Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
151h AAA AW BN (SPI 1.1 Lt. Poul S. Vonture Cpl. Herbert Stoffel
Sgl. Robert C. Turner 2nd LI. Leland D. Bray Pic. Richard E. Blume
2nd LI. Jo.eph W. Weeks
Sic. Jome. T. Potterson
21.1 AAA AW BN (SPI 82nd AAA AW BN
Sic. Bu.ter W. Strosser
1st LI. Richord Y. Pork Sgl. Woodrow McKinnon Capl. Jame. H. Tyree
SOLDIER'S jlIEDALS
21s1 AAA AW BN (SPI 8651h AAA AW BN
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FOUNDED in 1892
Published from 1892 until 1922 as
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II
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OFFICERS
THE JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARTILLERY
L1'. GEN. LEl'..OY LUTES Published from 1922 until 1948 as the
PRESIDENT COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
i\IAJ. GEN. WILLAl'..D W. mVINE
"ICE-PRESIDEl'o'T VOL. LXXXXV JANUARY.FEBRUARY,1952 No.1
COL. CHAl'..LES S. HAl'..HIS
SECRETARY-TREASURER CONTENTS
ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF THE COVER: Once antiaircraft, always antiaircraft: After ten months of
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL ground combat in Korea; an unidentined plane arrests attention
of Sgt. Howard Schae/fer, Btry D, 21st AAA AW Bn.
BRIGADIER GENERAL ROBERT W. CRICHLOW, JR.
ANTIAIHCl'..Arl' Al'..TILLERY IN KOREA.
BRIGADIER GENERAL CHARLES G. SAGE By Major Gel/eral \VilliaJl/ F. Marquat 2
COLONEL THOMAS F. MULLANEY, JR. GEi\'El'..AL LUTES RETlP..ES 6
COLONEL NORMAN E. HARTMAN IN SUPPOl'..T OF TI-IE INFANTl'..Y. By Lt. Co/. Charles E. Hel/ry 9
lIEUTENANT COLONEL FRANCIS X. BRADLEY SUPPLY FOH. THE SELF Pl'..OPELLED BATTALION.
lIEUTENANT COLONEL H. GLEN WOOD By Capt. Hobert E. Eielding II
MAJOR JAMES E. CALKINS BAKEl'.. BATTEl'..Y SUPPOl'..TS THE WOLFHOUNDS.
By Capt. John Popovics 12
865TH AAA AW BATTALION (SP) 14
SELF Pl'..OPELLED BATTALION IN GROUND SUPPOl'..T.
By Capt. Ballard B. Small 15
The purpose of the AJIociation Jhall be to 24TH DIVISION AAA. By Corporal John S. Aaron 18
promote the efficiency of the A11tiaircraft
SELF Pl'..OPELLED ANTIAlP..Cl'..AFf IN KOl'..EA.
Artillery by mai,rtaining its JtandardJ and tra. By 1st Lieut. Edmund A. Krekorian 20
ditio'lJ, by diJseminating profeJIional knou'l- OPEl'..ATION Ol'..PHAN. By Captain William F. Hawcliffe 23
edge, by inJpiring greater effort tou'ard the KOl'..EAN MUD HELPS TO SAVE MAHINE FLYEH. 24
improvement of materiel and methodJ of Al'..i\lY AA COMMAND ACTIVITIES 25
training and by fOJtering mutual underHand. A THIAL SHOT FOR VT FUZES. By Co/. Arthur H. Bender 27
ing, reJpect and cooperation among all armJ, POINTS IN Pl'..EPAHING GUN FIl'..E 28
branchn and componentl of the Regular SHOOTING AT AN IDEA. By Lt. Co/. James M. Edmunds 30
Army, National Guard, Organized Reser/'el, 34TH AAA BRIGADE SPONSOl'..S YOUTH CENTEl'...
and Reserl'e Officer$' Training CorpJ. By Major Theodore Wycoff 32
BlP..DS OF MARS. By Jonathan Norton Leonard 33
HONOR ROLL 38
IMPRESSIONS OF LIFE IN THE SOVIET UNION.
Th. JOURNAL prints artidu on 8ubj •• ts of By Alan G. Kirk 39
pro(~ssional and general interest to personnel of CANAL ZONE TRAINING. By Sfc Don Hatt 42
the Antiaircraft Artillery in order to stimulate
ANTIAIHCRAFr AIHLIFf. By Sgt. William J. Tobin 43
thought and provoke discussion. However.
opinions expressed and conclusions drawn in AA AND GM CENTEH. ACTIVITIES 44
articles are in no sense official. They do not re- WITH THE 38TH AAA Bl'..IGADE. By Major Robert J. RutIJeTford .. 46
Bect the opinions or conclusions of any official COi\lBAT PAy 47
or branch of the Department of the Army. THE INVISIBLE STEEL CORE. By A. T. Lawson 48
The JOURNAL does not ...arry paid advertisinl(_ 78TH AAA GUN BATTALION IN AlP.. DEFENSE 49
Th. JOURNAL pay. for ori"inal artidu upon EDITORIAL-ECONOMY 50
publication. Manuscript should be addreRlled to
th. Editor. Th. JOURNAL i. not rupon.ibl.
BOOK l'..EVIEWS 51
for manu8cripts unarrompanied by return NE\VS & COMMENT 53
posta are. Al'..TILLEl'..Y ORDERS 55
COLONEL CHARLES S. HARRIS. Editor
PUBLICATION DATE: F.bruary I. 195% LIEUTENANT COLONEL RICHARD W. OWEN, Associate Editor
M Sgt Fred A. Baker, Business Manager I
Sgt lei Ralph No Charleston, Cir, ~lgr.
Sgt lei James E. Moore, Jr., Editorial Assistant
~~bli8hed bimonthly by the United States Antiaircraft Association. Editorial and executi'\"e offices, 631 Penn~yl'\"ania Avenue, X.'V.,
a~hington 4, D. C. Terms: $3.00 per )'ear. Foreign subscriptions. $4.00 per year. Single copies. 75c. Entered as second.class matter
at ~'~8hin"ton. D. C.; additional entr)" at Ri.hmond, Va., under the Act of ~areb 3. 18.9. Copyright. 1952. by the United States
AntiaIrcraft Association.
T HE second winter of the Korean
vVar dominates the situation as this, the
nessing conditions such as just described,
one is carried away with the firm convic-
the moment is the increased awareness of
the mounting possibility of hostile air
eighth report, is submitted to the ANTl- tion that it is divinely inspired. attack. There are evidences of far
AIHCRAFT JOURNAL. That invaluable and incomparable greater air power having been amassed
On Christmas Day the conRict entered quality of experience manifests itself in by the enemy and of feverish activity to
its nineteenth month amid the low sing- two ways on the Korean battlefields of build airhelds within striking distance of
ing of carols, field services by the ever- the 1951-52 winter. In the first place the friendly installations and forces. The
loyal chaplains featured by a special for- improved "know how" on the part of the UN Air Force is taking care of both
ward area Catholic Mass by (-(is Emi- soldier permits him to resist the sub-zero issues quite satisfactorily but in the midst
nence Francis Cardinal Spellman of temperatures and reduces their effect of extreme boredom at not having any
New York, and the usual fabulous holi- upon his activities from major obstacles live targets to shoot at, the antiaircraft-
day turkey dinner-all in an atmosphere to mere inconveniences. This, of course, men are conscious of the dangers of re-
of fervent hope that the cease fire nego- is largely possible through the develop- laxed vigilance. They are on the job and
tiations would finally break the over- ment of highly effective equipment by prepared for any eventuality.
extended impasse and result in an armis- the supply services after thorough re-
tice agreement. search and scientific development. The
After this brief emotional interlude
the combat area reverted to normalcy
five-man tent, with oil stoves, is infinitely
superior to former models and \vilI per-
W I-IILE the infantry is mostly en-
gaged in light patrolling, the Rak wagon
which may be interpreted to mean that mit comfort under the most trying con- units have less opportunity to distinguish
members of the combat and service units ditions. New types of winter clothing themselves. It is quite different from the
returned to the employment of all known enhance combat efficiency and the ever- days when our troop masses were moving
artifices to defeat the ravages of bitter present good food always can overcome forward through prepared successive de-
winter and a cunning and persistent an otherwise dismal outlook. The re- fense positions, road blocks, counterat-
-though chastened-enemy. Regardless of maining veterans of the last winter cam- tacks and similar formations or, con-
whether there has or has not been a ces- paign have "wised up" the replacements versely when divisions and corps 'were
sation in actual hostilities at the time this on methodology that they had to learn engaged in orderly large scale retire-
appears in print, it can be assumed that the hard way. ments that had to be covered by auto-
those grand fighting men of the United The second contribution of experience matic weapons through various types of
Nations Force are confidently awaiting is measured in terms of knowledge of employment. The infantry patrols of the
the next step, whether it be a permanent how to resist vastly superior numbers of present period, however, have learned
peace or a return to war, with an air of the enemy through the application of the advantage of Rak wagon support and
assurance that they are masters of the those two standbys of military tactics they call for them at all times. There is
situation and capable of overcoming all -firepower and maneuver. There was a no doubt that a single automatic weap-
odds no matter how great they may be. time when overpowering hosts of Chi- ons mobile unit adds a lot of firepower to
There is no way to explain battlefield nese Reds could control certain situations a light patrol and when integrated into
morale in finite terms, but when wit- -but that time has disappeared. ,",Vhile patrol tactics they afford a most effective
the disparity of forces may be even support.
greater than at some of the former time Perhaps the most significant tribute to
periods involved, the UN troops find no the effectiveness of the self-propelled
CoJ. Edmunds is Chief of the light AAA
Section, Department of Gunnery AA & GM
difficulty at the moment in containing units in support of surface action, is the
Br. TAS. Captain A. M. Kolesar, Project Test offensive efforts of the Reds or in retak- development by the Communists of a
Officer of AFF Board No.4, consulted and ad-
vised the author in the preparation of this
ing areas temporarily abandoned for im- special defense against their activities. Of
article. Photos by AFF Boord No.4. provement of the tactical situation. recent date our patrols, accompanied by
The antiaircraft artillery psychology of antiaircraft automatic weapons, have
2 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
been confronted with artillery and anti- several hectic skirmishes with the enemy. poral Howard T. Peters, Sergeant John
tank weapons. This poses a new prob- In one attack, to capture a hill, a B Bat- Petrak and Privates First Class Earl
I lem, but you may depend upon its tery platoon under 1st Lieut. vVilliam F. Grant and -Arthur King distinguished
I being solved promptly by the ingenious Branigan was hit by hostile artillery as themselves in the action as the automatic
ground-air artillerymen. the infantry was passing through the an- weapons units covered the advance of
Lieut. Colonel John F. Goettl's 3rd tiaircraft artillery position. The infantry friendly infantry, silenced the hostile
)~ AAA AW Battalion has been active with platoon leader was struck by shrapnel artillery, and shot out defensive positions
Ie! its infantry division in supporting limited and was evacuated by Captain Furr. Pri- strongly held by the.enemy.
:h objective attacks and in patrol action. vate Gerald Davis performed heroic feats In a similar type of operation a platoon
.s Captain James H. Furr's B Battery in removing other wounded in the area of Captain Richard D. Pride's D Battery,
1\ supported the 15th Infantry Regiment in while under heavy artillery fire. Cor- with 1st Lieut. Robert C. Steelman as
ft
This aerial photograph, taken at Taechon Airfield (YE 1319) shows two types of antiaircraft position areas used by the Com-
rejmunists in North Korea. The position near the center of the photo is an 8-gun, radar controlled heavy antiaircraft battery.
11~ The guns are Soviet 85mm AAA guns, controlled by a Soviet Puazo 3 or 4 director and a gun-laying radar. The position
in the upper right portion of the photo is a 5-gun antiaircraft automatic weapons position. The weapons are Soviet 37mm
automatic guns, aimed with an on-carriage computing antiaircraft sight.
platoon leader, co\'ered infantry attacks motion picture companies for use in
on a hill for fi\'e days. In one phase of news reels and future cut-ins for war
the action the platoon destroved fortv pictures. Lieut. Jack Vanderbleek and
bunkers, three machine gun' emplac~- Lieut. Paul S. Vanture have supported
ments and one trench mortar. Thirty RCT actions with outstanding results by
enemy were killed in this action. Ser- their respecti\'e platoons.
geants First Class i\liller F. Downey and Colonel Henry, as commander of the
Charles E. Grandy, Sergeant Page and rear area defense command, in his divi-
Corporal Andrew Kom were outstand- sion, located a group of subversive Com.
109. munists who were performing acts of
Lieutenants Joseph E. i\Iarkee and violence during the night and holing up
Lee C. Snidow of Battery A and Cor- Co!. Riley E. McGarraugh from GHQ in a small village during the daytime.
porals Howard Biller and Theodore Mil- FEC congratulates Lt. Co!. Thomas \X'. Henry led a raiding party against this
Ackert upon being awarded the Legion
ler of Battery B distinguished themselves group and captured twenty-four of the
of Merit. The presentation took place
on other occasions. The two corporals at 10th AAA Group Headquarters, 28 offenders. Guerrilla activities have Rared
were with an M39 personnel carrier October 1951. up of late but methodical search by in-
when ambushed by a squad of enemy fantry and antiaircraft troops is rapidly
armed with automatic weapons. They aircraft artillery battalion, commanded by discouraging the underground opera-
dispersed the enemy squad with ma- First Lieut. Floyd V. Lewis, established tions.
chine gun and riRe fire, evacuated the itself as a special supply unit of the com-
wounded and then proceeded on their mand and is proving remarkably effective
mission without interference. in cross-country" actions where the full AWARDS to the 21st AAA AW
During a period when the 3rd Infan- and half track vehicles can follow the in- Battalion thus far include nineteen silver
try Division was in reserve, the 3rd A\V fantry while wheel vehicles find it im- stars, forty-six bro,nze stars for valor,
Battalion reverted to an antiaircraft de- practicable. thirty bronze stars for meritorious service,
fense role in protection of command During one encounter Privates Ryan two commendation ribbons and one
posts, troop areas and air strips for liaison and Kalafian brought their single mount hundred thirty-eight purple hearts.
planes. No hostile aircraft threatened caliber .50 weapons so effectively on a First Lieut. Addison L. Lewis with the
any of the division installations; so the machine gun nest that two Communist 3rd platoon of Battery B participated in
battalion utilized this time training re- Chinese surrendered after two others had a tank-infantry-quad .50 action in which
placements, placing armor plate shields been killed in this two minute action. three enemy were killed and a machine
on its weapons, and correcting wear and In ground support of infantry the bat- gun knocked out while the platoon was
tear defects in its equipment. During talion elements have been using direct under heavy mortar fire in support of the
inactive periods the antiaircraft battalion and indirect fire with excellent effect. infantry and tank advance. The First
vehicles serve well in the capacity of sup- The antiaircraft elements have been Platoon of Battery B under First Lieut.
ply vehicles and special troop transport. drawing riRe, automatic weapons and Robert G. j'vlorrison engaged in a similar
mortar fire but the effect of enemy fire patrol action at close range" against an
has not been such as to defeat the sup- enemy using riRe fire, hand grenades and
THE 15th AAA AW Battalion, under port missions of the friendly automatic machine guns. The platoon is credited
Lieut. Colonel James VV. Moore, sup- weapons. In the current type of action, with having killed twenty-three enemy,
porting the 7th U. S. Infantry Division, where our infantry is engaged in taking shot out two machine gun nests and as-
also found the M39 personnel carrier and firmly held positions to improve the sisted the infantry group in accomplish-
crew extremely effective in evacuating friendly lines, our troops run up against ing its mission of capturing the hostile
wounded and moving supplies to troops well dug-in enemy troops behind protec- position.
under fire. Sergeant John Finnigan of tive wire and land mines. The 15th AW Light patrol action featured the most
Whitestone, Long Island, New York, Battalion is using protective Rak vests recent employment of the di,-ision. The
and his crew consisting of Private Frank- with excellent results under these condi- Second Platoon of Battery B, com-
lin R. Kuhn of Gardners, Pennsylvania, tions of exceptional exposure. manded by First Lieut. Joseph W.
Corporal Samuel A. Strangin of McKees- The 21st A W Battalion, under Lieut. Weeks, and the Third Platoon of Batter,-
port, Pennsylvania, Private Michael J. Colonel Charles E. Henry, has been B, commanded by First Lie~Jt. Joseph R.
Ryan of New York, and Private Albert active with the 25th Division task forces Pirkel, both performed in stalwart fash-
Kalanan of Philadelphia performed he- and patrols and continues to be inte- ion in combat patrol action.
roically in an action by the First Battal- grated with armor and infantry to pro- Colonel \V. H. I-lennig, veteran com-
ion, 31st U, S. Infantry Regiment. After duce excellent results. mander of the lath AAA Group, is busy
bringing up a load of reserve ammuni- A platoon of Battery C under First keeping his air defense units on the alert
tion, the crew rescued wounded under Lieut. Homer Lackey has been account- for possible air assaults by the enemy,
fire, shot out sniper positions and took a ing for enemy killed regularly in raider conducting tr~ining of replacements for
position in a nearby ravine to perform patrol action from time to time. Another his own and divisional units, and per-
handy man operations whenever and platoon under Lieut. \V. 0, Keeling, Jr. forming many other tasks essential to suc-
wherever required by the doughboys. has been similarly engaged. Some of the cess in the Korean operation. Only a few
The famous "Battery X" of this anti- combat action has been recorded by U, S. ineffective low level attacks by obsolete
4 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
hostile aircraft have been recorded in the yet no hostile planes ha\'e ventured tive rotation schedules. The enlisted men
air defense areas. The planes keep out of within striking range of the weapons. are relieved at a satisfactory rate, but the
ranoe of the defense weapons, and con- officer replacements have been slow in
o
sequently are unable to hit anything of coming, resulting in delays of officer ro-
military value. THE 78th Gun Battalion, Lt. Col. tation.
i\lajor General Paik Sun Yup of the John B. Parrott commanding, nred on Major William H. Lambert, Execu-
Republic of Korea Army presented a set nve enemy aircraft during one month. tive, Major Edward J. Hooten, S-3, and
of Korean colors to the lath AAA Group The enemy planes are careful not to Captain rrederick Johnston, Assistant
Headquarters for its service as Division enter the area of air defense antiaircraft S-2, have recently arrived in the battal-
Artillery command during the early cam- artillery fire but fly along the fringe of ion.
paigns of the South Korean Army. the effective gunfire range. It is evident The I & E enrollment in this battalion
The group project to provide shelter that they know of the defenses and avoid is extremely high. The men have time to
for Korean orphans during the coming any open challenge of the U. S. antiair- complete courses in spite of alerts, train-
winter has progressed most satisfactorily, craft gun effectiveness. ing and normal combat readiness duties.
supported by contributions from the per- Maintenance, training of replacements
sonnel of the headquarters and battalions and winterizing of housing occupy the
of the group. spare hours of this battalion. T HE 865th AAA A\\1 Battalion, com-
Command of the 50th AAA AW Bat- The 68th AAA Gun Battalion, under manded by Lt. Col. Arthur G. May,
talion has been transferred from Lt. Col. Lt. Col. George B. Webster, is likewise continues in air defense positions. No
Lawrence J. Lesperance to Lt. Col. in air defense positions. \Vebster re- firing at actual targets has been recorded
Werner L. Larson. This battalion is as- placed Lt. Col. Raymond C. Cheal who recently, although alerts are frequent.
signed to the Eighth Army, attached to commanded this battalion from the early The battalion has been engaging in
the 10th AAA Group and is under opera- days in Korea. practice ground alerts "just in case."
tional control of the Fifth Air Force. A single nuisance raid was recorded The 933rd AAA AW Battalion, under
The Presidential unit citation of the during which Battery D fired twelve Lt. Col. Charles E. Roden and the 1st
Republic of Korea was tendered to the rounds. The bursts appeared on target l\llarine Gun Battalion under Lt. Col.
50th AAA AW Battalion. Acceptance is in the scopes of two batteries and the C. \V. May, the 26th AAA AW Battal-
pending official approval. enemy plane lost altitude quickly and, ion under Lt. Col. Roy A. Tate, the 76th
The battalion is deployed to protect air disappeared. It is listed as probably de- AAA A\V Battalion under Lt. Col. For-
l strips, supply establishments and denies. stroyed. rest L. Martz and the 82nd AAA A'vV
Many alerts have been sounded but as J\!lorale has been stimulated by effec- Battalion under Major Howard A. Ged-
dis report business as usual.in their re-
spective assignments.
Since submission of the last report a
GHQ inspection team headed by Colonel
Riley E. McGarraugh, inspected units
attached to the 10th AAA Group. Be-
sides Colonel McGarraugh, the team
consisted of Colonel Clarence A. Lang-
ford and Thomas M. Met.z, Lt. Cols.
Richard H. Anderson, Niram L. Sauls
and Sidney D. Frampton, l\llajor J. M.
Turner, Captain Thomas E. Rogers, 1st
Lt. Lawson R. Hillman and \Varrant
Officers Ogd.en L. McRae, John J. King
and Edgar T. Wood. For their work the
team was divided into five groups.
The inspection reports indicate a high
standard oP operation throughout the
lath AAA Group. Everywhere the AAA
troops demonstrated their ability to im-
provise and take care of themselves un-
der unfavorable conditions.
With an eye to the future and hopes
for an early termination of the incident
that turned out to be a full scale war, the
AAA troops in Korea continue to cover
themselves with great credit whenever
called upon to meet the enemy in any of
their various capacities as air defense or
ground force supporting elements.
Theater at New Delhi, India. There he with headquarters of the Allied Expedi- restal's death he was charged with all
surveyed and helped solve logistical prob- tionary Forces in the winter of 1944-45 matters pertaining to industrial mobiliza-
lems at bases from there to Assam, con- for several months to assist in logistical tion and the coordination of require-
tinued through the Ledo Road bases for operations at the front and in vital sup- ments for Army, Navy and Air Force.
U. S. Forces in Burma, then Hew the ply areas throughout France. He was as- Upon this appointment General Eisen-
"Hump" to China to coordinate supply sisting in coordinating these operations hower paid this tribute to Lutes: "Never
operations between that country and there at the time of the Battle of the has the Army produced, in the whole
India. Bulge. logistical field, an officer of greater bril-
In preparation for the invasion of Nor- In March, 1946, General Lutes ac- liance or one more outstanding than
mandy early in 1944, General Lutes was companied the Under Secretary of War yourself."
called to General Eisenhower's head- on a global Hight to examine the world-
quarters at London to review the logis- wide Army surplus-property situation.
tical plans and advise on supply and Later in the same year he made a Hight THROUGHOUT his wartime ca-
logistical support of the cross channel to Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to in- reer, General Lutes has held the esteem
assault. He was instrumental in expe- spect supply installations in the Alaskan of superiors and subordinates alike. In
diting action that delivered critical items Command. January, 1947, General Thomas T.
by air and water to meet the invasion Upon the passage of the Unification Handy, then Deputy Chief of Staff, rec-
deadline and spent two months assisting Act in 1947, he was selected by Secretary ommended him as "a general officer
in perfecting the invasion logistical sup- of Defense James V. Forrestal as the first whose broad experience and sound judg-
port. Director of the Staff of the Munitions ment, especially in the field of logistics,
General Lutes again went on duey Board where until shortly after Mr. For- are of the highest value to the service."
JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1952 7
administrator. After graduation from th
Army vVar College in 1935 he was as
signed to duty with the National Guar
Bureau.
In 1937-38 General Lutes was yen
aggressive in promoting a new progra
for procuring antiaircraft weapons fo
the National Guard. At that time ther
were only a few skeleton antiaircraf
regiments in the Regular Army and the
had but few modem weapons. The Na
tional Guard had ten regiments but, i
many instances, had but one gun pe
battalion. He pointed out to the Chie
of Coast Artillery and General Staff tha
with the rate of procurement then unde
way, it would take ninety years to equi
the few regiments then in existence. A
that time, the Civil vVar was under wa,
in Spain and new antiaircraft equipme~
made in Germany was demonstratin
that moving airplanes could be sho
Lieut. Gen. Lutes and Col. Eustis L. Poland, Deputy Post Commander, break down or badly damaged by ground fire
ground for the Fort Sam Houston new elementary school. Unable to get vigorous support from th
Regular Army for an increased progra
In February, 1943, then Lt. Gen control programs in all theaters of war. of procurement, he turned to the Na
Brehon Somervell, at that time Com- General Lutes was born in Cairo, 111., tiona I Guard, and with their. support wa
manding General, Services of Supply, October 4, 1890. His first service was in able to engineer the lirst large procm
described him as "one of the most able the original Coast Artillery Regiment of ment program for antiaircraft equipment
and best qualified officers in the Army the \Vashington Guard in the Puget The budget for antiaircraft equipmen
in the field of logistics. He is a real ex- Sound area in 1906. He later attended for the first time was over $20,000,000
pert and his untiring energy, his broad the vVentworth Military Academy and and the equipment procured then wa.
knowledge and experience and his sound was the honor graduate in 1908. He was largely that which was used in the b
judgment are, to a large extent, respon- commissioned a second lieutenant in the ginning of World War II.
sible for the very satisfactory supply IlIinois National Guard in 1914 and re- Throughout his service General Lut )1
situation throughout the United States ceived a Regular Army commission as a has been an enthusiastic antiaircraft Offi~
and in our foreign theaters of operation." second lieutenant March 26, 1917. cer with a profound interest in the effi
Among the decorations awarded to the ciency and welfare of the officers an
General are: Bronze Star Medal, Janu- men. Immediately after World War II
ary, 1945; Legion of Merit, September, BETWEEN the wars he served with the antiaircraft artillery was draStiCalll~
1945; Distinguished Service Medal, Oc- the Coast Artillery in the States, Pan- reduced with resultant lowering of th
tober, 1945; Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of ama, and Hawaii, establishing himself as morale of the junior officers. As Presi
a second DSM, July, 1946; Most Excel- an artilleryman while commanding and dent of the Coast Artillery Association"
lent Order of the British Empire, degree firing in service practices, antiaircraft, General Lutes took strong action to hol~
of Honorary Commander, by His Maj- submarine mine and seacoast batteries the Association together and continu~
t
esty the King of England, August, 1946. from 3-inch up to 16-inch batteries. His to publish the ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNALaJ
He also holds the United States Typhus last battery manned both the 16-inch sea- a medium for encouraging the youngef.
Commission Medal, awarded in April, coast and the antiaircraft battery at Fort officers of the antiaircraft artillery to stall
1947, by the Typhus Commission for his Weaver, Hawaii. During the same time with their branch and work toward itt,.
services in instituting extensive typhus he was achieving reputation as a sound betterment. h
8 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURN~~
IN SUPPORT OF THE INFANTRY
By Lt. Col. Charles E. Henry
21st AAA A\.v Battalion (SP)
lery against ground attack. The place: a I hunted up Gen. Barth again at the
INTRODUCTION field artillery battalion emplaced in fir- air strip, who spoke to the division com-
Dear Henry: ing position in a frozen rice paddy across mander, who in turn spoke to Colonel
The purpose of this article is to pro- the road from Suwon Air Strip. The Kelleher and the half-tracks of C Battery
voke discussion. It is recognized that occasion: Gen Ridgway was at the air- were again on their way to the 35th
to date the 25th Division has had no strip to meet Gen. MacArthur who was Infantry. General Ridgway had spoken.
air opposition to challenge the pri-
to land there, and had observed the The other regiment of the 25th Divi-
mary role of the AAA. The Division
has had the opportunity to demon- M 16's of C Battery emplaced on the sion, the 24th Infantry, was in corps
strate the tremendous importance artillery battalion perimeter. reserve, defending the MSR, and
and assistance AAA can be in the This occurrence was reported to me at couldn't utilize half-tracks on a tactical
ground support role. It is not neces- once by the battery commander. I, in mission at that time. We set up a ground
sary here to make a citation of what
the doughboys in this division think
turn, consulted Brig. Gen. George B. defense of the air strip instead, and
about AAA support. It is apparent Barth, Divarty Commander, who was didn't attach D Battery to them until
that they are sold completely. also at the airstrip. later. Battery A joined the Turkish
Thanks for letting me comment. The result: within an hour, C Battery Brigade the same afternoon. Col. (now
BRADLEY was on its way to join the 35th Infantry; Brigadier General) "lVlike" Michaelis
MAJ GEN
(MOG B Battery was on its way to join the 27th then commanding the 27th Infantry, re-
Infantry; and I was conferring with ceived B Battery with open arms,' al-
Colonel Kelleher, the CO of the 35th though he wasn't quite sure how he
Infantry, trying to persuade him to use would use them at the time. This at first
D Battery in addition to C Battery. "Get marked the attitude of the doughboys.
~HAT's that scrap iron doing back
'em all out of here," he yelled, "I can't How are we going to use this monster?
Fr~? - That's all it is when you don't fire
use 'em, you'll block up the road and Time has changed all that.
Jt, scrap iron." "It's defending the a~til-
General MacArthur's on his way to my The next day as I was driving down
lery, Sir," was the answer. "Defending
CP." I departed posthaste, and on the the road toward the Turkish sector I
it against what?" was the next explosive
way out, I heard Colonel Kelleher say, saw a jeep with the star of a brigadier
comment "You want to kill some Chi-
"Don't go away mad, come on back general following me. After about two
:nese,don't you, Captain? Then get your
tomorrow and we'll talk this over." or three miles of this I began to feel
guns up with the infantry where they
:te1ong. Go back and tell your division
rommander to do something about this."
~ This was the conversation between
'Beneral Ridgway, then 8th Army Com-
,~
lllander, and one of my battery com-
31
anders. The date: 26 January 1951,
e day the 8th Armv started its "lim-
1 ed offensive" after' two and a half
onths of steady withdrawals. It was
~Iso the day that the 21st AAA AW Bat-
1
10 "ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURN
in five months in action in Korea. Yet mv function as a battalion commander signed missions. 1 must prepare them for
some battalions are attempting to supply let me emphasize that I ha\'e never been combat and keep the state of morale and
their units using only their organic trans- busier in my life, nor ha\'e I had such a discipline such that they are an effective
lportation. Instead we have attached 2 sense of having accomplished something fighting unit. For the battalion com-
12Y.!-ton trucks from our ammunition train useful in an efficient manner. The divi- mander who wants to lead his men in
to each firing battery, as well as a jeep sion commander has made it very cleM combat, let him roll up his sleeping bag
from the inactive AAAIS. The infantry that although the infantry commanders and spend some time on the line with his
regiment is responsible for the supply of will tell my 1\116 units what to do tacti- platoons. I have done it many times, and
class I, III, & V supplies and happy to do cally, it is my responsibility to train them it helps the morale of the men and en-
it. Each track carries 12,000 rounds in beforehand to do it. Remember. the bat- ables the commander to better under-
the bed and on the guns, while the in- talion is still under mv control adminis- stand their problems.
fantry regiment holds 100,000 rounds for tratively and for training. It's a full-time \Ve realize that this subject is contro-
the battery at the regimental ASP. job to check on the manner in which versial; however, this is our story and we
For those who may think I have lost these batteries are performing their as- are quite ready to hear the other side.
12 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURN
~116's. The 1st Platoon, commanded by
Lt. Bob Morrison, my platoon, the Sec-
ond, and the Third Platoon, under Lt.
John Gronsky, all of Battery B, sup-
ported the operation. The briefing
showed that the infantry had to cross the
river and a wide flat beach and field.
The half tracks went into positions un-
der the cover of darkness on the bank of
the river in the opening. The quads and
artillery laid down such a barrage Of fire
that it seemed as though the very heav-
ens were raining fire on the enemy. At
H hour the artillery ceased and the in-
fantry pushed off, crossing the river with
a cover of fire of caliber .50 machine gun
bullets from the M 16's.
~ JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1952 13
fury and in such numbers the UN forces of the rangers who rode on the tanks and 2nd platoon of Baker Battery. This hard
were forced to give ground. Baker Bat- with our platoon as a rear guard as we hitting task force kept pushing the
tery and the 3rd Battalion of the 27th withdrew to the south. The.M 16's fired enemy back until they again reached the
Infantry suddenly found themsekes in upon the enemy while on the mm'e to 38th parallel. A perimeter defense was
danger of being flanked. \Ve executed the rear and accounted for fifty to one then set up interlocking the quads, the
an orderly, planned withdrawal. To help hundred enemy KIA. By leapfrogging tanks and the infantry. The defense lines
stem the tide of battle a company of other blocking units a previously pre- were set up on the ridge lines and held
rangers was called into action to assume pared line was reached. Here the enemy for three days and three nights against
blocking positions along with a platoon gave up any idea of further attack as this enemy fire and attack. The success of
of tanks and the Second Platoon of line was too heavilv fortified. Task Force Doh'in made it possible for
Baker Batten'., This was done to 0 oiye The UN Forces dug in and waited for the 25th Division to establish their i\ILR
the infantry sufficient time to assume a approximately a month and then struck roughly along the 38th parallel.
rear blocking position. The hordes from back. The spearhead of our attack was The task force was relieved by the
the north still came on and rapidly oc- the Doh'in Task Force. This was com- British, and the 2nd Platoon of Baker
cupied UN positions as they were va- posed of the 3rd Battalion of the Wolf- Battery, ACK-ACK, went back into re-
cated. This necessitated the withdrawal hounds, the 89th Tank Battalion and our sef\'e for a well earned rest.
e
n AAA Association Annual Election
l-
IS With the close of balloting on December 31, the slate of officers nomi-
e nated to fill vacancies created by expiration of term of office were
I- declared elected.
n Major General Willard W. Irvine, Commanding General Army Anti-
1- aircraft Command, was elected to replace Major Gene~al Lyman L.
:1- Lemnitzer whose two-year term as Vice-President expired at the year's
end .
. The four members of the Executive Council who were elected to serve
for two-year terms were:
Brig. Gen. Robert W. Chrichlow, Jr., R&D Board, Dept. of Defense.
Colonel Norman E. Hartman, Chief AA Sec., Career Management,
In AGO.
e- Lt. Colonel Francis X. Bradley, Ass't See'y General Staff, OCSA.
y, Major James E. Calkins, Asst. G 1, 8600 ASU.
Its
ANUARY-FEBRUARY,1952 17
I.L
24th DIVISION AAA
By Corporal John S. Aaron
26th AAA AW Battalion
18 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURN
i\lo\'ing on rapidly, Battery A entered A, 26th AAA became "Defender Able." manded by Bunting was Corporal Eu-
Seoul on 7 October and drove across the Shortly thereafter Battery A, 21st AAA gene C. l\'litchell. Firing his individual
38th parallel shortly thereafter. Victory A\V Battalion under Capt. Dan \\T. weapon after the quad caliber .50 turret
appeared to be in sight when the battery Williams joined the Divisional AAA. It ceased operating, he remained coolly on
entered Kusong, far to the north, on I became "Defender Baker" and was ear- the burning vehicle until told to abandon
No\'ember and saw the broad Yalu marked for redesignation as a part of the it. Pfc. Franklin D. \Vinev was cannon-
stretching before it. 26th. eer on the same track and was the third
This illusion was short-lived, how- member of the crew to receive the Bronze
J\leanwhile the battalion began to
ever, as Chinese Communist forces en- Star Award. He carried his injured com-
function with the two batteries and to
tered the war, and a new chapter of the rade to safe ground and then repulsed
participate in offensive action to the
Korean conflict began. On 26 November, the attack on his position firing his indi-
north.
1950, the U.N. troops turned their backs vidual weapon.
Defender Able moved to Sinwang-ni
to the Yalu River and the victory that Recipient of the Purple Heart during
where its platoons were attached to task
seemed so near as the Chinese Commu- the battle was Corporal John \\T. Yocum,
forces for close supporting fires. All of
nist Forces struck in overwhelming who noted that the gunner on his MI6
the old MI5 and TI9 weapons were
strength. was injured and trapped in the burning
replaced with the M 16's.
This withdrawal continued in Korea's turret. Corporal Yocum freed the in-
As rotation began in April Captain
bitter winter weather for six weeks until jured man receiving painful burns him-
John J. Harvey became the battery com- self.
the 24th Division had fallen back south
mander as the battery, moving to the
of Seoul.
north, crossed the 38th parallel for the
In the Uijongbu sector where Battery
A supported both the 5th and 19th In-
fantry Sfc Neal M. Morris, Macon,
third time.
Battery A took up a position and re-
IN June Battery C, 26th AAA AW
Battalion was activated in the battle area
Georgia, distinguished himself by ex- mained in Chipo-ri until the morning of with Capt. Thomas E. Kavanaugh in
traordinary heroism and was posthu- 23 April when it was compelled to with- command. In July the activation of Bat-
mously awarded the Distinguished Serv- draw. At this time the battery was giving tery D under Capt. Alvin P. Labsinger
ice Cross. The half-track in his command protection to the 555 FA Battalion and as brought the battalion to full strength.
was overrun by enemy infiltrators dur- the long convoy moved south and Personnel and equipment from existing
I ing the night, and with the driver of the through a very narrow pass the enemy batteries were used to form the new bat-
vehicle killed he was forced to abandon struck from ambush in regimental teries, and supplemented to equip each
the track and withdraw on foot. Reor- strength in what many have termed the with sixteen 1\1I6's.
ganizing his crew, he led them in a toughest roadblock ever encountered. With so many new replacements Colo-
counterattack against far superior num- Zeroed-in mortars knocked out some nel Tate arranged to give each battery a
I hers. Advancing with his crew members vehicles with the first round. A direct hit brief intensive training period. During
I to within a hundred yards he continued on one M 16 half track injured all of the this all gun crews got target practice both
to proceed alone when the advance was crew members except the driver, Cor- at aerial targets at Inchon and at ground
t pinned down. He gained the possession poral Thomas Wolset. Wolset sensing targets in the combat area.
of the vehicle once more only to be the situation immediately lowered him- Defender Dog received its initial com-
blown off mortally wounded as a grenade self in the gunner's turret and, directing bat experience in the IX Corps offensive
l was thrown directly on the track. nearby infantrymen to come up and act in October 1951. The newly formed bat-
as cannoneers, he opened fire on the tery fired the staggering amount of
enemy. 'nearly one million rounds of caliber .50
DURING the withdrawal the expan- During the five hour engagement each ammunition during this action in which
sion of the divisional antiaircraft to a full vehicle was under constant small arms, it gave close support to the 19th Infantry
strength 26th AAA AW Battalion began machine gun, and mortar fire. One of and protection to the 13th FA Battalion.
to take shape when Hq and Hq Battery, the lead vehicles in the column com- They made a reputation as a fighting
52nd AAA AW Battalion joined the di- manded by Sergeant Kenneth F. Bunt- outfit, but their casualties were high in
v vision in Inchon late in December under ing received two mortar hits wounding this first engagement. Many of the
~ command of Lieut. Col. Roy A. Tate. two crewmen and setting the vehicle on wounded, however, were able to return
Key members of the staff included Cap- fire. \Vhen ordered to abandon the ve- to duty within a few days.
: tains Robert E. Broomfield, executive; hicle Sergeant Bunting assisted the Defender Baker supported the 21st
elbert Baray, S3; and lvlelvin Johnson, wounded to safe ground and then re- Infantry and the 555 FA Battalion. De-
~ 4. It had been activated at Fort Lewis, turned to get the Caliber .30 machine fender Charlie gave support to the 5th
Ir\Vashington, at reduced strength with gun off its tripod, carrying it to a nearby RCT and the 52nd FA Battalion. The
J ersonnel from the II th AAA A\V Bat- hill. l\'ianually holding and operating protection of the various air strips,
g talion. Eventually this headquarters unit the light machine gun without the aid bridges, and the Division CP was left to
\'as to be redesignated as Hq and Hq of a tripod he helped repulse the enemy Defender Able.
Battery, 26th AAA A\V Battalion. attack on his position. Both Sergeant The operation once again proved the
Meanwhile it received its division code Bunting and Corporal \Volset received combat effectiveness of a self propelled
arne, "Defender," which was promptly the Bronze Star lvledal for Valor. battalion. The fire power of the MI6
dopted as the battalion motto. Battery Acting as gunner on the vehicle com- half-track kept the enemy pinned down
ANUARY-FEBRUARY,1952 19
while the Infantry attacked their posi- track vehicle, more effective fire can be paper operation, duly approved, with no
tions under the fire of the M16. The brought even closer because it is not material effect on the battle. But it did
Infantry respects the ack ack weapon and hampered so by boggy terrain or steep serve well to end the attendant confu.
crew for its fire power and its close con- ground. sion already a year old as to whether the
tact with the foot soldier. Finally on 10 November, 1951, Hq Division had three AAA battalions, three
The battalion's dream-weapon, an and Hq Battery, 52nd AAA A\V Battal- batteries, or what have you.
1'139 personnel carrier with a quad-fifty ion and "Defender Baker" of the 21st Born on the battlefield, the battalion is
1'145 turret, again showed up to great ad- were redesignated in the 26th AAA A\V now a veteran organization proudly and
vantage. The new weapon was con- Battalion (SP) making it a full strength well integrated into the operations, the
ceived by Lt. Col. Roy A. Tate, Battalion battalion and an organic part of the 24th traditions, and the esprit of the 24th In.
commander. Being mounted on a full Division. This, of course, was merely a fantry Division. "Defender" is our motto
20 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURN
trol by the platoon commander, and also
satisfied the requirements of most sup-
port missions. The displacement was
made with the )\ 116's on the flanks and
the M 19's in the center. The tentative
distance between units was approximate-
ly 25 yards. The ?v1l6's on the flanks
were in position both to deliver fire on
the target area and to discourage any at-
tempt to attack the 1\\V units from the
flanks. The )\139 when it was present,
Lt. Col. Charles E. Henry presents battle awards to the following members of the remained some 50 yards to the rear to
21st AAA A WI Battalion: (Silver Star) SFC James T. Patterson, SFC Buster \X'.
protect against attack from that direc-
Strasser, Cpl Herbert Stoffel; (Bronze Star V) SFC Douglas L. Dever, SFC Rufus'
M. Gibson, SFC Daniel R. Schmidt, Sgt Francis \Y/. Doyle, Sgt Dexter \Y/. Pack- tion.
ard, Sgt Melvin D. Straw, Sgt \Y/illiam H. Tildsley, Cpl Kenneth V. Bailey, Cpl Following the occupation of position,
Joseph B. Fye, Cpl Zeb L. Hand, Cpl Ralph R. Perkins, Cpl John Walker. the next requirement was the designation
of sectors of responsibility, the specific
platoon. However, occasions arose which identification of the target area. If time areas into which each complete AvV sec-
involved the use of automatic weapons permitted and there were a liaison officer, tion fired. These sectors could be identi-
in such a manner as to make its survival and there were defilade, units were fied in terms of prominent terrain fea-
a matter of speculation. In these situa- parked in defilade; unit commanders tures, or by bursts from 40mm shells as
tions the platoon commander and his were called to a point of concealment directed by the platoon commander.
men had to be prepared to compensate from which the target area could be Usually the designation of sectors of
for the evident shortcomings of the seen and defined to them by an officer responsibility and identification of tar-
\veapons by a judicious utilization of of the supported unit. More often such get area was done concurrently.
their obvious merits. preparation was not practicable due to Generally, the infantry expected two
One of the outstanding problems in the lack of desirable liaison, time or types of fire from A1\1\ automatic weap-
many infantry support missions was the defilade. Sometimes without adequate ons in support of any action in the of-
length of time between occupation of liaison or previous reconnaissance when fensive, preparatory fire and neutrali-
position and commencement of fire. immediate firing was required, the iden- zation fire. Preparatory fire was con-
When ideal conditions prevailed which ti~cation of the target area was done by sidered to be a large volume of con-
permitted an adequate orientation, there a careful observation of friendly artil- tinued fire delivered into a specified
were few problems. However, in many lery and mortar bursts, by observing the area, usually the sector of responsibility,
instances the reconnaissance and occupa- termination of friendly tracers or the either prior to or concurrent with the
tion of positions was accomplished within origin of enemy tracers, or by noting advance of infantry. Neutralization fire
minutes after the identification of the tar- the position of appropriate panels. This was employed in the sense of aimed fire
get area was made. Therefore, any period method was used only when the more on a particular target or on a target of
in which an AW platoon commander desirable methods were not practical or opportunity. vVhenever applicable neu-
searched for the target area, or searched possible. It was acknowledged as a dan- tralization fires were also executed dur-
for good gun positions, was usually a gerous method and could have resulted ing preparatory fire.
period in which the AW units came un- in tragic consequences if the bursts, To mass platoon fire on a specific tar-
der enemy observation. One result was tracers, and panels had been misinter- get the platoon commander declared a
that the enemy, who had a profound re- preted. general cease fire for the platoon; then
spect for AAA AW, made every effort to Once the target area was identified, he directed the fire of one M 19 into
gain cover; many Communists were ob- the next step was to occupy firing posi- the target, with the other units ordered
served running over ridges to reverse tions in relation to it. The track drivers to observe the bursts. Then, the remain-
slopes of hills when AAA A\V came into and squad leaders knew from previous ing units were directed to fire a speci-
view. A second result was that the experience the approximate displace- fied number of rounds at the bursts of
enemy gave the self propelled weapons'a ment desired. It was an easy matter for the registering piece, after which each
very high priority for artillery and mortar unit returned to its individual firing.
the platoon commander to talk the units
I fire. It was obvious, then, that any period Any displacement forward for small
into position from his command vehicle
of prolonged observation to the enemy distances was done, when possible, in
by radio. An alternate method was to
was to the disadvantage of the AAA A\V. echeloned formation, one section at a
personally direct each track into posi-
Any method or technique which de- time. The stationary units covered the
tion, instructing each crew at the time.
o creased the period of unproductive ex- advancing units. Enemy mortar, artil-
posure contributed to the increased ef- This was, at best, a lengthy process, par- lery, or heavy machine-gun fire might
fectiveness of the AAA A\V mission. ticularly when under fire. necessitate the advancing units to halt
The tactical displacement most fre- and seek cover until the incoming fire
24 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAl
Western Army AA Command Inspections
By Major James E. Hurley, Jr.
26 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
A Trial Shot Target For VT Fuzes
By Colonel Arthur H. Bender
TRIAL FIRE
drag. cord from fouling on the catapult dur- two strips of masking tape. The tow cord
ing launching and acts somewhat in is secured to the towing ring of the
LAUNCHING TECHNIQUES bridle and the assembly brought orer to
the capacity of a shock absorber for the
At the same time that Rag targets cord as it rips through the tape and lifts the right side of the platform where it
were being developed, techniques for the target into the air. Care should be is taped in position as shown in figure 6.
launching were studied, developed, and The bridle lines should be gathered and
taken that the cord describes a smooth
tested. Pioneer work in this field was secured to the platform immediately
"U" on the ground when direction of
carried on by personnel of Army Field
payout is reversed and that the parallel
Forces Board No.4 and the attached 44th
lines of cord are spaced at least one foot
RCAT Detachment. The results of their
apart. Otherwise the cord will foul on
work are being implemented and field
itself during the launching phase. The
tested bv local RCAT Detachments.
number of parallel lines of cord and the
This co~bined effort has produced sev-
eral successful techniques, the most exact location of the flag target with
practical of which will be discussed in reference to the launcher will be dic-
detail. tated by the length of the tow cord. The
ground upon which the tow cord is
JATO LAUNCHING payed out should be level and smooth.
When the A7 catapult is employed It must be carefully checked and cleared
to launch an OQ with a flag target in of am'thino
, b which might foul or burn
tow, the target is accordion-folded tail the cord during launching. As in any
to bridle and placed on the ground, launching, the area in front of the cata- Tow cord suspended beneath target car-
bridle up, at a point 100 to 150 yards pult must be clear of trees, buildings, pylon cable. Final tie-in suspends cord
close to cable. Note launching platform
in front of the catapult and one yard personnel, and equipment. and flag target atop pylon.
JANUARY-FEBRUARY,1952
31
adjacent to the folded target. This will six to eight inches below the target car- Right path of the OQ, it may be put
prevent them from fouling the tow cord pylon cable by single strips of tape through basic manell\'ers \vithout snarl-
during launching. I-laving taped the tow- spaced at intervals of approximately thir- ing the tow cord, \\'hen the parachute
ing ring and bridle into place, the tow ty feet. The last suspension is located is opened, the flag quickly becomes sus-
cord is payed out and placed in parallel at the point where the cable joins the pended beneath the OQ and in no way
lines on the platform. Each loop must pylon arm. Here the cord is taped close interferes with normal recoven'. On the
be taped in place to pre\'ent fouling to the cable (figure 9). Elsewhere, if Light AAA ranges at Fort Bliss, these
during launching. Sufficient cord is left the cord is suspended too near the cable,
easy-to-fly money savers are rapidly grow-
free to span the distance from the plat- the two are likelv to become snarled in
ing in popularity. Except for a slightly
form to the OQ. A loop may be easily the launching process. After a final
reduced speed, they offer all the ad-
added to or subtracted from the cord check, the assembly is ready for launch-
\'antages provided by com'entional flags
on the platform to take up slack or pro- ing in the normal manner. The launch-
er chief takes a position under the plat- towed by man-<:arrying aircraft. The
vide any additional length required.
\Vith the target and tow cord thus form as close to the pylon as possible. OQ 19-D flag target combination pro-
prepared, the platform is attached to the lIe is joined at this position by the cable \'ides a variety of courses and permits a
pylon and the remainder of the cord man as soon as the OQ starts on its more realistic approach to Rag target en-
payed out. The end is secured to the course around the track. For obvious gagements by eliminating the necessity
stern lift (towing ring) on the OQ and safety reasons, the number of personnel for adhering to strict safety regulations
the cord attached to the rig/zt stabilizer in the center of the track is reduced to designed for the protection of the air-
in the same manner as for catapult the absolute minimum. The platform craft and the crew.
launching. The cord is then brought to and target assembly atop the pylon pro- Flag targets should not be considered
a point directly below the outside edge duces little or no drag, and the metal a complete substitute for OQ's in the
of the right wing where it is suspended plate can be left in place for conven- training phase. Sufficient OQ's should
from the target car-pylon cable by a tional launchings.
be allocated to provide each gun crew
strip of masking tape. The tape must be
FLYING TIlE OQ \\lITII FLAG with at least a few courses of live tar-
of sunicient length to permit the cord
TARGET IN Tow get motivation. For the remainder of
to be separated from the cable by a dis-
tance of six to eight inches. The cord Flying the OQ 19-0 with a nag tar- the time on the range, the OQ,flag com-
spanning the distance from this point get in tow requires no special technique~. bination will save a tidy sum and prove
to the platform is likewise suspended Since the nag closely adheres to the to be an idea worth shooting at.
UNDER the sponsorship of the 34th ter was built from the ground up largely
AAA Brigade Headquarters, 62nd AAA by American and German volunteers.
AW Battalion, 95th AAA Gun Battalion, Volunteers from local engineer units did
and the 504th and 505th Operation De- the clearance and evacuation. Other vol-
tachments, the German Youth Center in unteers constructed the buildings largely
Gartenstadt, 1\ lannheim was opened in from Army salvage materiels. The city
November. of i\'lannheim donated the land and utili-
The Center will serve about 600 youth ties. Necessary funds were obtained from
from kindergarten to adult age. The fa- other German Youth projects, such as
cilities include an auditorium for lec- dramatic and musical productions.
tures, meetings, ballet and orchestra 1\ lajor Roger L. Steltzner is in charge
practice and recitals, a German-American of brigade German youth activities. 1\1r.
library, showers for boys and girls, game I-Ians Berger is the Center leader. 1\lar-
room, wood and metal crafts room, sew- shall Plan funds will contribute toward
ing room, nursery, classrooms, photo lab, the maintenance. Policies of the Center
General Hendrix opens the Center. Left
and a kitchen for instruction and for will be guided by a German adult com-
is Herr TrumpfhelIer, Burgermeister of
preparing snacks. Outside facilities pro- Mannheim. Below: Lt. Co!. Everett T. mittee from the communitv, assisted b\,
vide for games and kindergarten. Renicker, officer in charge of German a youth council. .•
Cooperating with Brig. Gen. Raleigh youth activities at Heidelberg Military The auspicious' inauguration of this
R. Hendrix, brigade commander, and the Post. Youth Center and the enthusiastic re-
officers and men of the brigade, the Army sponse indicate that it will sef\'e a great
authorities in Heidelberg, Dr. Heimer- and hundreds of German citizens have purpose toward the development of a
ich, Oberburgermeister of 1\lannheim, contributed tremendous help. The cen- healthy youth in this community.
32 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
81RDS OF MARS'
By Jonathan Norton leonard
Behind a black wall of secrecy, the World \Var II. Only one of the three These keep the missile stable in flight,
U.S. is climbing slowly toward a new -radar-came to full use in combat. The like the feathers of an arrow. The con-
le\"el of warfare. In every U.S. aircraft German V-2 rocket, a scientific triumph trol surfaces are four small, triangular,
factory, every technical institute and but a military failure, was developed too movable fins one-third of the way back
every electronics laboratory, the military little; the atom bomb came too late. Both from the missile's nose. They can steer
phrase of the day is "guided missiles." were held over as unfinished business for the missile, roll it and even give it lift,
What are these missiles? \Vhat is the the next meeting of arms. like an airplane in flight. All the fins
source of their power? \Vhat can they But things have changed since then. have supersonic shapes; they are made of
do? Herewith a report on the newest Radar and its electronic relatives promise solid metal, with thin, diamond-shaped
weapons of war by Time's Science editor, exact guidance for the new missiles. The cross sections.
Jonathan Norton Leonard: atom bomb makes even the most costly of AIR-To-AIR missiles (fired by aircraft
the birds a sound military investment. against other aircraft) need not be as big
From this ancestry have sprung the four as their ground-launched relatives. They
THE desert Tularosa Basin in south- principal types of guided missiles now need carry less fuel because they do less
ern New Mexico is a valley without a under development. climbing. Surface-ta-air and air-to-air
river. Fierce winds sweep across it, and SURFACE-To-AIR missiles, designed to missiles may well spell the doom of con-
dust devils whirl in the sun. On most bring down enemy aircraft, are grace- ventional bombing tactics. Even when
days the valley is quiet, with only a scat- fully tapered objects, 10 to 15 ft. long they rise all the way from the ground,
tered coming & going of military vehicles and I ft. or less in diameter. They are the flaming birds will reach the bombers'
from \Vhite Sands Proving Ground launched from a kind of gunmount. On altitude in something like one minute.
(Army Ordnance) or Holloman Air their tails they have four fixed fins ar- They cannot be shot down and they can-
Force Base. But sometimes a screaming ranged at right angles to one another. not be dodged. They close so fast that a
roar echoes among the mountains, and a
monstrous bird with a tail of flame flies
straight into the sky. Or a slender, dart-
like object slips out of the belly of a B-29
and streaks over the horizon at several
ROCKET PROPULSION
times the speed of sound.
These "birds" (so the missilemen call
them) are the heirs presumptive of war.
They fly from New Mexico; from Point
;\Iugu, a pleasant Navy station on the
coast of Southern California; from Pat-
rick Air Force Base in Florida; from the
deck of the Navy's converted seaplane
tender Norton Sound. Few ordinary citi-
zens have ever seen them flv. Few more
have heard their roar or se~n their soar-
ing sparks of light or puffs of dust on the
Turbine drivu pump'
desert. But in closely guarded factories
Fu~l circulates ~
all over the U.S., the birds are hatching. through
cooling jacket
The head of one U.S. aircraft company
predicts that within ten years they will
dominate air warfare, and that piloted
..-'
...
TIME D~ by V. Puglid
aircraft will be used only for transport. ROCKe( ... v.vr cor gUided missiles, no larger than an ashcan, develops enormous
power (100,000 lbs. of thrust) in afraction of a second. W'hen the motor is started,
\VEAPON GENETICS small amounts of fuel (aniline, alcohol or gasoline) combine with an oxidizer
The new war birds are direct descend- (liquid oxygen or fuming nitric acid) in the small gas generator. The hot gases
produced spin a turbine to run centrifugal pumps. The bulk of the fuel is pumped
ants of the three great inventions of
- "Courtesy
1951.
of Time, copyright Time, Inc.,
first through the hollow walls of the tailpipe, serving as a cooling agent to keep
the metal from melting. \'V'hen the fuel meets the oxidizer in the main combustion
chamber, the rocket motor fires.
JANUARY-FEBRUARY,1952 33
speed-several thousand m.p.h.
the bomber, the missile will swing. too. heat given off by a city or industrial area. This would lea,'e time for the guiding
Coached by an automatic computer, the 1\lore likely they will watch the ground s,'stem to correct the course of the mis-
beam operator can lead the target (like a ahead with radar or television eves. The sile, It would not lea\'e time for enemy
hunter leading a duck) and set the mis- picture will pass over a microwave beam interceptors to reach and attack the
sile on a true collision course. to the mother airplane. Sitting in his bomber.
These systems have a common weak- cockpit. the bombardier can watch a
STARS & 1\ IAGNETlS:\I
ness. Their guidance is fuzziest just screen and see what the missile itself
where it should be clearest: close to the sees. If the missile is off its course (as Surface-to-surface missiles will have a
target. Seeking or homing missiles will determined by a map), he gives it radio wide choice of guidance systems. If the
be free of this disability. Ground guid- hints that point it toward the target. target is visible (from the ground or a
ance will bring them to the general \\Then the doomed city comes in sight high-Hying airplane), the missile will be
,'icinity of the target. Then they will be (at 30 miles per minute), he turns the steered to it by radio command guidance.
on their own, to search for the target missile downward. Then another radio Usually the target will not be visible, but
with their own senses and brains. signal or an automatic fuse e;..:plodes its its position willi be known on a map.
atom bomb. Then the missile will follow a radio
Passive seekers will pick up an emana-
tion (light or heat) generated by the tar- This baleful guidance system is not so beam or steer automatically toward a
oct and steer themselves toward it. Acti,'e futuristic as it sounds. Television-guided selected point in a pattern or'radio wa',.es
t>
seekers will send out radar pulses and aircraft have already Hown over U.S. marked out in space. \-Vhen it reaches
steer toward anything solid enough to cities. The remote-control pilots several that point it will curve downward. If the
bounce them back. A hybrid is the semi- hundred miles away saw rivers, bridges, target's position is not known accurately,
active seeker. In this system, a ground buildings. "We picked out the city hall," the missile willi search for it with tele-
transmitter will illuminate the target said one pilot. "\Ve could have Hown vision or radar eyes, reporting its findings
with powerful radio waves. These, re- that plane right into the mayor's office." to a screen at a faraway control point.
Hected from the target, will be picked up The television or radar-picture guid- An operator watching the screen will
by the oncoming missile and will guide ance system is good only for some 500 steer the missile to the burst point.
it in for the kill. miles. At greater distances, the micro- Beyond the range of line-of-sight radio
wave beam between missile and mother (a few hundred miles) the guidance
TELEVISION STEERING
plane will hit the curving earth. But less problem gets tougher. The missile is on
For air-launched missiles directed range than 500 miles is plenty for many its own, and it must steer itself by some
against invisible targets many miles from vital missions. Keeping safely out of "frame of reference" that reaches all the
the mother plane, the problem is more reach of enemy radar, the bomber could way to the target. Several systems are in
difficult. They must gather their own launch its attack. Presumably both plane development, two of them familiar in
principle: magnetic (compass) naviga-
tion and navigation by the stars.
Magnetically guided missiles steer,
like ships, by following automatically the
pattern of the earth's magnetic field.
When a long-range missile is guided by
"automatic astro-navigation," it Hies by
night and has wise little telescopes to
pick up certain stars. Photo-sensitive
tubes note the position of the stars. This
information, processed by a complicated
electronic brain, tells the missile the
course it is following over the surface
of the earth. It corrects its own course if
necessary; it knows when it reaches the
target and when to explode its bomb,
TEST FLIGHT
JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1952 35
Once the missile is hred, it is gone for- rors that can photograph the missile like control hns struggle to keep the missile
ever. It turns into junk on the desert or a planet in space. straight. Vibration builds up with the
sinks under the sea. So the missilemen Among these stations run 8,000 miles speed and makes a quavering growl.
have developed other methods of testing of wire, and through the web throbs a When the missile rolls, it sends out a
their single-Bight birds. pulse: an accurate time signal from a long, often-repeated groan. All the
The missile's hrst Bights are generally central station. The missile stands grace- sounds blend together, like modernistic
made on a calculating machine, such as ful and alone in the center of this great discords on top of the tinkling melody.
the REAC (Reeves Instrument Corp.) assembly like a sacrihcial vicitm eyed bv At last the missile rises above the
analogue computer used by GaIT ech at a thou~nd priests. The time sign~l beats earth's atmosphere, and the discords die
the Army's Jet Propulsion Laboratory the seconds over a chain of loudspeakers, away. While the missile Bies its vacuum
near Pasadena. The performance char- and a grave voice counts the minutes be- course, there is no air to make it roll or
acteristics of the missile's components go fore the moment of sacrihce. "Zero minus vibrate. The fins no longer move. The
into this brainy machine in the form of ten," chants the voice. "Zero minus nine, bird is at peace in space, serene as an
dial settings; the results come out as zero minus eight ... " asteroid, and its instruments sing the
curves drawn on paper. A simulated In the peak-roofed concrete block- cheerful song of a happy child.
Bight takes only a few seconds and costs house near the launching point, red When the missile curves back to the
almost nothing. Between Bights, adjust- lights on a control panel are turning to atmosphere, trouble starts again. The hns
ments can be made to see if the missile green. All of them must be green before renew their struggle. Vibration and roll
can be improved by altered tail surfaces the missile is hred. If one light remains build up. Louder & louder rises their
or controls. To test such details by actual red, it means that some instrument or clamor, drowning the melody. Then
Bights would cost a whole missile each safety precaution is not in operation. comes a crackle of jumbled noise. The
time. Since 1947, when White Sands tossed a missile has reached the end of its flight
Real Bame-and-metal tests are done at V-2 into an uninhabited hillside at and the singing instruments are dead.
ranges equipped with elaborate instru- Juarez, Mexico, some 50 miles away, the
ments to catch and record every shred of base has been preoccupied with safety. If BRAIN PROBLEM
information. The Army, whose domain a missile becomes "errant" (threatens to
is ground-launched missiles, does its test- By off the range), a safety officer "de- Missilemen feel that the propulsion
ing at White Sands Proving Ground in structs" it by exploding it in the air. question is now near its solution. Mod-
New Mexico. The Navy uses White At "zero" the bird Bies off, trailing a ern rocket motors are already powerful
Sands too and also conducts tests at Point shattering roar that echoes from the Or- enough for most practical purposes and
Mugu, between Los Angeles and Santa gan Mountains. It disappears quickly in ram-jets are coming along. Guidance is a
Barbara, or from the Norton Sound. The the deep blue sky. For human eyes the deeper problem. It is comparatively easy
purpose of both Point Mugu and the Bight is over, but instrument eyes are to design electronic senses and brains
Norton Sound is to support the Beet in still watching. The antennas of the that will enable a missile to do almost
its introduction of the new weapons. radars crane to follow the missile. The anything, but building them so they will
The Air Force tests a great variety of telescopes and cameras turn. When the work dependably is another matter.
missiles at Holloman near White Sands. missile starts falling they follow it down Many a missile has misbehaved because
Its Patrick Air Force Base at Banana to its death far off on the desert. of the failure of a 50~ electric relay.
River in Florida (150 miles south of "That bird cost $100,000," the missile-
Jacksonville) will be the testing ground MELODY FROM SPACE
men say. "It should have cost $100,000.-
for missiles of all the services that have 05."
Sometimes the reports from the mis- An additional hazard is enemy coun-
ranges too long for safe testing elsewhere.
sile's instruments are recorded on mag- termeasures. Whenever a bird is in
Patrick's advantage is that it can By its
netic tape in the form of audible tones Bight, it is possible, at least theoretically,
birds over the thinly inhabited Bahamas,
that make a strange sort of music. The to interfere with the forces that guide it.
where a chain of instrument stations is
hrst thing heard when the tape is played The enemy can confuse the poor bird by
now being built.
back is the sound of the missile at rest. It
jamming its radio frequencies. He can
is standing on the launching platform
SACRIFICE ON THE DESERT make it seek electronic mirages to lure it
and is still at peace with the world. Some
to destruction. He may even seduce it by
A "shot" at White Sands Proving of its instruments make continuous tones,
false instructions and make it destroy its
Ground or Holloman Air Force Base is deep or shrill, like the drones of a bag-
friends.
solemn with ritual. The dusty desert to pipe. Others report only at given inter-
the east of the Organ Mountains is sown vals. These play a weird little tinkling Much work has been done on gadgets
with nonhuman eyes: radars, telescopic tune, over & over, like a schoolboy proud to prevent such misfortunes, but the bat-
cameras, instruments to measure the mis- of mastering his hrst piano exercise. tle of countermeasures will never be
sile's enormous speed. Housed in small When the missile is fired, some instru- over. New tricks and countertricks will
concrete buildings or perched on plat- ments change their pitch as the tempera- always be possible. This eerie electronic
forms, they cover the whole range, which ture rises in the combustion chamber or warfare is the job of special groups in all
is roughly 40 miles wide and 100 miles the pressure increases. The tinkling mel- the services. When countermeasure offi-
long. Roosting on high mountains are ody plays on, but as the missile gathers cers visit White Sands, the missilemen
astronomical telescopes with 16-inch mir- speed, unpleasant sounds obscure it. The "treat them like Russians."
36 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
DROPPL"C THE PILOT
ment should shut down the television in- undoubtedly have missiles, too. They
THE ACE OF MISSILES
dustry to free electronic men for guided- captured thousands of German V-2 men
All the experts agree that guided mis- missile work. and put them to work at once.
siles make the most difficult problem that No one thinks that the age of missile The missilemen seem to love their
military scientists have tackled so far warfare will come all at once. It will de- roaring, destructive birds. They admire
-more difficult even than atomic bombs. velop gradually, painfully and expen- their naked grace and praise the Rash-
The program has already drained the sively, with many costly mistakes. There quick cleverness of their electronic
country dry of specially qualified scien- will never be a golden age of push-button brains. Bllt in their more reRective mo-
tists. Every missile plant and laboratory war, with the U.S. getting all the vic- ments, they are likely to quote or para-
has a welcome for the dewiest young tories and the enemy getting all the grief. phrase an aphorism which they attribute
technician. \Vhen large-scale production The older weapons, including the small to Einstein: "If World War III is fought
begins, the pinch will be even tighter. arms of the infantry, will still be needed, with atom-armed missiles, then \Vorld
Some missilemen think that the Govern- and must not be neglected. The Russians War IV will be fought with clubs."
"Recently I visited our Antiaircraft Center at Fort Bliss, Texas, and our Guided
Missile proving ground at White Sands, New Mexico, and I can assure you that
genuine progress is being made. We have under development an antiaircraft
rocket which we believe will effectively combat high speed aircraft at altitudes
and ranges which lie beyond the capabilities of antiaircraft guns, and an anti-
aircraft guided missile, which gives promise of providing the even greater
accuracy and lethality we seek."-Gen. J. Lawton Collins.
JANUARY.FEBRUARY,1952 37
* * * * ****** ************
HONOR ROLL 204th AAA Group 65th AAA Gun Bn 707th AAA Gun Bn.
Original Honor Roll
Col. F. C. Grevemberg, La. Lt. Col. R. F. Moore Lt. Col. F. Fulton, Jr., Po.
88th AAA Airbome Bn 68th AAA Gun Bn 709th AAA Gun Bn
205th AAA Group
Lt. CoL R. B. Barry, lr.
Maj. N. Cook, Adj., Wash. Lt. Col. R. C. Cheal Lt. Col. L A. Long, Po.
228th AAA Group 207th AAA Group 7lst AAA Gun Bn 710th AAA Gun Bn.
CoL D. W. Bethea, lr., S. C. Lt. Cal. C. C. Berkeley, Vo,
Col. G. T. Stillman, N. Y. Lt. Col. A. J. Montrone
107th AAA AW Bn IMI 208th AAA Group 75th AAA Gun Bn 711 th AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Col. T. H. Pope, lr., S. C. Lt. Col. N. J. Walton, Ala.
Col. H. S. Ives, Conn. Lt. Col. A. A. Koscielniak
2091h AAA Group 781h AAA Gun Bn 712th AAA Gun Bn
Separate Commands Col. E. J. Welle, N. Y. Lt. Col. H. H. Taylor, Jr., Fla.
Lt. Col. J. B. Parroll
Army AAA Command 2111h AAA Group 791h AAA Gun Bn 713th AAA Gun Bn
Moj. Gen. W. W. Irvine Col. G. F. Lineham, Jr., Mass. Lt. Col. F. E. Prall Lt. Col. B. N. Singleton, S. C.
Third Army Training Center 214th AAA Group 80th AAA Airborne Bn 715th AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. C. H. Armstrong Col. J. G. Johnson, Ga. Lt. Col. L. W. Linderer Maj. J. Y. Woodruff, N. Y.
East AAA Command 2161h AAA Group 82nd AAA AW Bn 716th AAA Gun Bn
Maj. Gen. P. W. Rutledge Col. W. E. lahnson, Minn. Maj. H. A. Geddis Lt. Col. 10e R. Stewart, N. Mex.
Central AAA Command 218th AAA Group 95th AAA Gun Bn 717th AAA Gun Bn
Col. D. J. Bailey Cal. V. P. Lupinacci, Po. . Lt. Col. L. S. Daugherty Lt. Col. E. D. Pelzer, N. Mex.
West AAA Command 220lh AAA Group 10lst AAA Gun Bn 71 81h AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. R. W. Berry Col. R. H. Hopkins, Mass. Maj. L. D. Collins, Ga. Lt. Col. J. J. Loughran
Guided Missile Dept. 2241h AAA Group 102nd AAA Gun Bn 720lh AAA Gun Bn.
Col. E. W. Thompson, Va. Lt. Col. M. H. Roesser, N. Y. Lt. Col. G. A. Duke, Calif.
AA & GM School 726th AAA Gun Bn
2261h AAA Group 11 5th AAA Gun Bn.
Col. F. M. McGoldrick Lt. Col. John T. Watson, N. Mex.
Col. John D. Sides, Ala. Lt. Col. W. D. McCain, Miss.
2271h AAA Group 120lh AAA Gun Bn 728th AAA Gun Bn.
Brigades Maj. G. C. Moore, Calif.
Col. P. L. Wall, Fla. Lt. Col. H. C. Gray, N. Mex.
32nd AAA Brigade 25151 AAA Group 126th AAA AW Bn 730lh AAA Gun Bn
Cal. M. W. May, Jr. Col. A. M. Lazar, Calif. Lt. Col. R. C. Carrera, Mass. Lt. Cal. C. D. Holliday, Calif.
34th AAA Brigade 302nd AAA Group 127th AAA AW Bn ISPI 7361h AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. R. R. Hendrix Cal. John M. Welch, Ohio Lt. Col. H. G. White, N. Y. Lt. Cal. F. T. Lynch, Dela.
35th AAA Brigade 3131h AAA Group 142nd AAA AW Bn 745th AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. Hamer Case Cal. A. F. Hoehle, Po. Lt. Col. C. Beckman, N. Y. Lt. Col. Gea. B. Webster, Conn.
38th AAA Brigade 3261h AAA Group 150th AAA Gun Bn 747th AAA Gun Bn
Col. J. D. Sides Col. M. D. Meyers, Po. Lt. Col. L. O. Ellis, Jr., N. C. Lt. Col. J. F. Kane, Moss.
40th AAA Brigade 3741h AAA Group 238th AAA Gun Bn. 753rd AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. James G. Devine Col. T. F. Mullaney, Jr., Illinois Maj. T. P. O'Keefe, Conn. Lt. Col. W. H. Nicolson
47th AAA Brigade 51 51h AAA Group 243rd AAA AW Bn. 7641h AAA Gun Bn
Col. G. C. Gibbs Col. F. G. Rowell, N. Mex. Lt. Col. E. E. McMillan, R. I. Lt. Cal. Wm. J. Bennell
56th AAA Brigade
Brig. Gen. H. F. Meyers
104th AAA Brigade
Battalions
245th AAA Gun Sn
Lt. Col. C. M. Brown, N. Y.
250th AAA Gun Bn
768th AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Col. T. H. Kuyper, Illinois
*
*
3rd AAA AW Bn 772nd AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. V. P. Coyne, Mass. Lt. Col. A. J. Twiggs, Ga.
Lt. Col. J. B. Goettl Cal. F. S. Grant, Moss.
105th AAA Brigade 2S6th AAA AW Bn
Brig. Gen. A. H. Doud, N. Y. 3rd AAA Tng. Bn. 773rd AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Col. R. W. Haag, Minn.
107th AAA Brigade Lt. Col. E. E. Twining Lt. Col. G. F. Slavin
260th AAA Gun Bn
Brig. Gen. J. W. Squire, Va. 41h AAA AW Bn 11011 804th AAA AW Bn IMI
Lt. Col. R. H. Stephens, D. C.
111 th AAA Brigade Lt. Col. R. J. Connelly Maj. S. N. Caudill, N. Mex.
337th AAA Gun Bn.
Brig. Gen. Chas. G. Sage, N. Mex. 91h AAA Gun Bn Lt. Col. J. W. Dry, Po. 8671h AAA AW Bn
112th AAA Brigade L!. Col. H. D. Johnson 340th AAA Gun Bn Maj. S. M. Arnold
Brig. Gen. J. W. Cook, Calif. 151h AAA AW Bn ISPI Lt. Col. G. V. Selwyn, D. C. 903rd AAA AW Sn
114th AAA Brigade Lt. Col. Jas. M. Moore 369th AAA Gun Bn. Lt. Col. J. D. Shearouse
Brig. Gen. G. W. Fisher 21st AAA AW Bn ISPI Lt. Col. C. S. Heming, N. Y.
Lt. Col. Chas. E. Henry 385th AAA AW Bn Operations Detachments
Groups 35th AAA Gun Bn. Maj. D. K. Scoll, Illinois 102nd AAA Opns. Del.
1st AAA Training Group Lt. Col. J. E. Burrows 398th AAA AW Bn Capt. G. J. Lahey, N. Y.
Col. E. W. Heathcote 39th AAA AW Bn 11011 Lt. Col. L. B. Dean 115th AAA Opns. Del.
2nd AAA Group Lt. Col. P. J. Lacey, Jr. 420th AAA Gun Bn. Maj. E. F. DeLeon, Wash.
Col. C. G. Patterson 46th AAA AW Bn ISPI Lt. Col. G. S. Green, Wash.
177th AAA Opns. Del.
10th AAA Group Lt. Col. Wm. M. Vann 443rd AAA AW Bn ISPI Maj. W. F. Hale, Va.
Col. W. H. Hennig 48th AAA AW Bn. Lt. Cal. J. F. Reagan
16th AAA Group 181s1 AAA Opns. Det.
Lt. Col. O. K. Marshall 489th AAA AW Bn
Col. F. J. Woods Maj. R. H. Moser, N. Mex.
Capt. J. E. Cornish, Illinois
50th AAA AW Bn ISPI 186th AAA Opns. Del.
19th AAA Group 502nd AAA Gun Bn
Lt. Cal. W. L. Larson Maj. Wm. S. Wall, Calif.
Col. H. P. Gard Lt. Col. P. G. Brown
65th AAA Group 60lh AAA AW Bn 507th AAA AW Bn 286th AAA Opns. Det.
Col. S. J. Goodman Lt. Col. R. T. Cassidy Lt. Col. S. J. Paciorek Capt. C. W. Carpenter, Dela.
97th AAA Group 62nd AAA AW Bn ISPI 685th AAA Gun Bn 50lst AAA Opns. Det.
Col. J. T. Wrean Lt. Col. C. E. Meadows Lt. Col. C. A. Fraser, Mass. Maj. E. F. DeLeon
197th AAA Group 63rd AAA Gun Bn 697th AAA AW Bn 503rd AAA Opns. Det.
Col. A. S. Baker, N. H. Lt. Col. B. I. Greenberg Maj. W. C. Thompson, N. Mex. Cap!. L. Koenitsberg
200th AAA Group 64th AAA Gun Bn. 6981h AAA Gun Bn 510lh AAA Opns. Del.
Col. C. M. Woodbury, N. Mex. Lt. Col. R. A. Lanpher LI. Col. F. Monico, Illinois Capt. F. R. Kane
38 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
Impressions Of Life In The Soviet Union*
S0l7iet Citizens Are Not Allowed to Visit, to Entertain or to Know Foreigners
By Alan G. Kirk
United States Ambassador to the SOl'iet Union
AFTER living over two years in 1\1os- tisans of Peace, or Trade Union delega- included authorized trips to places such
cow, perhaps the most striking impres- tions or medical groups, coming from as Stalingrad, Leningrad, Lake Baikal,
sion of the Soviet Union one carries various western countries, such as Great Tiflis, and several towns close to Mos-
awav is that of its mass. This huge land Britain, France, and even the United cow. To me the trip to Lake Baikal was
are; with its mighty rivers, its wide States, who are allowed to see, in fact are the most interesting although I did have
plains, its mountains, its deserts, its great taken to see, many of the places denied some difficulty in persuading the authori-
inland seas and lakes, its many swamps, accredited diplomatic missions. Among ties to let me make this trip. First of all
is so enormous that one easily compre- places thus visited are Tashkent and it was asked: Why do you want to go?
hends that it comprises a vast amount of Alma Ata in Central Asia, or a city like There are no hotels. The little town is
the land area of the earth-one sixth, in Kiev in the Ukraine. inadequately equipped for visitors, and
fact. Naturally all foreigners, including We have been forced to conclude that so on. However, my reply was that the
the diplomats, are intrigued by its size these special groups given this special lake was the most interesting fresh water
and want to visit and see it, but unfortu- treatment consist of people selected for lake in the land-mass of Asia, 300 miles
nately there are restrictions placed on their sympathy with the Communist long and the deepest indentation of the
foreign diplomats which prevent the free- cause, and whose reactions will be along earth's crust outside of the sea, has seals,
dom of movement we Westerners are anticipated lines. These groups go on sturgeon, and of course is completely
accustomed to, at horne and abroad. planned tours; they are hurried from frozen over in winter. Well, an approval
In 1941, after the war began, the So- place to place; they are generally pretty finally was given and we left-a parry of
viet Government issued a decree restrict- exhausted at the end of the day; and, as three plus the four Soviet secret service
ing access by foreigners to large areas. they are not experienced observers, the men who always accompany the Ameri-
This decree was reaffirmed in September, comments they make when they return can Ambassador even on trips.
1948. In general, the areas thus restricted to their own countries should be treated
are: the western frontiers, the Black Sea with reserve.
coast lines, the Baltic Sea coast, Central
LEAVING Moscow at 8 P.M. on a
Asia, Northern Siberia, Eastern Siberia,
and many towns on certain rivers and
railwav lines. Those of us who live in
IN another way also the diplomatic
personnel are discriminated against; that
Thursday, we arrived at our destination
at 9 A.M. the following Friday week. The
train was composed of 13 cars, one a Pull-
:\losc~w are restricted to a distance of 50 is, by the exasperating obstructions and man of 1906 vintage, one a restaurant
kilometers and that only on certain roads. delays in trips to authorized areas. They car, and the engine. It was interesting to
But a curious exception has been made are often told that unfortunately there note that the train traveled all the way
bv the Soviet Government for selected will be no hotel accommodations, or that to Novosibirsk with only one engine,
viSitors. There have been groups of Par- there is no space on the train or the which meant the crossing of the Urals
*Reprinted from November 1951 issue of
plane, and they may arrive at a given was over grades sufficiently low for a
U. S. Air Services. destination to find there are no rooms. single engine to pull the train. \Ve had
Tickets for trips in the Soviet Union are dinner every night in the restaurant car
generally delivered but a few hours be- where the menu included caviar, borsch,
On the evening of October 18 was held a
fore the time of departure of the train or shashlik, beef Stroganov, vegetables,
memorial dinner for Alfred E. Smith, in the
Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York. Among plane, so that the traveler is left in un- compote of fruit; and for beverages we
those present was Governor Dewey. The prin- certainty until the last moment as to
cipal speaker was The Honorable Alan G. had beer, Russian wine or tea. Most of
Kirk, United States Ambassador to the Soviet whethe; he will make the trip or not. the distance the track was single ~i:th
Union. When thanking the Chairman for his
warm intraduction, he said, "You all under-
Placin'g obstacles in the way of travel- long sidings for passing. This railroad
stand, certainly, that I am still United States ers is a highly developed art in the Soviet has a 5-foot gauge and the train rode quite
Ambassador to the Soviet Union. Further, as
my speech tonight will necessarily be short, it
Union, and this skill in dragging the feet comfortably. We saw many track gangs,
may contain certain categoric statements for is one which must be weighed in several composed usually of girls plus One man,
which I ask your indulgence, as there is not
other connections. working to keep the roadbed in repair.
the time to explain in detail."
My own travels in the Soviet Union They were laying the rails, or the ties,
JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1952 39
and shifting ballast. They seemed quite The return the following day was by call them, "the other people;' are gone,
happy to do so. At all the stations the train as far west as Novosibirsk, where and gone forever.
station clock kept the hour of Moscow we took a plane, flying in the night in the Certain major points of difference in
e\'en though we were several hours east rain, and stopping at Omsk, Sverdlovsk, the historical background of these people
and Radio Moscow blared out the Party and Kharkov. The pilot was competent, around Moscow may be of interest. We
line at each stop, and in the train itself. brought us down on grass runways, and know that the Great Russians centered
At each station also there was the office of landed us safely at l\loscow airport in the around Moscow were subjected to many
the Security Police, the MVD. On most early morning. invasions from the East. There need only
station platforms there would be for sale be mentioned, in passing, the Golden
chicken, eggs, fruit, sometimes bread.
In Central Siberia the land is rolling, A TRIP of this kind is very instruc-
tive, giving an indication of the size of
Horde or the invasions of the Tartars;
but in the end Moscow prevailed and the
Slavs clung to their land and beat off the
like our western prairies, and has been
brought under rather extensive cultiva- the country, the wide spacing between invaders. It was Ivan the Terrible who
tion. We saw some fields which we esti- towns, the lack of a road-net paralleling stormed the stronghold of the Tartars at
mated to be 5 miles in length and stretch- the railway, and an atmosphere of hustle, Kazan and, to commemorate this victory,
ing over the horizon. They had ob- bustle as of frontier towns. There is had the Crescent placed under the cross,
viously been plowed and sown by mecha- imagination and driving force at work in where it remains to this day.
nized agricultural machinery and we this part of Siberia, which is being When Christianity came to the old
passed a number of Machine Tractor brought under intensive modem cultiva- Russia it came from Byzantium and is
Stations. tion and with new towns and industrial therefore that of the Greek Orthodox
plants springing up at many places. Church. But the Russians did not par-
Let us ask now, who are these people
ON arrival at our destination, the lit- that inhabit the Soviet Union?
tle town of Sludyanka, we were met by Here I am obliged to state that, except
ticipate in the Crusades, nor was there
experienced the great Renaissance, in
our terms, when art, architecture, litera-
the local security representatives who for certain officials of the Ministry of For- ture, and music underwent that tremen-
took us to a small house where we were eign Affairs and certain Soviet employees dous revival which profoundly affected
to spend the night. This was the cus- of my Embassy, I know no Russians. So- our western civilization. There was no
tomary Russian log hut, one story high, viet citizens are not allowed to visit, to Reformation as we knew it, and liberal-
with three small rooms and kitchen. It entertain or to know foreigners. It is not ism in thought was delayed and sluggish.
had been prepared for our reception. A just Americans who are taboo-it is all It is true Catherine the Great was influ-
radio was installed, also a telephone, We foreigners. This may seem extraordinary, enced by the writings of Voltaire, and
were protected by the local militia and at but it is a fact. Can you imagine living some liberal thought did spread from
night the wooden shutters were closed, two years in Rome and knowing no Ital- France prior to the French Revolution;
ostensibly because of an impending hur- ians? Or two years in Paris and knowing but, when that Revolution occurred,
ricane, Our hostess was a fair cook and no Frenchmen? Yet such is the case in Russia closed her doors to all except the
was as hospitable as she could be under the Soviet Union-we Westerners know emigre royalists, and the effect the
the circumstances. Cars were provided no Russians. French Revolution had on western Eu-
for a short trip along the shores of the Therefore, when answering the ques- rope was not duplicated in Russia. You
lake and we were able to hire a dory for a tion, "Who are these people who inhabit will note, therefore, that the historical
row on the lake. the Soviet Union?" my reply has to be background of the Russian people varies
Our principal guide was a Mr. Smir- based on information other than that de- greatly from our own. We Westerners
nov, who was carefully coached to give rived from personal contact with the peo- inherit certain traditions which the Rus-
the most noncommittal of answers to all ple themselves. There are 200 million of sians do not understand, and things we
our simple questions. For example, when them, as we estimate, since no trust- take for granted in the historical sense
we spoke of the lake water being very worthy figures on population have been mean nothing to them.
cold, he said, "Yes, sometimes it was cold issued since 1939; a people of mixed
but sometimes it was warm." We asked races and tribes with the Slavic, or Great
if it were frozen over in winter. He said, Russian type predominating. Even in the N OW the Russia of today, or the So-
viet Union, or the Union of Soviet So-
"Yes, sometimes it was frozen and some- Associated Soviet Socialist Republics it
times it was not." Was there good fish- cialist Republics, is a totalitarian state,
would seem that by translation of popu-
ing? Yes, in some spots, other places, no. based primarily on the theories of Marx,
lation the Slavic strain is now over 50
Did they have violent storms on the lake? Lenin and Stalin, and governed by the
per cent. As it is the policy of the Com- Bolshevik Patty, some 6 million strong
Sometimes they did, sometimes they
munist Party to keep Slavs in control in who rule the remaining 190-odd millions.
didn't. Was it a fact that seals existed
all these areas, the change in populations It is a one-party system with control
in the lake? This he was rather vague in
answering, not having been briefed as has been enormous. For instance, Mos- vested in the Central Committee of the
to that particular question. As a matter cow itself has a population of 5 to 6 Communist Party-and this is a fact, un-
of fact there are, for at some point in the million souls, composed of persons most palatable though it may be to us. Fur-
past, seals swam from the Atlantic Ocean of whom never lived in Moscow before thermore, it is a fact accepted by the
up the Yenisei River, up the Angara, and the Revolution. Needless to say, those masses of the Russian people, too. It is
got into the lake-where they still exist. of the other regime, or as the Russians government by coercion and persuasion.
40 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
It is a nation governed by a new set of educate small groups in face-ta-face con- Kremlin and those of the Historical Mu-
rulers who gained power by force, and tact by explaining a single idea very care- seum one sees on the latter a plaque
the fonner ruling groups have been elim- fully and thoroughly-to the Party's which reads: "Religion is the opium of
inated and are. gone. There are new advantage. It is a form of personal in- the masses." This, on the site of the
people in government, in industry, in doctrination which is most important. famous church of the Iberian Virgin, is.
agriculture, in the arts. They have made Naturally the regime must protect "the highly symbolic of the Communist Par-
technological advances which we must masses" of the people from Western ideas ty's attitude.
not overlook, even though it has often so that thinking may continue along lines Another interesting sidelight-guides.
been by pirating the inventions of other of "truth"-as seen by the Politburo. in museums or galleries when referring
nations. Whereas, in our country we welcome the to dates of past events never use our sys-
This is a young nation with an aver- exchange of ideas with other nations, we tem; that is to say, by A.D. or B.c., but
age age probably between 30 and 35- read their newspapers and books, we always use the term "our era." Thusr
200 million strong and working. There view their plays, we listen to their music, they say "the 5th century of our era," or
are not many old people in Russia but we receive their travelers, in the Soviet "the 3rd century before our era," rather
there are lots of young. In some ways Union that is not true, except for some than the 5th century A.D., or the 3rd
the present situation in the Soviet Union classical works of music, certain classical century Before Christ.
can be compared to that of the United writings, because nothing like this is al- Nevertheless, there is some toleration
States in the early 1800s. They too, are a lowed to take place. of religious practices and customs. There
young race, virile and vigorous, with For current events, only items of for- are regular church services, and the feast
imagination and inspiration. They are eign origin which are critical of the capi- days, such as Easter, are days of great
governed and controlled by an elite Com- talistic world are allowed to be circulated. solemnity and ceremony. The Orthodox
munist Party which works constantly to And news of the outer world is always Church remains a force but not a force
maintain the power of the Party. They colored and distorted to the detriment of against the State; rather is it tolerated by
are likewise an educated people, for the truth. So most citizens of the Soviet the Communist Party because it rein-
schooling is compulsory. There is an Union live in considerable ignorance of forces passivity among the people, and,
urge to learn. They feel that knowledge us as we really are. Their picture of us, in fact, supports the State.
is power. There is competition for ad- and especially of the United States, is
vancement to the higher schools of learn- one of poverty, deprivation, slums, end-
ing. Literacy is widespread, perhaps less toil, low standard of living. This HERE arise other great and grave
reaching even 85 per cent. All want to picture is served to them by the Commu- questions. Can the religious instincts of
learn, all want to know, all want to un- nist Party daily, and to some extent is man, if never nourished, be obliterated
derstand. accepted. Is there any skepticism among by the passage of time? Is it possible that,
bnds little sign of human kindness, com- the people? Most likely, but concealed. after several generations of repression,
this instinct in man will disappear? Can
JANUARY-FEBRUARY,1952 41
ernment has large forces at its disposal.
In the military sphere their strength ap-
pears formidable, although there is cer-
So a menace to our peaceful existence
does exist, whether by subversive meth-
To do this, we of the \ Vestern \ Vorle
must make the necessary sacrifices, and
it may be that our way of life will ha\'t
tainly a lack of industrial capacity for its ods or otherwise, and to compose our to be modified. \Vecannot negotiate
support. Nevertheless, we should remem- differences by negotiation is difficult. with the SO\'iets when we are weak. We
ber that in 34 years the Communist Part" Under the tenets of the Politburo. they must have strength, and our rearmamen:
and the Soviet Government have r~- are always right. . ,
is designed for the purpose of makin,
stored the boundaries of Peter the Great. \ Vhat then is our dut,,?
our voice listened to in negotiations-and
They ha\'e added the satellite states on It seems to me we ~ust refresh our
for that alone.
the \Vest. They have oained the ad- moral and physical strength, keep our
, '"
hesion of China to their doctrine, own ideals bright, and show by our ex-
But our strength must be actual, in I
42 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNA
ANTI AI RCRAFT AI RLIFT
By Sgt. William J. Tobin
FOUR C-46 transport planes of the Army AAA Training Center at Camp moved to the range and began to em-
Tactical Air Command, circling down Stewart. place the equipment which the Train-
from 5.000 feet, landed at Liberty Field. Colonel Lmch led a four-man ad- ing Center had lined up on the firing
Camp Stewart, Ga., one sunny day last vance detail to Camp Stewart fi\'e days line. The guns, directors and radar were
;\lovember, and delivered more than 100 before the main body. This liaison group emplaced and oriented by 4: 30 o'clock,
antiaircraft men to the spacious artillery made arrangements for messing and less than seven hours after the batten'
brina ranaes forty miles from Savannah. billeting of the battery, in addition to had left its home station.
'" '" .
The men who stepped down from the requisitioning necessary ammunition and Seven practice courses were fired the
planes were regarded as among the best completing plans for use of the Camp next day. Rain on the third day delayed
90mm AAt\ gunners in the country- Stewart firing ranges. firing. but three record courses were
and it was their job to provide proof The 107 man main body, including fired during the afternoon. The remain-
in a new training experiment for the Capt. Chidester and two battery officers, der of the record courses were fired on
Armv Antiaircraft Command. loaded onto Four buses at Fort Meade on Thursday, and the equipment cleaned
This flight to the sprawling tent city the morning of November 5 and were and march ordered. Thus the prime mis-
of Camp Stewart was the first airlift of moved to Bolling Air Force Base, vVash- sion of the airlift was accomplished in
a 90mm outfit in the nation's history. ington, D. C. There the four C-46 trans- four days. On Friday, the last day be-
The men who made it were from Bat- ports awaited them, and a short time fore the return flight, the battery cun-
ten' C, 736th AAA Gun Battalion, a iater were airborne with the men and ducted anti-mechanized range firing. On
for'mer Delaware National Guard unit baggage aboard. Each man carried his Saturday morning the men again board-
which had trained at Camp Stewart be- own duffie bag onto the plane on which ed the C-46 transports at Liberty Field,
fore assuming a tactical mission in the he rode. Brig. Gen. Homer Case, com- and were back at Fort Meade in time
Eastern Army Antiaircraft Command. manding general of the 35th AM Bri- for lunch and a week-end pass. General
They were to spend no more than six gade, was on hand to see the airlift un- Armstrong personally wi tnessed the
days, including travel time, in firing a der way. take-off.
regular service practice and completing A little over three hours later the men This first airlift, accomplished with
the return to their home station. were on the ground at Camp Stewart, expected speed, none the less brought
It was the mission of this airlift opera- being welcomed by Maj. Willard Jones to light a number of problems which
tion to determine the practical prob- of the Camp G3 section, personal repre- the experiment was expected to reveal.
lems involved in transporting the per- sentative of Brig. Gen. Claire Armstrong, It demonstrated that it is difficult for
sonnel of an antiaircraft gun battery to commanding general of the Third Army men to take over equipment of another
a distant firing range by airlift, firing AAA Training Center. After a quick unit and fire on a par with past stand-
service practices, and returning to sta- change from their Class "A" traveling ards, without having time to become
tion promptly. That, generally, was the uniform into work fatigues, the men fa.miliar with the idiosyncrasies of the
meat of the matter as conceived by the
Army Antiaircraft Command. Needed
to test the plan was a battery now on
tactical dut\., whose mission actuallv is
affected by the time which must be spent
on the firing range each year.
The assignment fell to the 736th, sta-
tioned at Fort George G. 1\lea de, 1\-ld.,
under the command of Lt. Co\. Frank
T. Lynch. He selected as his firing bat-
ten' one commanded bv a veteran arti]-
ler~' officer who has s~rved 12 \'ears-
both as an enlisted man and offi~er-in
the same Batten. C of the 736th. The
battery comma~der, Capt. Austin C.
Chidester, J r., picked the men to make
he Right for his battery. The only equip-
em the men were to take were uni-
Orms and personal gear-all supplies,
ns, equipment and motor transpor-
Arrival at Camp Stewart. (Left to rigbt): Maj. W'illard Jones, Lieut. Co!. Frank
ation were to come from the Third
Lynch, Capt. A. C. Chidester and men of Btry C, 736th AAA Gun Bn.
ANUARY-FEBRUARY,1952
43
individual pieces of equipment. The However, Colonel Lynch reported, a definite step forward in AAA training.
airlift showed that equipment failure, and the others agreed: "\Ve regard the The officers and men of Battery C en.
particularly the SCR 584 radar, could airlifting of an antiaircraft battery to a joyed the test thoroughly, with a marke(j
hamper the tight firing schedule. firing range for sen'ice practice firing as increase in morale and esprit.
sion includes: testing and developing the area. Two posthumous decorations were
GM artillery, organization and training presented on December I by Major Gen
SCHOOL NOTES
doctrine, tactics, technique and logis- eral John T. Lewis, Commanding Gen
tics; to train cadres and replacements During the fall, classes of the Senior eral, Fort Bliss, to families of men killeJ
for GM units; assist in the conduct of Officers' Guided Missiles Orientation in action in Korea.
engineering and other tests of guided continued with instruction on tactical Mrs. Maria S. Burgess received the
missiles. In addition to the individual,
unit and combined arms training in the
employment of missiles, the group also
employment of surface-to-surface and
surface-to-air missiles, their power plants
and guidance and control systems.
The three-day courses include prac-
Bronze Star with V, in behalf of her
husband, Pfc. Earl J. Burgess. Ignacio
Perez, father of Pfc. Manuel G. Perez
l
provides trained personnel for radio con- received the Purple Heart in a ceremon)
trolled airplane target detachments. tical demonstrations at White Sands and at the American Consulate in Juarez
Units of the group are spread between AAA firing on the ranges. i\lexico.
such widely separated development Major Generals e. D. Palmer, In- Others to receive decorations inciudeJ
centers as Fort Bliss and \Vhite Sands spector of Artillery; A. G. Paxton, com- Sfc. Archie G. Shingledeker who w35
Proving Ground, New Mexico, to Chino manding the 31st Infantry Division, and awarded the Bronze Star for his servict
Lake and Point l\lugu, California. Small T. F. Hickev of the 82nd Airborne Di- in Germany in 1\lay, 1945.
detachments of personnel are frequently vision, were among the ranking mem- Bronze Stars were awarded to the fo!
sent on temporary duty with manufac- bers of the class held December 5-8. lowing for service in Korea: Captait
turing contractors of guided missiles. On December 10, the second OCS Gerald F. Huschmeyer, 2nd OLC; Is:
Recent firing was conducted with the class of 194 students started the 2I-week Lieut. Jose E. Olivares; Spl. Lowell B
Lark and Loon missiles on the Fort course leading to commissions as AAA Anderson; \VOJG George B. Harrell
Bliss range. officers. Gen. Hayden, with Col. R. H. MjSgt. Daniel e. Campbell; Sgt. Jame
Krueger, school commander, welcomed L. Cox, 2nd oLc, and Cpl. Elbert
1\IEETINGS AND VISITORS the new class. Lange.
1\leeting for the first time at Fort During the same week, 137 officers Cpl. James \V. Ballard received til
Bliss, the Permanent Joint Board on graduated from the Associate Battery first OLC to the Purple Heart. T
Defense, Canada-United States, con- Officers' Course No. 35. Other classes awards were made bv, General Havden ,
44 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNA
~RAINING
LITERATURE Army Extension Course Program
Having learned so well that our wars Gunnery. The captain gets in the 40
are largely fought by a citizen army series advanced courses which also in-
By Maj. B. G. Oberlin and also that the effectiveness of this clude tactics and staff functions.
citizen army depends so much upon the The courses are designed primarily for
training and efficiency of its officers, the the ci\'ilian component officer on in-
Ai'HIAlRCRAFf artillerymen will Army has now in full swing its Army active dutv. However, manv officers and
be interested in a book by Colonel \Vil- Extension Course Program. This pro- men on 'active duty are' taking the
liam J. \Vuest, History of Heavy AA Fire gram takes the school to the officer, of- courses on their own volition.
CO/llral alld Materiel, recently published fering in each branch a specific series Completion of these courses affects as-
b\' the AA & G~I Br, TAS. Collecting of practical courses for each grade from signment and promotion and also counts
a~d coordinating the material has been a second lieutenant (20 series) to lieuten- towards retirement credits. However,
hobby with Colonel \\luest for more ant colonel (60 series). perhaps the greatest reward to the indi-
than twent)' years, and many of the Enlisted men also may enroll in the vidual comes from the pleasure in pur-
sources have long been out of print. The ten series to assist them in qualifying suing the course and the satisfaction he
book traces the development of AA guns for commissions. \Varrant officers, too, derives in knowing that he is better
and fire control devices from \Vorld \Var can take this series as well as other qualified practically to perform his du-
I to the end of World War Il in 272 courses applicable to their work.
ties.
pages with 175 illustrations. It is for sale Trojan work has been accomplished For enrollment the procedure is pre-
through the Book Department, AA & at Fort Sill and Fort Bliss in the past scribed in AR 350-300 and SR 350-
G~ I Br, l'AS, Fort Bliss, Texas, at $1.25
few years to bring the Artillery and 300-1. The application is submitted
per copy. Antiaircraft courses up to date to parallel through channels to the Artillery School.
The next six months of the fiscal year the current resident instruction at both Fort Sill, Oklahoma. \Vhen approved
should see a volume of new training lit- schools. As a result of this improvement l'AS sends directly to the studen t texts,
erature on antiaircraft artillery subjects the enrollments have increased at a tre- instructions and the first lesson. There-
including manuals on new materiel, re- mendous rate. \"hile the antiaircraft after the contact is direct. Completed les-
\'isions of existing manuals, changes, and courses are prepared by the AA and GM sons are graded and returned promptly,
new special texts. Some already in prep- School, the extension course programs and so long as the student keeps the
aration are described below. for all artillery officers is administered pace he can progress through the entire
FIELD MANUALS by the Artillery School at Fort Sill. series in a logical sequence without fur-
As an example of the scope, the Anti- ther red tape.
FM 44-33, Service of the AA Fire
aircraft second lieutenant gets in the For further information see your unit
Control System 1'33, was prepared as a
20 series such courses as Map and Aerial instructor or post school officer or direct
training circular but due to its length
Photograph Reading, Military Law, inquiry to the Director, Department of
will be published in manual form. This
Motor Vehicle Operation and Main- Non-Resident Instruction, TAS, Fort
manual will include illustrations of this
tenance, Communications, and AAA Sill, Oklahoma.
new equipment and many schematic dia-
grams.
HI 44-69, Service of the 75mm Gun ing of the materiel, its function, and its Fi\'1 44-38, Service of AA Directors
;"Iount 1'69 (Skysweeper), was also pre- operation. M9, ~19f\1, M9A2, and MIO, is in final
pared as a training circular but will be FM 44-57, Multiple Machine Gun stages of preparation at AA & Gi\1 Br,
published as a field manual. The ma- ~ lounts, is in' the hands of the printer. l'AS. This large, well-illustrated manual
teriel is described in detail and well il- This manual covers the multiple caliber will explain in detail the tests and adjust-
lustrated. This manual, along with the .50 machine-gun mount M45 on the ments for these directors. It will not be
manual on the 1'33, is already in the motor carriage 1\1 16 and the mount ready for distribution before fall, 1952.
hands of the printer. 1\145C on trailer i\120. This combination
SPECIAL TEXTS
F~1 44-19, Examination for AA Artil- is known as the 1\155. The manual illus-
lel)'man, has been printed and is in dis- trates the materiel and describes service ST 44-152, Defense of AAA against
tribution. This manual approaches the of the piece. Distribution is expected by Enemy Ground Attack, is being printed
problem of training and selecting per- February 1952. arid will be distributed this spring. It
sonnel to be known as second class, first FM 44-1, Antiaircraft Artillery Em- will include the ktest techniques in pe-
class, and expert antiaircraft artilleryman ployment has been approved and should rimeter defense developed in Korea.
by outlining the subjects to be covered be printed and in distribution by early 51' 44-153, Service of AA Fire Con-
but leaving the actual preparation of summer. trol System 1'33, is. also stocked at the
questions to an examining board. The F~I 44-60, Service of the 40mm Gun Book Department and may be bought for
Department of the Army thus a\'Oids a and Associated Fire Control Equipment, 75 cents a copy. Until publication of
series of stock questions which put a will be rewritten to permit inclusion of Fi\ I 44-33, this text is used in instruction
premium on a soldier's memory, but may materiel on the improved 40mm gun but at AA & Gi\ I Br, l'AS. It has 220 pages
not bring out his thorough understand- should be printed by late summer, 1952. and 97 illustrations of this new materiel.
JANUARY-FEBRUARY,1952 45
TECH:-;'ICAL ~ I.-\.,",UALS
WITH THE
Ti\ I -H-22.5, Orientation for Artillerv,
is in the hands of the printer and will 38th AAA BRIGADE
be in distribution bv ~Iarch. It contains
up-to-date information on the theor\' and
use of grid reference systems ...
TJ\! 20-300, Use of Radio-Controlled
Airplane Targets, and Ti\1 44-234, AAA
Service Practice. are both in final stages
of preparation. Distribution is expected
by summer 1952.
TRAINIl'\G CmcuLARs
46 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
COMBAT PAY
Statemellt by Gelleral J. LawtOIl Collills, before tIle Sellate Armed Services
Committee, Thursday, April 5, 1951
~Ir. Chairman and ~Iembers of the for extending hazardous duty pay to the tion would evidence would be more im-
Committee: combat soldier in Korea is logical and portant than the pay itself to them and
There is a time-honored principle of compelling. For not only would it re- to their loved ones.
our democracy that those who in their move an inequity that has existed in It would be fundamental in the estab-
work brave extra hazards shall receive our pay system for the servicemen in lishment of combat duty pay for combat
extra recompense. Korea, but it would also have a very personnel that it should go to those who
This principle has in the past been salutary effect upon the morale-and actually incur that hazard. As far as the
carried over into the military field by consequently upon the combat effective- Army is concerned, only approximately
the Congress when it enacted legislation ness-of the fighting men in Korea. 60 per cent of its personnel in Korea
to provide the present scales of pay for would receive this pay; the bulk of it
servicemen. Consequently, Army para-
chutists, Navy submariners, Air Force,
Navy and ~Iarine Hying personnel, and
T HE provision ~f combat duty pay
for the front-line soldier would afford
would go to front-line units which are
composed of infantry and the support-
ing elements such as artillery, engineer,
others, are currently receiving extra com- him some measure of recognition for his medical and others. I believe this is as
pensation for those periods of their serv- vital role in the defense of our Nation. it should be, and assure the members
ice during which they incur extra haz- Such recognition has been long overdue. of the Committee that in the Army this
ards. It seems that we must learn and re- principle would be strictly adhered to.
learn with every war that the ultimate
48 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
"Sth AAA GU.1 Batta~ion The New Revision
In Air Defense
IS
Available
NOW,
Inside U.S.A.
rear all over Korea, the 78th AAA Gun
Battalion is now deployed in air defense.
It provides antiaircraft protection for a
has been completely revised and brought
front and other important installations in
up to date, so that it reflects the many
support of the Eighth Army and Air important changes that have taken place
Force and Naval facilities. in this country since the book's original
All of the batteries have organized publication. The additional material in-
cludes:
strong positions. Some are dug in with
• The Kefauver investigation
a rather familiar pattern; others have
GOR 78th AAA Gun Bn (90mm). Plot- • The d,alt Eisenhower movement
found it necessary to build up the posi- Communist infiltration in Hollywood
ters seated and stalldillg at operatiollS
tions. Atomic bomb experiments in Nevada
table: L. to R.: Pfc Fisher, Pfc Petcovic,
• End of the Pendergast machine in Kan-
\Vhile the enemy air activity over its Sfc Jensen. At tbe pbolles: L. to R.: sas City
area has been entirely negligible, and Capt. Yamaki, Capt. Cachiotti, M Sgt • The firing of MacArthur
spasmodic at that, the battalion has had Nagy, M Sgt Miller (n~w WOJG), • The Alger Hiss conviction
• The execution of Willie McGee
thirteen firing engagements with enemy Maj. Harris. Stall ding at rear: Lt. Co!.
• The birth control flght in Massachusetts
aircraft and claims two probable kills . Parrott. • The election of Impellitteri in New York
Lt. Col. John B. Parrott assumed com- City
It can also be said with equal certitude that very \Ve trust that the word is also reaching the over-
few people have any doubt about the design of head installations and the higher staffs with equal
Soviet Hussia. It mav be recalled that within the effectiveness.
last eleven years Soviet Hussia has been increas- The purpose is clear and worthy of our deter-
ing its tributary territory at the astounding rate of mined effort: to build, equip, and maintain more
forty-four square miles an hour. If we should per- combat strength with the funds and manpower
mit the strength of the other nations of the free available. l'vlore combat strength means more com-
world to continue to be added to the strength of bat battalions and more combat supporting units.
the Communists, then surely our own freedom ]\/Ianpower economy in all other activities offers
would ultimately be destroyed. \Ve therefore find one key to the solution.
ourselves in what ought to be a genuine partner- Much of the secondary activity is essential, but
ship with the other free nations for the security in all of it there is the eternal tendency toward
of all. empire building and the elaboration of fringe pro-
The underlying philosophy of our national-pre- grams. One great handicap to manpower economy
paredness program makes considerable sense. But is the oversized staff with its tendency to hedge, re-
we do take very serious objection to the extrava- strict, hamper and tax the subordinate commander.
gant means that are currently being employed to It is a task which the Army must do for itself.
strengthen the ramparts of free institutions every- \Ve cannot rely on management engineers and
where. efficiency experts to do the job for us. It is a com-
vVe have been, and are continuing to be extraor- mand responsibility. And it is frequently necessary
dinarily wasteful and prodigal in practically every to wield the axe to achieve results.
phase and aspect of the national-defense program." One swallow does not make a summer. One
drive will not finish the problem. This we have
'The only faltering ray of sunshine on the pres- with us always.
so ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
BOOK REVIEWS
RED CHINA'S FIGHTING HORDES. By WHAT OF THE NIGHT. By Ernest l. indicated in the folIowing quotation:
Lieut. Colonel Robert B. Rigg. Military Klein. Farrar, Straus and Young. New "If the war, with all of its disastrous
Service Publishing Company. 378 York. 268 Pages; $3.00.
consequences, is to be a\'oided, both na-
PageS. $3.75.
Dr. Klein planned first to write this tions must cease the further development
The rapid rise from the ragged Com- book as a diary of his tour of the \Vorld of that unreasoning mutual hatred, be-
munist guerrilla army that existed in in 1946 and experiences as a special as- gotten of fear, which has sprung up
194-1to a relatively well-equipped and sistant to Ambassador Edwin \V. Paule\' since the war; they must sacrifice a meas-
formidable ground army currently en- on the Heparations Commission. As actu- ure of their assumed self-righteousness,
gaged in Korea and presently a serious ally published it is primarily a study of and must learn to talk calmly and in an
threat to Indo-China, offers a fascinat- the present world conRict, enlivened open-minded manner about topics on
ing study in modern military achieve- with an interesting narrative of his ex- which they are in disagreement, and they
ment. periences. must cease their perpetual vilifications;
Colonel Higg served as assistant mili- He moves to the crux of the matter on they must take the determination of fu-
tan' attache in China in 1945-48 and page I: "The United States and Hussia, ture policies out of the hands of the mili-
had a splendid opportunity to observe the only surviving titans, confront one tary; and they must learn to practice
at firsthand the action of the Chinese another with hostile eyes. Between them- some of the democracy they both preach."
~ationalist Forces against the victorious selves they divide the world." After all, Henry \Vallace and others
Communists. I-Ie outlines in all clarity Born in Chicago, but reared and edu- have entertained like hopes in the past.
the ruthless and relentless methods used cated in Germany, Austria, Switzerland But can we now find much further basis
to build this impressive fighting force and France, Dr. Klein has an insight into for wishful thinking?
in a nation that has long been regarded European and Asiatic history which Dr. Klein's report of what the Hussians
as among the vVorld's most backward. many of us lack. With this insight he did with industrial plants in 1\Ianchuria
The initial chapters of the book de- writes two outstanding chapters, The and Korea is very illuminating.
scribe the PLA CPeaple's Liberation ConRict of Empire and TIle ConRict of Many of our readers wilI find particu-
Army) high command. The Hed lead- Ideologies. Here he develops the conRict lar interest in that Dr. Klein is a brother
ers. their background and experience in between the East and the \Vest and that of Brig. Gen. Julius Klein, former com-
the long civil war in China and the our present conRict is not just one against mander of the 109th AAA Brigade in the
war against the Japanese invader give communism but rather against Stalinism, IlIinois National Guard. -CSH.
a comprehensive picture of their indi- a combination of communism, oriental
ridual make-up and methods of opera- despotism, Pan-Slavic nationalism, and AMERICAN CAMPAIGNS. By Matthew
tion. Hussian imperialism. Forney Steele. Combat Forces Press,
Washington, D. C., 1951. 2 Volumes.
Training, equipment, size and char- In his study of the problems of Ger-
acter of the various armv commands of many the author evinces strong feeling. A new edition of Steele's Campaigns is
the PLA are dealt with ~xtensively and The Nazis are Germans and the Ger- a recognition of the fact that it still
the author's description of the Chinese mans are Nazis, and he bitterly opposes stands among the best contributions in
Red soldier is a most absorbing account any idea of permitting the development the field of military history made by an
of this individual segment of mass can- of any war potential there ever. On the American. First published in 1909 as a
non fodder that is so ruthlessly expend- contrary, his treatment of Hussia is en- vVar Department document, it quickly
ed by the Hussian-trained and indoctri- tirely dispassionate. \Vhile this contrib- became a standard textbook in our mili-
nated leaders. utes to the readability of the study, we tary schools and has remained one ever
General 1\lao Tse-tung, the Hed dic- find ourselves in disagreement with since. The sections dealing with military
tator, is said not to fear Atom-bombs many of the author's conclusions. operations in the Civil \Var campaigns
a.ndhis whole philosophy of war as out- Dr. Klein's study is not one in support have established it as a classic in schol-
hned by Colonel Rigg, should make of our present international policies. His arly historical research and writing.
important reading to alI military person- conclusion that we should "put our own As in earlier editions, this one appears
nel who may face the Chinese Com- house in more satisfactory and more in two volumes, the first containing the
munists in Korea or elsewhere in the durable order before we attempt, Atlas- narrative, the second maps. It is in the
Waragainst Soviet terror. like, to shoulder the world" will strike a latter volume that decided changes have
!he book is well and interestingly big response. And likewise his sugges- been made. Thanks to larger sized pages
Wnllen and will contribute to the knowl- tion that we need to cultivate "true allies, and the cooperation of the Department
edge of those whose business it should not merely mercenaries." of 1\lilitary Art and Engineering at the
be to "Know Your Enemy." -H\VO. However, the author's main theme is United States Military Academy headed
JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1952 51
by Co!. Thomas Stamps which supplied old (young would be a more appropriate
accurate and detailed maps based on word), can turn out two as amusing
fuller information than that which origi- books as these, it must be a good Army,
nall~' was a,'ailable to the author, the after all. The fact that one is a retired
map volume is a distinct impro\'ement enlisted man, and the other is the widow History of the
over those in former editions. An inno- of 1'laj. Gen. Fox Conner, may appear to
vation of questionable value however is make the matter more remarkable, but
the double column spread in the text. anyone who has known the Army at all
Since the author first prepared his fa- well in the last fifty years will know that
mous lectures for publication nearly a it would be hard to decide whether
half century ago, much new evidence Mart\. 1'laher or 1'lrs. Conner had more
has been found by Freeman, \Villiams friends among the "brass."
and others which has shed additional General Eisenhower is a case in point.
Antiaircraft
light on contrO\'ersial points and forced From 1921 on, he was closely associated
scholars to differ with some of Steele's with General Conner, serving for several
conclusions. The work as a whole how- years on his staff. For Sergeant Maher Command
ever has borne up remarkably welL a he breaks "a long-standing and inflexible
tribute to the thorough and objective policy" by writing a foreword for his
manner in which it was originally pre- book. He records that "1'larty first be-
pared. Its weakness is that of most writ- came my particular friend in 1912," and
ing on military matters in the past. The savs that his foreword is "a testament of
Complete and authentically com-
emphasis is entirely on combat. Admin- th~ admiration and affection one soldier
istrative, organizational, and logistical feels for an old friend, associate and piled World War II History of the
problems of war are almost completely helper." AAA in the Pacific.
ignored. \Vhile battle must rightly be MAJ. GEN. H. \V. BLAKELEY,
viewed as "the pay-off," all factors bear- USA (Ret.) Armed Force.
ing on the outcome must be considered ---0---
DANGER SPOT OF EUROPE. By Alan
and evaluated by the historian. Victory,
Houghton Broderick. Philosophical li-
especially since the industrial revolution, brary. 192 Pages; $3.75. Complete data on all units at-
has gone almost without exception to the
\Vest Germany, most exposed region tached, from activation until end
belligerent who has brought the greater
in \\'estern Europe, is the tinderbox
strength in men and sinews of war to the of war.
which could set off \Vorld vVar III if
battlefield.
the Soviet rulers should so decide.
The value of Steele's contribution to
Mr. Broderick has paid this country
historical writing is not to be found so
another visit to revive memories for him-
much in doctrines he expounds or tactics
self and to find how they are living
he describes as in his objective approach
now. \Vhat thev think of the Ameri- • Illustrations
and his recognition of basic principles,
cans, British, French, Russians. He loves
many of which are as old as man's organ-
the scenery, the vineyards, the wine and
• Locations and dates t,
ized efforts to protect himself or do \'io- • Decorations
the people of the Rhine valleys. And
lence to a neighboring group. In these
he understands something of their in- • Statistical data
times of great scientific ad\'ance and
dustrial problems, too.
rapid economic and social change, it is
An unconventional, stimulating, read-
easy to become confused and lose sight of ---0---
able travel book, written from the British
the things that have permanence. For
viewpoint.
the military man interested in advancing
himself professionally, Steele's classic $2.00 Limited Edition $2.00
should serve as a stabilizing influence. OFFICIAL ARMY HISTORIES
COL. L. J. 1'lEYER WORLD WAR II
Cross-Channel Attack $ 5.25 Order 'rom
BRINGING UP THE BRASS: My 55 Guadacanal: The First Offen-
Years at West Point, By Sergeant sive . 4.00 ANTIAIRCRAFT
Marty Maher (with Nardi Reeder Okinawa: The Last Battle . 7.50
Campion!. David McKay Co. 237 The Lorraine Campaign . 10.00 JOURNAL
Pages; $3.00. The Organization of Ground
Combat Troops .. , . 3.25 631 Pennsylvania Ave., N,W.
WHAT FATHER FORBADE. By Virginia
The Procurement and Training
Conner. Dorrance & Co. 219 Pages;
of Ground Combat Troops .. 4.50 Washington, D. C.
$3.00.
Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans
vVhen two authors, both of whom and Preparations .... , ... 3.75
have spent most of their lives on army Washington Command Post:
posts and are close to seventy-five years The Operations Division ... 3.25
52 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL
The upper age limit for original en-
listment in National Guard di\;sions
remains at 35.
Need More Indians!
To THE EDITOR:
One of the problems encountered in
modem line units is the de\'elopment
General Lemnitzer In Korea .AAA Display Draws Thousands of leadership in junior noncommissioned
~Iajor General Lyman L. Lemnitzer, On November II, 1951, Battery 0, officers. \Ve hear comments about the
formerly commander of the II th Air- 41st AAA Gun Battalion C90mm) fur- lack of it. Let us examine to see if there
borne Division at Fort Campbell, Ken- nished a detachment of three officers and are reasons for this prevalent problem
lUch, arrived in T okvo earl\' in Decem- 101 enlisted men to demonstrate antiair- other than the too common phrase,
ber !w air to take co~mand of the 7th craft guns, radar and fire control equip- "Iack of leadership."
Infan'try Division in Korea. ment in l\liddletown, N. Y. In the reduced strength of a 120mm
During the past four years as Vice Major General Paul W. Rutledge, AAA gun battery, TO&E 44-117, there
President of the Coast Artillery Associa- Commanding General, Eastern Army are three officers, one warrant officer
tion and the Antiaircraft Association, AA Command, arranged for the display and 108 enlisted men. In the enlisted
General Lemnitzer has been active in which attracted wide interest among the strength there are 3 E-7, 9 E-6, 22 E-5
promoting and directing the publication civilian population. and 30 E-4, a total of 64 NCO's, leav-
of this JOURNAL. Similar displays of equipment were ing 40 EM below the NCO grade.
given by the unit at Stewart AF Base and Could it be these junior noncommis-
2nd AAA Group \Vest Point, N. Y. First Lieutenant sioned officers are lacking in leadership
The 2nd AAA Group at Camp Ed- Lloyd E. Webb is battery commander. simply because they do not have the op-
wards completed in December Exercise The 41st is commanded by Lt. Colo- portunity to practice those qualities that
"Helpful," carried out in con junction nel Carl F. Chirico; it is a part of the make leaders? Are the proportions cor-
with the I5Ist AC and \V Group, 16th AAA Group, Fort Hancock, under rect?
U.s.A.F. Colonel Charles G. Patterson, Colonel Fred J. Woods.
\Ve realize of course that the battery
Group Commander, and Colonel Con- operates and maintains expensive and
Co!. McGarraugh Returns
nelly of the Air Force arranged this inter- complicated equipment in its guns, ra-
esting exercise and staged it in prepara- Colonel Riley E. l\1cGarraugh, for-
dar, director, power plants and electronic
tion for Exercise "Snowfall," which merly the Executive of the AAA Section
equipment. And that requires person-
begins in January. We plan to publish FEC in Tokyo, returned to the States in
nel with high degree skills. However,
an article in the l\larch-April JOURNAL January for duty in \Vashington, D. C. I am still old-fashioned and it seems to
outlining the highlights of the exercise. During the past year as the Far East rep-
me the old concept of a private first
resentative of the JOURNAL,Colonel Mc-
class plus a specialist rating was good.
Former AAA Officers in Civil Garraugh has rendered invaluable serv-
ice in promoting and submitting articles There is also another matter. Con-
Defense
and photographs on the action in Korea. stantly in our organization and opera-
j\lajor General John L. Homer, Chi- tions it is pertinent to give the NCO a
cago, lIIinois; Brig. General \VilIiam Colonel Aloysius J. Lepping has re-
placed Colonel McGarraugh as Major definite job and pin the responsibility
Hesketh, Bridgeport, Connecticut; and on him. Take the I and E NCO. His
Gen. Marquat's Executive and as our
Colonel Donald L. Dutton, Newark, importance is rightly stressed, so let's
represen tative.
Delaware, were prominent in the Na- add on school applications, all educa-
tional Conference of State Directors of Gen. McConnell To FECom. tion activities, keeping required charts
Ci\'il Defense held in Washington, Jan-
Brig. Gen. Frank C. McConnell, for- up-ta-date and make it a full duty as-
uarv 8th to II tho Thev were received bv signment. He would certainly have
merly Commanding General, Camp
the' President at the' \Vhite House ;t
Gordon, Georgia, has recently been trans- leadership opportunities galore in such
nOOnon January the 11th.
ferred to FEC. His new assignment in a setup.
FEC has not been announced. Another question also arises, are too
Colonel Foote Retires
rigid l\10S boundaries a barrier to lead-
Colonel \Villiam Cooper Foote retires National Guard Raises Enlistment ership development? In each MOS I
for age in \Vashington, D. C., on Jan- Age For AAA Units would designate a group of related
uary the 31st, having completed almost l\lajor General Raymond H. flem- schools to be flexible but consistent in
43 years of service. Colonel Foote's last ing, Chief of the National Guard Bureau, constructing such a group. For instance,
assignment was in the office of the Sec- has announced that qualified individuals a Mechanic, 4014, wants to further his
retary of the Army where he has served through the age 17 to 55 will be ac- schooling. You decide to send him to
for the past two years as President of cepted for re-enlistment in National Automotive Fuel and Electrical System
the Army Discharge Review Board. Guard nondivisional AAA units if they Repair which trains him for MOS 3912.
Colonel and Mrs. Foote will reside in have at least one year of previous honor- This MOS is unauthorized, but is con-
their Washington home at 3408 Lowell able service in the Armed Forces of the sistent with the automotive repair and
Street, N.\V. United States. maintenance field and also with bat-
JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1952 53
tery requirements for long field service. which exist in our branch and your ef- cal support. More detailed discussions o!
If such schooling could be provided, forts to solve these problems are appre- this important matter will be forthcom.
it would give personnel an incentive to ciated. We are always available to you ing at a later date.
improve their skills. Improyed skill for development of any of your new 15th AAA AW Bn. JAMES M. MOORl;
brings confidence. Lack of confidence ideas to improve the accuracy of anti- Korea. Lt CoI, Arty
is a major failing among young soldiers aircraft artillerv fire, and I think yOU
who suddenly find themseh.es super- are courageous' to put out these arti~les To the Editor
yisors. Secure in their knowledge of their to stimulate the thought of others. If a Many of your readers will regret to ..
field, they can move more confidently. decent opportunity presents, I will sub- hear that Antonio Sarubbo, 69, died in
Our y~ung soldiers still have the in- mit some articles on AM in the Far the Dixie Hospital on January the 10th.
herent ability if we develop it properly. East Command. Tony the Barber was a fine man, an
JOHN1. HANCOCK Best regards, artist of sorts, and a mine of informatiOll
WOJG on the whereabouts, status and activities
40th AM Brigade JAMESG. DEVINE
APO 713 Brig. Gen., USA of Coast Artillerymen. He must have
75th AAA Gun Battalion
worked here, first at the Sherwood Inn
To The Editor To the Editor: and later at the Chamberlin, for more
than forty years and hundreds of service
Received your copy of "Better Wind The JOURNALis getting ever better.
men will remember him with affection.
Data" for comment. My staff and the How General Marquat finds time for
An impressive turnout of military men
faculty members of the Far East Anti- his invaluable contributions only he can
headed by Gen. Clark and six other
aircraft Artillery School have conducted tell, but they contain a treasure house
general officers, active and retired, at.
a study and commented on your article. of AAA in its broadened and deepened
tended the funeral services.
A series of tests were performed to de- role.
Old Point Comfort, PAULB. KELLY
termine the difference in wind data ob- I welcome Colonel Hatch's reply to
Va. Brig. Gen. (Ret.:
tained using the plotting method and what seemed to me a most inexplicable
the simplified method outlined in your attack on military justice by Prof. Keeffe. Four New AAA Groups At Stewan
article. The simplified tables in TM My experiences check with Colonel Group commanders have been as.
20-241 were used in lieu of your wind Hatch's capable and thorough rebuttal signed to the four new groups to be
speed computer. of the charges. Well done! activated at Camp Stewart, Ga.
Results of these tests indicated that RUSSELLK. HAVIGHORST Colonel Murry J. Martin has been or.
the wind azimuth differed by approxi- Miami, Fla. Col. Arty., USAR dered from Chicago to the 7th AAA
mately 100 mils and the wind speed by Group; Colonel William A. Cauthen.
two (2) miles per hour. Since wind To the Editor Washington, Ga., to the 14th AAA
azimuth can be set in the computer only Enclosed you will find a roster of the Group; Colonel William J. Wuest from
to the nearest 100 mils and wind speed officers assigned to the battalion, together Fort Bliss to command the 6th AAA
to the nearest four (4) miles per hour, with a Post Office Money Order for sub- Group and Colonel Walter J. Rude, San
it is considered an unnecessary require- scriptions from all who do not presently Francisco to head the 13th AM Group.
ment to compute wind data more ac- subscribe. Thus, the 15th AM will re-
curately than the capabilities of the tain its status on the Honor Roll. 208th AAA Group To Meade
equipment. Weare now engaged in drawing up The 208th AAA Group, commanded
Your method is, however, a sound some additional articles for the JOURNAL, by Colonel Howard S. Ives, has recentl~
workable solution to the problem, but and they should reach your office early moved from Camp Stewart, Ga. to For.
it appears you have offered quicker wind next year. For the past month we have Meade, Md., where it becomes a part 01
data and not better wind data. Accurate been firing M16s in support of infantry, the 35th AAA Brigade under Brig. Gen
wind data is obtained using rawin. using indirect fire on observed and har- Homer Case.
Your method and methods outlined assing and interdiction fire missions. We
in TM 20-241, properly employed pro- have fired more than 1,500,000 rounds;
vide data sufficiently accurate for AM and while we've learned a lot, we still
purposes. Extremely accurate wind data have much to learn. I hope to incorpo-
THE HARD WAY HOME
is not the single solution to AAA diffi- rate our experience and conclusions in an
culties. The major difficulty in obtain- article for the JOURNALafter we have By Col. William C. Braley
ing accurate trial fire results can gen- completed this mission and digested its
erally be attributed to lack of proper results. The infantry loves it. From Corregidor to Manchuria-
pre-firing checks of materiel, failure to vVe are looking forward to Colonel the author describes life and condi-
properly check cable systems, careless Henry's article on attachment of batteries
tions in eight Japanese prison camps
orientation procedure, and inadequate to RCTs in close support. Our view is
supervision of personnel in performance that any advantages gained relative to op- during World War II.
of the "routine" but necessary prepara- erational control are more than offset by
tion for, and then the actual conduct difficulties encountered in improper tac- NOW-$1.98
of, fire. tical utilization of M16s and M19s by
Your interest in the many problems the infantry, administration and logisti-
54 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURN.Al
. ~.. d l
-
ARTILLERY ORDERS
DA Special Orders Covering Noyember 1, 1951 through December 31,1951.
Promotions and Demotions not included.
COLONElS Stephens, Richard H., to Far East Comd, Yoko- Daugherty, Temple J., to Fort Bli~s, Texas .
.~dams. Edward F., to USA Alaska. Ft. Richard- hama. Japan. Davis. Joseph A .. to Stu Det AAA & GM BR
son. Swain. Oren, to Army War College, Carlisle Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex .•
Bowers. Alvin 1'., to Far East Comd., Yoko- Bks. Penna. Deming, Philip L., to Far East Comd, Yoko-
hama, Japan. Tall, Charles H., Jr., to Far East Comd, Yoko- hama, Japan.
Brill. Albert S., to EUCOM, Bremerhaven. hama, Japan. Donahue, Theodore R., to Far East Comd,
Bush, Ernest L., to Hq 4th Army, Fl. Sam Van SI)'ke, Thomas G., to Far East Comd, Yo- Yokohama, Japan.
Houston, Texas. kohama, Japan. Eckert. Thomas A., to Stu Det ASA TC 862nd
urer. George P., FEC, Yokohama, Japan. Wrinstead, Elton D., to USA Caribbean, Ft AAU Ft Devens, Mass.
Dixon, Fred, to Army Sec Joint Air Def Bd Amador, CZ. Ellis, Allan R., to Far East Comd, Yokohama,
S621st AAU Ent AFB, Colorado Springs, Wright, Wm. P., Jr., to 3rd Army 77th AAA Japan.
Colorado. Gun Bn, Cp Stewart, Ga. Fuller, Edgar D., Jr., to Far East Comd, Yoko-
Eliery. Frederick W., to Army War College, MAJORS hama, Japan.
Carlisle Bks., Penna. Homer K., Jr., to Far East Comd,
Ames, Harold Wr., to USA Forces Antilles, San Gardner,
Follansbee, Conrad G., to 4th Army 430Sth Juan, PRo Yokohama, Japan.
ASU Texas ORC Instr Gp., w/sta., Dallas, Bull. Frederick G., to Ps)'war Det., Ft Riley, Gillespie, Berkele)' S.. to Far East Comd, Yo-
Texas. Kansas. kohama, Japan.
Hall. Francis G .. to Stu Det Armed Forces Staff Carr, Emmert R., to 4th Army 40S4th ASU Gordon, Walter A., Jr., to Far East Comd, Yo-
College, Norfolk, Virginia. AAA & GM BR, Art)' Sch, Ft Sill, Okla. kohama, Japan.
Kopcsak, Peter )., to US Naval Forces Ea & Conlyn, Andrew G., to Far East Comd, Yoko- Hall, Earle c., to Far East Comd, Yokohama,
Med, Naples, Italy. hama, Japan. Japan.
Martin. D. D., 19th AAA Group, Ft. Meade, Crowe. Francis J., to Far East Comd, Yoko. Hampton, John W., to Far East Comd, Yoko-
:-ld. hama, Japan. hama, Japan.
Raymond, Charles W., to Stu Det Armr Lang Deluce. Louis F., to Far East Comd, Yokohama, Hoppe, Woodrow c., to Far East Comd, Yoko.
Sch.. Monterey, Calif. Japan. hama, Japan.
Wahle. Carl B., to 2nd Army 230Sth ASU Wr Garcia. Obaldo, to 3rd Army 47th AAA Brig, Irish, Seymour 1.., to Far East Comd, Yoko-
Va NG Instr Gp, Charleston, \X'. Va. Cp Stewart, Ga. hama, Japan.
LIEUTENANT COLONElS Glover, Francis H., to Far East Comd, Yoko- Kotick, John F., to Far East Comd, Yokohama,
Best. George W., Jr., to 71st AAA GUN Bn, hama, Japan. Japan.
Ft Belvoir, Va. Grabove, Maxwell, to 3rd Army 47th AAA McGilton, Howard J., to Stu Det AAA & GM
Brunzell. Robert L., to European Comd, Bremer- Brig, Cp Stewart, Ga. BR, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex.
haven, German)'. Kusserow, Oliver A., to 6th Army 2S0th AAA McGinn, Bo)'d, to 2S0th AAA Gp, Ft Baker,
Clark, Howard K., to Far East Comd, Yoko- Gp., Ft Baker, Calif. Calif.
hama, Japan. Maldeis, Albert F., Jr., to USA Alaska, Ft. McMullin, George W., to 1st Army 16th AAA
Cuthbert, Clarence 1'., to Far East Comd, Yoko- Richardson. Gp, Ft Hancock, NJ.
hama, Japan. Maris, John G., to IOSth AAA Opns Det Miller, Robert E., to Far East Comd, Yokohama.
Ferre. Nevin F., to Far East Comd, Yokohama, Indiantown Gap Mil Res, Indiantown Gap, Japan.
Japan. Penna. Mitchell, Robert Jr., to Far East Comd, Yoko-
Gibbons, Ulrich G., to Stu Det Armed Forces Meehan, Robert L., to Far East Comd, Yoko- hama, Japan.
Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia. hama, Japan. Parks, David H., to Far East Comd, Yokohama,
Harper, William E., to Far East Comd, Yoko- Mock, Alfred )., to Far East Comd, Yokohama, Japan.
hama, Japan. Japan. Patton, Roy c., to 40S2nd ASU AAA & GM
Harve)', Albert W., to 4th Army 40S2nd ASU Peterson, Oscar K., to European Comd, Bremer- BR, Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Texas.
AAA & GM Center, Fort Bliss. Texas. haven, Germany. Sarmiento, Ignacio M., to 9th AAA Gun Bn,
Hennessy, James 1'., to Far East Comd, Yoko- Robotkay, Henr)' J., to Far East Comd, Yoko- Ft Winfield Scott, Calif.
hama, Japan. hama, Japan. Shaver, George E., to Far East Comd, Yoko-
Heyenga, Lawrence E., to Far East Comd, Scruggs, William R., Jr., to Far East Comd, hama, Japan.
Yokohama, Japan. Yokohama, Japan. Shine, Dudley S., III., to USA Caribbean, Ft
Hines, Carol c., to 4th Army 40S2nd ASU Strunk, Charles E., to 4th Army 6016th ASU Amador, CZ.
AAA & GM BR., Arty Sch, Fort Bliss, Texas. Yuma Test Sta., Yuma, Arizona. Stafford, Nicholas 1'., Jr., to Far East Comd,
Hood, Ralph E., to U S Army Alaska, Ft. Rich- Wantuck, Louis R., to Far East Comd, Yoko- Yokohama, Japan.
ardson. hama, Japan. Trebilcock, Charles H., to Far East Comd, Yo-
Husse)', William J. A., to Stu Det Armed CAPTAINS kohama, Japan.
Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia. Alarcon, Arthur E., to Far East Comd, Y oko- Troska, Adam, to European Comd, Bremer-
Isbell, William H., Jr., to Far East Comd, hama, Japan. haven, Germay.
Yokohama, Japan. Barrett, Joseph W., to 1st Army 16th AAA '\(reber, John A., to Far East Comd, Yokohama,
Keller, Stanley R., to 1st Army 38th AAA Gun Gp, Ft Hancock, N). Japan.
Bn, Cp Ed wards, Mass. Barrie, William, to Far East Comd, Yokohama, Williams, Ralph c., to Far East Comd, Yoko-
Lancey, William S., to USA Caribbean, Fort Japan. hama, Japan.
Amador CZ Barrow, Harry W., to Far East Comd, Yoko- Wolz, Russell, to Far East Comd, Yokohama,
Lessard, Wilfr~d E., Jr., to Far East Comd, hama, Japan. Japan.
Yokohama, Japan. Buckley, John L., to Far East Comd, Yokohama, Wright, Jack W., to Hq Army AA Comd
McDonald, Robert B., to Far East Comd, Y oko- Japan. 8S77th AAU Ent AFB., Colorado Springs,
hama, Japan. Colo. 4
Bullington, '\(rinston E., to Far East Comd,
Millett, Edward B., to U S Army Alaska, Fl. Yokohama, Japan. FIRST LIEUTENANTS
Richardson. Calcote, Robert M., to Stu Det AA & GM BR,
Montrone, Alfred, to Armed Forces Staff Col- Arty Sch., Ft Bliss, Texas. Atchinson, Thomas E., to 40S2d ASU AA &
lege, Norfolk, Va. GM Br Arty Sch, Fl. Bliss, Tex.
Cameron, Howard S., to Far East Comd, Y oko-
Morse, Henry P., to 4th Army 40S4th ASU hama, Japan. Baldwin, Elmer F., to 2S0th AAA Gp, Ft Baker,
to; AAA & GM Br., Arty Sch., Ft. Sill, Okla. Cantwell, Robert c., to U 5 Army Alaska, Ft Calif.
• aylor, Arthur 5., to 4th Army 4OS2nd ASU Richardson. Bexk, Ralph A., to Far East Command, Yoko-
c.t'AA & GM Center, Fort Bliss, Texas. Cornelios, Lee c., to 4th Army 40S2nd ASU hama, Japan.
"Uluelke, Ernst R., to USA Caribbean, Ft AAA & GM Center, Fort Bliss, Texas. Boyles, \X'illiam W., to Eastern Army AA
Amador CZ Crawford, John c., Jr., to 4th Arm)' 40S2nd Comd, Stewart AFB, New York.
Selsor, M~rk A., Jr., to 3rd Army S6th AAA ASU AAA & GM BR, Arty Sch., Fort Bliss, Brenneman, Curvin E., Jr., to Far East Com-
Gun Bn, Cp Stewart, Ga. Texas. mand, Yokohama, Japan.
JANUARY - FEBRUARY, 1952 5S
Byrnes, George J., to Far East Command, Yo- Everly, Jack C, to Far East Command, Yoko-
kohama. Japan. hama, Japan.
Canter. Earl W., to Far East Command, Yoko-
hama. Japan.
Felvey, Jones, 2nd., to 4052d ASU AAA and
GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.
THE
Cantrell,
Yokohama,
Warren
Japan.
G., to Far East Command, Fitz,l;erald, Paul E., to 726th AAA Gun Bn,
Sandia Base, N Mex.
OFFICERS' GUIDE
Chambers. Robert Wl., to Far East Command, Foster, Dante F.. to Far East Command, Yoko-
Yokohama, Japan. hama. Japan.
1951 Edition
Chaplesky, Marion P., to 47th AAA Brig, Cp Greene, Dorsey B., Jr., to 4052d ASU AAA
Stewart, Ga. and GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex. _
Etzold, David E .. to 4052d ASU AAA and Hampton, David R., to 4052d ASU AAA and
GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex. GM Cen. Ft Bliss. Tex.
Ford. William W .. to 4052d ASU AAA and Hares. Chester K.. to US Army Alaska, Ft
GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex. Richardson, Alaska.
Fort, Daniel M .. to Far East Command, Yoko- Hayes. Robert 1., to Stu Det AA & GM Br
hama, Japan. , Arty Sch. Ft Bliss, Tex.
Garvey, George F., to Far East Command, Yo- Haynes, Francis J .. to US Army Alaska, Ft
kohama. Japan. Richardson, Alaska.
Garlor, \X'alter K., Jr., to Far East Command, Hedgepath, William T., Jr., to Far East Com-
Yokohama, Japan. mand. Yokohama. Japan.
Havrilla, Frank, to Far East Command, Yoko- Hemmin,l;, Norbert G., to 3444th ASU Cp
hama, Japan. Stewart, Ga.
Kratch, Harold F., to Stu Det AA & GM Br Hudlow, Harold E., to Far East Command, Yo-
Arty Sch, Ft Bliss, Tex. kohama, Japan.
Larson, John I., to Far East Command, Y oko- jones, William C, to Far East Command, Yo-
hama, Japan. kohama, Japan.
Lawrence, Dou,l;las M., to Far East Command, joseph, Leroy, to 719th AAA Gun Bn, Ft
Yokohama, Japan. Lewis. \X'ash.
Lindsley, Lawrence G., to Far East Command, Kirpatrick, Arthur Jr., to Far East Command,
Yokohama, Japan. Yokohama, japan.
McClung, Nelson D .. to Far East Command, Lafayette, John E., to 4052d ASU AAA and
Yokohama, Japan. GM Cen. Ft Bliss, Tex.
McCluskey, Alfred H .. to 4052d ASU AAA and The turn-to book for every Army
Liff, Earl R., to Far East Command, Yokohama,
GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex. Japan. officer-from the first day he reports
McPherson, Robert G., to Far East Command, Livingston, Gilbert H., to Far East Command,
Yokohama, Japan. for duty until he retires.
Yokohama, Japan.
Matthiessen, Clarence ).. to 44th AAA Gun Losak, George, to Far East Command, Yoko-
Bn, Cp Stewart, Ga. hama, Japan. A veritable encyclopedia
Osborn, Claud D., to Far East Command, Yo- McNally, Kenneth E., to 82d Abn Div, Ft
kohama, Japan. Bragg, NC
Pellegrino, James M., to 47th Inf Div, Cp Monkhouse, Carl., to US Army Alaska, Ft PARTIAL CONTENTS
Rucker, Ala. Richardson, Alaska.
Pendleton, Frederick C, to 336th AAA Gun Murley, Ellsworth M., Jr., to 4052d ASU and Customs and courtesies
Bn, Cp Edwards, Mass. GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.
Ryan, Martin V., to 8579th AAU, Ft Holabird, Murray, Lynn 0., to Far East Command, Yo- The Code of the Army
Md. kohama, japan.
Stewart, Bradley A., to Far East Command, Nelson, Johnnie 1., to Stu Det Arty Sch, Ft
Leadership techniques
Yokohama, Japan. Sill, Okla.
Shanks, Fred 0., to Far East Command, Yoko-
Arrival at a new station
Newman, Richard 1., to Far East Command,
hama, japan. Yokohama, Japan. Efficiency reports
Sherkow, Vernon A., to Far East Command, Nilson, Lawrence A., to 82d Abn Div, Ft
Yokohama, Japan. Bragg, NC Uniforms, insignia, medals
.Simmons, Eugene H., to 80th AAA Gp, Ft O'Rahilly, Patrick J., to US Army Alaska, Ft
Totten, NY. Richardson, Alaska.
Schools-Army, Joint
.sparks, Ernest T., to Far East Command, Yo- Paxton, David 0., to Far East Command, Yo-
kohama, Japan.
Duty (and living) overseas
kohama, japan.
.spivey, Ray V., to Far East Command, Yoko- Posen, Robert S., to Far East Command, Y oko- Pay and allowances
hama, japan. hama, Japan.
.Standridge, Acy W., to 4052d ASU AAA and Prince, John R., Jr., to Far East Command, New travel regulations
GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex. Yokohama, Japan.
.stillwagon, Charles E., Jr., to Far East Com- Queen, William 1., to 4052d ASU AAA and
Career planning
mand, Yokohama, Japan. GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex. Your personal affairs
.swann, Ralph J., to Far East Command, Yoko- Reilly, Frank A., to Far East Command, Yoko-
hama, Japan. hama, Japan. Rights and restrictions
Thayer, George E., Jr., to Hq 2d Army, Ft Riddle, John J., to Far East Command, Yoko-
Meade, Md. hama, Japan. Army posts-facilities
Watkins, Edwin C, to 8801st TSU PMG Cen, Roberts, Russell M., to Far East Command,
Cp Gordon, Ga. Practical public speaking
Yokohama, Japan.
Wilson, Allen F., to AS Army Alaska, Ft Rothwell, James A., to US Army Alaska, Ft
Richardson, Alaska. Richardson, Alaska. More than 560,000 Army officers
Yates, Francis B., to Far East Command, Yoko- Scott, Ralph., to Far East Command, Yokohama,
hama, Japan. Japan. have found the OFFICER'S GUIDE
Silverman, Robert 1., to Far East Command, Yo- helpful in their careers.
SECOND LIEUTENANTS kohama, Japan.
Ashford, Johnny 1., to 3444th ASU, Cp Sizer, Robert F., to Far East Command, Yoko-
Stewart, Ga. hama, Japan. 17th Edition 592 pages
.Baker, Horace 8., to 250th AAA Gp, Ft Baker, Stewart, James B., to 4054th ASU AAA and
Calif. GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex. $3.50
Barco, Irvine 1., to Far East Comd, Yokohama, Stoddard, Harry 0., to Far East Command, Yo-
Japan. kohama, Japan.
Bowden, Hollis A., to 47th AAA Brig, Cp Swift, Roland, B., to Far East Command, Yoko-
Stewart, Ga. hama, Japan.
Cain, Joseph A., Jr., to Far East Command, Tharp, Charles B., to Far East Command, Yo-
Yokohama, Japan. kohama, Japan.
Cephas, Opher J., to Far East Command, Yoko- Wheeler, Herbert W., to 4054th ASU AAA and
hama, Japan. GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex.
Cushman, Harold G., Jr., to Far East Command, Wilson, Perkins, to Far East Command, Y oko-
Yokohama, Japan. hama, Japan.
Dubbert, Louis F., to 4052d ASU AAA and Zolper, John T., to 80th AAA Gp, Ft Totten,
GM Cen, Ft Bliss, Tex. NY.
56 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAl
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RED CHINA'S FIGHTING HORDES
By Lt. Col. ROBERT B. RIGG
PHOTOGRAPHS
~
,Itt CHARTS
f- PEN 'SKETCHES
By The Author
R[D CHINAS
IGHTIN6 HORDES LIFE says, "RED CHINA'S FIGHTING
HORDES is the most definitive exposi-
LIEUT. C.O~OIolEL ROBERT B.RIGG
tion of the PLA (People's Liberation
Army) yet to appear."
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