OBJECTIVES

• To study variation of core loss an no load current with applied voltage

• To determine the parameters of a transformer by open circuit and closed circuit tests
• To determine the efficiency
• To study the voltage regulation of a transistor

APPARATUS

• Single phase transformer 400/230V, 4kVA, 50Hz

• Auto transformer (input 400V output 0-400V)
• 1 no. Voltmeter 0-600V a.c
• 1 no. Voltmeter 0-300V a.c
• 1 no. Voltmeter 0-25V a.c
• 1 no. Ammeter 0-25A a.c
• 1 no. Ammeter 0-5A a.c
• 1 no. Wattmeter
• Resistive load units (230V, 10A)
• Power Factor meter
INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

A transformer, operated on AC voltage can be categorized into two main categories, namely, step up
transformers and step down transformers. When the device is supplied with the AC voltage to the
primary winding, a higher or a lower voltage depending on the category of the transformer will be
given out in the secondary winding which is connected through a magnetic core.

When it comes to an Engineering point of view consideration of losses of an electrical machine is of

great importance due to reasons such as determination of efficiency which influences the operating
cost, determination of heating of the machine which places an upper limit for output which can be
obtained without any deterioration of the insulation, etc.

Considering a transformer, losses which occur can be stated as,

• Copper loss in the windings, which vary the current
• Hysterisis and eddy current losses in the laminated iron-core constant in the
neighbourhood of a normal operating voltage
• Dielectric losses in the insulation material (appreciable only in case of high voltage
transformer)
• Leakage flux in the magnetic circuit

(P. T.O.)
For steady state operation of the equivalent circuit of a two winding transformer is shown in
Figure 1.

The equivalent circuit in Figure 1 can be simplified further and is shown in Figure 2.

The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 3.

Voltage regulation = open cct voltage – load voltage

open cct voltage

= V1-V’2
V1

From the phasor diagram (figure 3)

V1-V’2 = I’2.r.Cosθ + I’2.x.Sinθ

V1-V’2 = I’2.r.Cosθ + I’2.x.Sinθ

V1 V1

Since Io is negligible compared to I’2

Approximate Voltage Regulation = I2.r.Cosθ + I2.x.Sinθ

V1
Considering only the hysterisis, eddy current and copper losses,

Efficiency = output power *100%

input power

= 1 – losses * 100%
input

=1– losses * 100%

output + losses

= V2. I2.Cosθ * 100%

V2. I2.Cosθ + I’2 + PC

(PC = core loss, I2 = I’2)

 r1 x1 x2 r2

xm

V1 rc RL

Figure 1

r1 – Primary winding resistance

r2 – Secondary winding resistance
x1 – Primary winding leakage reactance
x2 – Secondary winding leakage reactance
xm – Magnetizing reactance
rc –Core loss resistance
N2/N1 – Turns ratio

I1 I2’ r x I2

I0

V1 rc xm V1 V2

Figure2

V1

I2’x

I2’ V2’ I2’r

Figure 3
 TEST ON A TRANSFORMER

INSTRUCTED BY : NAME : Roshan L. Peiris

Ms. K. R. S. Dematagolla
FIELD : Electrical Engineering

INDEX NO : 020280

DATE PERFORMED: 08 – 09 – 2003

DATE SUBMITTED: 15 – 09 – 2003

DISCUSSION

The transformer is a device, which works on AC supplies. It has two windings, which are connected
through a magnetic core. The two windings are named as the primary to which the AC voltage is
supplied and the secondary from which the output voltage is taken.

This device can mainly be categorized into two parts in accordance to its function. They are the step
up transformer in which a higher voltage is achieved through the secondary and the step down
transformer in which a lower voltage is achieved similarly.

When it comes to transformers role in electrical power systems it could be mentioned as one of the
most important devices. In an electrical power systems power transmission is a very important area.

Power = I2R

As shown in the equation above if the current is increased power generated due to resistance in
increased. Therefore when it comes to power transmission in an electrical system it might be
necessary for the power to be transmitted to hundreds of kilometres. So if a high current is used for
the transmission the power loss along the lines is high as shown in the above equation. To minimize
this power loss a higher voltage rather than a higher current is needed. Since it is not easy to
generate a high voltage at generating stations itself, the role of the transformer is brought in. I.e. the
step up transformers, which have the capability of producing a higher voltage and a lower current
output than the input, are used. These transformers output voltages as high as 33,000 volts (even
higher than that) for long distance transmission.

When it comes down to distributing power to the consumer again the transformers are brought in as
the voltages have to be brought down to the usage levels such as 230 V, 400 V etc. For this purpose
step down transformers are used which produce lower voltages than the input. Sometimes this is
done in steps requiring the usage of the transformer even more.

So considering the above points which mainly involve transformers’ role in power transmission
could be mentioned as one of the most important aspects in a electrical power system. In conclusion
the transformer plays a very big role in an electrical power system.
RESULTS