAINS
Sexton, W. T., to Third Army Inf Cen, Ft
Benning, Ga. Bricker, T. G., to 7689th Hq Sq DSFA, Salz- Alexander, G. E., to 4th Inf Div, Ft Benning,
Sweeny, K. S., to Third Army Inf Cen, Ft burg, Austria Ga.
Benning, Ga. Britt, P. B., to Hq VII Corps, Cp Campbell, Ky. Appleby, R. H., to Stu Det CIC Cen, Ft Hola-
Wertz, G. M., to WVa NG Instr Gp, So Bruno, N. J., to Hq Army AA Comd, Stewart bird, Md.
Charleston, WVa. AFB, N.Y. Baker, C. D., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Campbell,
Bulmer, J. c., to Hq Army AA Comd, Stewart Ky.
LIEUTENANT COLONElS AFB, N.Y. Barnes, M. J., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft Sill,
Campbell, G. 1., to Hq Army AA Comd. Ent Okla.
Bagley, 1. W., to OC of S, Wash, D. C.
Ballagh, R. S., to Hq Army AA Comd, Ent
AFB, Colo. Baudoin, ]. c., to Hq VI Corps, Cp Atterbury,
Caruthers, 1. H., Jr., to Office Asst Secy of Ind.
AFB, Colo. Army, Wash, DC.
Barnes, N. P., to 5025th ASU CGSC Sch, Ft. Benson, T. N., to OC of S, Wash, DC.
Cripps, G. W., to Hq Army AA Comd, Ent Betts, G., to Sandia Base, Albuquerque, N Mex.
Leavenworth, Kans. AFB, Colo. Bozerman, S. 1., to 2nd Armd Div, Ft Hood,
Bottomley, H. E., to Hq VI Corps, Cp Atter- Dahl, A. P., to Hq Army AA Comd, Hamil- Tex.
bury, Ind. ton AFB, Calif. Brooks, C. A., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM
Browning, H. W., to OC of S, Wash, DC. Dahlke, O. H., to Hq VI Corps, Cp Atterbury, Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.
Bush, E. 1., to Hq Army AA Comd, Mitchel Ind. Brown, J. F., to 2nd Armd Div, Ft. Hood, Tex.
AFB, N.Y. Denby, R. E., to Calif NG Instr Gp, San Diego, Carpenter, R. D., to 5th Armd Div, Cp Chaf-
Butler, S. ]., to 31st AAA Brig, Ft. Lewis, Calif. fee, Ark.
Wash. Duparc, ]. M., to Office Chief AFF, Ft Mon- Chambers, S. 1., to Hq VII Corps, Cp Camp-
Commas, P. H., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft roe, Va. bell, Ky.
Sill, Okla. Durfor, W., to 2nd Armd Div, Ft Hood, Tex. Curtis, G. D., to 4th Inf Div, Ft Benning, Ga_
Cooke, 1. c., to Hq VI Corps, Cp Atterbury, Edler, W. c., to Hq VI Corps, Ft Sill, Okla. Davis, P. A., to 11th Abn Div, Ft Campbell,
Ind. Flaherty, G. H., to Hq Army AA Comd, Ent Ky.
Dalrymple, R. J., to 56th AAA Brig, Cp Ed- AFB, Colo. Dillon, G. M., to 4053d ASU Bd No 1, Ft
wards, Mass. Fogel, R. D., to Hq VII Corps, Cp Campbell, Bliss, Tex.
Eggers, F. W., to 8579th AAU, Ft. Holabird, Ky. Dugan, E. F., to Stu Dct AA and GM Br Arty
Md. Freeman, W. E., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Meade, Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.
Eubank, M. E., to 4th Inf Div, Ft Benning, Ga. Md. Donaldson, R. B., to 4th Inf Div, Ft Benning,
Guy, J. J., to Hq Army AA Comd, Stewart Gooding, E. R., to Hq Army AA Comd, Stewart Ga.
AFB, N.Y. AFB, N.Y. Downen, C. F., to 2nd Armd Div, Ft Hood,
Hancock, F. ]., to Hq VII Corps, Cp Camp- Healy, P. J., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Meade, Md. Tex.
bell, Ky. Hurley, J. E., Jr., to Hq Army AA Comf, Fink, P. M., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Campbell, Ky.
Harper, N. W., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven, Ger- Hamilton AFB, Calif. Fischer, K. P., Hq Army AA Comd, Stewart
many. Jackson, F. ]., to Hq VI Corps, Ft Sill, Okla. AFB, N. Y.
Helm, H. V., to Hq. Army AA Comd, Stewart Kean, M. P., Jr., to OC of S, Wash, DC. Ford, R. G., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Campbell, Ky.
AFB, N.Y. Knott, A. \Xf., to Office Chief AFF, Ft Mon- Francis, M. ]., to 4th Inf Div, Ft Benning, Ga.
Herman, D. A., to Office Chief AFF, Ft Mon- roe, Va. Germann, H. D., to USA Alaska, Ft Richard-
roe, Va. Koos, R. B., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Campbell, Ky. son, Alaska.
Jewett, 1. G., to 11th Abn Div, Ft Bragg, NC. Kyle, D. M., to Calif NG Instr Gp, Stockton, Gilmer, C. E., to 4th Inf Div, Ft Benning, Ga.
Kerr, A. D., to Hq Army AA Comd Stewart Calif. Harris, D. 1., to Sandia Base, Albuquerque,
AFB, N.Y. Lewis, ]. 1., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Campbell, Ky. N Mex.
MARCH-APRIL, 1951 59
Hesser, W. F., to Hq VI Corps, Cp Atterbury, Bunyan, E. X., to 4050th ASU .Arty Sch, Ft Ward, M. E., to Hq VII Corps, Ft. CampbdJ,
Ind. Sill,Olda. Ky.
Howard. A.. J .. to 2nd Armd Div, Ft Hood. Tex. Butcher, W. P., to 8579th MU, Ft. Holabird, Watterson, R. W., to 80th Abn A.A Bn, 1\
Janik, J. J., to 4050th ASU .Arty Sch, Ft. Sill, Md. Bragg, NC.
Okla. Carlson, K. 0., to 2nd Armd Div, Ft Hood. Wells, W. W., to 4052nd ASU AM and G)(
Johnston, A. B., to 11th Abn Div, Ft Camp. Tex. Ceo, Ft Bliss, Tex.
bell, Ky. Gley, C. D., to Hq VI Corps, Cp Atterbury, Whetstone, C. S., to 4th Inf Div, Ft. Bennin&
Jurdak, F. E., to 115th CIC Det, San Francisco, Ind. Ga.
Calif. Gtron, J. H., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft Sill, Winkel, J. A., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft
Leavitt, W. E., to Hq ASA 8600th AAU, Okla. Sill, Okla.
Wash, DC. Clayton, H. D., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Campbell, Woodham, G. H., to Hq VI Corps, Cp Atto:-
Levin, H. N., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft Sill, Ky. bury, Ind.
Olda. Corbus, G. A., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft SECOND LIEUTENANTS
Loos, L. E., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Meade, Md. Sill, Okla.
Lough, C. M., to Hq VI Corps, Ft Sill, Olda. Cowey, F. F., Jr., to Stu Det A.A and GM Br Akers, H. W., to 88th Abn AA Bn, Ft Carol>-
Lowe, H. W., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Campbell, .Arty &h, Ft Bliss, Tex. bell, Ky.
Ky. De Gil, B. F., to 4050th ASU Arty &h, Ft Alderton, R. J., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM
MacNeil, M. K., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM Sill, Okla. Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.
Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex. Doll, F. A., to 82nd Abn Diy, Ft Bragg, NC. Bates, J. D., to 2nd Armd Div, Ft Hood, Tex.
McKesson, J. D., to OC of S, Wash, DC. Dunn, L. W., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM Deiss, R. 1.., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft Sill,
Mackey, c., to 101st Abn Div, Ft Breckin- Cen, Ft. Bliss, Tex. Okla.
ridge, Ky. Hickey, D. W., to Hq Army AA Comd, Ent Donahue, P. H., to Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS,
Medford, E. E., to Hq VI Corps, Ft Sill, Okla. AFB, Colo. Ft Bliss, Tex.
Mowry, D. F., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Meade, Md. Hines, J. A., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Campbell, Dorman, J. A., to 11th Abn Div, Ft Campbell,
Neumann, H. 0., to 31st AAA Brig, Ft Lewis, Ky. Ky.
Wash. Hiscock, J. M., to 7th Armd Div, Cp Roberts, Dunn, J. E., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft Sill,
Newell, C. A.., to Army Lang &h, Monterey, Calif. Okla.
Calif. Hoff, F. E., to Stu Det A.A & GM Br TAS, Ft Eubanks, R. G., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft
Owsley, H., Jr., to OC of S, Wash, DC. Bliss, Tex. Sill, Okla.
Peters, H. T., to Stu Det AAA and GM Br Kemstock, E. N., to EUCOM Bremerhaven, Fearing, M. H., to 82nd Abn Div, Ft Bragg,
Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex. Germany. NC.
Phifer, P. H., to 8th AM Bn, Cp Lucas, Sault Kline, R. A., to Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS, Feight, V. B., to 82nd Abn Div, Ft Bragg, NC.
Ste Marie, Mich. Ft Bliss, Tex. Haupert, G. 1.., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft
Pier, W. F., to Hq VI Corps, Ft Sill, Okla. Kopel, H. P., to 82nd Abn Diy, Ft Bragg, NC. Sill, Okla. ,
Jacobson, G. 1.., to Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS,
Plowman, H. R., to Hq Army AA Comd, Hamil. Kovac, M., to 238th MI Svc, Ft Meade, Md. Ft Bliss, Tex.
ton AFB, Calif. Kren, R. E., to Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS, Knauer, G. W., to Stu Det AA and GM Br
Propst, C. H., to Hq VI Corps, Ft Sill, Okla. Ft Bliss, Tex. TAS, Ft Bliss, Tex.
Robinson, M. c., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft Lawrence, E. P., to Stu Det Sig Sch, Ft Mon- Lakin, C. R., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft. Sill,
Sill, Okla. mouth, N. J. Okla.
Seabrook, G. W., III, to Hq Army Comd, Madden, C. R., to Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS, Lee, J., to 4052d ASU AM & GM Cen, Ft
Hamilton AFB, Calif. Ft Bliss, Tex. Bliss, Tex.
Schick, C. F., to 330th Arty Bn, Cp McCoy, Martell, D. L., to Army Lang Sch, Monterey, Marshall, F. R., to 4th Inf Div, Ft Benning,
Wisc. Calif. Ga.
Schmidt, W. c., to USA Caribbean, Ft Amador, Myers, R. L., to Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS, Martin, V. W., to lIth Abn Diy, Ft Campbell,
a. Ft Bliss, Tex. Ky.
Scott, D. J., to Hq VI Corps, Cp Atterbury, Neely, W. V., to 4th Inf Div, Ft Benning, Ga. Mechan, P. W., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft
Ind. Neems, R., to 4052d ASU AAA and GM Cen, Sill, Okla.
Snyder, H. R., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft Sill, Ft Bliss, Tex. Mizer, C. X., to 4052d ASU AAA & GM Cen,
Okla. Parker, W. R., to Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS, Ft Bliss, Tex.
Monsma, W. R., to 2nd Armd Div, Ft Hood,
Stroud, W. R., to Stu Det AA and GM Br Arty Ft Bliss, Tex.
Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex. Tex.
Patrick, T. E., to EUCOM Bremerhaven, Ger- O'Brien, J. E., to Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS,
Tappas, C. J., to Hq VII Corps, Cp Campbell, many. Ft Bliss, Tex.
Ky. Perry, C. L., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft Sill, Palmer, W. W., to Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS,
Tavormina, 1. J., to Hq Sp Wpns Project, Okla. Ft Bliss, Tex.
Wash, DC. Peplau, W. c., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Campbell, Prichard, C. D., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft
Theil, R. L., to EUCOM Bremerhaven, Ger- Ky. Sill, Okla.
many. Petzold, J. ]., to Third Army 4th Inf Div, Ft Reinhardt, G. c., to Stu Det AA & GM Br
Thorpe, C. E., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Campbell, Benning, Ga. TAS, Ft Bliss, Tex.
Ky. Pilawski, J. A., to 2nd Armd Diy, Ft Hood, Roehm, J. F., Jr., to Stu Det AA & GM Br
Tomaw, D. W., to EUCOM Bremerhaven, Ger- Tex. TAS, Ft Bliss, Tex.
many. Reid, W. G., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft Sill, Sample, F. W., to 4052d ASU AAA & GM Cen,
Wagner, R. T., to 4050thh ASU AA and GM Okla. Ft Bliss, Tex.
Br Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex. Roberts, J. F., to Stu Det Fourth Army wjsta Spencer, T. A.., to 4050th ASU Arty &h; Ft
Watson, L. A., Jr., to Hq VII Corps, Ft Camp- Connally AFB, Tex. Sill, Okla.
bell. Ky. SavoIe, H. L., to 4th 10£ Div, Ft Benning, Ga. Stewart, R. J., to 82nd Abn Div, Ft Bragg, NC.
Strawn, W. M., to 4052d ASU AM & GM
&haumberg, W. L., to 4th 10£ Div, Ft Ben- Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.
FIRST LIEUTENANTS ning, Ga. Strickler, H., to Third Army Ranger Tng Cen,
Barth, T. M., to 3rd Armd Cay Regt, Ft Meade, Schroeder, G. R., to 1st GM Gp wjsta Naval Ft Benning, Ga.
Md. Ord Test Sta Inyokern, China Lake, Calif. Treadwell, R. 5., to Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS,
Bazzurro, D. P., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft Sherman, R., to Stu Det Sandia Base, Albu- Ft. Bliss, Tex.
Sill, Okla. querque, N Mex. Waggoner, R. 1.., to 3d Armd Div, Ft Meade,
Bond, J. A.., to 4th Inf Div, Ft Bennning, Ga. Sherwood, C. G., to 4050th ASU Arty Sch, Ft. Md.
Bowie, C. E.. to 4050th .ASU Arty Sch. Ft Sill, Sill, Okla. White, J. G., to 11th Abn Diy, Ft Campbell,
Okla. Stein, R. W., to Hq VI Corps. Ft Sill, Okla. Ky.
Bradley, G. H., Jr., to Hq Sp Wpns Comd Swain, J. W., to 4054th ASU AA and GM Br Whitmire, N. 1.., to 4052d ASU AM & GM
Candia Base, Albuquerque, N Mex. TAS, Ft Bliss, Tex. Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.
204th AAA Group SO7th AAA Operations Detachment BOth AAA Airborne Battalion
Co\. John Barkley, La. N.G. Copt. Edwin F. Bookler Lt. Col. L. W. Lindere'
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