Metodologias Inovativas Na Educação Presencial e A Distancia

Ehrebmjf`motks
Eks eb`fråvmfs Ehoenbk Aksæ bm Nfè, Jæser E. E.

Ouoms, Jnåubfk Imroeobk Eobræ, Mnfeom Zjlnm``mr,
Mvmrsko @þjcmodmrhmr, Imroeobe Iuruok, Imroeobk
Envms, Irmbrfj @fjlemn Nfttk, Hfnsko
Hfnsko Imrrez, Akêk Yfeoomy,
Yfeoomy,
Akêk Weunk (AW) Dfttmojkurt, Nfbfe bm Enduqumrqum
Ifnetrk, Nujfe Zeotemnne, @erte @efe, @ertle Hedrfmn,
Weune Jerknmf, Tkhærfk Imrrez m Tk`mrk Rkrf, qum
jkotrfduàre` bfrmte ku fobfrmte`motm pere e msjrfte bmstm
nfvrk, m e tkbks ks jknmhes m nmftkrms qum tá` knlks pere
vmr m kuvfbks pere kuvfr,
kuvfr, ùftàssf`k kdrfhebe!
EOBTME IFNERTK
E msjrfte bmstm nfvrk ikf rmenfzebe e quetrk

quetrk `êks, m æ
sm`prm u` prfvfnæhfk tredenler m eprmobmr jk` e Eobrme
Ifnetrk. Jk`k eutkre, oêk pkssk bmfxer bm ehrebmjmr e
mbujebkrms vfsfkoårfks, qum etue` bmotrk m ikre bm
jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs ikrèfs, m qum sm`prm `m
fospfre` e tredenler pkr uè mbujeèêk `mnlkr1 Akêk
Weunk Dfttmojkurt, ]nfssms I. Ereñak, Hfoe Ztrkzzf, Hfn be
Jkste @erqums, Fvmnfsm Ikosmje, Eoe Jnåubfe Nkurmfrk,
Mvmrsko @þjcmodmrhmr, Xenbk`frk
Xenbk`frk Nkyknne, @kofje J.

Herdfo, Ofnsko Aksæ @ejlebk, Weunk Jkrrmfe, Lmnmo

@mfre Jevenjeotf Wkne, Bædkre Dkoezzf m Wetràjfe
Te`ks.
Ehrebmèk mspmjfen`motm e Bmus, pkr tubk qum

rmprmsmote m` `fole vfbe, pkr tmr `m bebk k Lmnbmr
(mspksk eèbk), Nujes m Bevf (ifnlks qumrfbks m okssk
èfkr nmhebk), Xfnnfe`s m Zkomtm (pefs fojràvmfs) m uè
ie`ànfe èrevfnlkse qum skole jk`fhk beobk tkbk k
supkrtm ok nkohk m årbuk prkjmssk bm treosikrèr mssms
skolks m` rmenfbebm.
JETKNFOE
JETKNFO E JKZR
J KZRE
E JE
JEY
YENJEORF

Zkdrm es eutkres
Eobrme Ifnetrk æ `mstre m bkutkre pmne Iejunbebm

bm Mbujeèêk be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Zêk Weunk (IM]ZW),
kobm te`dæ` sm hrebuku m` Wmbehkhfe. Ikrèbe m`
Hmstêk bm Wrkamtks pmne Iuobeèêk Fostftutk bm
Eb`fofstreèêk (IFE). Æmbujeèêk
mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe, penmstreotm m jkosuntkre
`mbfebe pkr m`
tmjoknkhfes m bmsfho oe mbujeèêk. Wús-bkutkreobe ok
Rmjoknkhfes be Fotmnfháojfe m Bmsfho Bfhften (RFBB) be
Wkotfiàjfe ]ofvmrsfbebm Jetúnfje bm Zêk Weunk (W]J-
ZW), kobm eprkiuobe mstubks skdrm e eoenàtfje be
eprmobfzehm` (nmerofoh
(nmerofoh eoenytfjs),
eoenytfjs), nfbmre k hrupk bm
pmsqufse JOWq „FBM ‚ Fokveèêk m Bmsfho m` Mbujeèêk‐
m` perjmrfe jk` e prkimsskre Jerknfoe Jkste
Jevenjeotf. Etue oe jkkrbmoeèêk bm bmsfho fostrujfkoen
ok Jmotrk ]ofvmrsftårfk Ebvmotfste bm Zêk Weunk
(]oesp). Æ bkjmotm jkovfbebe ok jursk Hmstêk
Mstretæhfje bm Wmsskes oe IFE m oe pús-hrebueèêk m`
Mbujeèêk Jkrpkretfve ok Jmotrk ]ofvmrsftårfk Zmoej.
Wudnfjku vårfks nfvrks, motrm mnms Bmsfho fostrujfkoen
(4772), Bmsfho fostrujfkoen oe pråtfje
jkotmxtuenfzebk (4772),
jkotmxtuenfzebk
(477<), Wrkbuèêk bm jkotmñbks mbujejfkoefs (4759),
mbujejfkoefs (4759),
Bmsfho tlfocfoh oe mbujeèêk prmsmojfen, e bfstäojfe m

jkrpkretfve (4758) m Jk`k prmperer jkotmñbks pere

jkrpkretfve (4758)
(475<).
MEB (475<).
MEB
Jerknfoe Jkste
Iejunbebm bm Jevenjeotf
Mbujeèêk æ bkutkre
be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm pmne
Zêk Weunk
(IM]ZW), `mstre m` Rmjoknkhfes Mbujejfkoefs pmnk
Fostftutk Rmjoknúhfjk
Rmjoknúhfjk m bm
b m Mstubks Zupmrfkrms
Zup mrfkrms bm
@kotmrrmy (FRMZ@ ‚ @æxfjk), æ hrebuebe m` Akroenfs`k
pmne Zkutlwmstmro Ebvmotfst ]ofvmrsfty (ZXE] ‚ M]E) m
Wmbehkhfe pmne ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Zeotk Eèrk (]ofse). Æ
prkimsskre jkovfbebe oe Iuobeèêk Bk` Jedren (IBJ) m
bkjmotm m` jursks bm hrebueèêk m pús-hrebueèêk bk
Jmotrk ]ofvmrsftårfk Ebvmotfste bm Zêk Weunk (]oesp).
Etue jk`k jkosuntkre, penmstreotm m pmsqufsebkre oe
mbujeèêk prmsmojfen, e bfstäojfe m jkrpkretfve oes årmes
bm fokveèêk, jrfetfvfbebm, `mtkbknkhfes bm
eprmobfzehm`, trmfoe`motk m bmsmovknvf`motk bm
pmsskes, bmsfho tlfocfoh m mbujeèêk ko-nfom. Æ eutkre
bks nfvrks Bmsfho tlfocfoh oe mbujeèêk prmsmojfen, e
jkrpkretfve (4758), Ikrèèêk bm tutkrms pere
bfstäojfe m jkrpkretfve (4758),
(4758), m Bmsfho tlfocfoh (475<).
MEB (4758),
MEB (475<). Jkkrbmoe, m`
perjmrfe jk` Eobrme Ifnetrk, k hrupk bm pmsqufse JOWq
„Fokveèêk m Bmsfho m` Mbujeèêk (FBM)‐ m etue efobe
jk`k pmsqufsebkre bk Oñjnmk bm Wmsqufse m` Okves
Erquftmtures Wmbehúhfjes (OW-OEW) be ]ZW. ]ZW.

Wrmiåjfk
Æ fobfsjutàvmn, queobk jkosfbmre`ks ks jkosfstmotm`motm pæssf`ks

rmsuntebks ejebá`fjks hnkdefs bm akvmos dresfnmfrks (m` tmstms
oejfkoefs m fotmroejfkoefs), qum k mstednfsl`mot mbujejfkoen
mbujejfkoen ok peàs
mstå pmrbfbk ok tm`pk m ok mspeèk. Werenfsebk ouè vfsêk ifjer-
knleobk-pere-trås,, pmr`ftm qum k mosfok dresfnmfrk, m` tkbks ks smus
knleobk-pere-trås
oàvmfs, smae mtmroe`motm jerejtmrfzebk prfojfpen`motm pkr nfvrks
bfbåtfjks, quebrks omhrks m hfz, enæ` bm trete`motk bks eprmobfzms
jk` e ifnkskife hmren bm qum „u` teèolk bm sepetk smrvm pere tkbk
ùobk‐.
Es èfs sfhofifjetfves bmsjkdmrtes jfmotàifjes m` årmes bm
jkhofèêk luèoe (jk`k es bfimrmoèes motrm e equfsfèêk bm
jkolmjf`motk pkr `mfk bm tmxtks bfhftefs m tmxtks f`prmssks, e
verfmbebm bm „mstfnks‐ fobfvfbuefs bm eprmobfzehm`, dm` jk`k e
fotrkbuèêk oe mbujeèêk bm `åqufoes qum pmose`) oêk sêk s êk tretebes
oes rmvfstes supkste`motm jfmotàifjes oejfkoefs m ùftk `moks oe
nmhfsneèêk qum hkvmroe k smtkr. K usk bm jk`putebkrms oes senes
bm eune, ku sf`pnms`motm e jk`pnm`moteèêk bk mosfok trebfjfkoen
jk` enhuos mxmrjàjfks qum k enuok ejmsse pmnk tmnmikom jmnuner, oêk
rmprmsmote` eèýms iuobe`motefs pere ks akvmos qum jlmhe` çs
msjknes m uofvmrsfbebms bk peàs m bks quefs okssk iuturk bmpmobm
tkten`motm. E tmjoknkhfe oêk æ, m` sf, uè sknuèêk
sknuèêk33 æ, sf`, uè
imrre`mote qum pkbm
pkbm oks eauber e jlmher e uè mbujeèêk
eprkprfebe pere ks okvks tm`pks m es okves hmreèýms.
K bfsteojfe`motk motrm e bfsjussêk dresfnmfre skdrm
eprmobfzehm` m e èfs rmjmotm nftmreture fotmroejfkoen skdrm
jkhofèêk
irmotm bk luèoe m tmjoknkhfe
Dresfn qum æ vestk.dresfnmfrk,
k tàpfjk mbujebkr Kutrks peàsms mstêk têk
bm quenqumr oe
oàvmn

bm mosfok, bmsjkolmjm e tmr`foknkhfe m es prfojfpefs jkrrmotms bm

pmbehkhfe m bfbåtfje `kbmroes. E „ebvkhebe‐ fohnmse bm señbm
`moten Tudy Xex fbmotfifjku dm` e sftueèêk ek iener skdrm k
jærmdrk luèok1 „Rm`ks m` oksse jedmèe uè Imrrerf, ès
ofohuæ` oks bmu es jlevms!‐ Imnfz`motm, jk` e kdre bes bues
prkifssfkoefs tmúrfjes sfhofifjetfve,
uè jlevm rmen`motm m pråtfjes ehkre oesm`
qum trez, `êks bk nmftkr,
u` tmxtk sú, k tm`ks
qum æ
mssmojfen`motm uè rmneèêk e`pne bes edkrbehmos èfs
etuenfzebes pere k prkjmssk bm mosfok/eprmobfzehm` qum bmspkote
pere uè okve æpkje.
Es eutkres, Eobrme
Eobrme Ifnetrk m Jerk
Jerknfoe
nfoe Jkste Jevenjeotf,
Jevenjeotf, kimrmjm`
e qum` mstå bfspkstk e sefr bk pessebk m motrer ok iuturk u`
sujfotk, eoenàtfjk m skdmrde`motm jnerk hufe pere e rfje „inkrmste‐
bks èfs `kbmroks `ætkbks bm mosfoer m bm eprmobmr. M èfs, pmne
eprmsmoteèêk be foikrèèêk bm ikrè pråtfje (jkùofjeobk ks
omjmssårfks espmjtks tmúrfjks sm` mxjmssfvk dnå-dnå-dnå), mnes
hereotm` qum k nmftkr oevmherå omssm ejmrvk bm foikrèèêk sm` sm
pmrbmr m` `foñjfes, m eb`frerå es årvkrms sm` pmrbmr bm vfste e
„inkrmste‐.
Es pmsqufsebkres krheofze` es bmzmoes bm edkrbehmos m`
quetrk hrupks prfojfpefs1 etfves, åhmfs, f`mrsfves m eoenàtfjes. @uftes
tedmnes mxpnfjetfves m foikhråifjks iesjfoeotms sêk ejk`peolebks
bm uè prmjfkse dfdnfkhreife jk`pkste bm ikotms ikrtm`motm
e`perebes oe nftmreture m` nàohue fohnmse, qum, foimnfz`motm, æ
bmsjkolmjfbe motrm oús (sm kdsmrver`ks e prkbuèêk oejfkoen bm
pmsqufse m` mbujeèêk). K hufe bes eutkres æ jepez bm nmver k nmftkr
„eotmoebk‐ e uè iesm bm tredenlk qum prk`kvm mxpmrf`moteèêk
pere vmrfifjer quefs bks `ætkbks mou`mrebks smrvm` èfs
ebmquebe`motm e eprmobfzms bm iefxes mtårfes bfimrmotms, „mstfnks‐
bfimrmotms bm ebqufrfr jkolmjf`motk, bfsjfpnfoes ejebá`fjes
bfimrmotms m sues verfebes mxfháojfes bm tmkrfe m pråtfje.
K epermjf`motk bmstm mstubk nmveote e qumstêk rere`motm
bfsjutfbe oks jkrrmbkrms mbujejfkoefs1 m e nfdmrbebm ejebá`fje
ejebá`fje ku
jåtmbre; E msjknle bm u` `ætkbk bm mosfok ouoje
nfdmrbebm bm jåtmbre;
pkbm smr pknàtfjes

pksfèýms jkosfbmrebe
ku bejk`k
vfsêk smobk be bm
bfsjfpnfoer `msè jetmhkrfe
u` ñofjk bes
prkimsskr.

Kdrfhetkrfe`motm, ks `ætkbks usebks oe sene bm eune prmsmojfen ku

vfrtuen tá` qum smr u` essuotk bfsjutfbk motrm jknmhes bk `ms`k
bmperte`motk ku prkhreè, e if` bm mojkotrer u` jkosmosk skdrm
k `ætkbk ku `ætkbks èfs eprkprfebks pere k jkoauotk bm
bfsjfpnfoes kimrmjfbes, essf` hereotfobk jkmráojfe `mtkbknúhfje
motrm tkbes es pråtfjes
bk bmsm`pmolk movknvfbes.
ejebá`fjk Ks rmsuntebks
bks okssks akvmos sêkbmsepkotebkrms
jeusebks, m`
pertm, pmne bmsiuojfkoen edkrbehm` `mtkbknúhfje bm oksses
fostftufèýms bm mosfok, oêk epmoes pkr smr untrepessebe, ès pkr
smr e jkosmquáojfe be bmsiuojfkoen krheofzeèêk bks bkjmotms;
Es jkùofbebms ejebá`fjes m jkrpkretfves bes fostftufèýms oks
peàsms bm nàohue pkrtuhumse mstêk, pkfs, m` bàvfbe pere jk` es
eutkres bmsse nñjfbe m rejfkoen eoånfsm be sudsteojfkse peoúpnfe bm
rmjursks bfspkoàvmfs pere e jrfeèêk bm eprmobfzms m` okvks tmr`ks!
ITMBTFJ @. NFRRK
Wrkimsskr M`ærftk be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Zêk Weunk m
Wrmsfbmotm be Esskjfeèêk Dresfnmfre bm Mbujeèêk e Bfstäojfe (EDMB).

Zu`årfk
FORTKB]ÈÊK

5 @mtkbknkhfes etfves
MZR]BK BM JEZK Eprmobfzehm` desmebe m` prkdnmès m
prkamtks oe ]ofvmsp
5.5 Jk`pmtáojfes bk sæjunk \\F m `mtkbknkhfes etfves
5.4 Edkrbehmos tmúrfjes
tmúrfjes qum iuobe`mot
iuobe`mote`
e` e ebkèêk bm
`mtkbknkhfes etfves
5.4.5 Jkhoftfvfs`k
5.4.5.5 Eprmobfzehm` sfhofifjetfve
5.4.4 (Zkjfk)jkostrutfvfs`k
5.4.4.5 Rmkrfe be Etfvfbebm (RE)
5.4.4.4 Eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen
5.4.: Jkomjtfvfs`k
5.: Ertfjuneèýms jkojmftuefs

jkojmftuefs m prfojàpfks bes `m
`mtkbknkhfes
tkbknkhfes etfve
etfvess
5.2 Edkrbehmos etfves
5.2.5 Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès (EDW)
IEÈE IÅJFN Jesk m`påtfjk
5.2.4 Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkamtks (EDW)
5.2.: @kvf`motk ècmr
5.2.2 Fostruèêk pkr perms
IEÈE IÅJFN Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk
5.2.= Enuoks jk`k bmsfhomrs
5.2.9 Bmsfho tlfocfoh
IEÈE IÅJFN BR mxprmss
Imjle`motk
Tmimráojfes

@mtkbknkhfes åhmfs
4 @mtkbknkhfes åhmfs
MZR]BK BM JEZK Wrkamtk KpmoNmero, be ]C Kpmo
]ofvmrsfty
4.5 E `motenfbebm åhfn
åhfn oe eprmob
eprmobfzehm`
fzehm`
4.4 Mxpnksêk foikrèjfkoen m mjkok`fe be etmoèêk
4.: Es okves hmreèýms
4.2 Eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe
prkiuobe m bm supm
supmriàjfm
riàjfm
4.= @fjrkeprmobfzehm`
IEÈE IÅJFN @foutm pepmr
IEÈE IÅJFN Wmjle Cujle
4.9 @-nmerofoh m u-nmerofoh
4.8 Aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh
IEÈE IÅJFN Bfsjursk bm mnmvebkr (Mnmvetkr pftjl)
Imjle`motk
Tmimráojfes

@mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves
: @mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves
MZR]BK BM JEZK Tmenfbebm eu`motebe oks nfvrks
bfbåtfjks bes mbftkres @kbmroe/Tfjl`kob, IRB m
Zerefve/ZK@KZ Mbujeèêk
Zerefve/ZK@KZ
:.5 E`dfmotms vfrtuefs f`mrsfvks
f`mrsfvks
:.5.5 Tmenfbebm vfrtuen (TY)
:.5.4 Tmenfbebm Eu`motebe (TE)
:.5.: Tmenfbebm m vfrtuenfbebm
:.5.2 Zfùneèýms bm jk`putebkr
j k`putebkr
:.5.= Akhks
:.5.9 He`fifjeèêk
IEÈE IÅJFN He`fifjeèêk mstruturen
IEÈE IÅJFN He`fifjeèêk bm jkotmñbk
:.4 Eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve
f`mrsfve
IEÈE IÅJFN Tknmpneyfoh (akhk bm pepæfs)
:.4.5 Evenfeèêk oe eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve
Imjle`motk
Tmimráojfes

2 @mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes
@mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes
MZR]BK BM JEZK Eoenàtfje be eprmobfzehm` oe Cleo
Ejebm`y
2.5 Mxpnksêk bm bebks
IEÈE IÅJFN Bfehoústfjk jknmtfvk
2.4 @fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs (Mbujetfkoen Bete @fofoh ‚
MB@)
2.: Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs (Eoenàtfje be eprmobfzehm`)
2.2 Eoenàtfje Ejebá`fje ku Fostftujfkoen (Ejebm`fj/Fostftutfko
(Ejebm`fj/Fostftutfkoen
en
Eoenytfjs ‚ EE/FE)
2.= Jfáojfe bks bebks mbujejfkoefs
IEÈE IÅJFN Mxtretk bm pertfjfpeèêk
2.9 Yfsuenfzeèêk bm bebks m foikrèèýms
2.8 Eprmobfzehm` ebeptetfve
ebeptetfve
IEÈE IÅJFN Rrfnles bm eprmobfzehm`
2.< Fotmnfháojfe Ertfifjfen (FE)
2.6 Jk`puteèêk jkhoftfve
2.57 @ejlfom Nmerofoh (@N)
Imjle`motk
Tmimráojfes

K iuturk æ ehkre... m nkhk èfs te`dæ`

HNKZZÅTFK

ÀOBFJMZ

Fotrkbuèêk
Jerk nmftkr,
Mstm nfvrk surhfu bm foqufmteèýms skdrm k tmè „fokveèýms m` mbujeèêk‐. Æ jmrtk qum
e mbujeèêk, jk`k kutrks smtkrms be vfbe skjfen, sm vá m` xmqum bfeotm bes
treosikrèèýms kjesfkoebes pmnks eveoèks tmjoknúhfjks m jfmotàifjks rmjmotms.
Zm e fobñstrfe bm motrmtmof`motk, jkùofjeèêk m pudnfjeèýms, dm` jk`k es årmes
bm señbm, treospkrtm, ehrfjunture, fobñstrfe, ifoeojmfre, prkpeheobe m èrcmtfoh ‚ m etæ
ks smrvfèks pñdnfjks ‚ vá` smobk sejubfbes pmnes fokveèýms, pkr qum e mbujeèêk
ifjerfe bm ikre;
K ietk æ qum e mbujeèêk oêk pkbm m oêk bmvm ifjer bm ikre. Zmus bmseifks sêk
hreobms m smu pepmn oe skjfmbebm æ f`pkrteotm bmèfs pere fssk. Ek
ejk`peoler`ks, eb`frebks, es fokveèýms qum `knbe` k prmsmotm, æ f`pkssàvmn,
jk`k mbujebkrms, oêk qumstfkoer`ks1 K qum bmvm`ks mspmrer bk iuturk; Jk`k
pkbm`ks prmperer jfbebêks m prkifssfkoefs qum mstmae` prkotks pere vfvmr m prkbuzfr
m` jkoifhureèýms skjfefs, `mrjebks bm tredenlk m `kbmnks bm omhújfk qum oêk
mxfstm` lkam; M èfs1 Uum `mtkbknkhfes bm mosfok-eprmobfzehm` pkbm` `kbmner
lkam mssm iuturk;
Kjkrrm qum, m` mbujeèêk, lå teotes pertms movknvfbes qum om` sm`prm k qum æ
fokveèêk pere u` hrupk rmprmsmote bm ietk uè fokveèêk pere kutrk. Enuoks,
prkimsskrms, mspmjfenfstes, pmsqufsebkrms, hmstkrms, ikromjmbkrms... Jebe u` vá e
mbujeèêk ‚ m es fokveèýms m` mbujeèêk ‚ bk smu pkotk bm vfste, jk` sues prúprfes
omjmssfbebms, `ktfveèýms, venkrms m fbfkssfojresfes.
Wkr mxm`pnk,
fokveèêk k bmsfho
pkr enhuos „jmotrebk
movknvfbks ok smr
oe jrfeèêk luèok‐ pkbm
bm fotmriejms, ès esmrmbujeèêk
jkosfbmrebk uè
„jmotrebe
ok enuok‐ æ petrf`òofk bks pmbehkhks bmsbm qum Jern Tkhmrs pudnfjku Rkroer-sm
(5684, vmrsêk krfhfoen pudnfjebe m` 5695).
pmsske (5684,
pmsske
E jebe per bm eoks epermjm uè okve `mtkbknkhfe, uè okve tmjoknkhfe, u`
okvk jkojmftk, m pere nå jkrrm` es pertms fotmrmssebes. Æ k qum sm bfsjutm oks
jkohrmssks, k qum sm pudnfje oks pmrfúbfjks, k qum sm pkste oks dnkhs m oes rmbms
skjfefs. @efs enhu` tm`pk m k tmè mste`pe nfvrks, tmsms m bfssmrteèýms.
M lkam, jk` ikrèe m repfbmz ùftk èfkrms, vm`ks uè prknfimreèêk bm sknuèýms
fokvebkres pere e mbujeèêk prkpkstes pkr stertups mbujejfkoefs m kutrks pneymrs
stertups mbujejfkoefs kutrks pneymrs oêk
oêk
trebfjfkoen`motm nfhebks ek mosfok-eprmobfzehm`. @uftks bmnms, tmobk vfvmojfebk oe
pmnm es ehrures be vfbe msjkner m uofvmrsftårfe, enmhe` tmr bmsjkdmrtk e pmbre bm
rksmte ‚ m` hmren, u` je`folk pere eprmobmr sm` msikrèk, quesm èhfje`motm. Æ k

skolk jk` uè mbujeèêk fobknkr, bfvmrtfbe m bm iåjfn jkosu`k, qum ejk`peole
equmnms qum oêk sm jkoikrè` jk` k mstebk etuen bes jkfses oe mbujeèêk.
K qum mxfstm bm rmen`motm okvk m` mbujeèêk ç pertm ks `kbfs`ks, ks
jleèrfzms `mrjebknúhfjks m ks fotmrmssms bm hrupks jk`mrjfefs ku
ejebá`fjks;
Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès m pkr Wrkamtks (EDWW), eprmobfzehm`

ebeptetfve, nmerofoh eoenytfjs,5 @essfvm Kpmo Konfom Jkursms (@kkjs), ku jursks ko-
nfom edmrtks m èssfvks, he`fifjeèêk, rmenfbebm eu`motebe, rmenfbebm vfrtuen... sêk
nfom
tmr`ks qum permjm` sm m`derenler m` kobes bm fokveèêk mbujejfkoen, jebe u` sm
skdrmpkobk ek kutrk.
@es k qum mxfstm bm rmen`motm okvk m` mbujeèêk ç pertm ks `kbfs`ks, ks
jleèrfzms `mrjebknúhfjks m ks fotmrmssms bm hrupks jk`mrjfefs ku ejebá`fjks;
Wrf`mfrk, æ f`pkrteotm bmifofr k jkojmftk bm fokveèêk m ks bfimrmotms tfpks bm
fokveèêk mojkotrebks ok je`pk mbujejfkoen. Zmhuobk k @fjlemnfs `kbmrok
pkrtuhumse,4 e penevre fokveèêk
bfjfkoårfk be nàohue pkrtuhumse, sfhofifje „etk ku mimftk bm fokver‐
fokveèêk sfhofifje
ku efobe „tubk qum æ okvfbebm3 jkfse okve‐. Msse bmifofèêk mvfbmojfe qum, m` prf`mfrk
nuher, fokveèêk sm rmimrm e enhk okvk. Jkotubk, om` tubk qum æ okvk m` u` jkotmxtk
pkbm smr jkosfbmrebk
Fèhfom okvk m` tkbks
qum u` nedkretúrfk ks jkotmxtks.
bm foikr`åtfje smae fostenebk m` uè msjkne be zkoe
ruren kobm ks prkimsskrms etæ motêk sú utfnfzeve` k nfvrk bfbåtfjk, e nkuse, k hfz m
enhuos pkujks ètmrfefs bfspkoàvmfs oe dfdnfktmje be msjkne. Ehkre, mnms use` ks
jk`putebkrms bk nedkretúrfk pere mosfoer ks enuoks e rmenfzer pmsqufses oe fotmromt.
Mstms ifje` èrevfnlebks pkr bmsjkdrfrm` u` okvk m vestk uofvmrsk bm ejmssk e tkbk
tfpk bm jkotmñbk. M`dkre mssm usk bm jk`putebkrms tmole sfbk fojkrpkrebk lå vårfes
bæjebes m` bfvmrsks e`dfmotms mbujejfkoefs ‚ m m` enhu` bmnms aå mstmae etæ
supmrebk pmnk imoò`mok Drfoh Vkur Kwo Bmvfjm (Dykb), m` pkrtuhuás, trehe smu
prúprfk bfspksftfvk ‚, smrå qum msse ùbeoèe oêk bmvm smr jkosfbmrebe uè fokveèêk
ok jkotmxtk be msjkne ruren;
E rmspkste æ „sf`‐, m fssk pkbm smr mxpnfjebk queobk jk`prmmobm`ks qum e
fokveèêk sm
Ruslè` rmenfze
m Oebnmr, ou`
: etæ jkotfouu`
jkotfouu`
e bfsruptfve, qum vefDkwmr
jkoikr`m be fokveèêk fojrm`moten,
m Jlrfstmosmo. 2 jkoikr`m
Oe mxtrm`fbebm fojrm`moten, ku mvknujfkoårfe, e fokveèêk pkbm smr têk sf`pnms m
ejmssàvmn jk`k e rmnmfture bm uè sknuèêk mxfstmotm ku e ebfèêk bm `mnlkrfes m e
mnedkreèêk bm mxtmosýms qum vfsm` fojrm`moter vmrsýms etuefs bm u` prkbutk,
prkjmssk ku smrvfèk. K efrdeh ikf
ikf eprmsmotebk ek `mrjebk oe bæjebe bm 56<7 jk`k
u` ftm` ebfjfkoen ek jfotk bm smhureoèe pere eauber e prmvmofr nmsýms hrevms m`
ejfbmotms bm jerrk. Mnm oêk rmvknujfkoku k smtkr eutk`kdfnàstfjk, ès msse fokveèêk
fojrm`moten jkotrfdufu pere e rmbuèêk bk oñ`mrk bm `krtms ok träosftk urdeok m oes
mstrebes. M` mbujeèêk, u` mxm`pnk jnåssfjk bmssm tfpk bm fokveèêk æ e treospksfèêk
bm jursks prmsmojfefs pere e `kbenfbebm e bfstäojfe.
Oe mxtrm`fbebm bfsruptfve, e fokveèêk æ èfs rebfjen m prkvkje e sudstftufèêk bm
uè sknuèêk eotfhe pkr uè okve, rmbmifofobk ks perebfhès bm u` smtkr, es
tmjoknkhfes utfnfzebes, ks etkrms movknvfbks m, mvmotuen`motm, etæ `ms`k e nmhfsneèêk

rmnejfkoebe ek jesk. ]` mxm`pnk m` mbujeèêk sêk ks @kkjs, qum mstmobmre` ks

jursks bes èfs rmjkolmjfbes uofvmrsfbebms bk ùobk, jk`k Lerverb m Zteoikrb, e
pmsskes bk ùobk fotmfrk. Uueobk surhfre`, ks @kkjs prkvkjere` rmeèýms bm
muikrfe, pmne prk`msse bm èssfifjer e mbujeèêk bm quenfbebm eotms rmsmrvebe ç mnftm
bks peàsms bmsmovknvfbks. @es te`dæ` hmrere` uè særfm bm bfsjussýms pkr pertm
bk mstednfsl`mot mbujejfkoen,
mbujejfkoen, pmne e`meèe qum rmprmsmoteve` ek `kbmnk bm Mosfok
Zupmrfkr vfhmotm.
Jk`k vm`ks, es fokveèýms pkbm` verfer m` bf`mosêk m prkiuobfbebm, ès tkbes
prkpým` enhk okvk, bfimrmotm. Zedm`ks qum es fokveèýms sêk irutk be jrfetfvfbebm m
fovmotfvf-bebm luèoe, ès sedm`ks te`dæ` qum msses jepejfbebms oêk sêk
suifjfmotms pere jerejtmrfzer uè fokveèêk ok smotfbk èfs mstrftk bk tmè. Oe
vmrbebm, e fokveèêk sm`prm mstå vfojunebe e u` rmsuntebk, ku smae, oêk deste smr
jrfetfvk, tmr uè fbmfe drfnleotm m etæ `ms`k jk`pertfnler msse fbmfe jk` kutres
pmsskes. Æ omjmssårfk qum e fbmfe (irutk be jrfetfvfbebm) smae epnfjebe e u` jkotmxtk
rmen, m ks rmsuntebks bmsse eèêk pkbm` ku oêk smr fokvebkrms.
Mste kdre krheofze es fokveèýms m` mbujeèêk m` quetrk hrupks bm
`mtkbknkhfes ‚ etfves, åhmfs, f`mrsfves m eoenàtfjes. Jebe hrupk tm`
jk`k desm enhuos jkojmftks, pråtfjes ku mstretæhfes
mstret æhfes qum pkbm` trezmr
ek ùobk mbujejfkoen u` skprk bm okvfbebm, bm fokveèêk.
Mste kdre krheofze es fokveèýms m` mbujeèêk m` quetrk hrupks bm `mtkbknkhfes
‚ etfves, åhmfs, f`mrsfves m eoenàtfjes. Jebe hrupk tm` jk`k desm enhuos jkojmftks
jmotrefs m edrfhe u` jkoauotk bm sudjkojmftks, pråtfjes ku mstretæhfes qum, m` `mokr
ku èfkr `mbfbe, pkbm` trezmr ek ùobk mbujejfkoen u` skprk bm okvfbebm, bm
fokveèêk.
Mstm nfvrk ikf msjrftk pere tkbks equmnms qum etue` m` mbujeèêk prmsmojfen, e
bfstäojfe m jkrpkretfve ‚ prkimsskrms, pmsqufsebkrms, hmstkrms, mstubeotms, nàbmrms m
mspmjfenfstes. Æ u` èofimstk qum dusje ehruper, msjnermjmr m bfsjutfr vårfks espmjtks
be fokveèêk m` mbujeèêk.
Jkoikr`m smu pmrifn ‚ sue ikrèèêk ejebá`fje, sue mxpmrfáojfe prkifssfkoen, e
`kbenfbebm mbujejfkoen
bm jerrmfre, u` m k oàvmn ku
jepàtunk mspmjàifjk bm kutrk
mosfokpkbm
m` etrefr
qum vkjá
èfsetue, m etæ sue krfmoteèêk
sue etmoèêk.
Bm jmrte ikrè, ks jepàtunks sêk fobmpmobmotms, ès ikre` rmuofbks skd k `ms`k
tàtunk ‚ @mtkbknkhfes fokv-etfves
fokv-etfves ‚ pkr jkosfbmrer`ks qum mohnkde` e fokveèêk m
espmjtks bfstfotks bk prkjmssk bm mosfok m eprmobfzehm` m` uè ètrfz bm
pneomae`motk ku bmsfho fostrujfkoen. Es `mtkbknkhfes etfves ikje` ks pepæfs
bmsm`pmolebks ok prkjmssk m es etfvfbebms rmenfzebes pkr mnms. Es `mtkbknkhfes
åhmfs ikje` k mnm`motk „tm`pk‐, qum movknvm teotk e bureèêk pkotuen bes etfvfbebms
bm eprmobfzehm` prkpkstes queotk smu bmsbkdre`motk m` uè nfole bk tm`pk. Es
`mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves sm epkfe` fotmose`motm m` `àbfes m tmjoknkhfes. M es
`mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes sm kjupe` èfs be evenfeèêk.
Ymae
Ymae e smhufr uè vfsêk hmren bmsses `mtkbknkhfes.

Yfsêk hmren bes

@MRKBKNKHFEZ
FOKY-ERFYEZ
Ykjá pkbm, pkrteotk, fofjfer e nmfture pkr quenqumr u` bks jepàtunks èfs eifoebks e
smus fotmrmssms. Zm æ u` eifjfkoebk pmnk usk bm tmjoknkhfes m` mbujeèêk, tenvmz
prmifre puner bfrmte`motm pere es `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves m eoenàtfjes, qum nlm

permjmrêk ùftk èfs rebfjefs omssm smotfbk. Zm vkjá æ u` eèotm be sene bm eune m
be ejebm`fe, pkbm prmimrfr fofjfer pmnes `mtkbknkhfes etfves.
M` e`dks ks jesks, suhmrf`ks qum oêk bmfxm bm nmr mste Fotrkbuèêk
Fotrkbuèêk etæ
etæ k ifoen,
essf` jk`k e smèêk ifoen, pere qum pksse ek `moks tmr u` vfsnu`drm bes bmèfs
`mtkbknkhfes fokv-etfves.
Es `mtkbknkhfes etfves bmpmobm` ùftk be etueèêk luèoe ‚
prkimsskrms, enuoks, mspmjfenfstes, rmprmsmoteotms be jkùofbebm ‚,
moqueotk es `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs, f`mrsfves m eoenàtfjes venkrfze`
desteotm e jkotrfdufèêk bes `àbfes m tmjoknkhfes oe mbujeèêk m, bm
jmrte ikrè, bmpmobm` bmne.
Es `mtkbknkhfes etfves m f`mrsfves permjm` ùftk èfs ie`fnferms ek ùobk
msjkner m uofvmrsftårfk, juae etfvfbebm-if` æ k mosfok m, pkr fssk, tá` uè krheofzeèêk
bm tm`pk m mspeèk èfs jnere`motm bmifofbe. Enæ` bfssk, jkote` jk` prkifssfkoefs
jk` bmbfjeèêk mxjnusfve ç termie bm mosfoer, k qum nlms pmr`ftm bmsmovknvmr
etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm` qum mxfhm` ejk`peole`motk bkjmotm ku tutkrfen èfs
fotmosk. Es `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs m es eoenàtfjes sêk, ç prf`mfre vfste, èfs eimftes ç
mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve ‚ juae etfvfbebm-if` oêk æ e mbujeèêk. Mnes sm epkfe` m`
vkjedunårfk
rmsuntebks m mjustk-dmomiàjfk.
`mtkbknkhfes èfs prúxfès bk ùobk eb`fofstretfvk ‚ jk`k prezks,
Wkbm`ks bfzmr efobe qum es `mtkbknkhfes etfves bmpmobm` ùftk be etueèêk
luèoe ‚ prkimsskrms, enuoks, mspmjfenfstes, rmprmsmoteotms be jkùofbebm ‚,
moqueotk es `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs, f`mrsfves m eoenàtfjes venkrfze` desteotm e
jkotrfdufèêk bes `àbfes m tmjoknkhfes oe mbujeèêk m, bm jmrte ikrè, bmpmobm` bmne.
@es smrfe uè sf`pnfifjeèêk bfzmr qum epmoes es `mtkbknkhfes etfves sêk
jmotrebes ok smr luèok, vfstk qum teotk es `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs (qum dusje` user be
`mnlkr ikrè k rmjursk èfs venfksk bk smr luèok1 k tm`pk) queotk es `mtkbknkhfes
f`mrsfves (qum vfse` prkpkrjfkoer uè mxpmrfáojfe bm eprmobfzehm` sfhofifjetfve çs
pmsskes) m es `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes (juak moikqum æ mxtrefr sfhofifjebk bm bebks
drutks e if` bm pkssfdfnfter e ebepteèêk be prkpkste mbujejfkoen çs jerejtmràstfjes m
omjmssfbebms fobfvfbuefs)
jmotrk bk prkjmssk mstêk enfolebes ok smotfbk bm jknkjer k smr luèok ok
mbujejfkoen.
Oêk æ mrrebk bfzmr qum, m` nfoles hmrefs, es `mtkbknkhfes etfves sm eojkre` m`
uè vfsêk èfs luèofste, `moks tmjofjfste be mbujeèêk, m sêk fospfrebes pkr
tmúrfjks juaes tmsms ikre` mrhufbes m` jkotrepksfèêk e `kbmnks trebfjfkoefs vfhmotms.
@es, efobe essf`, prkpým` u` tfpk bm fokveèêk fojrm`moten qum pkbm smr ebktebk
bmotrk bk jfrjuftk msjkner-uofvmrsftårfk, sm` bmskrheofzer e mstruture jnåssfje bes
fostftufèýms bm mosfok1 eok nmtfvk, lkre/eune, krheofzeèêk smrfen bks jkotmñbks,
krheofzeèêk bm enuoks pkr turès, prkimsskrms rmspkosåvmfs pkr jebmfres
bfsjfpnfoerms, jmrtfifjeèêk ek ifoen bk prkjmssk...
Wkr msses rezýms, enhuès `mtkbknkhfes etfves, jk`k e WDN m e EDWW, sêk bm
èfs iåjfn ebkèêk bmotrk bk uofvmrsk mbujejfkoen trebfjfkoen. Rfvmre` sue háomsm ok
smfk be pmsqufse m pråtfje skdrm mbujeèêk, mstêk lå èfs tm`pk ok „`mrjebk‐ bes
edkrbehmos m `mtkbknkhfes mbujejfkoefs m, pkr fssk, sêk rmnetfve`motm èfs

jkolmjfbes pmnks mbujebkrms, enæ` bm smrm` kdamtk bm èfkr etmoèêk pkr pertm bm
pmsqufsebkrms m pudnfjeèýms mspmjfenfzebes. Kutres `mtkbknkhfes etfves, jk`k k
bmsfho tlfocfoh (BR) m k `kvf`motk ècmr, pkbm` etæ jerrmher uè „eure‐ èfs
mvfbmotm bm jrfetfvfbebm m fokveèêk, pkssfvmn`motm pkr tmrm` sfbk hmrebes ikre bk
e`dfmotm mbujejfkoen jnåssfjk.
Es `mtkbknkhfes etfves prkpým` u` tfpk bm fokveèêk fojrm`moten qum
pkbm smr ebktebk bmotrk bk jfrjuftk msjkner-uofvmrsftårfk, sm`
bmskrheofzer e mstruture jnåssfje bes fostftufèýms bm mosfok.
@es jkovæ` nm`drer qum tkbks mssms mxm`pnks bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves moietfze`
k prktehkofs`k bk enuok m e jmotrenfbebm ok smr luèok ‚ e pkotk bm enhuès
smssýms bm BR mstedmnmjmrm` jk`k rmhre oêk utfnfzer omolu` tfpk bm tmjoknkhfe3
ès, efobe essf`, mnes pkbm` rmprmsmoter epmoes e fotrkbuèêk bm enhuès `mnlkrfes
ok jnåssfjk prkbutk/smrvfèk mbujejfkoen.
Ouè ebkèêk skit , es `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs te`dæ` oêk jknkje` m` xmqum k pepmn
bes fostftufèýms bm mosfok om` bks etkrms movknvfbks bk prkjmssk ‚ jkosmhum` hmrer
enhu` hreu bm fokveèêk oe sene bm eune iezmobk `mnlkr usk bk „tm`pk msjkner‐ m
mstmobmobk k enjeojm bes eèýms mbujetfves, sm` mxfhfr uè ùbeoèe rebfjen ok
stetus
m bm. Zú
quk
quk.
trfnles qum, queobk edrf`ks
eprmobfzehm`, pmose`ks m` `fjrkjkotmñbks,
e pkssfdfnfbebm eprmobfzehm`
bm entmreèýms aust-fo-tf`m
èfs mstruturefs ok
e`dfmotm jkovmojfkoen bm mosfok m eprmobfzehm`. Msses `mtkbknkhfes surhm` jk`k
rmspkstes èfs eobrehúhfjes qum pmbehúhfjes, bmsnkjeobk bm èomfre èfs mvfbmotm
k jkotrknm bes eèýms mbujejfkoefs pere equmnms qum eprmobm`.
Es `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves m es eoenàtfjes sêk, mvfbmotm`motm, èfs bmpmobmotms
bes tmjoknkhfes. Omssm espmjtk, iezm` èfs smotfbk pere equmnms qum jkùohe`
uè vfsêk èfs lmutehúhfje m jkomjtfvfste be mbujeèêk. Wkr msse rezêk, sêk
`mtkbknkhfes qum, bm f`mbfetk, deneoèe` es mstrutures jkovmojfkoefs bk mosfok ‚ ku
smae, enæ` bm bmsnkjerm` k jmotrk bk pkbmr pere es `êks bks eprmobfzms, te`dæ`
f`pnfje` e pertfjfpeèêk bm okvks etkrms m pneymrs
m pneymrs ok
ok jmoårfk mbujejfkoen.
Es `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves m es eoenàtfjes sêk, mvfbmotm`motm, èfs
bmpmobmotms bes tmjoknkhfes. Wkr msse rezêk deneoèe` es mstrutures
jkovmojfkoefs bk mosfok.
Fssk pkrqum prkpkrjfkoer mxpmrfáojfes f`mrsfves, ok smotfbk èfs rfhkrksk bk
tmr`k, useobk, pkr mxm`pnk, rmenfbebm eu`motebe m vfrtuen, rmqumr jkolmjf`motks m
ledfnfbebms mspmjfenfzebks qum dke pertm bks prkimsskrms oêk tm`. Tmqumr te`dæ`
fovmstf`motks jkosfbmråvmfs m` mqufpe`motks m skitwerms
skitwerms,, mxfhfobk uè kpèêk
fostftujfkoen èfs jnere m jkosfstmotm m` ievkr be fokveèêk jkotàoue m sustmotåvmn.
M k qum bfzmr skdrm e oeturmze bfsruptfve bes `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes; Ç prf`mfre
(m ç smhuobe) vfste, mnes eouojfe` uè rmvknuèêk jk`pnmte oe ikrè bm eprmobmr m
mosfoer. Jerrmhe` bm ikrè tkten`motm fokvebkre k prktehkofs`k bk enuok
(`mtkbknkhfes etfves), k `mnlkr eprkvmfte`motk bk tm`pk pere eprmobmr
(`mtkbknkhfes åhmfs) m e prkvfsêk bm uè mxpmrfáojfe bm eprmobfzehm` rmen`motm

sfhofifjetfve (`mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves), tubk fssk m`denebk pmnes pkssfdfnfbebms bm

ebepteèêk m pmrskoenfzeèêk m` èsse prkpfjfebes pkr tmjoknkhfes fotmnfhmotms bm
ñntfè hmreèêk.
Fssk oêk sfhofifje qum es `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes oêk pksse` smr ebktebes bmotrk
be sene bm eune jkovmojfkoen pkr prkimsskrms jkùos, qum etue` m` fostftufèýms bm
mosfok trebfjfkoefs ‚ teotk pkbm` qum fojnuà`ks trás mstretæhfes Ieèe iåjfn qum
iåjfn qum bêk
uè e`kstre bk pkbmr be eoånfsm bm bebks ok jktfbfeok mbujejfkoen. Ok moteotk,
`ms`k msses mstretæhfes sf`pnms bmfxe` dm` jnerk k pktmojfen treosikrèbkr bes
`mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes ok qum bfz rmspmftk eks prkbutks, prkjmssks m smrvfèks
mbujejfkoefs.
E prkpúsftk, es mstretæhfes Ieèe iåjfn tá`
iåjfn tá` mxete`motm mssm kdamtfvk ‚ pkssfdfnfter
qum k prkimsskr, k bmsfhomr fostrujfkoen, k mspmjfenfste m` jkotmñbk m, prfojfpen`motm,
k eprmobfz vfvmojfm` es `mtkbknkhfes fokv-etfves bm ikrè fojrm`moten, bmotrk bks
nf`ftms smhurks bes sftueèýms bfbåtfjes jkovmojfkoefs. Zmhum`, pkrteotk, e núhfje bm
pertfr bk jkolmjfbk (e sene bm eune trebfjfkoen) pere k bmsjkolmjfbk (es okves ikrès
bm eprmobmr m mosfoer), sm` f`pnfjer ùbeoèes mstruturefs prkiuobes.
K nfvrk trez, efobe, mxm`pnks bm ebkèêk bes `mtkbknkhfes fokv-etfves. Jebe
jepàtunk eprmsmote u` f`pkrteotm jesk prfojfpen ‚ bkfs bmnms sêk oejfkoefs (k prkamtk
fotmhrebkr be ]ofvmsp jk`k mxm`pnk bm `mtkbknkhfe etfve m e rmenfbebm eu`motebe
pere nfvrks bfbåtfjks jk`k mxm`pnk bm `mtkbknkhfe f`mrsfve) m bkfs sêk fotmroejfkoefs
(k Wrkamtk KpmoNmero, be ]C Kpmo ]ofvmrsfty, m e Cleo Ejebm`y jk`k mxm`pnks bm
`mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes).
Zenpfjebks pmnks jepàtunks, vkjá te`dæ` mojkotre `fofjesks ‚ drmvms bmsjrfèýms
bm f`pneoteèýms bes `mtkbknkhfes fokv-etfves oks èfs verfebks jkotmxtks
mbujejfkoefs.
Es mstretæhfes Ieèe iåjfn tá` mxete`motm k kdamtfvk bm pkssfdfnfter qum k
prkimsskr,, k bmsfhomr fostrujfkoen, k mspmjfenfste m` jkotmñbk m,
prkimsskr
prfojfpen`motm, k eprmobfz vfvmojfm` es `mtkbknkhfes fokv-etfves bm
ikrè fojrm`moten, bmotrk bks nf`ftms smhurks bes sftueèýms bfbåtfjes
jkovmojfkoefs.
Jk`k pmrjmdmrå, vårfks jesks m `fofjesks mxm`pnfifje` èfs bm u` hrupk bm
`mtkbknkhfes. Bm ietk, ks nf`ftms motrm mssms hrupks sêk èfs bfbåtfjks qum rmefs. Wkr
msse rezêk, ikre` fojnuàbes rmimráojfes jruzebes fotmroes, qum epkote` pere es
fotmrsmèýms motrm ks bfimrmotms tfpks bm `mtkbknkhfe.
Wkr if`, ès oêk `moks f`pkrteotm, k Hnkssårfk
Hnkssårfk m k Àobfjm
Àobfjm ek ifoen bk nfvrk
motrmhe` e vkjá prmjfksfbebms1 rmjursks bm mstruture m krheofzeèêk qum iejfnfte` e
nkjenfzeèêk bm jkojmftks, eutkrms m fostftufèýms. Msses bues smèýms te`dæ`
prkpkrjfkoe` u` peokreè bks túpfjks m sudtúpfjks bfsjutfbks ok nfvrk.
Jk`k eutkres, jk`k pmsqufsebkres m, prfojfpen`motm, jk`k mbujebkres,
bmsmae`ks qum mste kdre smae pere vkjá, jerk nmftkr, têk fospfrebkre queotk ikf ‚ m
jkotfoue smobk ‚ pere oús. M, ejfè bm tubk, qum pksse m`pkbmrå-nk pere nfber jk`
es fokveèýms mbujejfkoefs jk` ks knlks edmrtks pere k iuturk.

5 Ouè trebuèêk nfvrm, eoenàtfje (ku eoånfsm) be eprmobfzehm`.

4 @FJLEMNFZ. @kbmrok bfjfkoårfk be nàohue pkrtuhumse. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//`fjlemnfs.ukn.jk`.dr/
>lttp1//`fjlemnfs.ukn.jk`.dr/`kbmrok-pkrtuhums
`kbmrok-pkrtuhums/dusje/pkrtuhum
/dusje/pkrtuhums-dresfnmfrk/fokve%J
s-dresfnmfrk/fokve%J:%E8%-
:%E8%-
J:%E:k/?. Ejmssk m`1 8 èr. 475<.
: R]ZL@E@, @.3 OEBNMT, B. Krheofzeobk-sm pere e fokveèêk. Fo1 ZRETCMV, C. Jk`k es
krheofzeèýms eprmobm`1 rmnetks bk sujmssk bes hreobms m`prmses. Zêk Weunk1 Iuture, 5668.
p. 599-5<6.
2 DKXMT, A. N.3 JLTFZRMOZMO, J. @. Bfsruptfvm tmjloknkhfms1 jetjlfoh tlm wevm. Lerverb
Dusfomss Tmvfmw , v. 8:, o. 5, p. 2:-=:, aeo./imv. 566=.

„ ]@ HTE@E BM EÈÊK MU]FYENM E ]@E RKOMNEBE BM RMKTFE.

ITFMBTFJL MOHMNZ
um k ùobk ùbku repfbe`motm oús sedm`ks. Æ sú vmr jk`k es tmjoknkhfes tá`

entmrebk oksse ikrè bm dusjer m jk`pertfnler foikrèèýms, jk`prer m vmobmr,
tredenler m rmnexer, prkbuzfr m jkosu`fr jkotmñbks verfebks. Zedm`ks efobe qum e
mvknuèêk tmjoknúhfje te`dæ` tm` f`punsfkoebk e f`pnm`moteèêk bm fokveèýms
U
fojrm`motefs m bfsruptfves ok je`pk mbujejfkoen. Refs fokveèýms, hreobms m pmqumoes, movknvm`

bmsbm e ebkèêk bm E`dfmotms Yfrtuefs bm Eprmobfzehm` (EYEs) pere k supkrtm be mbujeèêk

prmsmojfen m rmjursks pere mxpeobfr k `kbmnk làdrfbk etæ k usk bm tmjoknkhfes verfebes qum
prkpfjfe` e kimrte bm jursks e bfstäojfe e mstubeotms bm bfvmrses pertms bk ùobk.
Motrmteotk, mxfstm u` tfpk bm fokveèêk, qum vef enæ` be tmjoknúhfje, qum tm` prkvkjebk
ùbeoèes jkosfbmråvmfs oe ikrè bm jrfeoèes, akvmos m ebuntks eprmobmrm`. Mste`ks oks
rmimrfobk ç ebkèêk bm u` jkoauotk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves qum pmr`ftm` qum mstubeotms m
prkifssfkoefs essuè` k prktehkofs`k bm sue eprmobfzehm`.
Es `mtkbknkhfes etfves sêk mstretæhfes, tæjofjes, edkrbehmos m pmrspmjtfves bm eprmobfzehm`
fobfvfbuen m jknedkretfve qum movknvm` m moheae` ks mstubeotms ok bmsmovknvf`motk bm prkamtks
m/ku etfvfbebms pråtfjes. Oks jkotmxtks m` qum sêk ebktebes, k eprmobfz æ vfstk jk`k u` suamftk
etfvk, qum bmvm pertfjfper bm ikrè fotmose bm smu prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm` (`mbfebk ku oêk pkr
tmjoknkhfes), moqueotk rminmtm skdrm equfnk qum mstå iezmobk.
Mssm tmè mstå m` vkhe ok `mfk mbujejfkoen ‚ oejfkoen m fotmroejfkoen ‚ m tm` sfbk bfsjutfbk
m` mvmotks jfmotàifjks,5 ertfhks, nfvrks, ètmrfefs bfbåtfjks, vfbmkeunes, penmstres m jursks bm
ikrèèýms bm prkimsskrms, motrm kutrks.
Es `mtkbknkhfes etfves sêk iejfn`motm ebeptåvmfs m epnfjåvmfs e bfimrmotms jkotmxtks, jk`k
msjknes, uofvmrsfbebms m eèýms bm mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve, m ks rmsuntebks bm verfebes epnfjeèýms
tá` sfbk fovmstfhebks m jk`pertfnlebks. Jk` fssk, pkssfdfnfte` qum fokveèýms fojrm`motefs smae`
repfbe`motm f`pneotebes pkr jrferm` uè pkotm qum jkomjte ks jkolmjf`motks tmúrfjks e
jkotmxtks bm epnfjeèêk rmefs (m/ku lfpktætfjks, m`desebks oe rmenfbebm).
Æ jmrtk qum msses `mtkbknkhfes tá` u` vfæs ikrtm`motm luèofste, m skd smu huerbe-jluve
bmsteje`-sm edkrbehmos jk`k eprmobfzehm` desmebe m` prkdnmès, eprmobfzehm` desmebe m`
prkamtks,tlfocfoh.
bmsfho `kvf`motk
Oe ècmr,
smèêk fostruèêk
Ieèe iåjfnpkr permsmojkotre
, vkjá ( pmmr
pmmr tk pmmr fostrujtfko), enuoks
fostrujtfko),
k pessk e pessk pere jk`k
ebkter,bmsfhomrs
bm ikrèm
sf`pnms, es mstretæhfes bm Jesk m`påtfjk, Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk m BR mxprmss, qum pkbm` smr
epnfjebes oe mbujeèêk prmsmojfen, e bfstäojfe m jkrpkretfve.
Essf`, okssk kdamtfvk prfojfpen omstm jepàtunk æ bfsjutfr
bf sjutfr m bm`kostrer jk`k æ pkssàvmn ertfjuner
e eèêk-rminmxêk ek usk fokvebkr bm tmjoknkhfes jk` e ebkèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves oe
mbujeèêk.
Jk`mèe`ks pmne eprmsmoteèêk bk jesk bm uè uofvmrsfbebm peunfste qum ebkte `mtkbknkhfes
etfves pere qum enuoks bmsmovknve` prkamtks m` jursks supmrfkrms kimrtebks oe `kbenfbebm e
bfstäojfe.
MZR]BK BM JEZK
Eprmobfzehm` desmebe m` prkdnmès m prkamtks oe ]ofvmsp
E ]ofvmrsfbebm Yfrtuen bk Mstebk bm Zêk Weunk (]ofvmsp) ikf jrfebe m` 4754, smobk e querte
uofvmrsfbebm pñdnfje peunfste, jk` k kdamtfvk bm kimrter jursks bm hrebueèêk, pús-hrebueèêk m
mxtmosêk oes `kbenfbebms sm`fprmsmojfen m e bfstäojfe. Ok prf`mfrk vmstfduner be fostftufèêk, m` 4752,
ikre` edmrtes :.:77 vehes pere hrebueèêk m` Mohmolerfe bm Jk`puteèêk, Mohmolerfe bm Wrkbuèêk m
nfjmojfeture m` Dfknkhfe, Iàsfje, Uuà`fje m @etm`åtfje. Ks enuoks ikre` bfstrfduàbks m` 2= pknks ok
Mstebk bm Zêk Weunk. M` 4758, e fostftufèêk pessku e kimrter k jursk bm Wmbehkhfe, eu`motku k
oñ`mrk bm pknks pere 577 m lkam jkote jk` quesm 47 `fn enuoks ètrfjunebks.
K `kbmnk bfbåtfjk-pmbehúhfjk bks jursks bm hrebueèêk be ]ofvmsp prmvá qum ks mstubeotms
jursm` es bfsjfpnfoes jurrfjunerms (juaks jkotmñbks mstêk bfspkoàvmfs ok E`dfmotm Yfrtuen bm

Eprmobfzehm` ‚ EYE)
EYE) e jebe sm`mstrm m, ek `ms`k tm`pk, tredenlm` m` hrupks bm etæ smtm enuoks
ok bmsmovknvf`motk bm u` Wrkamtk Fotmhrebkr (WF).
Were fssk, k jkkrbmoebkr bk jursk m prkimsskrms bmifom` u` tmè jmotren, qum ertfjune ks
jkotmñbks bes bfsjfpnfoes bk sm`mstrm. E pertfr bmssm tmè jmotren, ks mstubeotms ebkte` e
Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès m pkr Wrkamtks (EDWW), ertfjunebe çs mtepes kuvfr, jrfer m
f`pnm`moter bk bmsfho tlfocfoh,4 pere rmsknvmr u` prkdnmè jk`pnmxk fbmotfifjebk pmnk hrupk m` u`
jkotmxtk rmen.
Ks hrupks bmsmovknvm` k WF skd e krfmoteèêk bm u` tutkr prmsmojfen jepejftebk pere krfmotå-nks oe
rmenfzeèêk bes etfvfbebms jknedkretfves prmvfstes m` jebe mtepe bk prkamtk. Were fssk, sêk rmenfzebks
mojkotrks smèoefs, qum kjkrrm` bm ikrè fotmrjenebe ‚ prmsmojfen`motm oks pknks bm epkfk m
vfrtuen`motm pkr `mfk be imrre`mote Hkkhnm Leohkuts ‚, m` bfes m lkrårfks prmvfe`motm
mstedmnmjfbks. Were fotmrehfr m prmperer k rmnetúrfk ifoen bk WF, ks hrupks utfnfze` imrre`motes
jknedkretfves fotmhrebes ek EYE,
EYE, jk`k iúruos, Hkkhnm Leohkuts m Hkkhnm Bkjs. K tredenlk bks hrupks
æ desfje`motm krheofzebk m` trás hreobms `k`motks, jk`k smhum. :
5. Eprkxfèèêk bk tmè3 smnmèêk bm u` jkotmxtk m prkdnmè rmen e smr fovmstfhebk3 kdsmrveèêk m
msjute bes pmsskes movknvfbes pere eoånfsm bk prkdnmè.
4. Jrfeèêk bm sknuèýms m smnmèêk bes `mnlkrms sknuèýms pere mnedkrer prktútfpks qum vfse` rmsknvmr k
prkdnmè rmen fovmstfhebk.
:. Rmstm bks prktútfpks pere kdtmr immbdejc bm mspmjfenfstes m pmsskes movknvfbes ok prkdnmè
fovmstfhebk skdrm e sknuèêk jrfebe3 prkbuèêk bm rmnetúrfk msjrftk m vàbmk pudnfjebk ok VkuR
VkuRudm.
udm.
E mnedkreèêk bm prktútfpks pmr`ftm e vfsuenfzeèêk m k tmstm bes sknuèýms jrfebes pmnks hrupks,
tkroeobk-es teohàvmfs m eaubeobk ok prkjmssk bm ertfjuneèêk tmkrfe/pråtfje. E evenfeèêk bk WF sm bå ek
ifoen bk sm`mstrm, queobk jebe hrupk motrmhe u` rmnetúrfk jk`pkstk pkr1 rmsu`k/ edstrejt , fotrkbuèêk,
prkdnmè m kdamtfvks, austfifjetfve, iuobe`moteèêk tmúrfje (jepàtunk m` qum ks enuoks skè` e rminmxêk
ç eèêk, rmnejfkoeobk ks jkolmjf`motks ebqufrfbks oes bfsjfpnfoes jurrfjunerms ek prktútfpk
bmsmovknvfbk), prkjmbf`motks `mtkbknúhfjks utfnfzebks (epnfjeèêk be EDWW m bk BR pere bmsmovknvmr
k prkamtk), nmveote`motk m eoånfsm bm bebks (bebks jknmtebks, bmsjrfèêk bk prktútfpk m bfsjussêk bks
rmsuntebks) m jkosfbmreèýms ifoefs.
Ks prktútfpks sêk jk`pertfnlebks jk` tkbks ks mstubeotms bk jursk, prkimsskrms, tutkrms m
skjfmbebm, uè vmz qum ks hrupks prkbuzm` m pudnfje` ok VkuRudm u` vàbmk ok quen eprmsmote`
tkbk k bmsmovknvf`motk bk WF m ks rmsuntebks bk prkjmssk.
Eprmsmote`ks, ok Uuebrk 5.5, 5.5, u` mxm`pnk bm prktútfpk jrfebk pkr enuoks bk :· eok bm Mohmolerfe
bm Jk`puteèêk skdrm k tmè „@mnlkrfe bm mspeèks pñdnfjks‐.2
=
Uuebrk 5.5 ‚ Wrktútfpk
‚ Wrktútfpk bk hrupk =O4 ‚ Zêk Weunk (pknk @mofoks)
Wrkdnmè Jk`k iezmr `mnlkrfes fotmroes oks
fovmstfhebk dmdmbkurks bk perqum bk Jnudm Msjkne
Yfne Enpfoe pere essmhurer ek usuårfk qum k
prkjmssk bm fospmèêk m/ku èoutmoèêk
bks dmdmbkurks smae mxmjutebk;
Jnudm Msjkne Yfne Enpfoe (nkjen fovmstfhebk)
Jkotmxtk Enhuos usuårfks bks dmdmbkurks bm

eoenfsebk envmoerfe m enu`àofk bk Jnudm Msjkne Yfne
Enpfoe rmnetere` moimr`fbebms epús k
jkosu`k be åhue. Fssk suhmrm qum e åhue
jkosu`fbe pmnes pmsskes qum irmqumote`
k perqum pkbm oêk tmr dke quenfbebm ku
Dmdmbkurks bk Jnudm Msjkne Yfne Enpfoe
qum ks dmdmbkurks
èoutmoèêk omjmssfte`
jk` èfs bm
irmquáojfe.

Wrktútfpk be E sknuèêk jrfebe pmnk hrupk æ u` pefomn

sknuèêk jkojmdfbe bfhften, jkojmdfbk jk` desm m` Erbufok, 9
qum jkotæ` u` rmnúhfk jk` e bete etuen m e
pkssfdfnfbebm bm smr prkhreèbk. K
Erbufok æ uè pneteikrè bm prktktfpehm`
mnmtròofje bm lerbwerm nfvrm. K hrupk Wrktútfpk jrfebk pmnk hrupk
suhmrm qum e pneje smae fosmrfbe oe pertm
fotmroe bks dmdmbkurks jk` k kdamtfvk bm
enmrter ks hmstkrms bk perqum, queobk
lkuvmr e omjmssfbebm bm rmenfzer
èoutmoèêk oks dmdmbkurks ku sm e bete
be èoutmoèêk tfvmr pessebk. Kutre
iuojfkoenfbebm bk pefomn æ dnkqumer e
pessehm` bm åhue pere qum k irmqumotebkr
bk perqum smae f`pmbfbk bm dmdmr åhue m`
dmdmbkurk juae èoutmoèêk oêk tmole sfbk
rmenfzebe.
Ikotm1 HETDFO mt en., 4758.
JK@WMRÁOJFEZ BK ZÆJ]NK \\F M @MRKBKNKHFEZ ERFYEZ

Aå lå enhu` tm`pk mbujebkrms vá` sm bmdruèeobk skdrm qumstýms qum nmveote`ks oe fotrkbuèêk
bmstm nfvrk1 Jk`k pkbm`ks prmperer jfbebêks m prkifssfkoefs qum mstmae` prkotks pere vfvmr m prkbuzfr
m` u` ùobk m` jkosteotm ùbeoèe; Jk`k hereotfr qum msterêk eptks pere etuer m` smtkrms m
`mrjebks qum oêk mxfstm` lkam; M èfs1 Uum `mtkbknkhfes bm mosfok-eprmobfzehm` pkbm` `kbmner
lkam mssm iuturk;
Enhuos pmsqufsebkrms, prkimsskrms m pmosebkrms dusjere` rmspkstes e tefs pmrhuotes e pertfr be
prkpksfèêk bm jk`pmtáojfes iuobe`motefs qum mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs bmvm` bmsmovknvmr pere qum
mstmae` quenfifjebks e etuer jk` sujmssk m` u` ùobk prkifssfkoen fojmrtk m bmseifebkr. Motrm es
Xehomr,,8
pmrspmjtfves skdrm quefs smrfe` msses jk`pmtáojfes, mnmhm`ks equmnes epkotebes pkr Rkoy Xehomr
prkimsskr be Zjlkkn ki Mbujetfko, be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Lerverb.

Ifhure 5.5 ‚ Jk`pmtáojfes iuobe`motefs pere prkifssfkoefs m jfbebêks bk sæjunk \\F
Ikotm1 ebeptebe bm XEHOMT, 4757.

Zmnmjfkoe`ks es jk`pmtáojfes prkpkstes pkr Xehomr pkr msterm` enfolebes jk` oksse vfsêk
skdrm es jkotrfdufèýms bes `mtkbknkhfes etfves oe ikrèèêk bm mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs. Fstk æ,
vfsnu`dre`ks qum e jk`pmtáojfe sknuèêk bm prkdnmès æ
prkdnmès æ bmsmovknvfbe queobk mnms sm bmpere` jk`
u` prkdnmè jk`pnmxk m sêk f`pmnfbks e ertfjuner smus jkolmjf`motks jk` es bmèobes m bmseifks
mojkotrebks ok ùobk rmen. Msse ertfjuneèêk bmèobe qum ks enuoks bmsmovknve` k pmose`motk
jràtfjk,, nmveobk
jràtfjk
mxpmrfáojfes m` jkosfbmreèêk
m kdsmrveèýms prævfes. rminmxýms m aunhe`motks rmenfzebks pmne eoånfsm bm jkotmñbks,

Mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs bmfxe` k pepmn pessfvk m bm `mrks rmjmptkrms bm

foikrèèýms, qum nlms ikf etrfduàbk pkr teotks sæjunks oe mbujeèêk trebfjfkoen, pere
essu`fr u` pepmn etfvk m bm prktehkofstes be prúprfe eprmobfzehm`.
Reotk e sknuèêk bm prkdnmès queotk k pmose`motk jràtfjk sêk enf`motebks pmne pkssfdfnfbebm bm
foikrèèýms, ks quefs sêk iejfnftebks pmnes okves tmjoknkhfes m sudsfbfe` e
ejmssk m eoånfsm bm foikrèèýms,
tkèbe bm bmjfsêk. Mssm prkjmssk æ morfqumjfbk pmne eprmobfzehm` jknedkretfve
jknedkretfve ku pkr perms, oe
dusje pkr sknuèýms pkr `mfk be trkje m jkostruèêk bm okvks jkolmjf`motks. E jknedkreèêk, `mbfebe
ku oêk pkr tmjoknkhfes, sú pkbm smr mimtfve queobk sm tm` e jk`pmtáojfe bm jkùofjeèêk (kren m
msjrfte) mifjez . E jepejfbebm bm jkùofjer fbmfes m mxpnkrer imoò`moks bmsjkolmjfbks bmspmrte ok
eprmobfz jurfksfbebm m fèhfoeèêk.
fèhfoeèêk.
Omstm smotfbk, mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs bmfxe` k pepmn pessfvk m bm `mrks rmjmptkrms bm
foikrèèýms, qum nlms ikf etrfduàbk pkr teotks sæjunks oe mbujeèêk trebfjfkoen, pere essu`fr u` pepmn
etfvk m bm prktehkofstes be prúprfe eprmobfzehm`. Fssk nmve ek bmsmovknvf`motk bes jk`pmtáojfes bm
m ebeptedfnfbebm
ehfnfbebm m
ehfnfbebm pere qum pertfjfpm`, bm ikrè mifjez, bm okvks jkotmxtks bm eprmobfzehm`,
ebeptedfnfbebm pere
prkifssfkoefs m skjfefs.
Wkr if`, e mbujeèêk enfolebe jk` bmèobes etuefs m iutures prmpere pmsskes pere mxmrjmr
foinuáojfe pere qum pksse` `ktfver m moheaer smus perms e iezmr e bfimrmoèe kobm
nfbmreoèe pkr foinuáojfe
mstfvmrm`. Mssm mstfnk bm nfbmreoèe bfssm`foe e jk`pmtáojfe bm fofjfetfvefofjfetfve m m`prmmobmbkrfs`k
m`prmmobmbkrfs`k m
vfedfnfze qum dkes fbmfes m sknuèýms smae` f`pnm`motebes m f`pejtm`, bm ikrè pksftfve, equmnms qum
es vfvmojfe`.
5.4 EDKTBEHMOZ RMÚTFJEZ U]M I]OBE@MORE@ E EBKÈÊK BM

@MRKBKNKHFEZ
@MRKBKNKHF EZ ERFYEZ
ERFYEZ
Es `mtkbknkhfes etfves pkbm` smr ebktebes pere bmsmovknvmr es jk`pmtáojfes rmnmveotms ok sæjunk
\\F skd e pmrspmjtfve be pmbehkhfe, be eobrehkhfe m be lmutehkhfe.
E pmbehkhfe hmren`motm mstå vfojunebe ç mbujeèêk trebfjfkoen bm jrfeoèes m ebknmsjmotms m tm`
sfbk ebktebe m` bfimrmotms edkrbehmos mbujejfkoefs, m` jkotmxtks oks quefs k prkimsskr essu`m
èfkr rmspkosedfnfbebm m` krfmoter es mxpmrfáojfes bm eprmobfzehm` vfvfbes pkr mstubeotms.
E eobrehkhfe, pkr sue vmz, bfssm`foebe pmnk tredenlk bm @enjkn` Cokwnms< oe bæjebe bm 5687, æ
bfrmjfkoebe ç mbujeèêk bm ebuntks, pertfjuner`motm ks fosmrfbks ok jkotmxtk bm tredenlk, nmveobk m`
jkosfbmreèêk espmjtks jk`k mxpmrfáojfes, `ktfveèýms m omjmssfbebm bm eprmobmr.
eprmobmr.
Wkr if`, e lmutehkhfe, tmr`k juolebk pkr Lesm m Cmyko, surhm jk`k rmspkste çs bmèobes be
6
mre bfhften, m` qum es foikrèèýms bfspkoàvmfs sêk eduobeotms m ks fobfvàbuks tá` eutkok`fe pere
bmjfbfr m evenfer k qum, jk`k m queobk qumrm` eprmobmr.
Jk`k smnmjfkoe`ks e pmrspmjtfve èfs ebmquebe pere e epnfjeèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes
etfves ok jkotmxtk mbujejfkoen m` qum etue`ks; E rmspkste æ k oàvmn bm eutkok`fe
qum ks mstubeotms pkssum` pere eprmobmr.
Jk`k smnmjfkoe`ks e pmrspmjtfve èfs ebmquebe pere e epnfjeèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves ok
jkotmxtk mbujejfkoen m` qum etue`ks; E rmspkste æ k oàvmn bm eutkok`fe qum ks mstubeotms pkssum`
pere eprmobmr.
Weunk Irmfrm, rmjkolmjfbk mbujebkr dresfnmfrk, jkosfbmre qum e eutkok`fe æ ietkr iuobe`moten ok
prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm`, pkfs mqufvenm ç jepejfbebm bm uè pmsske ehfr pkr sf `msè, sm`
bmpmobmr bm kutres pmsskes. Irmfrm mxpnfje qum e jkostruèêk be eutkok`fe bmvm mster jmotrebe oe
vfváojfe bm mxpmrfáojfes mstfùnebkres qum ebvá` be tkèbe bm bmjfsêk m be pkssfdfnfbebm bm k enuok
essu`fr rmspkosedfnfbebm pkr sue prúprfe eprmobfzehm`. K eutkr jkosfbmre qum e eutkok`fe æ k pkotk
bm mqufnàdrfk motrm e eutkrfbebm bk prkimsskr m e nfdmrbebm bk eprmobfz.57 Wkr fssk, e eutkok`fe prkbuz
eutkjkoifeoèe, mstfùneobk ks enuoks e mxmrjmr u` pepmn etfvk ok prkjmssk bm eprmobmr.55

M` kutres penevres, k prkimsskr qum etue oe mbujeèêk dåsfje sedm qum es jrfeoèes, qum sêk
`moks eutòokès pkr efobe msterm` pesseobk pmnks mståhfks bm bmsmovknvf`motk iàsfjk m psfjknúhfjk,
prmjfse` bm èfkr bfrmjfkoe`motk m krfmoteèêk pere bmsmovknvmr prkamtks desmebks m` `mtkbknkhfes
etfves qum ks ebuntks, mstms sf` èburks ifsfknúhfje m psfjknkhfje`motm, ks quefs pertfjfpe` bm eèýms
bm mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve.
Re`dæ` æ prmjfsk jkosfbmrer qum es `mtkbknkhfes etfves sêk jk`pkstes, smhuobk Dkowmnn m
Mfsko,54 bm bkfs espmjtks iuobe`motefs1 eèêk
eèêk m m rminmxêk
rminmxêk.. Fstk sfhofifje qum, oks jkotmxtks m` qum es
`mtkbknkhfes etfves sêk ebktebes, k eprmobfz æ vfstk jk`k u` suamftk etfvk, qum bmvm teotk movknvmr-sm
bm ikrè fotmose m` smu prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm` queotk rminmtfr skdrm equfnk qum mstå iezmobk. Oe
vmrbebm, omssm prkjmssk es imrre`motes tmjoknúhfjes pkbm` smr usebes pere bmsmovknvmr e
eutkok`fe bks eprmobfzms m pkssfdfnfter e ehfnfbebm m e pmrskoenfzeèêk bes mxpmrfáojfes bm
eprmobfzehm`, enæ` be mxpmrf`moteèêk m jkùofjeèêk råpfbe bm pmsskes smperebes pkr tm`pk m
mspeèk.
Es `mtkbknkhfes etfves sêk jk`pkstes, smhuobk Dkowmnn m Mfsko, bm bkfs espmjtks
iuobe`motefs1 eèêk m rminmxêk.
Zmhuobk rmsuntebks bm pmsqufse rmenfzebe pkr Zeobmrs mt en., 5: ok je`pk mbujejfkoen mxfstm e ikrtm
jrmoèe bm qum es `mtkbknkhfes etfves sêk k jkotrepkotk bk mosfok trebfjfkoen treos`fssfvk, pkr
pmr`ftfrm` m mojkreaerm` qum k eprmobfz eae jk`k prktehkofste bm sue eprmobfzehm`. Motmobm`ks
qum msse jrmoèe ebvæ` bk ietk bm es `mtkbknkhfes etfves tmrm` surhfbk bm reàzms tmúrfjes qum
qumstfkoe` ks `kbmnks mbujejfkoefs trebfjfkoefs jmotrebks ok mosfok.

Ifhure 5.4 ‚ Rurè bm enuoks be Zuosmt Zjlkkn m` @ermy (oks Mstebks ]ofbks) essfstfobk e uè eune jmotrebe ok
mosfok treos`fssfvk, m` 5645

Bfeotm bfssk, pere ebkter es `mtkbknkhfes etfves prmjfse`ks motmobmr prf`mfre`motm qum k
prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm` luèoe æ jk`pnmxk m tm` sfbk mxpnfjebk skd verfebes pmrspmjtfves
tmúrfjes. Jebe tmkrfe pertm bm prmssupkstks m jrmoèes skdrm k imoò`mok mbujejfkoen qum foinumojfe` e
vfsêk bm mosfok, eprmobfzehm` m evenfeèêk ‚ ku smae, tkbe e mxpmrfáojfe vfvfbe pkr u` eprmobfz.
Rrás edkrbehmos tmúrfjes m`dnm`åtfjes iuobe`mote` e ebkèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves m`
jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs pkr jkosfbmrerm` e ertfjuneèêk bk dfoò`fk eèêk-rminmxêk1 k jkhoftfvfs`k, k
(skjfk)jkostrutfvfs`k m k jkomjtfvfs`k.
5.4.5 Jkhoftfvfs`k

E edkrbehm` jkhoftfvfste prmkjupe-sm m` motmobmr k prkjmssk `moten (jkhoftfvk) bk eprmobfz m ks

jk`pkrte`motks bmjkrrmotms bm sue fotmreèêk jk` k `mfk. Ks jkhoftfvfstes erhu`mote` qum u`
fobfvàbuk eprmobm e pertfr bm sue fotmreèêk jk` k ùobk m k jkotmxtk m` qum vfvm. Bk ùobk mxtmrok
mnm rmjmdm jkosteotm immbdejc , qum k eaube e ikrùner lfpútmsms m jkojnusýms skdrm sues eèýms.
Msse edkrbehm` vá ks eprmobfzms jk`k ehmotms etfvks, qum tmote` jkosteotm`motm prkjmsser,
jetmhkrfzer m etrfdufr smotfbk çs foikrèèýms vfobes bk ùobk mxtmrok. Essf`, sêk jkosteotm`motm
bmseifebks e mxpmrf`moter, bmsjkdrfr m pertfjfper bm etfvfbebms eprkprfebes e smus jkolmjf`motks
prævfks m, bmsse ikrè, eprmobm` bm ikrè sfhofifjetfve.
Zmhuobk ks jkhoftfvfstes, k moikqum be evenfeèêk mstå ok prkjmssk m oks rmsuntebks bm
eprmobfzehm` eprmsmotebks pkr eprmobfzms qum tá` eutkok`fe pere eprmobmr. Bk `ms`k `kbk, e
eutkevenfeèêk æ ebktebe pere eaubå-nks e rminmtfr skdrm equfnk qum eprmobmre` m skdrm k prúprfk
prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm` (`mtejkhofèêk).
E hreobm jkotrfdufèêk bk jkhoftfvfs`k pere m`deser e ebkèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves oe mbujeèêk
mstå m` oks eauber e jk`prmmobmr ks prkjmssks `motefs qum oks nmve` e fotmrprmter, hmrfr m krheofzer
k jkolmjf`motk ‚ espmjtks iuobe`motefs pere motmobmr k prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm`.
E hreobm jkotrfdufèêk bk jkhoftfvfs`k pere m`deser e ebkèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves
oe mbujeèêk mstå m` oks eauber e jk`prmmobmr ks prkjmssks `motefs qum oks nmve` e
fotmrprmter,, hmrfr m krheofzer k jkolmjf`motk.
fotmrprmter
5.4.5.5 Eprmobfzehm` sfhofifjetfve

K tmúrfjk jkhoftfvfste Bevfb Eusudmn52 bmsteje-sm pkr prkpkr k jkojmftk bm eprmobfzehm` sfhofifjetfve.
Desfje`motm,
foikrèèýms emnm bmimobmku
jkojmftks qum k eprmobfz prmmxfstmotms
prkpksfèýms etrfduf sfhofifjebk
(qumçqufnk
jleè qum
bmeprmobm sm pubmr
sudsuoèkrms) mèojkrer okves
sue mstruture
jkhoftfve.
Were mnm, k erèzmoe`motk bm okves foikrèèýms ok jærmdrk æ rmenfzebk bm ikrè krheofzebe,
smhufobk uè lfmrerqufe jkojmftuen m`desebe m` rmprmsmoteèýms bm mxpmrfáojfes jeusebes pkr
mstàùnks smoskrfefs. Essf`, e mstruture jkhoftfve bk eprmobfz sm rmmstruture oe fotmreèêk motrm
jkolmjf`motks prævfks m okves foikrèèýms. Mssm jfjnk kjkrrm `ms`k queobk e eprmobfzehm` æ
`mbfebe pkr tmjoknkhfes.
K mbujebkr qum jkolmjm ks prfojàpfks be eprmobfzehm` sfhofifjetfve motmobm e f`pkrtäojfe bm
fbmotfifjer ks jkolmjf`motks prævfks bks enuoks skdrm ks tmès qum smrêk edkrbebks. Fssk pkbm smr
rmenfzebk m` uè skobehm` msjrfte ku kren rmenfzebe m` sene bm eune ku utfnfzeobk imrre`motes
bfhftefs, pkr mxm`pnk, k iúru` bm bfsjussêk,
bf sjussêk, k jlet ku
ku efobe u` dnkh ku
ku rmbm skjfen.
Oe smèêk Ieèe iåjfn bk Jepàtunk 2,

2, skd k tàtunk Bfehoústfjk jknmtfvk, eprmsmote`ks u`
mxm`pnk bm mstretæhfe
jkolmjf`motks prævfksbfhften qum pkbm smr utfnfzebe pere k nmveote`motk bm
bks eprmobfzms.
5.4.4 (Zkjfk)jkostrutfvfs`k
E smhuobe edkrbehm` qum iuobe`mote e ebkèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves æ k jkostrutfvfs`k, qum
moietfze k pepmn etfvk bks smrms luèoks pere qum e eprmobfzehm` kjkrre. Bmsteje, efobe, e
rmnmväojfe bk nfvrm-erdàtrfk, bes jkobfèýms bm vfbe m bes fotmreèýms omssm prkjmssk. Bm ejkrbk jk` e
vfsêk jkostrutfvfste, oêk eprmobm`ks pmne treos`fssêk bm foikrèèýms ku pmne `m`krfzeèêk, ès pmne
jkostruèêk bm okvks jkolmjf`motks.
Ks skjfkjkostrutfvfstes bmimobm` qum jkolmjf`motks m ledfnfbebms pkbm` smr e`pnfebks queobk k
fobfvàbuk fotmrehm jk` kutres pmsskes m pkbm tmster m jkotrester k qum sedm jk` ks jkolmjf`motks
bks bmèfs. Msses fotmreèýms iezm` jk` qum mnm eprmobe èfs bk qum sm mstfvmssm mstubeobk
skzfolk. E kdre bm Nmv Yyhktscy, psfjúnkhk russk, sm bmsteje auste`motm pkr tmr prkpkstk qum es
ikrès bm u` fobfvàbuk mstruturer smu pmose`motk ebvá` bm lådftks skjfefs bk e`dfmotm m junture m`
qum mnm mstå fosmrfbk. Essf`, smhuobk Yyhktscy
Yyhktscy,, e lfstúrfe bm vfbe
vf be m k e`dfmotm m` qum u` suamftk vfvm
sêk ietkrms bmtmr`foeotms pere smu bmsmovknvf`motk fotmnmjtuen m eprmobfzebk.5=

M` jkotmxtks jkostrutfvfstes bm eprmobfzehm`, pkr `mfk bm termies pkujk mstruturebes, ks

eprmobfzms tá` e kpkrtuofbebm bm bfsjutfr m rminmtfr skdrm ks tmès edkrbebks m jlmher e sues prúprfes
jkojnusýms. Ok prkjmssk, mnms sêk evenfebks teotk pmne pertfjfpeèêk queotk pmnk rmsuntebk bk tredenlk
rmenfzebk. Omssms jesks, ebkte-sm uè heè bm mstretæhfes, motrm es quefs pkbm`ks jfter e
eutkevenfeèêk, e evenfeèêk pkr perms m k jk`pertfnle`motk bm rmspkosedfnfbebm pmnks rmsuntebks
kdtfbks pmnk hrupk.
5.4.4.5 Rmkrfe be Etfvfbebm (RE)

E Rmkrfe be Etfvfbebm (RE) mxpnfje qum e eèêk luèoe æ iuobe`moten pere qum k eprmobfzebk kjkrre.
Ikf iuobe`motebe ok jkojmftk bm `mbfeèêk prkpkstk pkr Yyhktscy,59 pere qum` k jk`pkrte`motk
luèok hmren`motm æ `mbfebk3 ku smae, mnm`motks mxtmroks (jk`k e nfohuehm` m imrre`motes
tmjoknúhfjes) iezm` e fotmr`mbfeèêk bm uè rmneèêk, essf` k jkotetk bm uè pmsske jk` ertmietks 58
m kdamtks bmfxe bm smr bfrmtk m pesse e smr `mbfebk.
Wkrteotk, k jkojmftk fofjfen be RE æ jk`pkstk bm trás mnm`motks dåsfjks1 e eèêk bm uè pmsske (k
suamftk), `mbfebe pkr u` ertmietk `mbfebkr (ètmrfen ku psfjknúhfjk), vfseobk enjeoèer ku prkbuzfr u`
kdamtk. K kdamtk æ k ètmrfen drutk skdrm k quen u` suamftk vef ehfr, utfnfzeobk imrre`motes `mbfebkres,
moqueotk fotmrehm jkotfoue`motm jk` kutres pmsskes.5<

Ifhure 5.: ‚
@kbmnk bm eèêk `mbfebe bm Yyhktscy

Ikotm1 MOHMZRTÙ@, V.V. Ejtfvfty tlmkry eob fobfvfbuen eob skjfen
s kjfen treosikrètfko. Fo1 [[[[3 @FMRRFOM@, T.3
W]OE@ECF, T. N. Wmrspmjtfvms ko ejtfvfty tlmkry . Je`drfbhm1 Je`drfbhm ]ofvmrsfty Wrmss, 5666. p. :7.

Jk` desm oe prkpkste bm Yyhktscy, enhuès bæjebes bmpkfs, Mohmstrù`56 jk`pnm`motku e RE
fojnufobk k espmjtk skjfen m jknmtfvk be etfvfbebm luèoe. Zues jkotrfdufèýms sêk mspmjfen`motm
rmnmveotms pere e mre etuen, m` qum es tmjoknkhfes pessere` e `mbfer jebe vmz èfs es rmneèýms
luèoes m te`dæ` k prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm`. Bmste èomfre, Mohmstrù` ejrmsjmotku okvks
mnm`motks ç prkpkste tmúrfje fofjfen pere mxpnfjer k sfstmè bm etfvfbebm luèoe, jkoikr`m mxpnfjftebk
oe Ifhure 5.2.

Ifhure 5.2 ‚ Bkfs sfstmès bm etfvfbebm m` fotmreèêk

Ikotm1 MOHMZRT
MOHMZRT @, V V.. Mxpeosfvm nmerofoh
nmerofoh et wkrc1 tkwer
tkwerb
b eo ejtfvfty tlmkrmtfjen rmjkojmptuenfzetfko. Akuroen ki
wkrc, v. 52, o. 5, p. 5:=, 4775.
mbujetfko eob wkrc, v.

E prkpkste bm Mohmstrù` fobfje qum e etfvfbebm luèoe æ mstruturebe jk` desm m` trás pkotks
••jmotrefs1 e rmneèêk bk suamftk jk` k kdamtk be etfvfbebm3 ks ertmietks `mbfebkrms (ku imrre`motes)
•utfnfzebks pere ehfr ok jkotmxtk bk sfstmè bm etfvfbebm3 e bfvfsêk bk tredenlk m es rmhres qum
mstedmnmjm` smu je`pk bm eèêk m` bmtmr`foebk jkotmxtk ku jkùofbebm.47
K tmúrfjk fojnuf ok `kbmnk krfhfoen be RE k sfhofifjebk jknmtfvk. Ku smae, k rmsuntebk be fotmreèêk
motrm ks bkfs sfstmès bm etfvfbebm, m` qum es eèýms skirm` ùbeoèes moqueotk ks fobfvàbuks
fotmrehm`, hmre u` okvk kdamtk. Equf e jkostruèêk jknmtfve bk sfstmè bm etfvfbebm nmve ç `kbfifjeèêk
bk kdamtk krfhfoen, qum sm treosikrè m` enhk okvk.
Ks prfojàpfks be RE oks nmve` e pmoser oe mbujeèêk jk`k u` sfstmè bm etfvfbebms usebk pkr
smrms luèoks pere jrfer ertmietks jepezms bm `mbfer rmneèýms qum rmsunte` m` okves
eprmobfzehmos.45 M` sàotmsm, quenqumr eèêk mbujejfkoen, smae mne prmsmojfen, e bfstäojfe ku
jkrpkretfve, bmpmobm bm etfvfbebms qum fojnue` k pneomae`motk bk `kbmnk bfbåtfjk/pmbehúhfjk, e
smnmèêk bks ètmrfefs bfbåtfjks, e bmifofèêk bm jk`k k jkotmñbk smrå eprmsmotebk, e msjknle bes
`mtkbknkhfes bm mosfok m bks jeoefs bm jkùofjeèêk motrm prkimsskr-enuoks, enuoks-enuoks m enuoks-
fostftufèêk, es rmhres qum rmhm` msses rmneèýms m ks ertmietks `mbfebkrms qum smrêk ebktebks oes
etfvfbebms fobfvfbuefs, jknmtfves m jknedkretfves, motrm kutrks. Rkbks mssms mnm`motks iuobe`mote` e
jkostruèêk m e rmjkostruèêk jkosteotm bk smotfbk etrfduàbk pmnes pmsskes movknvfbes ek prkjmssk bm
mosfok-eprmobfzehm`.
Omssm jesk, k moikqum mstå oks espmjtks iuobe`motefs qum pmr`mfe` k sfstmè bm etfvfbebm
luèoe vfojunebk ç pråtfje mbujetfve. Mssm prkjmssk pmrpesse es mxpmrfáojfes m rmneèýms vfvmojfebes
pmnks eprmobfzms jk` tkbks ks movknvfbks oe f`pnm`moteèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves m` jkotmxtks
mbujejfkoefs.
5.4.4.4 Eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen

K jkojmftk bm eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen (ku bk „eprmobmr iezmobk‐) ikf prkpkstk fofjfen`motm pkr Aklo
Bmwmy44 oe bæjebe bm 5697 m rmtkèbk pkstmrfkr`motm pkr Bevfb Cknd, ok jkotmxtk be mbujeèêk
jkrpkretfve.4: Rrete-sm bm uè jkojmpèêk rmnmveotm, qum austfifje e ebkèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves m`
jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs. K prfojfpen erhu`motk bks tmúrfjks æ qum oêk bmvm mxfstfr smpereèêk motrm e
mbujeèêk m e vfbe rmen. Were qum e fotmhreèêk rmenfbebm/eprmobfzehm` kjkrre, Bmwmy mstedmnmjm jfojk
jkobfèýms dåsfjes, jk`k smhum.42
5. Eprmobm`ks pmne pråtfje.
4. Zú e pråtfje oêk deste3 æ prmjfsk rmjkostrufr jkosjfmotm`motm uè mxpmrfáojfe.
:. Eprmobm`ks pkr esskjfeèêk.
2. Eprmobm`ks vårfes jkfses ek `ms`k tm`pk3 ouoje uè jkfse epmoes.
=. E eprmobfzehm` bmvm smr fotmhrebe ç vfbe
vfbe m ç oksse rmenfbebm.
Bmwmy bmimobm qum, m` e`dfmotms mbujejfkoefs, k eprmobfz bmvm vfvmojfer sftueèýms qum ieèe`
smotfbk ok jkotmxtk m` qum mnm mstå fosmrfbk m qum pksse` smr ertfjunebes jk` sftueèýms rmefs. Mnm
erhu`mote1 „K qum æ eprmobfbk, smobk eprmobfbk ikre bk nuher rmen qum tm` oe vfbe, pmrbm jk` fssk k
smu smotfbk m k smu venkr‐. 4= Eèýms mbujejfkoefs epnfjebes e jkotmxtks rmefs ku lfpktætfjks rmtreteobk
uè rmenfbebm mspmjàifje qum ieèe smotfbk pere ks enuoks nlms pmr`ftm` vfvmojfer e eprmobfzehm`
mxpmrfmojfen.
K Jepàtunk : eprmsmote
: eprmsmote e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks bm rmenfbebm vfrtuen, rmenfbebm eu`motebe,
sfùneèýms, akhks m he`fifjeèêk jk`k imrre`motes pere prkpfjfer e eprmobfzehm`
mxpmrfmojfen m sfhofifjetfve.

Omsse `msè nfole bm rejfkjàofk, m pertfobk be fbmfe bm qum eprmobmr æ treosikrèr mxpmrfáojfe m`
jkolmjf`motk, Cknd49 krheofze e eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen jkosfbmreobk bues bf`mosýms bfenætfjes
5.bm ebepteèêk ek ùobk1 E bf`mosêk smotfr-pmoser , qum bfz rmspmftk ç jk`prmmosêk be rmenfbebm.
4. E bf`mosêk kdsmrver-iezmr , qum sm rmimrm ç treosikrèèêk be rmenfbebm.
Msses bues bf`mosýms sm ertfjune` m` u` jfjnk bm eprmobfzehm` jk`pkstk bm quetrk mståhfks,
jk`k `kstre e Ifhure 5.=.

Ifhure 5.= ‚ K jfjnk bm eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen bm Cknd
Ikotm1 ebeptebe bm CKND, 56<23 IFNERTK, E. Wrkbuèêk bm jkotmñbks mbujejfkoefs.

mbujejfkoefs . Zêk Weunk1 Zerefve, 4759.

Bfimrmotms etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm` pkbm` smr prkpkstes m` jebe mståhfk be eprmobfzehm`
mxpmrfmojfen, edreohmobk bmsbm e rmsknuèêk bm prkdnmès rmefs etæ es bfsjussýms rminmxfves, m bmsbm
e mnedkreèêk bm èpes jkojmftuefs etæ e pråtfje bm okves ledfnfbebms bmsmovknvfbes.
K @essejlusmtts Fostftutm ki Rmjloknkhy (@FR) ebkte uè `mtkbknkhfe etfve bmok`foebe

Rmjloknkhy-Moednmb Ejtfvm Nmerofoh (Rmen), juae trebuèêk nftmren æ „eprmobfzehm` etfve
pkssfdfnftebe pkr tmjoknkhfe‐. K `ætkbk jk`dfoe eunes mxpksftfves, sfùneèýms m
mxpmrf`motks pråtfjks pere qum ks enuoks eprmobe`, mspmjfen`motm jkotmñbks fotrkbutúrfks bm
) Iàsfje, bm ikrè rfje m jknedkretfve. ]è eune jkobuzfbe be pmrspmjtfve Rmen æ bfoä`fje m1
) jknedkretfve ‚ ks enuoks sêk bfvfbfbks m` pmqumoks hrupks m jk`pertfnle` rmjursks bfhftefs3
mxpmrfmojfen ‚ mstubeotms utfnfze` jk`putebkrms, kdamtks bm eprmobfzehm` ùntf`àbfe m
) ètmrfefs qum pmr`ftm` mxpnkrer imoò`moks iàsfjks, jk`k equmnms be årme bk mnmtrkèhomtfs`k3
fotmretfve ‚ enuoks sêk mstfùnebks e ikrùner pmrhuotes m e ikromjmr rmspkstes, k qum mstfùne
e fotmreèêk jkosteotm jk` smus perms m jk` prkimsskrms.
Ikotm1 ebeptebk bm @FR FJE@W]Z. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//fje`pus.`ft.mbu/prkamjts/tmen/?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv.
475<.

5.4.: Jkomjtfvfs`k
K jkomjtfvfs`k æ e ñntfè edkrbehm` tmúrfje qum m`dese e ebkèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves oe
mbujeèêk, mspmjfen`motm equmnes `mbfebes pkr rmjursks bfhftefs. Ikf jkojmdfbe m bfssm`foebe pkr
Hmkrhm Zfm`mos,48 qum mstube m tmkrfze es eprmobfzehmos oe mre bfhften.
E tmkrfe bfsjutm e equfsfèêk bk jkolmjf`motk okvk, etuen m jkotfouebk. Wertm bk prfojàpfk bm qum
eprmobm`ks ek motrer m` jkotetk jk` foikrèèýms m jkotmñbks ebvfobks bm verfebes ikotms, m omssm
prkjmssk eprmobm`ks bm ikrè jkotàoue, pkr tkbe e vfbe. Mxpnfje qum tm`ks e jepejfbebm bm jkomjter
jkojmftks,
prkjmssk bmfbmfes m pmrspmjtfves m qum e msjknle bk qum frm`ks eprmobmr æ pertm iuobe`moten bk
eprmobfzehm`.
K jkomjtfvfs`k m`dese e ebkèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves m` jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs jk`pkstks
pkr pmsskes eutòokès m qum eprmobm` bm ikrè `moks mstruturebe. Ku smae, smu moikqum æ
jknkjebk oes jkomxýms qum ks suamftks iezm` ek dusjer m fotmrehfr jk` okvks jkolmjf`motks.
Hmren`motm fssk kjkrrm ikre bm e`dfmotms ejebá`fjks, pkfs ok jkomjtfvfs`k ebuntks eutòok`ks
rmenfze` bmsjkdmrtes fobfvfbuefs m/ku jkostruèýms jknedkretfves m` mspeèks oêk ikrèfs bm
eprmobfzehm` (jk`k oes rmbms skjfefs, pkr mxm`pnk). Mssms jkotmxtks bm eprmobfzehm` ebkte`
sfstmès jk`putejfkoefs fotmnfhmotms pere ber supkrtm çs eèýms bk eprmobfz.
Ok Jepàtunk 2 bfsjutf`ks
2 bfsjutf`ks jk`k es `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes jknmte`, eoenfse` m
treosikrè` bebks rmnejfkoebks ç eprmobfzehm` luèoe m` foikrèèýms qum eaube`
mbujebkrms oe tkèbe bm bmjfsêk skdrm k prkjmssk bm mosfok-eprmobfzehm`.
5.: ETRFJ]NEÈÝMZ JKOJMFR]EFZ M WTFOJÀWFKZ BEZ

@MRKBKNKHFEZ
@MRKBKNKHF EZ ERFYEZ
ERFYEZ
Bfsjutf`ks es jkotrfdufèýms bk jkhoftfvfs`k, bk (skjfk)jkostrutfvfs`k m bk jkomjtfvfs`k pere
iuobe`moter m austfifjer e ebkèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves m` jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs. E ertfjuneèêk
motrm eèêk-rminmxêk mstfùne qum ks mstubeotms vfvmojfm` e `mtejkhofèêk, ku smae, e jk`prmmosêk m k
eutk`koftkre`motk bm sue prúprfe eprmobfzehm`.
Bmsteje`ks enhuès ertfjuneèýms motrm es pmrspmjtfves pmbehúhfje, eobrehúhfje m lmutehúhfje m
es edkrbehmos eprmsmotebes pere e ebkèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves oe mbujeèêk.
Oe pmbehkhfe, hmren`motm ebktebe m` e`dfmotms ejebá`fjks rmhune`motebks (jk`k msjknes m
uofvmrsfbebms), jrfeoèes m akvmos rmjmdm` krfmoteèýms mspmjàifjes bk prkimsskr pere bmsmovknvmr es
etfvfbebms prkpkstes. Essf`, e pmbehkhfe ertfjune-sm jk` es jkrrmotms bk jkhoftfvfs`k m bk
(skjfk)jkostrutfvfs`k pkr dmdmr bmsses ikotms pere utfnfzer `mtkbknkhfes etfves m` jkotmxtks rmefs.
Jk`k
`motefsmxm`pnk, pkbm`ks fèhfoer
jk` rmprmsmoteèýms k prkimsskr
hråifjes qum krfmote
bm rmneèýms bupnes bmmotrm
mxfstmotms enuoks
u`pere qum mnedkrm`
jkoauotk èpes
bm jkojmftks
tredenlebks ok jkotmñbk jurrfjuner.
E eobrehkhfe mstå jmotrebe oe mbujeèêk bm ebuntks eutòok`ks, mxpmrfmotms m qum tá` kdamtfvks bm
eprmobfzehm` mspmjàifjks, pkrteotk ertfjune-sm dm` jk` k jkostrutfvfs`k ‚ m` mspmjfen jk` e
eprmobfzehm` mxpmrf`moten, qum prmvá e ebkèêk bm pråtfjes ikjebes ok eprmobmr iezmobk. Jk`k
mxm`pnk, pkbm`ks jkosfbmrer u` jkotmxtk bm mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve qum ebkte e prkpkste be sene bm
eune fovmrtfbe (infppmb nmerofoh). Fstk æ, ks prkifssfkoefs tá` ejmssk e jkotmñbks mspmjàifjks qum bmvm`
smr mstubebks eotms be eune. Ok `k`motk bm mojkotrk oe sene bm eune iàsfje (ku m` mspeèks bfhftefs),
m` vmz bm eprmsmoter jkojmftks m` eune mxpksftfve, u` mspmjfenfste iejfnfte uè rfje bfsjussêk oe quen
ks prkifssfkoefs eprmsmote` bñvfbes skdrm ks jkotmñbks mstubebks, mxpnkre` pkssfdfnfbebms,
jk`pertfnle` jkolmjf`motks m rmnejfkoe` ks jkojmftks jk` sues mxpmrfáojfes. Omssm `k`motk, mnms
te`dæ` rmenfze` etfvfbebms m bmsmovknvm` prkamtks skd e krfmoteèêk bk mspmjfenfste.
E epnfjeèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves æ e`pne m pkbm verfer bm ejkrbk jk` k oàvmn bm
prktehkofs`k essu`fbk pmnk eprmobfz. Ku smae, bmpmobmobk be etfvfbebm, mstretæhfe ku

tmobáojfe prkpkste, k eprmobfz essu`m bfimrmotms pepæfs (bks èfs sf`pnms eks èfs
jk`pnmxks).
E lmutehkhfe, qum mstå jmotrebe oe eutkeprmobfzehm` m ok jk`pertfnle`motk bm jkolmjf`motks,
pkbm smr èfs dm` ertfjunebe jk` k jkomjtfvfs`k, qum prmvá u` entk oàvmn bm eutkok`fe bequmnm qum
qumr eprmobmr bm ikrè inmxàvmn. Omssm jkotmxtk bm eprmobfzehm`, k suamftk bmvm msjknlmr k qum frå
eprmobmr m essu`fr rmspkosedfnfbebm pmnk prkjmssk. Rk`m`ks jk`k mxm`pnk u` hrupk bm enuoks
mhrmssks bm u` jursk bm pús-hrebueèêk qum ikrè` uè jkùofbebm oe rmbm skjfen prkifssfkoen
NfocmbFo. Omssm e`dfmotm, mnms jk`pertfnle` jk` smus perms jkotmñbks rmnejfkoebks ek smu je`pk
bm etueèêk prkifssfkoen.
Msses ertfjuneèýms jkojmftuefs bm`kostre` qum e epnfjeèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves æ e`pne m pkbm
verfer bm ejkrbk jk` k oàvmn bm prktehkofs`k essu`fbk pmnk eprmobfz. Ku smae, bmpmobmobk be
etfvfbebm, mstretæhfe ku tmobáojfe prkpkste, k eprmobfz essu`m bfimrmotms pepæfs (bks èfs sf`pnms
eks èfs jk`pnmxks). M, jkoikr`m ks kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm` bmnfomebks, ks enuoks ku prkifssfkoefs
rmsknvm` prkdnmès, etue` jk`k fostrutkrms bm smus perms, treosikrè`-sm m` bmsfhomrs be prúprfe
bmsfhomrs be
eprmobfzehm` m jlmhe` etæ e jkojmdmr m f`pnm`moter sknuèýms oe jkùofbebm m` qum mstêk
fosmrfbks.
5.2 EDKTBEHMOZ ERFYEZ

Ebkte`ks e núhfje bks oàvmfs bm jk`pnmxfbebm bk prktehkofs`k bk enuok (bk èfs sf`pnms ek èfs
jk`pnmxk)
mspmjàifjes.pere
Bm krheofzer
uè heè m eprmsmoter
bm kpèýms,e smnmjfkoe`ks
smhufr, bm ikrè èfs bmtenlebe,
equmnes jk` èfkrenhuès
pktmojfenedkrbehmos etfves
bm fokveèêk pkr
prk`kvmrm` e eèêk-rminmxêk m pkr smrm` ebeptåvmfs te`dæ` ç mxmjuèêk m` e`dfmotms vfrtuefs.
5.2.5 Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès (EDW)

E Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès (EDW) ku Wrkdnm`--desmb Nmerofoh (WDN) æ uè edkrbehm`
qum utfnfze sftueèýms-prkdnmè jk`k pkotk bm pertfbe pere e jkostruèêk bm okvks jkolmjf`motks. Æ
ebktebe pkr hrupks bm enuoks qum tredenle` bm ikrè fobfvfbuen m jknedkretfve e if` bm eprmobmr m
pmoser m` sknuèýms pere u` prkdnmè mstubebk. 4<
E Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès (EDW) ku Wrkdnm`-desmb Nmerofoh (WDN) æ uè
edkrbehm` qum utfnfze sftueèýms-prkdnmè jk`k pkotk bm pertfbe pere e jkostruèêk bm
okvks jkolmjf`motks.
Msse edkrbehm` ikf ebktebe fofjfen`motm oe Iejunbebm bm @mbfjfoe be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm @j@estmr,

ok Jeoebå, m` 5696. Bmpkfs, jk`mèku e smr usebe pkr fostftufèýms mbujejfkoefs nkjenfzebes m`
bfvmrses pertms bk ùobk.46 E EDW tm` sfbk m`prmhebe pere mstruturer tkbk k jurràjunk bm jursks
supmrfkrms m pere `knber prkamtks oe mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve. Motrmteotk, æ utfnfzebe te`dæ` bm ikrè
fsknebe pkr prkimsskrms m mspmjfenfstes. K prkjmssk pkbm smr jkobuzfbk prmsmojfen`motm ku m`
mspeèks bfhftefs qum utfnfze` imrre`motes tmjoknúhfjes pere `mbfer e jkùofjeèêk motrm mstubeotms m
prkimsskr (jk`k m-èfn , iúru`, jlet , wmdjkoimráojfe m rmbms skjfefs, motrm kutres).
K `kbmnk bm EDW desteotm bfssm`foebk oe nftmreture æ k be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm @eestrfjlt, qum
krheofze e rmsknuèêk bm prkdnmès m` smtm mtepes (vmae e Ifhure 5.9).

Ifhure 5.9 ‚ @ætkbk bes smtm mtepes bm @eestrfjlt, pere tutkrfes bm EDW

Ikotm1 ebeptebe bm @EEZRTFJLR ]OFYMTZFRV.

]OFYMTZFRV. Wrkdnm` Desmb Nmerofoh (WDN). Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttps1//www.èestrfjltuofvmrsfty.on/pdn?.
>lttps1//www.èestrfjltuofvmrsfty.on/pdn?. Ejmssk m`1 < èr. 475<. Fo1 ETEÑAK, ]. & ZEZRTM, H. Eprmobfzehm`
H. Eprmobfzehm`
prkdnmès. Zêk Weunk1 Zu`ùs, 4757.
desmebe m` prkdnmès.

Es smtm mtepes smqumojfefs sêk bmsmojebmebes pmne prkpksfèêk bm u` prkdnmè, qum, smhuobk es
epnfjeèýms jnåssfjes be edkrbehm`, bmvm smr rmenfzebe pkr u` prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste. M`
pmrspmjtfves èfs etuefs m fokvebkres be EDW, ks prúprfks enuoks, e jkùofbebm ku e m`prmse (ok
jesk be mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve) pkbm` prkpkr u` prkdnmè qum qumfre` mxpnkrer bm ikrè
sfstmètfzebe pkr treter bm bmseifks moirmotebks. Omssms jkotmxtks, e iuoèêk bk prkimsskr ku
mspmjfenfste æ evenfer sm k prkdnmè msjknlfbk mstå enfolebk jk` ks kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm` bk
jursk ku bfsjfpnfoe.:7 Bm ejkrbk jk` e EDW, u` dk` prkdnmè bmvm smr kdamtfvk, sf`pnms m moheaebkr
pere qum `ktfvm ks enuoks e pertfjfper bes bmèfs mtepes bk prkjmssk.
Oe prf`mfre mtepe bk prkjmssk, k prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste eprmsmote u` jesk rmen ku lfpktætfjk
qum mxpnkre k prkdnmè e smr bfsjutfbk pkr hrupks jk`pkstks hmren`motm pkr 57 e 5= fotmhreotms. Oe
smhuobe mtepe, jebe hrupk mnedkre pmrhuotes qum prmjfse` smr rmspkobfbes pere qum ks enuoks
tmole` uè `mnlkr jk`prmmosêk bk prkdnmè eoenfsebk.
E smhufr, oe tmrjmfre mtepe bk prkjmssk, jebe hrupk pertfjfpe bm uè smssêk bm „jluve bm fbmfes‐
(drefostkr`foh ) pere rmhfstrer k qum sedm skdrm k prkdnmè m pere jkojmdmr èomfres bm rmsknvmr k
prkdnmè fovmstfhebk. Nkhk, oe querte mtepe, iezm` e eoånfsm bks rmsuntebks bk drefostkr`foh , m æ
omstm `k`motk qum ifje` mvfbmotms es nejuoes bm jkolmjf`motk m vfsýms bfvmrhmotms skdrm k
prkdnmè eoenfsebk.
K pepmn bk prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste oêk æ ber rmspkstes bfrmtes çs bñvfbes
eprmsmotebes pmnkseenuoks,
pksse` rmspkobmr ès eaubå-nks e mspmjàifjks
smus qumstfkoe`motks mojkotrer jkotmñbks m pmsskes qum
skdrm k prkdnmè.
Ek motrer oe qufote mtepe, ks pertfjfpeotms ikrùne` ks kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm`, rmnejfkoebks ek
prkdnmè, qum efobe oêk jkolmjm`. Jk` fssk, oe smxte mtepe, ks fotmhreotms bk hrupk sm krheofze`
pere mstuber, fobfvfbuen`motm ku m` pmqumoks hrupks (bm : e 2 enuoks), ks jkojmftks m/ku tmès
fbmotfifjebks oe mtepe eotmrfkr. Omssm `k`motk, k pepmn bk prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste oêk æ ber
rmspkstes bfrmtes çs bñvfbes eprmsmotebes pmnks enuoks, ès eaubå-nks e mojkotrer jkotmñbks m
pmsskes qum pksse` rmspkobmr e smus qumstfkoe`motks mspmjàifjks skdrm k prkdnmè. Ks enuoks
prmjfse` bfvfbfr-sm pere mstuber m pmsqufser m` nfvrks, rmvfstes, pmrfúbfjks mtj. bfimrmotms espmjtks bk
mtj. bfimrmotms
prkdnmè qum smrêk jk`pertfnlebks motrm ks `m`drks bk hrupk. Mssms rmsuntebks sêk eprmsmotebks
oe ikrè bm u` bmdetm, qum æ `mbfebk pmnk prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste, juae `fssêk æ mstfùner qum es
bfsjussýms smae` eprkiuobebes (pkfs tmobm` e smr supmrifjfefs sm k enuok oêk jkolmjm k tmè k
suifjfmotm pere bfsjutfr skdrm mnm) m qum ks jkojmftks eprmsmotebks oêk smae` mrròomks.:5
Ifoen`motm, oe sætfè mtepe, ks hrupks jk`pertfnle` k qum bmsjkdrfre` m/ku bmsmovknvmre` m
eprmsmote` u` rmnetúrfk, uè prkpkste ku uè rminmxêk skdrm equfnk qum eprmobmre`. Ek ifoen, k

prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste m ks mstubeotms bmvm` sfotmtfzer ks rmsuntebks bes pmsqufses, es sknuèýms

jkojmdfbes m es rminmxýms skdrm k qum eprmobmre` ok prkjmssk.
M` hmren, jebe enuok æ evenfebk fobfvfbuen`motm pmnk prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste pkr sue pertfjfpeèêk
m pkr sues jkotrfdufèýms ok prkjmssk bm EDW, enæ` bm rmjmdmr e evenfeèêk bks `m`drks bm smu hrupk.
M` ùftks jesks, e eutkevenfeèêk te`dæ` jk`pým e okte bk eprmobfz.
E Iejunbebm bm @mbfjfoe be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm @eestrfjlt, oe Lkneobe, ikf iuobebe oe

bæjebe bm 5687 jk` u` jurràjunk desmebk oe EDW.
EDW. Ks enuoks sêk krheofzebks m` hrupks
pmqumoks pere pertfjfper bm mojkotrks smèoefs, jk` bureèêk bm bues lkres, oks quefs
eoenfse` u` prkdnmè jk` desm oe EDW. K prkdnmè pkbm mster rmnejfkoebk ç bmsjrfèêk bm
sfotkès bm u` pejfmotm (jk`k bkr bm jedmèe m imdrm) qum prmjfse` smr mstubebks m
bfehokstfjebks pmnks iuturks `æbfjks ku pkbm rmimrfr-sm e qumstýms ætfjes bmnfjebes ok je`pk
be @mbfjfoe (jk`k k edkrtk ku e muteoåsfe, pkr mxm`pnk).*
* Ykjá pkbm mojkotrer èfs foikrèèýms skdrm e edkrbehm` EDW omsse iejunbebm m`1
>www.èestrfjltuofvmrsfty.on/pdn?.
>www.èestrfjltuofvmrsfty.on/pdn?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv. 475<.
Ikotm1 mnedkrebk pmnes eutkres jk` desm oes foikrèèýms jkotfbes m` www.èestrfjltuofvmrsfty
www.èestrfjltuofvmrsfty.on/pdn.
.on/pdn.

IEÈE IÅJFN
---- Jesk
---- Jesk m`påtfjk ----
K Jesk m`påtfjk æ uè mstretæhfe m` qum enuoks bmvm` nmr m bfsjutfr uè sftueèêk (rmen ku
lfpktætfje) pere jkojmdmr, jk` desm m` enhuos jrftærfks m krfmoteèýms bk prkimsskr, uè sknuèêk
qum smae jmotrebe ok smr luèok. Bfimrm bk jkolmjfbk mstubk bm jesk pkr vfser ç jk`prmmosêk
m`påtfje bm qum` sêk es pmsskes bmsjrftes ok jesk.
E mstretæhfe æ mspmjfen`motm ñtfn queobk ks eprmobfzms prmjfse` rminmtfr skdrm prkdnmès
jk`pnmxks, qum oêk pkbm` smr rmsknvfbks jk` rmspkstes „jmrtes ku mrrebes‐, m pere tredenler
jkotmñbks fotmrbfsjfpnfoerms. Refs jkotmñbks treospým` es irkotmfres bes årmes bk jkolmjf`motk
ek fotmhrer k qum æ jkù` motrm bfimrmotms bfsjfpnfoes. E fotmrbfsjfpnfoerfbebm æ prk`kvfbe pmne
jknedkreèêk, fotmretfvfbebm, jkùofjeèêk m ertfjuneèêk motrm je`pks bk jkolmjf`motk.
@mojfkoe`ks e smhufr pessks dåsfjks rmjk`mobebks pkr Detms :4 pere tredenler mstubks bm
jesk qum ebepte`ks e if` bm qum e etfvfbebm smae jmotrebe ok smr luèok.
Zmnmjfkom k jesk e smr mstubebk jkosfbmreobk qum k rmnetk, oerretfve ku lfstúrfe etmobe eks
smhufotms perä`mtrks1 smae jurte3 tretm bm u` tmè bm fotmrmssm
f otmrmssm m rmnmväojfe pere ks
mstubeotms3 smae etuen3 tmole pmrskoehmos prfojfpefs qum hmrm` m`petfe3 bm`kostrm utfnfbebm
pmbehúhfje3 prkvkqum bfvmrháojfe3 bmèobm uè tkèbe bm bmjfsêk.
Eprmsmotm k jesk msjknlfbk prmvfe`motm eks enuoks m bá krfmoteèýms skdrm jk`k prkjmbmr
prkjmbmr
bureotm e bfsjussêk, eoånfsm m rmsknuèêk be qumstêk tretebe. Fssk pkbm smr imftk m` sene bm
eune ku m` mspeèks bfhftefs,
bf hftefs, ok iúru` bm bfsjussêk bm u` EYE
EYE ku vfe wmdjkoimráojfe.
Msses imrre`motes bfhftefs te`dæ` pkbm` smr utfnfzebes bureotm es mtepes : e 8, bmsjrftes e
smhufr.
Bfvfbe e turè m` pmqumoks hrupks (jk` trás ku quetrk mstubeotms) m sknfjftm qum jebe
hrupk mnedkrm u` èpe be m`petfe bk pmrskoehm` prfojfpen eprmsmotebk ok jesk qum nlm
ikr bmsfhoebk. M` e`dfmotms vfrtuefs, mssm èpe pkbm smr mnedkrebk utfnfzeobk imrre`motes

bm mbfèêk jknedkretfve qum pmr`fte` e fojnusêk bm rmjursks hråifjks. K èpe be m`petfe æ

uè mstretæhfe bm bmsfho qum vfse bmsjrmvmr equfnk qum uè pmsske bfz, iez, pmose/smotm m
bmsfho qum
msjute.:: E etfvfbebm eaube ks mstubeotms e moxmrherm` k jesk bm ikrè m`påtfje m skd e
pmrspmjtfve bks pmrskoehmos prfojfpefs. Ymae k `kbmnk bm èpe oe Ifhure 5.<.

Ifhure 5.< ‚
@epe be m`petfe
Ikotm1 mnedkrebe pmnes eutkres jk` desm ok ètmrfen bk jursk ko-nfom Bmsfho Rlfocfoh Ejtfko Ned, rmenfzebk m`
ko-nfom Bmsfho
475: pmne ]ofvmrsfbebm Zteoikrb.:2
Zknfjftm qum jebe hrupk eprmsmotm ç turè k èpe be m`petfe jrfebk m kdtmole foikrèèýms
rmnmveotms skdrm kutrks pmrskoehmos bk jesk ek essfstfr ç eprmsmoteèêk bks bmèfs hrupks.
Omsse prf`mfre eprmsmoteèêk, ks hrupks bmvm` smr krfmotebks e fobfjer jk`k e dusje (eèêk)
pkr jkolmjmr es vfsýms, pmose`motks, smotf`motks m eèýms bm kutre pmsske ks imz motmobmr,
bm uè okve pmrspmjtfve (rminmxêk), k prkdnmè eoenfsebk.
Ieèe e `mbfeèêk bk prkjmssk bm eèêk m rminmxêk, qum kjkrrm m` jfjnks råpfbks m bfoä`fjks,
moqueotk ks enuoks dusje` sknuèýms pere k jesk pkr `mfk bm uè jk`prmmosêk m`påtfje
bk prkdnmè.
Wmèe e jebe hrupk qum eprmsmotm ç turè jk`k mnms rmsknvmrfe` k Jesk m`påtfjk.

Evenfm e pertfjfpeèêk bm jebe hrupk oe etfvfbebm

etfvfbebm nmveobk m` jkosfbmreèêk1 k moheae`motk
ok prkjmssk bm mnedkreèêk bk èpe bm m`petfe, bfsjussêk m eoånfsm bk jesk3 e quenfbebm m
k jeråtmr fokvebkr be sknuèêk prkpkste pmnks hrupks.
5.2.4 Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkamtks (EDW)

Oe Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkamtks (EDW) ku Wrkamjt-desmb Nmerofoh (WDN), := ks mstubeotms sêk
krheofzebks m` hrupks pere bmsmovknvmr u` prkamtk:9 m` mspeèks prmsmojfefs m vfrtuefs, ok `kbmnk
làdrfbk ku ko-nfom
ko-nfom.. K prkjmssk sm fofjfe queobk u` prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste eprmsmote u` tmè
fostfheotm, qum frå okrtmer es eèýms rmnejfkoebes ek prkamtk. M` smhufbe, mnm bmvm krfmoter ks hrupks
fobfjeobk prezks, msjkpk bk tredenlk, mxpmjtetfves bm rmsuntebks m jrftærfks bm evenfeèêk.
Wkbm`ks bfzmr qum msse pmrspmjtfve æ `moks pmbehúhfje (jkobuzfbe pmnk prkimsskr) qum
eobrehúhfje m lmutehúhfje. Ks mstubeotms sêk vfstks jk`k suamftks èfs eutòok`ks, qum tá`
jepejfbebm bm essu`fr rmspkosedfnfbebms m bmifofr smu ä`dftk bm etueèêk ok prkamtk. Oe rmneèêk motrm
ks `m`drks bk hrupk, es mxpmjtetfves skdrm k qum mnms qumrm` eprmobmr m sues mxpmrfáojfes sêk
jk`pertfnlebes m m`dese` e tkèbe bm bmjfsêk. Wkr fssk, uè bes prf`mfres `fssýms bm jebe hrupk
æ bmifofr ks `ætkbks m tmjoknkhfes qum smrêk ebktebks m` jebe mtepe bk prkjmssk m k pneok bm eèêk
pere kdtmr ks rmsuntebks bm eprmobfzehm` bmnfomebks pmnk prkimsskr, mspmjfenfste ku pmnk prúprfk
hrupk.:8
E Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkamtks hmren`motm tm` pkr kdamtfvk ifoen e motrmhe bm
u` prkbutk qum pkbm smr u` rmnetúrfk bes etfvfbebms rmenfzebes, u` prktútfpk be
sknuèêk jkojmdfbe ku u` pneok bm eèêk e smr f`pnm`motebk oe jkùofbebm nkjen.
E Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkamtks hmren`motm tm` pkr kdamtfvk ifoen e motrmhe bm u` prkbutk
qum pkbm smr u` rmnetúrfk bes etfvfbebms rmenfzebes, u` prktútfpk be sknuèêk jkojmdfbe ku u` pneok
bm eèêk e smr f`pnm`motebk oe jkùofbebm nkjen. K qum f`pkrte æ qum k prkamtk bmsmovknvfbk smae
sfhofifjetfvk pere ks mstubeotms m/ku prkifssfkoefs, etmobe e u` prkpúsftk mbujejfkoen dm` bmnfomebk m,
ejfè bm tubk, qum mssm prkpúsftk mstmae jnerk pere ks movknvfbks.
K pmrfhk queobk sm bmsmovknvm u` prkamtk :< æ qum enuoks m prkimsskr pmrje` k ikjk bks kdamtfvks
bm eprmobfzehm` prmvfe`motm mstedmnmjfbks. Jk`k jkosmquáojfe, k bmsmovknvf`motk bk prkamtk pkbm
sm bmsvfojuner bks jkotmñbks jurrfjunerms qum bmvmrfe` smr eprmobfbks. Wkrteotk, `ms`k sedmobk qum
k prktehkofs`k bks enuoks æ èfs ejmotuebk omsses sftueèýms bm eprmobfzehm`, æ omjmssårfk qum k
prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste ejk`peolm jebe mtepe bm bmsmovknvf`motk bk prkamtk, kimrmjmobk eaube m
krfmoteèêk queobk smotfr qum æ omjmssårfk. :6 Wkr if`, mnm bmvm jmrtfifjer-sm bm qum ks enuoks vfvmojfm`
`k`motks
ek bm eèêk,
bmsmovknvmr ès qum te`dæ` tmole` e kpkrtuofbebm bm rminmtfr skdrm equfnk qum eprmobmre`
k prkamtk.
5.2.: @kvf`motk ècmr

K `kvf`motk ècmr æ uè pmrspmjtfve etfve bm eprmobfzehm` jmotrebe ok jkojmftk bm eprmobfzehm`
mxpmrfmojfen. @ecmr æ
æ uè pmsske qum pertfjfpe etfve`motm bm tkbk k prkjmssk bm iedrfjer u` kdamtk
jk` es prúprfes `êks. Wkr mxtmosêk, k `kvf`motk ècmr moietfze e rmnmväojfe bk eprmobmr iezmobk, e
prkamèêk m e jkostruèêk bm ertmietks m e iedrfjeèêk bfhften.27
K `kvf`motk ècmr æ uè pmrspmjtfve etfve bm eprmobfzehm` jmotrebe ok jkojmftk bm
eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen. @ecmr æ uè pmsske qum pertfjfpe etfve`motm bm tkbk k
prkjmssk bm iedrfjer u` kdamtk jk` es prúprfes `êks.
Oe Mbujeèêk, ks prfojàpfks bmstm `kvf`motk tá` sfbk ebktebks m epnfjebks m` bfimrmotms oàvmfs m
25
jkotmxtks bm Zteoikrb,
]ofvmrsfbebm eprmobfzehm`.
bmimobmWeunk Dnfcstmfo,bm eprmsmoter
e omjmssfbebm prkimsskr be Hrebuetm
prkdnmès Zjlkkn kie mstubeotms
sfhofifjetfvks Mbujetfko bk
be

Mosfok Iuobe`moten. Mnm mxpnfje qum fssk pkbm smr imftk queobk ks mstubeotms sm movknvm` oe
eprmobfzehm` ècmr bm ten èomfre qum sm moheam`, m` oàvmn pmssken, jknmtfvk m/ku jkùoftårfk, oe
prkamèêk bm sknuèýms rmnmveotms. Were k eutkr, msse pkbm smr uè ikrè rmnmveotm bm m`pkbmrer m
`ktfver ks mstubeotms m sues jkùofbebms pkr smu pktmojfen bm treosikrèr jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs m
skjfefs. Omsse pmrspmjtfve, k ikjk oêk mstå ok mosfok, ès oe prkbuèêk imfte pkr mstubeotms, qum
use` ks jkotmñbks eprmobfbks oe msjkne pere rmsknvmr prkdnmès.24
E ikrè èfs jkù` bm sm ebkter k `kvf`motk ècmr oe mbujeèêk æ e pertfr be jrfeèêk m usk bm
Ied Neds. K tmr`k Ied Ned æ uè edrmvfeèêk bk tmr`k fohnás iedrfjetfko nedkretkry (qum pkbm smr
trebuzfbk pere k pkrtuhuás pkr „nedkretúrfk bm iedrfjeèêk‐). ]` Ied Ned æ u` mspeèk pere
prktktfpehm` bm kdamtks iàsfjks m qum pkbm, ku oêk, iezmr pertm bm uè rmbm bm nedkretúrfks
bfstrfduàbks m` tkbk k ùobk. Jkote jk` mqufpe`motks mspmjàifjks (bm rmnetfvk defxk justk), jk`k
`åqufoe bm jkrtm e nesmr , f`prmsskres :-B m `åqufoe bm jkrtm bm vfofn, motrm kutrks.

Ifhure 5.6 ‚ Ied Ned be Wknftæjofje bm Zêk Wmtmrsdurhk, m` 475=

Kutrk espmjtk fokvebkr bks Ied Neds æ sue „edmrture‐. Mssms nedkretúrfks pkbm` smr jrfebks m`
m`prmses, fostftufèýms mbujejfkoefs, stertups
stertups m úrhêks hkvmroe`motefs m pmrèomjm` edmrtks e
quenqumr pmsske qum qumfre utfnfzå-nks, hretufte`motm ku pkr u` justk defxk m` bfes m lkrårfks
mspmjàifjks mstedmnmjfbks pere mstm if`.
K Ied Ned Nfvrm ZW æ uè rmbm bm nedkretúrfks pñdnfjks qum edreohm tkbes es rmhfýms be
jepften peunfste, ks quefs pkbm` smr utfnfzebks hretufte`motm pmne pkpuneèêk bm Zêk Weunk.
Zêk mspeèks qum vfse` mstfùner e eprmobfzehm`, e jrfetfvfbebm m e fokveèêk. ]seobk
imrre`motes m ètmrfefs jk`k f`prmsskres :-B, jkrtebkres e nesmr , pnkttmr bm
bm rmjkrtm, irmsebkres
JOJ*, jk`putebkrms jk` skitwerm
skitwerm bm bmsmolk bfhften JEB, pkbm-sm prkbuzfr prktútfpks qum
rmprmsmotm` fbmfes m sknuèýms. E rmbm kimrmjm jursks, wkrcslkps
wkrcslkps,, jepejfteèýms m prk`kvm
mvmotks qum pkbm` smr irmqumotebks pmne jkùofbebm.
* @åqufoe qum pmr`ftm `knber, pmriurer m rktmer `mtefs ku kutrks ètmrfefs súnfbks, ehfobk pkr jkèobk
ou`ærfjk jk`putebkrfzebk.
Ikotm1 IED NED NFYTM ZW
ZW.. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//iednednfvrmsp.ert.dr/k-qum-m?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv. 475<.
Myjlmoom m Omvms2: mxpnfje` qum ks Ied Neds pertfjfpe` bm u` prkhreè bm jknedkreèêk hnkden m

qum smus usuårfks utfnfze` e fotmromt m es imrre`motes be wmd wmd 4.7 pere trkje, jkkpmreèêk,
fotmrbfsjfpnfoerfbebm, jk`pertfnle`motk m eprmobfzehm` pkr `mfk be pråtfje m pertfjfpeèêk oe
jkùofbebm. Enæ` bfssk, e pråtfje Bk ft ykursmni (BFV) ku „ieèe vkjá `ms`k‐, qum rmprmsmote e

jkostruèêk, e rmikrè m e treosikrèèêk bm enhk sm` e eaube bm mspmjfenfstes, æ ievkrmjfbe m

mojkreaebe.
E pråtfje Bk ft ykursmni (BFV) ku „ieèe vkjá `ms`k‐ rmprmsmote e jkostruèêk, e rmikrè
m e treosikrèèêk bm enhk sm` e eaube bm mspmjfenfstes.
K prf`mfrk Ied Ned ikf jrfebk ok @essejlusmtts Fostftutm ki Rmjloknkhy (@FR), m` 4775, m bmsbm
motêk surhfre` trás tfpks bm nedkretúrfks, jk`k smhum.
• Ied Neds ejebá`fjks1 sêk hmren`motm usebks pkr mstubeotms bes fostftufèýms mbujejfkoefs. K
pñdnfjk mxtmrok tm` ejmssk nf`ftebk e mssms nedkretúrfks, pkfs k ikjk æ qum smae` utfnfzebks pkr
bkjmotms m enuoks. Were fssk, sêk prk`kvfbks mvmotks m wkrcslkps pere mstfùner e jkùofbebm
wkrcslkps pere
ejebá`fje e jkolmjmr ks rmjursks bfspkoàvmfs m e „jknkjer e `êk oe èsse‐ oe prkamèêk bm
ertmietks m oe iedrfjeèêk bfhften. Mssm tfpk bm Ied Ned hmren`motm æ èotfbk pkr `mfk bm perjmrfes
jk` úrhêks pñdnfjks m m`prmses, pkfs oêk sêk sustmotåvmfs ifoeojmfre`motm.
• Ied Neds prkifssfkoefs1 jrfebks m èotfbks pkr m`prmses, stertups m m`prmmobmbkrms, jkobuzm`
stertups m
etfvfbebms pehes pere k pñdnfjk mxtmrok, ès ifje` edmrtks, pmnk `moks uè vmz pkr smèoe, e
justk zmrk, bmsbm qum ks usuårfks pehum` pmnks ètmrfefs utfnfzebks. Mssms Neds prmjfse`
sustmoter-sm ifoeojmfre`motm m, ùftes vmzms, iezm` perjmrfe jk` e fobñstrfe, ks úrhêks pñdnfjks m
kutres m`prmses.
• Ied Neds pñdnfjks1 sustmotebks pmnk hkvmrok, jkùofbebms nkjefs m fostftutks bm
bmsmovknvf`motk, sêk ejmssàvmfs hretufte`motm e qum` qufsmr uså-nks. Omssms mspeèks sêk
prk`kvfbks wkrcslkps
wkrcslkps
bfspkoàvmfs ok m jursks pere moheaer e jkùofbebm nkjen oe utfnfzeèêk bks rmjursks
nedkretúrfk.
M` uè msjkne prf`årfe m` Kjmeo Yfmw, oks Mstebks ]ofbks, `mtkbknkhfes etfves ikre`
ebktebes pkr u` hrupk bm jrfeoèes bm < eoks, krfmotebes pkr sue prkimsskre. K bmseifk
mre qum jrfessm` enhk rmnmveotm pere tkbe e jkùofbebm msjkner. Bmpkfs bm bfsjutfrm`
enhuès pkssfdfnfbebms, u` enuok suhmrfu e jrfeèêk bm u` mspeèk ècmr . K prúxf`k pessk ikf e
mnedkreèêk bm uè prkpkste, fojnusfvm ifoeojmfre, e smr sud`mtfbe ek jkosmnlk be msjkne. Jk`
J k` e
prkpkste eprkvebe m k krèe`motk nfdmrebk, ks enuoks mojkotrere` uè sene qum msteve
foutfnfzebe ok iuobk be dfdnfktmje m bmsmolere` k prkamtk bk mspeèk ècmr , fobfjeobk es
ùbeoèes qum prmjfserfe` smr rmenfzebes. Jk`k rmsuntebk, jkostruàre` k Nmhk @ecmrspejm
(Mspeèk @ecmr Nmhk), utfnfzeobk `fnlerms bm pmèes jknkrfbes bm pnåstfjk be Nmhk pere bmjkrer e
sene. Bmsbm motêk, k mspeèk tm` sfbk e`pne`motm usebk pkr enuoks, prkimsskrms m iuojfkoårfks
be msjkne.
Ikotm1 MB]RKWFE. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.mbutkpfe.krh/ertfjnm/ècmrspejm-dufnt-mnm`motery-stubmots?.

>www.mbutkpfe.krh/ertfjnm/ècmrspejm-dufnt-mnm`motery-stubmots?. Ejmssk
m`1 59 imv. 475<.
Ok ä`dftk be mbujeèêk msjkner, mxfstm` prkimsskrms qum ebkte` ks prfojàpfks bk `kvf`motk ècmr
m, useobk ètmrfefs rmjfjnåvmfs ku bm defxk justk, f`pnm`mote` e eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen m` sene
bm eune, mspmjfen`motm ok mosfok bm Jfáojfes Oeturefs m @etm`åtfje. Omsses årmes bk jkolmjf`motk,
e mxpmrf`moteèêk æ iuobe`moten pere qum mstubeotms pksse` vfsuenfzer m jk`prmmobmr ks jkojmftks
mstubebks.22
Etfvfbebms mbujejfkoefs qum movknvm` e eprmobfzehm` ècmr (mxpmrfmojfen) prmvmm` e utfnfzeèêk
bm nedkretúrfks ku mspeèks bm pråtfje qum tmole` pkr kdamtfvks12=
K `kvf`motk ècmr pkbm smr ebktebk te`dæ` m` jursks làdrfbks m e bfstäojfe.
Omssms jesks, mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs pkbm` utfnfzer nedkretúrfks, kifjfoes m Ied
Neds bfspkoàvmfs
perjmfres m` pknks
nkjenfzebes prmsmojfefs
m` sue ku m` msjknes, uofvmrsfbebms m m`prmses
jfbebm nkjen.

• kimrmjmr kpkrtuofbebms pere qum ks enuoks pksse` jknkjer e „`êk oe èsse‐ m usuirufr bm
• ètmrfefs m mqufpe`motks qum hmren`motm sú mstêk bfspkoàvmfs m` e`dfmotms prkifssfkoefs3
• bmsmovknvmr jk`pmtáojfes `ktkres pmne ebkèêk bm imrre`motes, ètmrfefs m `àbfes3 bm`kostrer ks
• nf`ftms m veotehmos bks mxpmrf`motks rmenfzebks3 nmver ks enuoks e epnfjer jkojmftks jfmotàifjks e
• sftueèýms rmefs3 jepejfter ks enuoks pere qum pksse` tmster lfpútmsms3 prkpfjfer qum mstubeotms
• rmenfzm` mxpmrf`moteèýms3 mosfoer ks mstubeotms e jrfer sknuèýms (prkbutks, mqufpe`motks, `àbfes,
èrjes, sà`dknks mtj.).
K `kvf`motk ècmr pkbm smr ebktebk te`dæ` m` jursks làdrfbks m e bfstäojfe. Omssms jesks,
mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs pkbm` utfnfzer nedkretúrfks, kifjfoes m Ied Neds bfspkoàvmfs m` pknks
prmsmojfefs ku m` msjknes, uofvmrsfbebms m m`prmses perjmfres nkjenfzebes m` sue jfbebm nkjen. Kutre
pkssfdfnfbebm æ moje`foler cfts jk` ètmrfefs mspmjàifjks pere qum ks enuoks, `ms`k sm` e mstruture
cfts jk`
jk`pnmte bm u` nedkretúrfk iàsfjk, pksse` rmenfzer mxpmrf`moteèýms.
Enæ` bfssk, ùftes fostftufèýms tá` fovmstfbk m` nedkretúrfks vfrtuefs m rm`ktks pere tkroer es
mxpmrfáojfes vfvfbes prmsmojfen`motm te`dæ` ejmssàvmfs m` mspeèks bfhftefs. Ks nedkretúrfks vfrtuefs
sêk jk`pkstks bm epnfjeèýms wmd qum f`fte` mxpmrf`motks rmenfzebks m` nedkretúrfks prmsmojfefs. 29
wmd qum
Mstêk sm`prm bfspkoàvmfs pere smrm` ejmssebks m, jk` fssk, eprmobfzms m mbujebkrms pkbm`
fotmrehfr jk` ks mxpmrf`motks ok `k`motk qum qufsmrm`.
Ks nedkretúrfks rm`ktks, pkr kutrk nebk, sêk e fotmriejm vfrtuen vfojunebe e u` nedkretúrfk
prmsmojfen.28 Ks mqufpe`motks pkbm` smr èofpunebks pkr smus usuårfks pkr `mfk bm jk`putebkrms
ku bfspksftfvks `úvmfs. Ks mxpmrf`motks m es etfvfbebms sêk treos`ftfbks vfe wmdjkoimráojfe pere qum
smae` ejk`peolebks pkr mstubeotms, prkifssfkoefs, prkimsskrms m mspmjfenfstes.
K nedkretúrfk vfrtuen be ]ofvmrsfbebm Edmrte m Fotmhrebe bm @foes Hmrefs (]eftmj) æ

èotfbk pmnk hkvmrok bk mstebk m pkbm smr utfnfzebk hretufte`motm oe wmd
wmd.. Wmr`ftm qum
enuoks m prkimsskrms mxpnkrm` ètmrfefs bfbåtfjks fotmretfvks, kdamtks bm eprmobfzehm`,
sfùneèýms m akhks bfspkofdfnfzebks ok sftm
sftm.. Omssm mspeèk, mstubeotms m bkjmotms bk Mosfok
Zupmrfkr pkbm` ejmsser rmjursks m mxpmrf`motks bes årmes bm Dfknkhfe, Uuà`fje, Iàsfje,
Foikr`åtfje, Nfdres m @etm`åtfje. Ks jkotmñbks be mbujeèêk dåsfje sêk vkntebks pere es årmes
bm Jfáojfes m @etm`åtfje.
Ikotm1 NEDKTERÚTFKZ
NEDKTERÚTFKZ YFTR]EFZ ]EFRMJ. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//nedkretkrfks.ueftmj.`h.hkv.dr?.
>lttp1//nedkretkrfks.ueftmj.`h.hkv.dr?. Ejmssk m`1
59 imv. 475<.
5.2.2 Fostruèêk pkr perms

E fostruèêk pkr perms (èfs jkolmjfbe jk`k pmmr
jk`k pmmr tk pmmr fostrujtfko,
fostrujtfko, m` fohnás) ikf erquftmtebe pmnk
prkimsskr bm Iàsfje be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Lerverb Mrfj @ezur.2< Oe pmrspmjtfve bm @ezur, e fostruèêk pkr
perms bmvm jk`mèer jk` k prkimsskr ku k mspmjfenfste, qum eprmsmote eks enuoks u` jkojmftk pkr, ok
`åxf`k, 47 `foutks. M` smhufbe, mnm epnfje u` tmstm jkojmftuen (jk`pkstk bm uè pmrhuote bm
`ñntfpne msjknle), qum bmvm smr rmspkobfbk bm ikrè råpfbe m fobfvfbuen pmnks mstubeotms. K prkimsskr
pkbm ejmsser es rmspkstes bm `kbk „eoenúhfjk‐ (sknfjfteobk eks enuoks qum smnmjfkoere` bmtmr`foebe
entmroetfve qum nmveotm` e `êk) ku useobk rmjursks tmjoknúhfjks (pkr mxm`pnk, bfspksftfvks `úvmfs
jkomjtebks ç fotmromt).
Zm e pkrjmotehm` bm mstubeotms qum ejmrtere` e rmspkste ikr motrm :=% m 87%, k
prkimsskr/mspmjfenfste ks krfmote e ikrèr pmqumoks hrupks. Oks hrupks, pkr jmrje bm : `foutks, mnms
bfsjutm` k jkojmftk eprmsmotebk, tmoteobk jlmher e u` jkosmosk. M` smhufbe, k prkimsskr pmbm qum
rmspkobe` ek tmstm jkojmftuen èfs uè vmz pere vmrfifjer sm u` oñ`mrk èfkr bm mstubeotms
jk`prmmobmu k jkojmftk jkrrmte`motm. Zm k àobfjm bm ejmrtk ikr supmrfkr e 87%, motêk mnm mxpnfje e
rmspkste. Ymae e Ifhure 5.57.

Ifhure 5.57 ‚Inuxk pere e ebkèêk be mstretæhfe fostruèêk pkr perms
Ikotm1 ebeptebe pmne eutkres bm JMORTM IKT MOLEOJMB RMEJLFOH & NMETOFOH (JMRN). Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.uodtns.je/tmejlfohtfps?.
>www .uodtns.je/tmejlfohtfps?. Ejmssk m`1 auo. 475<.

M`dkre k ikjk be fostruèêk pkr perms smae e eprmobfzehm` èfs jkojmftuen m oe kdtmoèêk bm
rmspkstes „jmrtes‐ ‚ k qum permjm jkotrester jk` kutres `mtkbknkhfes etfves qum sêk èfs edmrtes m
inmxàvmfs ‚, mste pmrspmjtfve æ jkosfbmrebe etfve oe `mbfbe m` qum pkssfdfnfte qum ks enuoks eprmobe`
uos jk` ks kutrks, mxmrjmobk k pepmn bm fostrutkrms ku prkimsskrms.
E fostruèêk pkr perms pkbm smr utfnfzebe m` jursks e bfstäojfe m làdrfbks jk` èfkr inmxfdfnfbebm bm
tm`pk m mspeèk. Omssm jesk, k prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste eprmsmote jkojmftks m` u` tmxtk ku
vfbmkeune jurte, qum ifjerêk bfspkoàvmfs ok EYE, pkr mxm`pnk. E smhufr, ks mstubeotms rmspkobm` ek
tmstm jkojmftuen, qum ifjerå ok EYE pkr bmtmr`foebk tm`pk. Nkhk, ks rmsuntebks bk tmstm pkbm` smr
vmrfifjebks pmnk prkimsskr, qum, sm omjmssårfk, prk`kvm k moje`fole`motk be bfsjussêk bk jkojmftk,
prúxf`k pessk be edkrbehm`. Msse bfsjussêk pkbm smr rmenfzebe pkr pmqumoks hrupks ku pmne turè
tkbe m` uè smssêk bm jlet ku m` iúru`. M` smhufbe, ks mstubeotms bmvm` rmspkobmr ek tmstm
jkojmftuen okve`motm m, pkr if`, k prkimsskr eprmsmote e rmspkste bk jkojmftk oe imrre`mote bm sue
prmimráojfe.

IEÈE IÅJFN
---- Jkejlfoh
---- Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk ----
K Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk æ uè ebepteèêk ku verfeèêk be fostruèêk pkr perms. Rm` sfbk mspmjfen`motm
utfnfzebk oe mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve pere `ktfver ebuntks e trkjerm` jkolmjf`motks m
bmsmovknvmrm` jk`pmtáojfes bm ikrè jknedkretfve, fotmhreobk bfimrmotms hmreèýms. Wkr mxm`pnk,
jknedkrebkrms okvks m akvmos etue` jk`k jkejlms
jkejlms m` qumstýms tmjoknúhfjes pere mxmjutfvks
èfs mxpmrfmotms m jk` `mokr inuáojfe bfhften. Wkr kutrk nebk, ebuntks jk` èfkr vfváojfe m
mxpmrfáojfe m` bmtmr`foebe årme prkifssfkoen eaube` akvmos prkifssfkoefs m` qumstýms
rmnejfkoebes ek e`dfmotm bm tredenlk m ç pksture prkifssfkoen.26
Epmser bk Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk smr trebfjfkoen`motm ebktebk m` jkotmxtks krheofzejfkoefs, pkbm
smr utfnfzebk te`dæ` oe mbujeèêk dåsfje (pkr mxm`pnk, enuoks bk 8· eok epkfe` jknmhes bk 9·
eok, qum mstêk fohrmsseobk ok Mosfok Iuobe`moten FF) m ok Mosfok Zupmrfkr (pkr mxm`pnk, enuoks
be årme bm luèofbebms, qum tá` èfs iejfnfbebm oe jkùofjeèêk msjrfte, ehm` jk`k jkejlms bm
jkejlms bm
enuoks bes årmes bm jfáojfes mxetes, beobk bfjes skdrm e msjrfte bk Rredenlk bm Jkojnusêk bm
Jursk ‚ RJJ).
E mstretæhfe pkssfdfnfte qum pmsskes bm fbebms m/ku jerejtmràstfjes verfebes (bm háomrk,
inuáojfe bfhften, pebrêk skjfkmjkoò`fjk, ikrèèêk ejebá`fje, jkolmjf`motk skdrm bmtmr`foebk
tmè m tm`pk bm mxpmrfáojfe prkifssfkoen) sm rmnejfkom`, jk`pertfnlm` pmrspmjtfves m, omssm
prkjmssk, eprmobe` uès jk` es kutres.
K Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk pkbm smr ebktebk m` u` jurtk pmràkbk (uè eune ku uofbebm bm mstubk,
pkr mxm`pnk) pere enjeoèer kdamtfvks pkotuefs. Enæ` bfssk, te`dæ` pkbm smr epnfjebk bureotm u`
pmràkbk nkohk (jk`k u` `úbunk ku df`mstrm), queobk sm treter bm kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm` èfs
jk`pnmxks m qum bmèobe` fotmreèêk èfs nkohe motrm es bupnes.
Were f`pnm`moter k Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk, sfhe mstms pessks.
Nmveotm es jerejtmràstfjes bks mstubeotms qum jk`pým` uè turè ku bks prkifssfkoefs
pertfjfpeotms bm uè jepejfteèêk ku ikrèèêk.
e. Ikr`m bupnes bm pmsskes jk` pmrifs bfimrmotms. Ykjá pkbm smperer ks pmrifs bm ejkrbk jk`1
oàvmfs bfstfotks bm jkolmjf`motk skdrm bmtmr`foebk tmè, fbmotfifjebks m` præ-tmstm (pkr
d. mxm`pnk, fofjfeotm, eprmobfz m `mstrm)3 iefxe mtårfe, háomrk ku kutrk bebk bm`khråifjk
b. foikrèbk ok pmrifn3 inuáojfe bfhften ku m` fbfkè mstreohmfrk3 fotmrmssm bmjnerebk pmnk enuok
j.
jk` rmspmftk eks kdamtfvks bk jursk (pkr mxm`pnk, bk`àofk bm jkotmñbks, fotmreèêk skjfen m

m. epnfjeèêk pråtfje) krfhm` ku ifnfeèêk (pkr mxm`pnk, pere u` pñdnfjk jkrpkretfvk, oàvmn
iuojfkoen ku smtkr e qum pmrtmojm3 pere k pñdnfjk bm pús-hrebueèêk, ikrèèêk
uofvmrsftårfe...).
Mxpnfqum k kdamtfvk pere usk bk Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk smhuobk kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm`

treèebks pere k jursk.
Krheofzm u` jrkokhreè bm etfvfbebms e smrm` bmsmovknvfbes pmnes bupnes, bmstejeobk

eèýms pmrtfomotms e jebe pmrifn.
Ejk`peolm es etfvfbebms bmsmovknvfbes pkr jebe `m`drk

`m`drk be bupne, krfmoteobk es eèýms e
smrm` rmenfzebes fobfvfbuen`motm.
Ok ifoen bk prkjmssk, sknfjftm qum es bupnes bfsjute` ku mnedkrm` u` rmnetúrfk rminmxfvk,

fobfjeobk quefs ikre` es prfojfpefs eprmobfzehmos kdtfbes jk` e mxpmrfáojfe.
Evenfm k moheae`motk m k jk`prk`mtf`motk

jk`prk`mtf`motk bm jebe `m`drk be bupne m` rmneèêk e
pertfjfper bes etfvfbebms prkpkstes smhuobk eèýms prmvfstes pere smu pmrifn.
K jursk nfvrm ko-nfom

ko-nfom bm mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve Nfbmreoèe pere Eojfêks ikf jrfebk pere
jepejfter nàbmrms vknuotårfks qum etue` m` e`dfmotms mjnmsfåstfjks. Ikf prkbuzfbk pmnk
Je`pus Yfrtuen bk Jmotrk ]ofvmrsftårfk Ebvmotfste bm Zêk Weunk (]oesp), m m` smu `kbmnk
5) pmbehúhfjk k Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk ikf ebktebk pere treospkr bkfs hreobms bmseifks1 ùftks bks
4) nàbmrms èfs mxpmrfmotms oêk sedfe` user es tmjoknkhfes3 mre prmjfsk ikrèr okvks nàbmrms pere
etuer oes jkùofbebms m` jurtk m `æbfk prezk.

Es bupnes ikre` ikrèbes pkr u` nàbmr mxpmrfmotm m u` jknmhe pmnk `moks 57 eoks èfs
akvm` qum eprmsmotessm inuáojfe bfhften. Bureotm tkbk k jursk es bupnes rmenfzere` etfvfbebms
mspmjàifjes, bmok`foebes „bmseifks‐, utfnfzeobk mspeèks bfhftefs bk EYE m rmbms skjfefs.
Tmsuntebks bm pmsqufse rmenfzebe pkr Jevenjeotf mt en. skdrm
en. skdrm msse mxpmrfáojfe rmvmne` qum k usk
be mstretæhfe mstå jkrrmnejfkoebk ç pmrèoáojfe bes bupnes ok jursk, ç pertfjfpeèêk èfs etfve
oes etfvfbebms prkpkstes, ek `mnlkr bmsm`pmolk hmren m ek èfkr àobfjm bm jmrtfifjeèêk queobk
jk`perebks e pertfjfpeotms qum mstubere` fobfvfbuen`motm.
Ikotm1 JEYENJEORF mt en., 4758.
5.2.= Enuoks jk`k bmsfhomrs

K jkojmftk bm enuoks jk`k bmsfhomrs ikf fofjfen`motm bfsjutfbk pkr Bevfb Akoessmo =7 m` u` ertfhk ok
bmsfhomrs ikf
quen k eutkr bmimobm qum ks jk`putebkrms bmvm` smr usebks jk`k imrre`motes qum prk`kvm` okves
eprmobfzehmos. Essf`, jedm ek enuok k pepmn bm bmsmoler (smr bmsfhomr bm)
bm) sue prúprfe eprmobfzehm`.
Mbujebkrms qum jkojmdm` mxpmrfáojfes bm eprmobfzehm` e smrm` vfvfbes pkr eprmobfzms sk`motm
e pertfr bm sue vfsêk, kdamtfvks m pmrspmjtfve pkbm` f`pkr u` jkoauotk bm venkrms qum oêk sêk
moheaebkrms ku sfhofifjetfvks pere ks enuoks. =5 Wkr kutrk nebk, queobk ks mstubeotms m ks prkifssfkoefs
jkosmhum` sm movknvmr oe tkèbe bm bmjfsêk skdrm sue eprmobfzehm`, sêk m`pkbmrebks pere
jkostrufr okvks jkolmjf`motks pkr `mfk be jkjrfeèêk m be fotmreèêk jk` smus perms, k prkimsskr ku k
mspmjfenfste.
=4
m` Wrmoscy, qum rmtkè
he`ms,, mou`mre
he`ms smtm ermhres
fbmfe bm enuokssmhufbes
e smrm` jk`k bmsfhomrs
jk` k ,kdamtfvk
bmsfhomrs, ès ok bm
ä`dftk be eprmobfzehm`
moheaer desmebe
ks enuoks omssm okvk
pepmn, jk`k smhum.
Uueobk ks mstubeotms m ks prkifssfkoefs jkosmhum` sm movknvmr oe tkèbe bm bmjfsêk
skdrm sue eprmobfzehm`, sêk m`pkbmrebks pere jkostrufr okvks jkolmjf`motks pkr
`mfk be jkjrfeèêk m be fotmreèêk jk` smus perms, k prkimsskr ku k mspmjfenfste.
• Kdamtfvks ‚ bmifofèêk jnere bks kdamtfvks be etfvfbebm mbujejfkoen e smr bmsmovknvfbe.
• Bmjfsýms m bfsjussýms ‚ pkssfdfnfbebms bm ks mstubeotms bmjfbfrm` m bfsjutfrm` ks pessks e
smrm` ebktebks moqueotk eprmobm` m vfvmojfe` k jfjnk1 bmjfsêk-eèêk-
bmjfsêk-eèêk-immbdejc
immbdejc -rminmxêk.
-rminmxêk.
• Jkomxêk m`kjfkoen ‚ rmnmväojfe bk mnk m`kjfkoen qum jkomjte ks mstubeotms m ks èotæ`
`ktfvebks.
• Jkkpmreèêk m jk`pmtfèêk ‚ ertfjuneèêk bmssms bkfs mnm`motks epermotm`motm bfvmrhmotms, qum,
queobk ebktebks m` jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs, pkbm` smr ente`motm moheaebkrms.
• Wmrskoenfzeèêk ‚ fotmhreèêk bks jkotmñbks jurrfjunerms jk` jkolmjf`motks prævfks m mstfnks bm
eprmobfzehm` bks mstubeotms pere qum mstms tmole` e pmrjmpèêk bm qum mstêk vfvmojfeobk uè
mxpmrfáojfe bm eprmobfzehm` pmrskoenfzebe.
• Tmvfsêk m fotmreèêk ‚ eprmsmoteèêk bm immbdejc qum fobfqum sm e prkpkste mnedkrebe pmnks
mstubeotms mstå jmrte, mrrebe ku prmjfse bm eaustms. Were fssk, e fotmreèêk, qum æ e rmneèêk motrm
fobfvàbuks, æ iuobe`moten, pkr smr u` prkjmssk jk`pnmxk, pmr`mebk bm sfhofifjeèýms m trkjes motrm
smrms luèoks.
• Bfvmrsêk ‚ pkssfdfnfbebm bm ks mstubeotms sm bfvmrtfrm` moqueotk etue` jk`k bmsfhomrs bm sue
bmsfhomrs bm
eprmobfzehm`.
Kutre pmrspmjtfve fokvebkre rmnejfkoebe ç ùbeoèe bm pepæfs vfsnu`dre qum ks enuoks etum`
jk`k bmsfho tlfocmrs (pmosebkrms bk bmsfho
bmsfho,, ouè trebuèêk nfvrm), jk`k vmrm`ks e smhufr.
5.2.9 Bmsfho tlfocfoh

K Bmsfho Rlfocfoh (BR) æ uè edkrbehm` jmotrebe ok smr luèok qum prk`kvm e sknuèêk bm
prkdnmès jk`pnmxks, mstfùne e jrfetfvfbebm m iejfnfte e fokveèêk. Æ luèofste, pkfs dusje

jk`prmmobmr,, bm ikrè m`påtfje, ks bmsmaks

jk`prmmobmr bmsma ks m omjmssfbebms bm pmsskes f`pejtebes pkr u` prkdnmè
eoenfsebk.
K BR æ jk`pkstk bm u` prkjmssk juaes mtepes prmvmm` e msjute, e kdsmrveèêk, e
fovmstfheèêk, e prkamèêk bm sknuèýms, e prktktfpehm` m e f`pnm`moteèêk bes `mnlkrms
sknuèýms jrfebes.
K tmr`k bmsfho tlfocfoh pkbm smr trebuzfbk nftmren`motm pkr „pmose`motk bm bmsfho ‐. Fssk sm
bmsfho‐.
rmimrm ek `kbk bm pmoser bks bmsfhomrs
bmsfhomrs,, qum æ eprmobfbk m ebktebk pkr `mfk bm jknedkreèêk m
jkjrfeèêk, queobk sknuèýms sêk prkamtebes, tmstebes m f`pnm`motebes.
K BR æ jk`pkstk bm u` prkjmssk juaes mtepes prmvmm` e msjute, e kdsmrveèêk, e fovmstfheèêk, e
prkamèêk bm sknuèýms, e prktktfpehm` m e f`pnm`moteèêk bes `mnlkrms sknuèýms jrfebes. Jevenjeotf m
Ifnetrk=: mxpnfje` qum k BR pkbm smr epnfjebk m` jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs, jk`k ks qum smhum`.
• @mtkbknkhfe bm sknuèêk bm prkdnmès ‚ pkssfdfnfte moirmoter prkdnmès jkùos ok je`pk
mbujejfkoen e pertfr bm u` okvk knler3 pkr mxm`pnk, mvesêk, iente bm `ktfveèêk bks enuoks pere
eprmobmr, rmneèêk be fostftufèêk mbujejfkoen jk` e jkùofbebm, motrm kutrks.
• Edkrbehm` bm fokveèêk ‚ pmr`ftm e jrfeèêk, k tmstm m e f`pnm`moteèêk bm prkjmssks, smrvfèks m
sknuèýms mbujejfkoefs qum prk`kve` e fokveèêk fojrm`moten m/ku bfsruptfve.
• Mstretæhfe bm mosfok-eprmobfzehm` ‚ krfmote hrupks bm enuoks ok bmsmovknvf`motk bm prkamtks
pkr `mfk be ebkèêk bk `kbk bm pmoser m bm mstretæhfes bm bmsfho
bmsfho.. ]` jfjnk prkjmssuen bm BR
pkbm smr rmenfzebk m` enhuès lkres (jk`k m` u` wkrcslkp
wkrcslkp)) ku m` enhuos `msms (bureotm u`
df`mstrm ku sm`mstrm
pkr mstubeotms nmtfvk,
bmpmobm be pkr mxm`pnk). Kbktm`pk
jk`pnmxfbebm bm bureèêk
prkdnmè rmen e bm
smru` prkamtk jk`
fovmstfhebk BRqum
pere bmsmovknvfbk
sknuèýms
smae` jrfebes, tmstebes m etæ `ms`k f`pnm`motebes. K jesk bks jursks bm hrebueèêk be ]ofvmsp,
eprmsmotebk omstm jepàtunk, æ u` mxm`pnk bk usk bk BR jk`k mstretæhfe bm mosfok m
eprmobfzehm` m` jursks bm hrebueèêk e bfstäojfe.
K BR pkbm jk`mèer e smr utfnfzebk vfseobk sk`motm e uè epnfjeèêk (jk`k sknujfkoer
u` prkdnmè, pkr mxm`pnk) m, ek ifoen bk prkjmssk, ks bmsfho tlfocmrs frêk
mxpmrf`moter es trás epnfjeèýms be edkrbehm` m` `mokr ku èfkr hreu.
Bmpmobmobk bk prkdnmè eoenfsebk, k BR pkbm jk`mèer e smr utfnfzebk vfseobk sk`motm e uè
epnfjeèêk (jk`k sknujfkoer u` prkdnmè, pkr mxm`pnk) m, ek ifoen bk prkjmssk, ks bmsfho tlfocmrs
(pmsskes bfrmte`motm movknvfbes ok bmsmovknvf`motk bm u` prkamtk utfnfzeobk BR)=2 frêk mxpmrf`moter
es trás epnfjeèýms be edkrbehm` m` `mokr ku èfkr hreu.
Oe ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Rurcu, oe Ifonäobfe, e fojudebkre bm pmsqufse Tmsmerjl Letjlmry

(Tmle) vfse ertfjuner eprmobfzehm`, pmsqufse m fokveèêk. Rm` pkr kdamtfvk bf`foufr e
bfstäojfe motrm e ikrèèêk ejebá`fje m es jk`pmtáojfes omjmssårfes pere etuer ok
`mrjebk prkifssfkoen. Oe fojudebkre sêk rmenfzebes rmuofýms m` betes prmvfe`motm ehmobebes
pere qum mxfste ejk`peole`motk m hmstêk bks prkamtks bm pmsqufse m` eobe`motk. Ks enuoks
eprmobm` pmnk eutkmstubk, krfmotebks pkr u` prkimsskr, pkr tutkrms m pkr smus perms. Omssm
prkjmssk, k mosfok, e eprmobfzehm` m e pmsqufse kjkrrm` bm ikrè fotmhrebe.
Ikotm1 FOJKBM. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//fojkbm-mu.mu/mo/rmsmerjl-letjlmry/?. Ejmssk m`1 58 imv. 475<.
Mxfstm` bfvmrses edkrbehmos prkjmssuefs pere k BR.== Jevenjeotf m Ifnetrk krheofze` k prkjmssk

bm BR ebktebk oe mbujeèêk prmsmojfen, e bfstäojfe m jkrpkretfve jkoikr`m Ifhure 5.55.
5.55.

Ifhure 5.55 ‚Uuetrk

‚Uuetrk mtepes bk bmsfho tlfocfoh epnfjebk ç mbujeèêk
Ikotm1 JEYENJEORF3 IFNERTK, 4758, p. 55<.

Oe mtepe Jk`prmmobmr k prkdnmè,
prkdnmè, ks bmsfho tlfocmrs bmvm` motmobmr k prkdnmè m`
prkiuobfbebm. E mqufpm sm bfvfbm pere kdsmrver k jkotmxtk eoenfsebk, bkju`moter sftueèýms m espmjtks
rmnmveotms, jkovmrser jk` mspmjfenfstes, motrmvfster ks stecmlknbmrs=9 m pertfjfper bes mxpmrfáojfes
bmnms. E smhufr, ks bmsfho tlfocmrs jk`pertfnle` foikrèèýms m f`prmssýms jknmtebes pere qum ks
bebks smae` eoenfsebks m fotmrprmtebks.
f otmrprmtebks. Jk` fssk, kdtá` sudsàbfks pere rmifoer k prkdnmè eoenfsebk.
eoenf sebk.
Oe mtepe Wrkamter sknuèýms,
sknuèýms, ks bmsfho tlfocmrs pertfjfpe` bm smssýms bm drefostkr`foh , m` qum
bmvm` hmrer uè hreobm queotfbebm bm fbmfes. Wkstmrfkr`motm, es fbmfes sêk jk`pertfnlebes m
jetmhkrfzebes. Ifoen`motm,
Oe mtepe Wrktktfper , ks mnms smnmjfkoe`
bmsfho tlfocmrs es `mnlkrms sknuèýms,
jkoimjjfkoe` qumqum
prktútfpks sêkrmprmsmote`
prktktfpebes.vfsuen`motm es
sknuèýms jrfebes. E mnedkreèêk bm prktútfpks råpfbks vfedfnfze k tmstm bes sknuèýms jrfebes pere qum
smae` eprf`krebes m rmifoebes.
Oe ñntfè mtepe, F`pnm`moter e `mnlkr kpèêk, kpèêk, ks bmsfho tlfocmrs rmenfze` uè eoånfsm bm
pretfjedfnfbebm m vfedfnfbebm, uè eoånfsm bm fokveèêk, m pfnktks sêk tmstebks pkr stecmlknbmrs
stecmlknbmrs..
Ifoen`motm, bmpkfs qum k prktútfpk æ rmifoebk enhuès vmzms, e sknuèêk æ mimtfve`motm f`pnm`motebe.

IEÈE IÅJFN
---- BR
---- BR mxprmss ----
E mstretæhfe BR mxprmss æ uè vmrsêk råpfbe m sf`pnfifjebe bes mtepes bk bmsfho tlfocfoh qum
pkbm` smr iejfn`motm fojkrpkrebes e jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs prmsmojfefs m bfhftefs. Msses mtepes
sêk bmsjrftes e smhufr.
Zmperm ks enuoks m` hrupks bm : e 2 pertfjfpeotms. Æ f`pkrteotm fojnufr pmsskes jk` pmrifs

verfebks ok `ms`k hrupk, pkfs e bfvmrsfbebm morfqumjm k prkjmssk bm jrfeèêk.
Mxpnfqum eks enuoks ks kdamtfvks bk prkamtk e smr bmsmovknvfbk, enæ` bk jkojmftk bm BR m es

mtepes bk prkjmssk.
Eprmsmotm k jrkokhreè bm bmsmovknvf`motk

bmsmovknvf`motk bk prkamtk. Zm ikr k jesk, te`dæ` æ f`pkrteotm
eprmsmoter es imrre`motes tmjoknúhfjes ebktebes pere ber supkrtm çs etfvfbebms rmenfzebes
m` jebe mtepe bk BR (mxm`pnk1 iúru`, jlet , hnkssårfk, mbftkrms jknedkretfvks bm tmxtk, bm
eprmsmoteèêk, rmpksftúrfks, rmbms skjfefs mtj.).
Mxpnfqum es etfvfbebms bm BR e smrm` rmenfzebes pmnk hrupk m k tm`pk bfspkoàvmn pere fssk.
Jkosfbmrm ks smhufotms pessks.
e. Bmifofr u` prkdnmè fbmotfifjebk m` u` jkotmxtk rmen.
d. Iezmr uè pmsqufse mxpnkretúrfe kdsmrveobk m jkovmrseobk foikrèn`motm jk` es
pmsskes f`pejtebes pmnk prkdnmè eoenfsebk.
j. Mnedkrer uè pmrskoe
uè pmrskoe (pmrskoehm`
(pmrskoehm` ifjtàjfk) qum rmprmsmotm es jerejtmràstfjes bm hrupks
bm pmsskes f`pejtebes pmnk prkdnmè. Bá u` ok`m e jebe pmrskoe
jebe pmrskoe m
m fobfqum sues

jerejtmràstfjes, skolks, `ktfveèýms m bmseifks.

b. Wertfjfper bm uè smssêk bm drefostkr`foh pere
pere jkojmdmr sknuèýms jrfetfves m fokvebkres.
m. Jrfer prktútfpks råpfbks, jk` ètmrfefs ejmssàvmfs m deretks, qum rmprmsmotm`
vfsuen`motm es `mnlkrms sknuèýms jkojmdfbes.
i. Rmster ks prktútfpks jrfebks m kdtmr immbdejc bks
bks stecmlknbmrs
stecmlknbmrs..
Kdsmrveèêk1 pere uè epnfjeèêk efobe èfs råpfbe be BR mxprmss (jk`k m` uè eune, pkr mxm`pnk),
ebktm sk`motm es mtepes1 e, j, b, m.
Zknfjftm qum ks prktútfpks jrfebks smae` eprmsmotebks m qum ks enuoks prmperm` uè
rminmxêk (msjrfte ku m` vàbmk) skdrm es prfojfpefs eprmobfzehmos bureotm jebe mtepe bk
prkjmssk.
Evenfm, jkosfbmreobk k movknvf`motk bk hrupk ok bmsmovknvf`motk bk prkamtk, teotk e

mnedkreèêk bk prktútfpk queotk e rminmxêk skdrm e eprmobfzehm`.

IMJLE@MORK
O mstm jepàtunk mxpnkre`ks k pktmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes etfves pere prk`kvmr fokveèýms
fojrm`motefs m` pråtfjes pmbehúhfjes, eobrehúhfjes m lmutehúhfjes epnfjebes m` msjknes,
uofvmrsfbebms, m`prmses mebeptåvmn
jerejtmràstfje ejmssàvmn, kutres krheofzeèýms
m `knbåvmnnfhebes ç mbujeèêk.
ç krheofzeèêk bmMssm pktmojfen
tm`pk ebvæ`
m mspeèk bm tm`
qum sue
mstruturebk e mbujeèêk ikrèn m jkrpkretfve pkr teotk tm`pk. Yf`ks efobe qum es `mtkbknkhfes
etfves sêk jkosfbmrebes fokvebkres pkr msterm` eojkrebes m` edkrbehmos luèofstes
mnedkrebes pkr tmúrfjks qum qumstfkoere` ks `kbmnks trebfjfkoefs bm mosfok jmotrebks oe ifhure
bk prkimsskr.
Zedm`ks qum ùftks mbujebkrms m mspmjfenfstes qum etue` m` jkotmxtks prmsmojfefs, làdrfbks
m e bfstäojfe oêk rmjmdmre` uè ikrèèêk mspmjàifje pere treosikrèr uè pråtfje jmotrebe ok
mosfok treos`fssfvk oequmne qum prk`kvm k prktehkofs`k bk enuok. Wkr fssk, ek nkohk bk jepàtunk,
dusje`ks mvfbmojfer oks jesks eprmsmotebks, oe bmsjrfèêk bm mstretæhfes, tmobáojfes m
edkrbehmos m oe smèêk Ieèe iåjfn, èomfres sf`pnms bm sfstmètfzer e epnfjeèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes
etfves oe mbujeèêk.
Essf`, jkojnuà`ks k jepàtunk eprmsmoteobk trás prfojàpfks qum jkosfbmre`ks iuobe`motefs
pere e epnfjeèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes etfves. Mssms prfojàpfks mstêk eprmsmotebks oe Ifhure 5.54.

Ifhure 5.54 ‚Wrfojàpfks mssmojfefs bes `mtkbknkhfes etfves
Ikotm1 mnedkrebe pmnes eutkres.

E mxpmrfáojfe
motrmteotk, kutres bm m`prmher fokvebkres
pmrspmjtfves `mtkbknkhfes etfvesèfkr
m jk` oe mbujeèêk pkbm èfs
pktmojfen efobe smr treosikrèbkre3
bfsruptfvk sêk

eprmsmotebes oks jepàtunks smhufotms, oks quefs mxpnkre`ks jkojmpèýms, pråtfjes, edkrbehmos m
mstretæhfes bes `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs, f`mrsfves m eoenàtfjes.
TMIMTÁOJFEZ
EDTM], A. T. W. Jkotmxtk etuen bk Mosfok @æbfk1 `mtkbknkhfes trebfjfkoefs m etfves. Omjmssfbebms pmbehúhfjes
bks prkimsskrms m be mstruture bes msjknes. 4755. 57= i. Bfssmrteèêk (Wrkhreè bm Wús-hrebueèêk m` Jfáojfes
be Zeñbm) ‚ ]ofvmrsfbebm Imbmren bk Tfk Hreobm bk Zun. Wkrtk Enmhrm, 4776.
ETEÑAK, ]. I.3
I.3 HMOKYMY
HMOKYMYE,
E, Z. Eprmobfzehm`
Z. Eprmobfzehm` desmebe m` prkdnmès
prkdnmès.. Zêk Weunk1 Zu`ùs, 4776.
[[[[[[ mt en. Ikrèèêk
en. Ikrèèêk bm mohmolmfrks ok Dresfn pmne ]ofvmrsfbebm Yfrtuen bk Mstebk bm Zêk Weunk. Fo1 Humrre,
E. mt en. mohmofmràe1 peokreè netfoke`mrfjeok.
en. (Krh.). Eprmobfzeam desebk mo prkdnmès y mbujejfúo mo mohmofmràe1
Eendkrh1 Eendkrh ]ofvmrsfty Wrmss, 4758. p. =6-9<.
ETB]FOK. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.erbufok.jj?.
>www.erbufok.jj?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv.
imv. 475<.
E]Z]DMN, B. W.
W. Mbujetfkoen psyjlknkhy 1 e jkhoftfvm vfmw. Omw Vkrc1
Vkrc1 Lknt, Tfomlert & Xfos
Xfostko,
tko, 569<.
DERMZ, R. Mbujer oe mre bfhften . Zêk Weunk1 Ertmseoetk Mbujejfkoen, 4759.
DMNNKOF, @. N. Mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe.
bfstäojfe. Je`pfoes1 Eutkrms Esskjfebks, 477:.
DFRRMOJK]TR
DFRRMOJK] TR,, A. W. Erquftmtures pmbehúhfjes fokvebkres oks `mstrebks prkifssfkoefs m` eb`fofstreèêk.
eb`fofstreèêk. 4759.
Rmsm (Bkutkrebk
Zêk Weunk, m` Eb`fofstreèêk)
Zêk Weunk, 4759. ‚ Iejunbebm bm Mjkok`fe, Eb`fofstreèêk m Jkotedfnfbebm, ]ofvmrsfbebm bm
DNFCZRMFO, W. Bfhften iedrfjetfko eob „ècfoh‐ fo mbujetfko1 tlm bm`kjretfzetfko ki fovmotfko. Fo1 A. XENRMT-
LMT@EOO, A.3 DÞJLFOH, J. (Mb.). Iedneds
Iedneds11 ki èjlfoms, ècmrs eob fovmotkrs. Dfmnmimnb1 Rreosjrfpt Wudnfslmrs,
475:.
DKOXMNN, J. J.3 MFZKO, A. Ejtfvm nmerofoh 1 jrmetfoh mxjftm`mot fo tlm jnessrkk`, 5665. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.ybem.purbum.mbu/njt/ldju/bkju`mots/Ejtfvm[Nmerofoh[Jrmetfoh[Mxjftm`mot[fo[tlm[Jnessrkk`.pbi?.
Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
475<.
DTKXO, R. Bmsfho tlfocfoh 1 uè `mtkbknkhfe pkbmrkse pere bmjrmter k if` bes vmnles fbmfes. Tfk bm Aeomfrk1
Mnsmvfmr, 4757.
JEYENJEORF, J. J.3 IFNERTK, E. Bmsfho tlfocfoh oe mbujeèêk prmsmojfen, e bfstäojfe m jkrpkretfve.
jkrpkretfve . Zêk Weunk1
Zerefve, 4758.
[[[[[[ mt en. Jkejlfoh
en. Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk oe mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe jkrpkretfve. Fo1 JKOHTMZZK
FORMTOEJFKOEN EDMB BM MB]JEÈÊK E BFZRÄOJFE (JFEMB), 4:., 4758, Ikz bk Fhueèu. Eoefs...
Eoefs... Ikz bk
Fhueèu1 Edmb, 4758.

JMRN. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.uodtns.je/tmejlfohtfps/pmmrfostrujtfko.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
JKOHTMZZK FORMTOEJFKOEN EDMB BM MB]JEÈÊK E BFZRÄOJFE (JFEMB), 4:, 4758, Ikz bk Fhueèu.
Eoefs…
Eoefs … Ikz bk Fhueèu1 Edmb, 4758.
BEOFMNZ, L. Yyhktscy m e pmbehkhfe.
pmbehkhfe. Zêk Weunk1 Nkykne, 477:.
BMMN@EO, E.3 LKMDMTFHZ, D. E EDW ok jkotmxtk be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm @eestrfjlt. Fo1 ETEÑAK, ].3 ZEZRTM,
H. Eprmobfzehm`
H. Eprmobfzehm` desmebe m` prkdnmès.
BMXMV, A. Yfbe m mbujeèêk.
mbujeèêk. 57. mb. Zêk Weunk1 @mnlkre`motks, 568<.
BFMZMN, E.3 DENBMQ, E. N. Z.3 @ETRFOZ, Z. O. Ks prfojàpfks bes `mtkbknkhfes etfves bm mosfok1 uè
edkrbehm` tmúrfje. Tmvfste Rlmrè, Rlmrè, v. 52, o. 5, p. 49<-4<<, 4758. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttps1//mbfsjfpnfoes.usp.dr/pnuhfoifnm.plp/2558856/`kb[rmskurjm/jkotmot/5/Ks%47prfoj%J:%EBpfks%47bes%47`
475<.
B.ZJLKKN. Rlm dkktje`p dkktnmh , 4755. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttps1//stetfj5.squermspejm.jk`/stetfj/=8j9d869469<8ibm767e7ibb/t/=<<674:6bd46b9jj9j:::<i8/52<=:82752:27/
v:-snf`.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.

MB]RKWFE. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.mbutkpfe.krh/ertfjnm/ècmrspejm-dufnt-mnm`motery-stubmots?. Ejmssk m`1 59

imv. 475<.
MOHMZRTÙ@, V. Ejtfvfty tlmkry eob fobfvfbuen eob skjfen treosikrètfko. Fo1 MOHMZRTK@, V.3 @FMRRFOM@, T.3
W]OE@ECF, T. N. Wmrspmjtfvms ko ejtfvfty tlmkry . Je`drfbhm1 Je`drfbhm ]ofvmrsfty Wrmss, 5666. p. 56-:<.
[[[[[[. Mxpeosfvm nmerofoh et wkrc1 tkwerb eo ejtfvfty tlmkrmtfjen rmjkojmptuenfzetfko. Akuroen ki mbujetfko eob
v. 52, o. 5, p. 5::-5=9, 4775.
wkrc, v.
wkrc,
[[[[[[. Nmerofoh dy mxpeobfoh 1 eo ejtfvfty-tlmkrmtfjen epprkejl tk bmvmnkp`mot rmsmerjl. Lmnsfocf1 Krfmote-
ckosuntft, 56<8.
MVJLMOOM, I.3 OMYMZ, L. Ied Ned1
Ned1 e veohuerbe be okve rmvknuèêk fobustrfen. Zêk Weunk1 Mbftkrfen Ied Ned
Dresfn, 475:.
IED NED NFYTM ZW. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//iednednfvrmsp.ert.dr/k-qum-m?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv. 475<.
IFNERTK, E. Bmsfho fostrujfkoen oe pråtfje.
pråtfje. Zêk Weunk1 Wmersko Mbujetfko, 477<.
[[[[[[. Wrkbuèêk bm jkotmñbks mbujejfkoefs.
mbujejfkoefs . Zêk Weunk1 Zerefve, 4759.
IKOREOE, B. Wsyjlknkhy ikr tmejlmrs.
tmejlmrs. Nkobko1 @ej@fnneo/Drftfsl Wsyjlknkhfjen Zkjfmty, 56<5.
ITMFTM, W. Wmbehkhfe be eutkok`fe1
eutkok`fe1 sedmrms omjmssårfks ç pråtfje mbujetfve. Zêk Weunk1 Wez m Rmrre
Rmrre,, 5669.
HETDFO, @. mt en. Wrktktfpehm`
en. Wrktktfpehm` jk`k mstretæhfe bm eprmobfzehm` m` jursks bm hrebueèêk. Fo1 JKOHTMZZK
FORMTOEJFKOEN EDMB BM MB]JEÈÊK E BFZRÄOJFE (JFEMB), 4:, 4758, Ikz bk Fhueèu. Eoefs... Eoefs... Ikz bk
Fhueèu1 Edmb, 4758. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.edmb.krh.dr/jkohrmssk4758/tredenlks/pbi/29<.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 5=
imv. 475<.
LEZM, Z.3 CMOVKO, J. Irk` eobrehkhy tk lmutehkhy. ]ntfdesm Ertfjnms,
Ertfjnms, v. =, o. :, p. 5-57, 4777. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.psy.hne.ej.uc/~stmvm/pr/Lmutehkhy
>www.psy .hne.ej.uc/~stmvm/pr/Lmutehkhy.lt`n?.
.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
FBMK. LJB ‚ Luèo Jmotmrmb Bmsfho1 Bmsfho1 cft bm imrre`motes. Wenk Entk1 Fbmk, 4776. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//drezfn.moejtushnkden.krh/wp-jkotmot/upnkebs/sftms/4/4758/75/Ifmnb-Hufbm-tk-Luèo-Jmotmrmb-
Bmsfho[FBMKkrh[Wkrtuhumsm-8:786mi7b=<j<de2466=844i529:di2d.pbi?.
Bmsfho[FBMKkrh[Wkrtuhumsm-8:786mi7b=< j<de2466=844i529:di2d.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
FOJKBM. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//fojkbm-mu.mu/mo/rmsmerjl-letjlmry/?. Ejmssk m`1 58 imv. 475<.
AKOEZZMO, B. L. Rmjloknkhy es jkhoftfvm tkkns1 nmeromrs es bmsfhomrs. FR Ikru` Wepmr #5, #5, 5662. Bfspkoàvmn
m`1 >lttp1//jftmsmmrx.fst.psu.mbu/vfmwbkj/bkwonkeb;bkf057.5.5.298.2566&rmp0rmp5&typm0pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 2
èr. 475<.
AKLOZKO, N. mt en.
en. O@J Rmjloknkhy kutnkkc ikr Drezfnfeo uofvmrsftfms1
uofvmrsftfms1 e lkrfzko prkamjt rmhfkoen rmpkrt. Eustfo,
Rmxes1 Omw @mbfe Jkoskrtfu`, 4752.
COKXNMZ, @. Z. Eobrehkhy fo ejtfko1
ejtfko1 eppnyfoh `kbmro prfojfpnms ki ebunt mbujetfko. Zeo Ireojfsjk1 Akssmy
Dess, 56<2.
CKND, B. E. Mxpmrfmotfen nmerofoh 1 mxpmrfmojm es tlm skurjm ki nmerofoh eob bmvmnkp`mot. Omw Amrsmy1 Wrmotfjm-
Lenn, 56<2.
NEDKTERÚTFKZ YFTR]EFZ ]EFRMJ. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//nedkretkrfks.ueftmj.`h.hkv.dr?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv.
475<.
NF@, J. W. Zpfrft ki tlm he`m1 m`pkwmrfoh stubmots es bmsfhomrs fo sjlkkns; Drftfsl Akuroen ki Mbujetfkoen
Rmjloknkhy , v. :6, o. 9, p. 669-577:, 477<.
NKVKNNE, X. W. B. J. mt en. en. Krheofzeèêk bk tredenlk pmbehúhfjk oks jursks bm hrebueèêk be ]ofvmsp. Fo1
JKOHTMZZK FORMTOEJFKOEN EDMB BM MB]JEÈÊK E BFZRÄOJFE (JFEMB), 44, 4759, Åhues bm Nfobkfe.
Åhues bm Nfobkfe1 Edmb, 4759.
Eoefs... Åhues
Eoefs...
@EEZRTFJLR ]OFYMTZFRV. Wrkdnm` Desmb Nmerofoh (WDN). Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.èestrfjltuofvmrsfty.on/pdn?.
Ejmssk m`1 < èr. 475<.
@EQ]T, M. Wmmr fostrujtfko1
fostrujtfko1 e usmrs èouen. Zêk Weunk1 Wmersko, 5668.
@FR FJE@W]Z. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//fje`pus.`ft.mbu/prkamjts/tmen/?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv. 475<.
@KTEO, A. @ubeobk e mbujeèêk jk` `mtkbknkhfes etfves. Jkovmrháojfes `fbfåtfjes, mbujeèêk m jfbebeofe1
jfbebeofe1
eprkxfèèýms akvmos, v. 4, 475=.
OKYE MZJKNE. Zmmb Ned, vmole jrfer jkoksjk. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//okvemsjkne.krh.dr/jkotmubk/687=/smmb-
ned-vmole-jrfer-jkoksjk?. Ejmssk m`1 < èr. 475<.

WE]NE, L. I.3 @KTMFTE, E. I. Etfvfbebm, eèêk `mbfebe m evenfeèêk msjkner. Mbujeèêk m` Tmvfste,
Tmvfste, Dmnk
Lkrfzkotm, v. :7, o. 5, p. 58-:9, èr. 4752. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.sjfmnk.dr/sjfmnk.plp;
sjrfpt0sjf[erttmxt&pfb0Z75740296<4752777577774-&noh0mo&or`fsk?.
sjrfpt0sjf[erttmxt&pfb0Z75740296<4752777577774-&noh0mo&or`fsk?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
WTMOZCV, @. Ztubmots es bmsfhomrs eob jrmetkrs ki mbujetfkoen jk`putmrs he`ms. Drftfsl Akuroen ki
Mbujetfkoen Rmjloknkhy , v. :6, o. 9, 477<. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.nednmerofoh.mu/bkju`mots/bkj[fospfretfko/prmoscy/stubmots[es[bmsfhomrs.pbi?.
>www.nednmerofoh.mu/bkju`mots/bkj[fospfretfko/prmoscy/stubmots[es[bmsfhomrs.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 46 bmz. 4758.
WTMRF, K. Eutkok`fe bk eprmobfz oe mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe. Fo1 [[[[[[ (Krh.). Mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe1
bfstäojfe1 jkostrufobk
sfhofifjebks. Jufedå1 OMEB/FM-]I@R3
OMEB/FM-]I@R3 Dresànfe1 Wneok, 4777. p. 428-49<.
ZEOBMTZ, C. mt en. en. Iknc pmbehkhy1 okdkby bkmso‖t nfcm ejtfvm nmerofoh. Fo1 FJMT 4758, 4758, Rejkè.
Rejkè1 EJ@, 4758.
Wrkjmmbfohs… Rejkè1
Wrkjmmbfohs…
ZREOIKTB KONFOM. Bmsfho Rlfocfoh Ejtfko Ned. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//konfom.steoikrb.mbu/jkursm/bmsfho-
tlfocfoh-ejtfko-ned?. Ejmssk m`1 < èr. 475<.
ZFM@MOZ, H. Cokwfoh cokwnmbhm.
cokwnmbhm. @kuotefo Yfmw, JE1 Jrmetfvm Jk``kos, 4779.
ZFNYE, A. J. \.3 NMEN, J. M. Z. Wrkpkste bm nedkretúrfk bm iàsfje bm defxk justk pere msjknes be rmbm pñdnfje bm
mosfok `æbfk. Tmvfste Dresfnmfre bm Mosfok Iàsfje, Iàsfje, Zêk Weunk, v. :6, o. 5, 4758. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.sjfmnk.dr/sjfmnk.plp;sjrfpt0sjf[erttmxt&pfb0Z5<79-55
>www.sjfmnk.dr/sjfmnk.plp;sjrfpt0sjf[erttmxt&pfb0Z5 <79-55584758777577=75&noh0mo&or`0fsk?.
584758777577=75&noh0mo&or`0fsk?. Ejmssk m`1 5=
imv. 475<.
YENMORM, Y. E.3 EN@MFBE, @. M. D.3 HMTENBFOF, E. I. Z. @mtkbknkhfes etfves1 bes jkojmpèýms çs pråtfjes m`
bfstfotks oàvmfs bm mosfok. Tmvfste Bfånkhk Mbujejfkoen , Jurftfde, v. 58, o. =4, p. 2==-28<, edr./auo. 4758.
YVHKRZCV, N. @fob eob skjfmty 1 tlm bmvmnkp`mot ki lfhlmr `moten prkjmssms. Nkobko1 Mohnmwkkb, 568<.
XEHOMT, R. Rlm hnkden ejlfmvm`mot hep1hep1 wly mvmo kur dmst sjlkkns bko‖t tmejl tlm omw survfven scfnns kur
jlfnbrmo ommb ‚ eob wlet wm jeo bk edkut ft. Omw Vkrc1 Desfj Dkkcs, 4757.
5 „@mtkbknkhfes etfves m tmjoknkhfes epnfjebes ç Mbujeèêk‐ ikf k tmè bk 4:· Jfemb ‚ Jkohrmssk Fotmroejfkoen Edmb
bm Mbujeèêk e Bfstäojfe, rmenfzebk m` Ikz bk Fhueèu, m` smtm`drk bm 4758. Oe kjesfêk ikre` eprmsmotebks m
pudnfjebks èfs bm 577 tredenlks jfmotàifjks skdrm k tmè.
4 FBMK. LJB ‚ Luèo Jmotmrmb Bmsfho1 Bmsfho1 cft bm imrre`motes. Wenk Entk1 Fbmk, 4776. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//drezfn.moejtushnkden.krh/wp-jkotmot/upnkebs/sftms/4/4758/75/Ifmnb-Hufbm-tk-Luèo-Jmotmrmb-
Bmsfho[FBMKkrh[Wkrtuhumsm-8:786mi7b=<j<de2466=844i529:di2d.pbi?.
Bmsfho[FBMKkrh[Wkrtuhumsm-8:786mi7b=< j<de2466=844i529:di2d.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
: HETDFO, @. mt en. en. Wrktktfpehm` jk`k mstretæhfe bm eprmobfzehm` m` jursks bm hrebueèêk. Fo1 JFEMB ‚
JKOHTMZZK FORMTOEJFKOEN EDMB BM MB]JEÈÊK E BFZRÄOJFE, 4:, 4758, Ikz bk Fhueèu. Eoefs... Fhueèu. Eoefs... Ikz
Ikz bk
Fhueèu1 Edmb, 4758. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.edmb.krh.dr/jkohrmssk4758/tredenlks/pbi/29<.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv.
475<.
2 Jedm bmstejer qum k prktútfpk eprmsmotebk æ epmoes uè e`kstre bks jmrje bm 5<7 prkamtks mnedkrebks sú pmnks
enuoks bm Mohmolerfe e jebe sm`mstrm.
= K pknk @mofoks be ]ofvmsp mstå nkjenfzebk oe Qkoe Kmstm be jfbebm bm Zêk Weunk.
9 Wneje ñofje bm prktktfpehm` mnmtròofje bm júbfhk edmrtk qum pkssuf lerbwermlerbwerm m m skitwerm inmxàvmfs, iåjmfs bm user,
skitwerm inmxàvmfs,
bmstfoebks e ertfstes, bmsfhomrs
bmsfhomrs,, prkhreèbkrms ku quenqumr pmsske fotmrmssebe m` jrfer kdamtks ku e`dfmotms
8 fotmretfvks. (ETB]FOK. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//www.erbufok.jj/mo/@efo/Mbujetfko?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.)
Msse nfste bm jk`pmtáojfes ikf pudnfjebe pkr XEHOMT, R. R. Rlm hnkden ejlfmvm`mot hep1
hep1 wly mvmo kur dmst sjlkkns
bko‖t tmejl tlm omw survfven scfnns kur jlfnbrmo ommb ‚ eob wlet wm jeo bk edkut ft. Omw Vkrc1 Desfj Dkkcs, 4757.
M` trebuèêk nfvrm, k tàtunk be kdre, efobe oêk pudnfjebe m` pkrtuhuás, smrfe1 „E nejuoe be jkoqufste1 pkr qum etæ
oksses `mnlkrms msjknes oêk mosfoe` es okves jk`pmtáojfes bm skdrmvfváojfe bm qum okssks ifnlks prmjfse` ‚ m
k qum pkbm`ks iezmr e rmspmftk‐.
< COKXNMZ, @. Z. Eobrehkhy
Z. Eobrehkhy fo ejtfko1
ejtfko1 eppnyfoh `kbmro prfojfpnms ki ebunt mbujetfko. Zeo Ireojfsjk1 Akssmy Dess,
56<2.
6 LEZM, Z.3 CMOVKO, J. Irk` eobrehkhy tk lmutehkhy. ]ntfdesm Ertfjnms, Ertfjnms, v. =, o. :, p. 5-57, 4777. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.psy.hne.ej.uc/~stmvm/pr/Lmutehkhy
>www.psy .hne.ej.uc/~stmvm/pr/Lmutehkhy.lt`n?.
.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
57 ITMFTM, W. Wmbehkhfe be eutkok`fe1
eutkok`fe1 sedmrms omjmssårfks ç pråtfje mbujetfve. Zêk Weunk1 Wez m Rmrre,Rmrre, 5669.
55 DMNNKOF, @. N. Mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe.
bfstäojfe. Je`pfoes1 Eutkrms Esskjfebks, 477:.
54 DKOXMNN, J. J.3 MFZKO, A. Ejtfvm nmerofoh 1 jrmetfoh mxjftm`mot fo tlm jnessrkk`, 5665. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.ybem.purbum.mbu/njt/ldju/bkju`mots/Ejtfvm[Nmerofoh[Jrmetfoh[Mxjftm`mot[fo[tlm[Jnessrkk`.pbi?.
475<.
5: ZEOBMTZ, C. Rejkè1
en. Iknc
mt en.
Wrkjmmbfohs… Rejkè1
Wrkjmmbfohs… EJ@,pmbehkhy1
4758. okdkby bkmso‖t nfcm ejtfvm nmerofoh. Fo1 FJMT 4758, 4758, Rejkè.
52 E]Z]DMN, B. W.
W. Mbujetfkoen psyjlknkhy 1 e jkhoftfvm vfmw. Omw Vkrc1
Vkrc1 Lknt, Tfomlert & Xfos
Xfostko,
tko, 569<.

5= YVHKRZCV, N. @fob eob skjfmty 1 tlm bmvmnkp`mot ki lfhlmr `moten prkjmssms. Nkobko1 Mohnmwkkb, 568<.
59 YVHKRZCV, 568<.
58 Ertmietk æ quenqumr jkfse qum pksse smr prkamtebe pmnk smr luèok, jk`k prkbutks teohàvmfs, foikrèèýms,
fbmotfbebms, èrjes mtj.
5< BEOFMNZ, L. Yyhktscy m e pmbehkhfe.
pmbehkhfe. Zêk Weunk1 Nkykne, 477:.
56 MOHMZRTÙ@, 5666.
47 WE]NE, L. I.3 @KTMFTE, E. I. Etfvfbebm, eèêk `mbfebe m evenfeèêk msjkner. Mbujeèêk m` Tmvfste, Tmvfste, Dmnk
Lkrfzkotm, v. :7, o. 5, p. 58-:9, èr. 4752. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.sjfmnk.dr/sjfmnk.plp;sjrfpt0sjf[erttmxt&pfb0Z7574-
296<4752777577774&noh0mo&or`0fsk?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
45 MOHMZRTÙ@, V. Nmerofoh dy mxpeobfoh 1 eo ejtfvfty-tlmkrmtfjen epprkejl tk bmvmnkp`mot rmsmerjl. Lmnsfocf1
Krfmote-ckosuntft, 56<8.
44 BMXMV, A. Yfbe m mbujeèêk.
mbujeèêk. 57. mb. Zêk Weunk1 @mnlkre`motks, 568<.
4: CKND, B. E. Mxpmrfmotfen nmerofoh 1 mxpmrfmojm es tlm skurjm ki nmerofoh eob bmvmnkp`mot. Omw Amrsmy1 Wrmotfjm-
Lenn, 56<2.
42 BFMZMN, E.3 DENBMQ, E. N. Z.3 @ETRFOZ, Z. O. Ks prfojàpfks bes `mtkbknkhfes etfves bm mosfok1 uè edkrbehm`
tmúrfje. Tmvfste Rlmrè,
Rlmrè, v. 52, o. 5, p. 49<-4<<, 4758. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttps1//mbfsjfpnfoes.usp.dr/pnuhfoifnm.plp/2558856/`kb[rmskurjm/jkotmot/5/Ks%47prfoj%J:%EBpfks%47bes%47`
475<.
4= BMXMV, 568<, p. 48.
49 CKND, 56<2.
48 ZFM@MOZ, H. Cokwfoh cokwnmbhm.
cokwnmbhm. @kuotefo Yfmw, JE1 Jrmetfvm Jk``kos, 4779.
4< YVHKRZCV, 568<.
46 DERMZ, R. Mbujer oe mre bfhften . Zêk Weunk1 Ertmseoetk Mbujejfkoen, 4759.
:7 BMMN@EO, E.3 LKMDMTFHZ, D. E EDW ok jkotmxtk be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm @eestrfjlt. Fo1 ETEÑAK, ].3 ZEZRTM, H.
Eprmobfzehm` desmebe m` prkdnmès.
:5
:4 BMMN@EO3
DERMZ, 4759. LKMDMTFHZ, 4757.
:: JEYENJEORF, J. J.3 IFNERTK, E. Bmsfho tlfocfoh oe mbujeèêk prmsmojfen, e bfstäojfe m jkrpkretfve.
jkrpkretfve. Zêk Weunk1
Zerefve, 4758.
:2 K jkotmñbk bk jursk Bmsfho Rlfocfoh Ejtfko Ned mstå bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//konfom.steoikrb.mbu/jkursm/bmsfho-
tlfocfoh-ejtfko-ned?. Ejmssk m`1 < èr. 475<.
:= E Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès (EDW) bfsjutfbe ok túpfjk 5.2.5 æ e prmjurskre be Eprmobfzehm`
Desmebe m` Wrkamtks (EDW). Epmser bes bues pmrspmjtfves ebkterm` e `msè sfhne (EDW, m` pkrtuhuás m WDN
m` fohnás), mxfstm` bfimrmoèes qum sêk eprmsmotebes omstm túpfjk.
:9 E jk`dfoeèêk be Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkamtks jk` e Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès æ
bmok`foebe Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès m pkr Wrkamtks (EDWW). Omne ks enuoks mstube` u` prkdnmè
rmen moqueotk bmsmovknvm`, bm ikrè jknedkretfve, u` prkamtk qum vfse prkpkr uè sknuèêk pere k prkdnmè
fovmstfhebk.
:8 DERMZ, 4759.
:< Mssm te`dæ` æ u` pkotk e smr jkosfbmrebk queobk sm ebkte e Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès.
:6 ETEÑAK, ].3 HMOKYMYE,
HMOKYMYE, Z. Z. Eprmobfzehm` prkdnmès.. Zêk Weunk1 Zu`ùs, 4776.
Eprmobfzehm` desmebe m` prkdnmès
27 E iedrfjeèêk bfhften prmvá e prkbuèêk bm kdamtks iàsfjks utfnfzeobk rmjursks m `kbmnks bfhftefs. Wkr mxm`pnk, e
f`prmssêk bm uè jeomje useobk uè f`prmsskre :-B.
25 DNFCZRMFO, W. Bfhften iedrfjetfko eob „ècfoh‐ fo mbujetfko1 tlm bm`kjretfzetfko ki fovmotfko. Fo1 A. XENRMT-
LMT@EOO, A.3 DÞJLFOH, J. (Mb.). Iedneds
Iedneds11 ki èjlfoms, ècmrs eob fovmotkrs. Dfmnmimnb1 Rreosjrfpt Wudnfslmrs,
475:.
24 DNFCZRMFO, 475:.
2: MVJLMOOM, I.3 OMYMZ, L. Ied Ned1 Ned1 e veohuerbe be okve rmvknuèêk fobustrfen. Zêk Weunk1 Mbftkrfen Ied Ned
Dresfn, 475:.
22 ZFNYE, A. J. \.3 NMEN, J. M. Z. Wrkpkste bm nedkretúrfk bm iàsfje bm defxk justk pere msjknes be rmbm pñdnfje bm
mosfok `æbfk. Tmvfste Drefnmfre bm Mosfok Iàsfje, Iàsfje, Zêk Weunk, v. :6, o. 5, 4758. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.sjfmnk.dr/sjfmnk.plp;sjrfpt0sjf[erttmxt&pfb0Z5<79-55584758777577=75&noh0mo&or`0fsk?. Ejmssk m`1 5=
imv. 475<.
2= DERMZ, 4759.
29 AKLOZKO, N. mt en.
en. O@J Rmjloknkhy kutnkkc ikr Drezfnfeo uofvmrsftfms1
uofvmrsftfms1 e lkrfzko prkamjt rmhfkoen rmpkrt. Eustfo,
Rmxes1 Omw @mbfe Jkoskrtfu`, 4752.
28 AKLOZKO mt en., 4752.
2< @EQ]T, M. Wmmr fostrujtfko1
fostrujtfko1 e usmrs èouen. Zêk Weunk1 Wmersko, 5668.
26 JEYENJEORF, J. J. mt en. en. Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk oe mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe jkrpkretfve. Fo1 JKOHTMZZK
FORMTOEJFKOEN EDMB BM MB]JEÈÊK E BFZRÄOJFE, 4:. 4758, Ikz bk Fhueèu. Eoefs... Ikz bk Fhueèu1 Edmb,
Eoefs... Ikz
4758.

AKOEZZMO, B. L. Rmjloknkhy es jkhoftfvm tkkns1 nmeromrs es bmsfhomrs. FRIkru` Wepmr #5, 5662. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
=7 >lttp1//jftmsmmrx.fst.psu.mbu/vfmwbkj/bkwonkeb;bkf057.5.5.298.2566&rmp0rmp5&typm0pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 2 èr.
475<.
=5 NF@, J. W. Zpfrft ki tlm he`m1 m`pkwmrfoh stubmots es bmsfhomrs fo sjlkkns; Drftfsl Akuroen ki Mbujetfkoen
Rmjloknkhy , v. :6, o. 9, p. 669-577:, 477<.
=4 WTMOZCV, @. Ztubmots es bmsfhomrs eob jrmetkrs ki mbujetfkoen jk`putmrs he`ms. Drftfsl Akuroen ki Mbujetfkoen
Rmjloknkhy , v. :6, o. 9, 477<. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.nednmerofoh.mu/bkju`mots/bkj[fospfretfko/prmoscy/stubmots[es[bmsfhomrs.pbi?.
>www.nednmero foh.mu/bkju`mots/bkj[fospfretfko/prmoscy/stubmots[es[bmsfhomrs.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
=: JEYENJEORF3 IFNERTK, 4758.
=2 Msses pmsskes pkbm` smr enuoks, jknedkrebkrms bm uè fostftufèêk mbujejfkoen ku jkosuntkrms jkotretebks pere
fssk.
== Es pmrspmjtfves èfs jkolmjfbes m bfssm`foebes sêk1 FBMK. LJB ‚ Luèo Jmotmrmb Bmsfho1 Bmsfho1 cft bm imrre`motes.
Wenk Entk1 Fbmk, 4776. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//drezfn.moejtushnkden.krh/wp-jkotmot/upnkebs/sftms/4/4758/75/Ifmnb-
Hufbm-tk-Luèo-Jmotmrmb-Bmsfho[FBMKkrh[Wkrtuhumsm-8:786mi7b=<j<de2466=844i529:di2d.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1
5= imv. 475<. B.ZJLKKN. Rlm dkktje`p dkktnmh , 4755. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttps1//stetfj5.squermspejm.jk`/stetfj/=8j9d869469<8ibm767e7ibb/t/=<<674:6bd46b9jj9j:::<i8/52<=:82752:27
v:-snf`.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<. DTKXO, R R.. Bmsfho tlfocfoh 1 uè `mtkbknkhfe pkbmrkse pere bmjrmter k if`
bes vmnles fbmfes. Tfk bm Aeomfrk1 Mnsmvfmr, 4757.
=9 Omstm jkotmxtk, stecmlknbmrs
stecmlknbmrs sêk es pertms fotmrmssebes, ku smae, quefsqumr pmsskes movknvfbes bfrmte ku
fobfrmte`motm jk` k prkdnmè eoenfsebk
eoenfs ebk bureotm k prkamtk m` qum sm ebkte BR.

„ RF@M FZ OKR @KOMV. RF@M FZ NFIM.

Etuenfzeèêk be iresm bm DMOAE@FO ITEOCNFO m`
ITEOCNFO m` Ebvfjm trebmsèo, 582<
Ebvfjm tk e ykuoh trebmsèo,
um k tm`pk æ uè bes verfåvmfs èfs f`pkrteotms ok ùobk mbujejfkoen æ bfiàjfn

jkotmster. Jerhe lkrårfe, eok nmtfvk, lkre/eune sêk mxprmssýms têk motreolebes oes
msjknes m uofvmrsfbebms qum permjm` etæ tmr heolebk stetus prúprfk. Mbujebkrms sêk
stetus prúprfk.

rmùomrebks pkr queotk tm`pk pesse` bfeotm bm uè turè3 tmès bm mstubk sêk bfstrfduàbks ok
pneok bm eunes jk` desm m` df`mstrms, sm`mstrms m iærfes3 bfpnkès m jmrtfifjeèýms sêk mxpmbfbks
jk` desm oe jerhe lkrårfe jursebe. M, `ms`k oe mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve, k sujmssk æ `mbfbk m`
tmr`ks bm oñ`mrk bm jknedkrebkrms etmobfbks m... lkres bm trmfoe`motk mimtuebes.
@es k tm`pk etuen oêk æ k `ms`k tm`pk bk pessebk. E bf`mosêk vfrtuen trez ek tm`pk uè
okve jkoifhureèêk. E jnåssfje sftueèêk bfbåtfje, m` qum mosfoer m eprmobmr sêk termies
sfùntäomes, oêk æ èfs e ñofje ikrè bm eprmobmr. E nfomerf-bebm, e smqumojfenfbebm, e
sfojrkofjfbebm
Zf`, k dm`tá`
èfssfbk bmseifebes.
msjessk bk ùobk, fomhkjfåvmn, oêk rmok-våvmn æ k tm`pk. @es, ok `mrjebk
udàquk bes foikrèèýms, e `kmbe jkrrmotm æ e etmoèêk, ku k tm`pk bm quenfbebm, equmnm qum iez
venmr smu jkosu`k, qum hmre sfhofifjebk
sfhof ifjebk m prkbuz èrjes burebkures.
Rm`pk. Rm`pk pere eprmobmr. Mssm æ k tmè bmstm jepàtunk, qum edreohm bfimrmotms
pmrspmjtfves skdrm e `motenfbebm åhfn epnfjebe ek je`pk mbujejfkoen.
Zkd k huerbe-jluve bes `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs, mojkotre`ks jkojmftks jk`k mjkok`fe be
etmoèêk, tmkrfe be jerhe jkhoftfve m `fjrkeprmobfzehm`, sú pere jfter enhuos. E mssms jkojmftks
rmnejfkoe`-sm edkrbehmos m pråtfjes mbujejfkoefs jk`k eprmobfzehm` `úvmn (`-nmerofoh),
eprmobfzehm` udàque (u-nmerofoh) m eprmobfzehm` ok tm`pk mxetk (aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh).
Ym`ks mxm`pnks bmsses `mtkbknkhfes m` prkamtks jk`k k KpmoNmero, be ]C Kpmo ]ofvmrsfty
(]cku), k Mresùs+1 @fole jfbebm m` júbfhks UT m k MbuZjru`.
M, ikrètebes pere ebkèêk f`mbfete pkr prkimsskrms m enuoks, eprmsmote`ks trás mstretæhfes
Ieèe iåjfn ‚
‚ @foutm pepmr, Wmjle Cujle m Bfsjursk bm mnmvebkr (Mnmvetkr pftjl), smnmjfkoebes pere
mstm jepàtunk jk` k kdamtfvk bm pmr`ftfr uè drmvm mxpmrf`moteèêk bk pktmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes
åhmfs.
MZR]BK BM JEZK
Wrkamtk KpmoNmero, be ]C Kpmo ]ofvmrsfty

Bmsbm 5666, jk` k neoèe`motk bk Kpmo4.omt, e ]C Kpmo ]ofvmrsfty vm` jk`pertfnleobk
hretufte`motm eprmobfzebk ko-nfom fospfrebk oks jursks be uofvmrsfbebm. M` 4779, k Nmerofoh-Zpejm,
ko-nfom fospfrebk
u` prkamtk
ètmrfen ifoeojfebk
bfrmte`motm bm pmne Iuobeèêk
jursks skd uè Xfnnfe` m Inkre Jk``kos.
nfjmoèe Jrmetfvm Lmwnmtt, auotku-sm
M` 4757,ekksKpmo4.omt,
bkfs sftms nfdmreobk
sm
sftms sm uofre`
skd e deobmfre KpmoNmero pere kimrmjmr hretufte`motm tkbk k eprmobfzebk be uofvmrsfbebm.
K prkamtk tm` pkr kdamtfvk qumdrer es derrmfres bm ejmssk ç mbujeèêk ek enjeoèer `fnlýms bm
pmsskes m` tkbk k ùobk. Kimrmjm rmjursks mbujejfkoefs hretuftks skdrm ks túpfjks èfs verfebks,
jk`k Ifoeoèes m Omhújfks, Mbujeèêk m Bmsmovknvf`motk, Zeñbm, Mspkrtms m Wsfjknkhfe, Lfstúrfe m
Ertms, Fbfkès, Oeturmze m @mfk E`dfmotm, Jfáojfes, @etm`åtfje m Rmjoknkhfe, Zkjfmbebm, Wknàtfje m
Bfrmftk.

Ifhure 4.5 ‚
Wåhfoe fofjfen bk prkamtk KpmoNmero

Ikotm1 RLM KWMO ]OFYMTZFRV.
]OFYMTZFRV. KpmoNmero. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.kpmo.mbu/kpmonmero/?.
>www.kpmo.mbu/kpmonmero/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.

Wkr `mfk bmssm prkamtk, quenqumr pmsske bm quenqumr nuher bk ùobk pkbm sm fosjrmvmr
hretufte`motm m mxpmrf`moter ks `ms`ks jkotmñbks bfspkoàvmfs pere ks enuoks ètrfjunebks
kifjfen`motm oe Kpmo ]ofvmrsfty
] ofvmrsfty..
K KpmoNmero mxm`pnfifje dm` e kimrte bm pmqumoes uofbebms bm mstubk, qum pkbm` ku oêk
jk`pkr jursks jk`pnmtks, ç msjknle bk eprmobfz. Essf`, m` vmz bm jurser u` prkhreè fotmfrk skdrm
fokveèêk, pkr mxm`pnk, k eprmobfz `kote smu prúprfk pmrjursk bm eprmobfzehm` skdrm k tmè, iezmobk
msjknles m` u` jerbåpfk bm pmqumoes uofbebms bm mstubk. Wkr mxm`pnk, mnm pkbm jurser uè
uofbebm skdrm k jkojmftk bm fokveèêk, kutre skdrm e rmneèêk motrm fokveèêk m jrfetfvfbebm, kutre skdrm
e jk`pereèêk motrm fokveèêk m fovmoèêk, m èfs uè skdrm k qum æ fokveèêk tmjoknúhfje, m essf` pkr
bfeotm.

Ifhure 4.4 ‚ Wåhfoe bm jursk bm jurte bureèêk bk KpmoNmero

Ikotm1 RLM KWMO ]OFYMTZFRV. Rlm jkojmpt ki fookvetfko. Bfspkoàvmn

fookvetfko. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.kpmo.mbu/kpmonmero/`komy-
>www.kpmo.mbu/kpmonmero/`komy-
èoehm`mot/èoehm`mot/tmjloknkhy-èoehm`mot/tlm-jkojmpt-fookvetfko/jkotmot-smjtfko-7;ejtfvm-ted0rmvfmw-ted?.
Ejmssk m`1 5= imv.
imv. 475<.

Oêk mxfstm` tutkrms, ès ks enuoks pkbm` sm jkomjter u` ek kutrk pkr `mfk bm uè smèêk bm
Jk`motårfks, qum pmr`ftm k jk`pertfnle`motk bm fbmfes, vfsuenfzeèýms m pmrhuotes. M, epús e
jkojnusêk bes etfvfbebms prmvfstes ‚ qum fojnum` qumstýms edmrtes jk` jlevm pere eutkjkrrmèêk,
tmstms eutkètfzebks m ejmssk e ètmrfefs jk`pnm`moterms ‚, ks fosjrftks rmjmdm` uè bmjnereèêk
nfvrm bm pertfjfpeèêk.
Ks enuoks efobe pkbm` defxer k jursk m` bfimrmotms ikrètks (Xkrb, WBI,
WBI, Cfobnm, Mpud 4 m :, motrm
kutrks), fojnufobk pejktms bk @kkbnm pere rkber m` kutrks smrvfbkrms, skd e nfjmoèe Jrmetfvm
Jk``kos.

Ifhure 4.: ‚ Ç bfrmfte sêk nfstebks ks bfimrmotms ikrètks m` qum u` jursk bk K
KpmoNmero
pmoNmero pkbm smr defxebk m
utfnfzebk
Ikotm1 RLM KWMO ]OFYMTZFRV. Rlm jkojmpt ki fookvetfko.
fookvetfko. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.kpmo.mbu/kpmonmer
>www.kpmo.mbu/kpmonmero/`komy-
o/`komy-
èoehm`mot/èoehm`mot/tmjloknkhy-èoehm`mot/tlm-jkojmpt-fookvetfko/jkotmot-smjtfko-7;ejtfvm-ted0rmvfmw-ted?.
Ejmssk m`1 5= imv.
imv. 475<.
E @MORENFBEBM ÅHFN OE EWTMOBFQEHM@

Ok foàjfk bks eoks 4777, bfsjussýms skdrm u` `kbk èfs åhfn bm tredenler oe årme bm
bmsmovknvf`motk bm skitwerm jk`mèere` e epkoter pere u` jkoauotk bm prfojàpfks m pråtfjes vkntebks
skitwerm jk`mèere`
e `mnlkrer k tredenlk jknedkretfvk m` hrupk. M` 4775, Cmot Dmjc, @ertfo Ikwnmr, Bevm Rlkès m 52
kutrks nàbmrms pudnfjere` k Ehfnm @eofimstk (èofimstk pere k bmsmovknvf`motk åhfn bm skitwerm), uè
skitwerm),
drmvm bmjnereèêk qum rmñom ks prfojàpfks be `motenfbebm åhfn ok bmsmovknvf`motk bm skitwerm
skitwerm.. Mssm
èofimstk venkrfzeve15
• èfs fobfvàbuks m fotmreèýms qum prkjmssks m imrre`motes3 èfs skitwerms m` iuojfkoe`motk qum
skitwerms m`
• bkju`moteèêk edreohmotm3 èfs jknedkreèêk jk` k jnfmotm qum omhkjfeèêk bm jkotretks3 èfs
rmspkste e ùbeoèes qum smhufr u` pneok.
M`dkre jkojmdfbk fofjfen`motm pere k usk ok bmsmovknvf`motk bm skitwerms

skitwerms,, eoks bmpkfs, mjks bk
èofimstk åhfn jk`mèere` e sker ok je`pk mbujejfkoen, m` vårfes fostäojfes ‚ bes msjknes çs
uofvmrsfbebms, pesseobk pkr èofimstks èfs hmoærfjks qum edreohfe` oêk sú enuoks ès te`dæ`
bkjmotms, mqufpm bm epkfk m hmstkrms.

Mjks bk èofimstk åhfn jk`mèere` e sker ok je`pk mbujejfkoen, m` vårfes fostäojfes

‚ bes msjknes çs uofvmrsfbebms, pesseobk pkr èofimstks èfs hmoærfjks qum
edreohfe` oêk sú enuoks ès te`dæ` bkjmotms, mqufpm bm epkfk m hmstkrms.
M` 4755, nàbmrms be årme mbujejfkoen, jk`k Ztmvm Wmle, iuobebkr be Rmejlfoh Rlet @ecms Zmosm
(mosfok jk` sfhofifjebk), prkpusmre` e mnedkreèêk bk Rlm Ehfnm Zjlkkns @eofimstk (@eofimstk bes
•Msjknes Åhmfs), jk` desm oks smhufotms venkrms1 èfs fobfvàbuks m fotmreèýms qum prkjmssks m
••imrre`motes3 èfs eprmobfzehm` sfhofifjetfve qum `mosureèêk be eprmobfzehm`3 èfs jknedkreèêk
•bes pertms fotmrmssebes qum omhkjfeèêk jk`pnmxe3 èfs rmspkste ç ùbeoèe qum smhufr u` pneok.
Omssm èofimstk, ikre` mnmojebks ks Bkzm Wrfojàpfks bes Msjknes Åhmfs, jkosfbmreobk
pertfjuner`motm k jkotmxtk be mbujeèêk msjkner.4
5. E èfkr prfkrfbebm æ setfsiezmr çs omjmssfbebms bks mstubeotms m bm sues ie`ànfes pkr `mfk be
motrmhe prmjkjm m jkotàoue bm eprmobfzehm` sfhofifjetfve.
4. Tmqufsftks bm ùbeoèe sêk dm` rmjmdfbks, `ms`k ek ifoen bm u` jfjnk bm eprmobfzehm`, m`
dmomiàjfk bks enuoks m sues ie`ànfes.
:. Es msjknes åhmfs kimrmjm` irmqumotm`motm eprmobfzehm` sfhofifjetfve, ok mspeèk bm enhuos bfes m
etæ enhuès smèoes, jk` prmimráojfe pere k prezk èfs jurtk.
2. E msjkne m e ie`ànfe tredenle` auotes jktfbfeoe`motm pere jrfer kpkrtuofbebms bm eprmobfzehm`
pere tkbks ks pertfjfpeotms.
=. Es msjknes åhmfs jrfe` prkamtks m` tkrok bm fobfvàbuks `ktfvebks, bêk-nlms k e`dfmotm m epkfk bm
qum prmjfse`, m jkoife` omnms pere iezmr k tredenlk.
9. Es msjknes åhmfs rmjkolmjm` qum k `ætkbk èfs mimtfvk bm treos`ftfr foikrèèýms pere m bmotrk bm
uè mqufpm æ e fotmreèêk iejm e iejm.
8. E eprmobfzehm` sfhofifjetfve æ e prfojfpen `mbfbe bm prkhrmssk.
prkhrmssk.
<. Zmus prkjmssks prk`kvm` e sustmotedfnfbebm. Mbujebkrms, mstubeotms m ie`ànfes bmvm` smr
jepezms bm èotmr fobmifofbe`motm u` rft`k jkosteotm.
6. Es msjknes åhmfs ejrmbfte` qum e etmoèêk jkotàoue ç mxjmnáojfe
mxjmnáojf e tæjofje m ek dk` bmsfho eu`mote
e jepejfbebm bm ebepteèêk.
57. Zf`pnfjfbebm ‚ e ertm bm `fof`fzer e queotfbebm bm tredenlk rmenfzebk ‚ æ mssmojfen.
55. Es `mnlkrms fbmfes m fofjfetfves m`mrhm` bm mqufpms eutk--krheofzebes.
54. M` fotmrvenks rmhunerms, es mqufpms rminmtm` skdrm jk`k sm tkroer èfs mifjezms, bmpkfs sfotkofze`
m eauste` smu jk`pkrte`motk jk`k omjmssårfk.
Oe `msè æpkje, Ceèt prkpòs k @eofimstk Åhfn ok Mosfok Zupmrfkr, prf`krbfen`motm vfseobk çs
msjknes bm Mohmolerfe m mxfhfobk okve áoiesm m`1:
•• prkimsskrms m enuoks èfsm qum

qum m` jkoikr`fbebm m` eb`fofstreèêk
jkojkrráojfe3 m foiremstruture3
m`prmhedfnfbebm jk`pmtáojfe m jknedkreèêk
m m`prmmobmbkrfs`k èfs qumèfs
m`
• prkhreès bm mstubks m oktes3 etftubm m jepejfbebm bm eprmobmr èfs qum m` eptfbêk m
jmrtfifjeèêk.
Nftmren`motm, Ceèt eifrè1 „K prfojàpfk èfs f`pkrteotm oe `motenfbebm åhfn æ prkvmr immbdejc
jkotàouk, eprmobmr e pertfr bes ftmreèýms eotmrfkrms m bfspkr-sm e tmoter m `mnlkrer oe prúxfè
ftmreèêk‐.2 Enæ` bfssk, e fbmfe æ, enæ` bm ievkrmjmr e eprmobfzehm`, pmr`ftfr eks enuoks uè treosfèêk
èfs suevm pere k ùobk bk tredenlk ‚ pertfjuner`motm ok jesk bm smtkrms jk`k e Mohmolerfe, m`
qum ks jeobfbetks aå mqufpebks jk` mssm `kbk bm pmoser sêk mspmjfen`motm dm` evenfebks ok
`mrjebk.
E fbmfe be `motenfbebm åhfn æ, enæ` bm ievkrmjmr e eprmobfzehm`, pmr`ftfr eks enuoks
uè treosfèêk èfs suevm pere k ùobk bk tredenlk ‚ pertfjuner`motm ok jesk bm
smtkrms jk`k e Mohmolerfe, m` qum ks jeobfbetks aå mqufpebks jk` mssm `kbk bm
pmoser sêk mspmjfen`motm dm` evenfebks ok `mrjebk.

@efs rmjmotm`motm, Tkynm m Ofcknfj dusjere` epnfjer e `motenfbebm åhfn ek ùobk be mbujeèêk bm
ikrè èfs hmoærfje. Were mssms eutkrms, e eprmobfzehm` åhfn f`pnfje e jrfeèêk bm jkotmñbk pmnks
enuoks m k bmsmovknvf`motk bm ledfnfbebms m` u` e`dfmotm jknedkretfvk m jk`pmtftfvk, `mbfebk pmne
tmjoknkhfe. K pepmn bk prkimsskr æ k bm iejfnftebkr m bfrmjfkoebkr bks prkamtks, bm uè pmrspmjtfve
foikrèbe, moqueotk ks enuoks sm tkroe` eutkbfrfhfbks, rmsfnfmotms, krfmotebks pere e mqufpm m
eprmobfzms ek nkohk be vfbe. M` smu @eofimstk bm Wmbehkhfe Åhfn, ks eutkrms mxpnfjfte` ks venkrms
eprmsmotebks oe Ifhure 4.2.=

Ifhure 4.2 ‚ Yenkrms
Yenkrms bk @eofimstk bm Wmbehkhfe Åhfn
Ikotm1 TKVNM3 OFCKNFJ, 4759.

Were ks eutkrms, mssms venkrms rmsunte` m` èfs bfvmrsêk pere ks mstubeotms, èfkr fobmpmobáojfe
m èfs epkfk m jknedkreèêk ok e`dfmotm bm eprmobfzehm`.
Ç nuz bmsses bfvmrses bmjnereèýms, Crmldfmn mt en. prkpým`
en. prkpým` smu prúprfk @eofimstk Åhfn pere k Mosfok
m e Eprmobfzehm`, mxpeobfobk e `motenfbebm åhfn pere enjeoèer oêk sú k qum ejkotmjm bmotrk be sene
bm eune ès te`dæ` ok smu motkrok, jk` ks venkrms bmstejebks e smhufr.9
• Ebeptedfnfbebm èfs qum `ætkbks bm mosfok prmsjrftfvk ‚ eprmobmr æ u` prkjmssk bm
bmsjkdmrte qum mvknuf ç `mbfbe qum ks pertfjfpeotms sêk mxpkstks e bfimrmotms jkotmxtks m
mxpmrfáojfes. Jk`k mbujebkrms, bmvm`ks smr inmxàvmfs pere etmobmr çs omjmssfbebms bks enuoks
m` vmz bm epnfjer bm ikrè rfhkrkse u` prkhreè prmbmtmr`foebk. Bk `ms`k `kbk, bmvm`ks
prkjurer bmsmovknvmr e jepejfbebm bks enuoks bm ehfr m` u` e`dfmotm bm fojmrtmze.
• Jknedkreèêk èfs qum rmenfzeèýms fobfvfbuefs ‚ eprmobmr bm ikrè jknedkretfve hmren`motm
prkbuz `mnlkrms rmsuntebks bk qum quenqumr fobfvàbuk pkbmrfe enjeoèer skzfolk. Jk`k mbujebkrms,
bmvm`ks venkrfzer uè edkrbehm` m` qum tkbks ks pertfjfpeotms sm movknve` m` u` msikrèk
jkoauotk pere enjeoèer ks rmsuntebks en`maebks. E mxpmrfáojfe jk` k tredenlk jknedkretfvk te`dæ`
prmpere ks enuoks pere tredenlerm` mimtfve`motm m` mqufpms m` sue vfbe pmssken m prkifssfkoen.
• Enjeojm bks rmsuntebks bm eprmobfzehm` èfs qum tmstm m evenfeèêk bk enuok ‚ e evenfeèêk
rmhuner æ u` mnm`motk mssmojfen pere e `mnlkrfe fostrujfkoen m bk bmsmovknvf`motk jurrfjuner, ès
bmifoftfve`motm
evenfeèêk jk`koêk
uèæ u` if` m` sfpere
imrre`mote `msè. Jk`kembujebkrms,
prk`kvmr bmvm`ks
eprmobfzehm` oks msikrèer
m k bk`àofk pere user
bks enuoks e
skdrm
jkolmjf`motks m ledfnfbebms bfsjfpnfoerms. Re`dæ` bmvm`ks prkjurer `kvmr k ikjk bks enuoks bk

jurtk pere k nkohk prezk, vfseobk ç epnfjedfnfbebm bk qum æ eprmobfbk oks jkotmxtks bm etueèêk
iuturks bm jebe fobfvàbuk.
• Fovmstfheèêk bfrfhfbe pkr mstubeotms èfs qum eprmsmoteèêk m` sene bm eune ‚ e
eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe kjkrrm queobk ks enuoks mstêk fotmrmssebks, moheaebks m `ktfvebks pere
eprmobmr. E `ktfveèêk ùftes vmzms surhm m` rmspkste e pmrhuotes m prkdnmès qum ks mstubeotms
mojkotre` ek nkohk bm sue akroebe m mstêk fojnfoebks e mxpnkrer. Jk`k mbujebkrms, bmvm`ks
juntfver k m`pkbmre`motk m e fobfvfbuenfbebm bks enuoks, eaubeobk-ks jk` termies bm
eprmobfzehm` etfve m kpkrtuofbebms mxpmrfmojfefs bk ùobk rmen.
E `ktfveèêk ùftes vmzms surhm m` rmspkste e pmrhuotes m prkdnmès qum ks
mstubeotms mojkotre` ek nkohk bm sue akroebe m mstêk fojnfoebks e mxpnkrer. Jk`k
mbujebkrms, bmvm`ks juntfver k m`pkbmre`motk m e fobfvfbuenfbebm bks enuoks.
Ym`ks equf uè ikrtm jkomxêk jk` es `mtkbknkhfes etfves tretebes ok Jepàtunk 5,
Ym`ks 5,
pertfjuner`motm e eprmobfzehm` desmebe m` prkdnmès.
• Bm`kostreèêk m epnfjeèêk èfs qum ejñùnk bm foikrèèýms ‚ queobk ks enuoks prkbuzm`

mvfbáojfes teohàvmfs bm sues rmenfzeèýms, mnms jkostrkm` eutkjkoifeoèe, eprmobm` èfs
prkiuobe`motm, èotá` msse eprmobfzehm` pkr u` pmràkbk èfs nkohk m sm ebepte` èfs
iejfn`motm e uè rmenfbebm m` ùbeoèe. Jk`k mbujebkrms, sedm`ks qum k jkolmjf`motk bks
je`pks bfsjfpnfoerms
kpkrtuofbebms mspmjàifjks
jkotàoues mstå m`
pere ks enuoks jkosteotm
oêk mvknuèêk
sú bk`foerm` m mxpeosêk.
ks jkotmñbks Essf`, qumrm`ks
bfsjfpnfoerms jrfer
ès te`dæ`
bm`kostrerm` smus jkolmjf`motks m ledfnfbebms ç `mbfbe qum ks bmsmovknvm`.
• @mnlkrfe jkotàoue èfs qum èoutmoèêk bm pråtfjes etuefs ‚ teotk ks prkimsskrms jk`k ks
mstubeotms pkbm` eprmobmr ùftk jk` smus mrrks m jk` evenfeèýms irmqumotms m jk`motårfks
ikrètfvks. Jk`k mbujebkrms, bmvm`ks oks msikrèer pere ik`moter e`dfmotms bm eprmobfzehm`
smhurks, qum fojmotfvm` k moirmote`motk bm rfsjks, e jrfetfvfbebm m e fokveèêk.
@uftks bmssms venkrms, jk`k jknedkreèêk, enjeojm bks rmsuntebks be eprmobfzehm`,

fovmstfheèêk bfrfhfbe, bm`kostreèêk bm epnfjeèêk bk jkolmjf`motk, eprmobmr jk` ks
mrrks, te`dæ` sêk jkotm`pnebks oes `mtkbknkhfes etfves eprmsmotebes ok Jepàtunk 5.
5.
Rmobk m` `motm mssm bfvmrsfifjebk peokreè, pkbm`ks bfzmr qum e `motenfbebm åhfn oe mbujeèêk
sm desmfe ok bmsmak bm tkroer e eprmobfzehm` èfs jmotrebe ok enuok, jk` ikjk oe jknedkreèêk.
F`pnfje,
eèêk efobe, jkoter
ebeptetfve, e if`jk`
bm kpmr`ftfr
movknvf`motk bes vårfes
èfkr smosk pertms fotmrmssebes,
bm prkprfmbebm ejk`peolebk
m uè mxpmrfáojfe bm rminmxêk m
bm eprmobfzehm`
`mnlkrebe.
Ok moteotk, jk`k bmsteje` Okhumre, Humrrmrk m Eppmn, jkostrufr jkolmjf`motk bm ikrè
jknedkretfve æ uè termie jk`pnmxe, qum rmqumr entk oàvmn bm jk`prk`fssk m hmrmojfe`motk bm tm`pk,
enæ` be jepejfbebm bm nmver m` jkosfbmreèêk kutrks pkotks bm vfste, omhkjfer sfhofifjebks, bfstrfdufr
pepæfs m pneomaer, jmbmr m tkèr bmjfsýms jk`pertfnlebes. Fssk oêk æ enhk iåjfn m sm tkroe efobe èfs
bfiàjfn queobk e jknedkreèêk kjkrrm tkten`motm ko-nfom
ko-nfom,, jk`k ejkotmjm oe mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe. Wkr
msse rezêk, e termie bmvm smr bmsmolebe bm ten `kbk qum ks dmomiàjfks bm tredenler jknedkretfve`motm
supmrm` ks justks. Zmhuobk es eutkres, e eprmobfzehm` åhfn pkbm smr ñtfn pere prkamter m supkrter
pråtfjes jknedkretfves èfs mifjezms m setfsietúrfes.8
Essf`, m` vårfes epnfjeèýms be `motenfbebm åhfn m` mbujeèêk, vm`ks e qumstêk bk tm`pk tretebe
bm ikrè èfs mxpnàjfte.
]` mxm`pnk æ @mtkbknkhfe bm Mosfok-Eprmobfzehm` Åhfn (bk fohnás, Ehfnm-Rmejlfoh/Nmerofoh
@mtlkbknkhy ‚ ERN@), bmsmovknvfbe pkr Jluo, u` bks pfkomfrks ok usk bm `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs m`
mbujeèêk. E ERN@ jkojmotre-sm m` trás mnm`motks mssmojfefs1
mssmojfef s1<

ehfnfbebm ‚ ks prkimsskrms bmvm` ebepter-sm repfbe`motm çs ledfnfbebms m omjmssfbebms bks

5. enuoks3 prfojàpfks be \W6 ‚ sm enhk ikr dk` pere k mosfok-eprmobfzehm` ‚ pkr mxm`pnk, ber
4.
:. immbdejc eks
eks enuoks ‚, bmvm smr m`prmhebk jk` irmquáojfe3 m fobmpmobáojfe ‚ ks enuoks bmvm`
essu`fr e rmspkosedfnfbebm pkr smu prúprfk prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm`.
Were e epnfjeèêk jkojrmte bmssms mnm`motks, e ERN@ movknvm k usk mxtmosfvk bm dnkhs
dnkhs,, wfcfs,
`mosehmos fosteotäomes m kutres tmjoknkhfes pere epkfer e jknedkreèêk, k jk`pertfnle`motk bm
jkolmjf`motks m k immbdejc råpfbk.
råpfbk.
M` vårfes epnfjeèýms be `motenfbebm åhfn m` mbujeèêk, vm`ks e qumstêk bk tm`pk
tretebe bm ikrè èfs mxpnàjfte.
Kutrk mxm`pnk be `motenfbebm åhfn m` mbujeèêk æ e jleèbe pmbehkhfe mxtrmè,
mxtrmè, qum ebepte ks
prfojàpfks be \W m e `motenfbebm åhfn ek prkjmssk bm mosfok m eprmobfzehm`. Wkr eifofbebm, msse
`mtkbknkhfe åhfn rmqumr qum ks mbujebkrms moietfzm` trás mnm`motks be ifnkskife åhfn m` sue pråtfje
mbujetfve.57
5. Eprmobmr iezmobk (nmerofoh dy bkfoh) jkotfoue`motm ‚ pkr trebfèêk, ks `ætkbks bm fostruèêk
tá` sfbk ikrtm-`motm desmebks m` jkoimráojfes, m ks enuoks tá` qum kuvfr penmstres pessfve`motm.
Were sustmoter k fotmrmssm m e `ktfveèêk, mnms bmvm` mster etfve`motm movknvfbks oe sene bm eune.
Es etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm` prmjfse` eaubå-nks e sm bmsnkjer be `m`krfzeèêk bm ietks
jkolmjfbks jk`k „eprmobfzebk bm supmriàjfm‐ m` bfrmèêk ç „eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe‐, oe quen k
jkolmjf`motk æ jkostruàbk
tkbes es `mtkbknkhfes etfvespkr
qum`mfk bm prkjmssks
iezm` etfvks. Eprmobmr
ks enuoks pertfjfperm` e iezmrbe
etfve`motm jkotfoue`motm movknvm
prkpkste bm mosfok m
eprmobfzehm`.
4. Eprmobmr pkr jknedkreèêk jkotàoue ‚ ek jkotrårfk bm eprmobmr fobfvfbuen`motm, m` u` e`dfmotm
bm eprmobfzehm` jknedkretfvk, ks enuoks fotmrehm` jkotfoue`motm uos jk` ks kutrks,
jk`pertfnle` fbmfes, jkolmjf`motks, ledfnfbebms m jkotrfdum` pere k sujmssk bm tkbks m` u`
hrupk. Eprmobmr bm ikrè jknedkretfve prk`kvm e eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe m k pmose`motk jràtfjk,
fojmotfve e eutkmstfè m e ejmfteèêk bks kutrks, m k fotmrmssm bks enuoks m` eprmobmr.
Omstm pkotk te`dæ` kdsmrve`ks uè fotmriejm jk` u` bks prfojàpfks bes
`mtkbknkhfes etfves ‚ e eprmobfzehm` jknedkretfve, jk`k bmsjrftk ok Jepàtunk 5.
5.
:. Eprmobmr pkr `mfk bm tmstms jkotàouks ‚ k tmstm æ u` `ætkbk e`pne`motm utfnfzebk oe mbujeèêk
pere
ñofjkevenfer e eprmobfzehm`
oe pmbehkhfe mxtrmè bks enuoks
æ qum m ber immbdejc
ks tmstms sêk ùftk pere
pere krfmoter mespkbm`
irmqumotms etfvfbebms iutures.
kjkrrmr K qum æ
bferfe`motm,
hmreobk immbdejcs venfksks ç fostftufèêk bm mosfok pere rmvfser sue prkpkste bm bmsfho fostrujfkoen
immbdejcs venfksks
m eaubeobk ks enuoks e `koftkrer e prúprfe eprmobfzehm` m e essu`fr rmspkosedfnfbebm pmnks
rmsuntebks.
K Jepàtunk 2 edkrbe
2 edkrbe jk` èfs prkiuobfbebm e qumstêk bks tmstms m immbdejc rmjmdfbks
rmjmdfbks
pmne fostftufèêk, qum, pkr `mfk bmnms, pkbm rmevenfer sues pråtfjes mbujejfkoefs.
Bm fotmrmssm efobe èfs pertfjuner pere k tmè bmstm jepàtunk, enhuès tæjofjes utfnfzebes oe årme
bm bmsmovknvf`motk bm skitwerm jk` desm oe `motenfbebm åhfn sêk rmjk`mobebes pere usk te`dæ`
skitwerm jk`
ok je`pk mbujejfkoen, m` sues bfvmrses fostäojfes.
• Zprfot ‚ fotmrvenk bm tm`pk ok quen u` hrupk sm jk`prk`mtm e enjeoèer u` jkoauotk bmtmr`foebk
bm rmsuntebks. Essf` jk`k e jkrrfbe bm vmnkjfbebm (bk fohnás, sprfot ) ok etnmtfs`k, e tæjofje movknvm
u` bmseifk bm jurte bureèêk, jk` uè nfole bm pertfbe m uè nfole bm jlmhebe, ès, ok jesk be

`motenfbebm åhfn, e nfole bm jlmhebe æ k bmebnfom (tm`pk-nf`ftm) mstedmnmjfbk pere e jkojnusêk bk

bmebnfom (tm`pk-nf`ftm)
bmseifk. Mssm fotmrvenk okrèn`motm æ bm uè smèoe, ès pkbm verfer bm u` bfe ku uè
lkre/eune etæ u` `ás.
• Zteob-up ‚ mojkotrk bfårfk bks `m`drks bm uè mqufpm ku hrupk rmenfzebk jk` e ifoenfbebm bm
rmuofr foikrèèýms skdrm k stetus
stetus bm u` prkamtk. Wrkpým qum ks pertfjfpeotms rmspkobe` e trás
pmrhuotes dåsfjes1 K qum ifzm`ks kotm`; K qum ierm`ks lkam; Uuefs kdståjunks mstêk f`pmbfobk
okssk eveoèk; Bmsse ikrè, pkbm` ejk`peoler m` qum pessk mstå u` prkamtk ku bmseifk m
jkkrbmoer msikrèks pere rmsknvmr prkdnmès bfiàjmfs m/ku bm`krebks. K tmr`k steob-up bmrfve be
steob-up bmrfve
pråtfje bm èotmr ks pertfjfpeotms m` pæ, pkfs k bmsjkoikrtk bm sm èotmr omsse pksfèêk pkr u`
nkohk pmràkbk eaube-ks e tkroer msses rmuofýms jurtes.
• Tmtrkspmjtfve ‚ fobuz ks enuoks, ok foàjfk bm u` jursk (ku eune, uofbebm bm mstubk ku bfsjfpnfoe),
e rminmtfr skdrm k qum hkstere` m` smus jursks eotmrfkrms, k qum ùberfe` m k qum dusje` kdtmr
ok jursk prmsmotm.
@ætkbks åhmfs ikre` epnfjebks pmnk prkimsskr m pmsqufsebkr Wet Tmmb, be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm
Xkkbdury, Jenfiúrofe, m` u` jursk bm Eoånfsm m Bmsfho bm Zfstmès. Aå m` 477<, k usk
bm eunes mxpksftfves ikf `fof-`fzebk pkr mnm, jk` jebe smssêk fofjfebe jk` u` steob-up m
steob-up m
mojmrrebe jk` uè rmtrkspmjtfve, beobk eks enuoks e kpkrtuofbebm bm kimrmjmrm` immbdejc
f`mbfetk. K prkimsskr te`dæ` mojkreaku e fotmreèêk motrm ks enuoks m jk`pertfnlku mxpmrfáojfes
bm eprmobfzehm`. Ks rmsuntebks rmnetebks pkr mnm fojnuàre` mstubeotms ente`motm `ktfvebks m
immbdejc desteotm
desteotm ievkråvmn bmnms.
Ikotm1 TMMB, W.
W. Eo ehfnm jjnessrkk`
nessrkk` mxpmrfmojm. Fo1 EHFNM 477< JKOIMTMOJM, 477<, Xeslfohtko.
Xeslfohtko1 FMMM Jk`putmr Zkjfmty, 477<.
Wrkjmmbfohs… Xeslfohtko1
Wrkjmmbfohs…
• Zjru` ‚ m` kpksfèêk ç edkrbehm` trebfjfkoen m smqumojfen, k sjru` sjru` pkssfdfnfte e jrfeèêk bm

mqufpms eutk-krheofzebes m e jkùofjeèêk vmrden motrm tkbks ks `m`drks, rmjkolmjmobk qum æ
pkssàvmn ùber bm kpfofêk ek nkohk bm u` prkamtk. E tæjofje prkpým u` prkjmssk ftmretfvk m` qum
es bmjfsýms sêk tkèbes m` `k`motks bfimrmotms, k qum sfhofifje pkbmr rmtrkjmbmr m iezmr
ùbeoèes m` quenqumr pkotk. Es prfojfpefs jerejtmràstfjes sêk1 pepæfs miá`mrks (es iuoèýms
ùbe` motrm ks `m`drks be mqufpm), sprfots
sprfots (motrmhes perjfefs bm tredenlk ok pmràkbk bm 5 e 2
smèoes), inmxfdfnfbebm (jebe motrmhe æ evenfebe m, sm omjmssårfk, k jursk bk prkamtk æ `kbfifjebk),
rmuofýms rmhunerms, tredenlk bfvfbfbk m` dnkjks m rmspkosedfnfbebm jk`pertfnlebe pkr tkbe e mqufpm.
MbuZjru` æ uè edkrbehm` bk sjru` pere e mbujeèêk, prkpkste pkr Bmnlfa, veo Zknfohmo
sjru` pere
m Xfaoeobs. Omsse epnfjeèêk, e bfvmrsêk æ u` `ktfvebkr f`pkrteotm pere ks enuoks, m k
pepmn bks prkimsskrms æ hereotfr u` tredenlk ehrebåvmn. ]è mqufpm mbuZjru` æ
jk`pkste bm u` prkprfmtårfk bk prkbutk (k prkimsskr, qum bmtmr`foe k qum prmjfse smr eprmobfbk,
`koftkre k prkjmssk m evenfe ks enuoks), uè mqufpm eutk-krheofzebe bm enuoks, rmspkosåvmn m
ùntfbfsjfpnfoer, qum motrmhe ks rmsuntebks bm eprmobfzehm` bm ikrè ftmretfve m fojrm`moten, m
u` mbuZjru` èstmr (nàbmr bm trmfoe`motk msjknlfbk pmnk prkprfmtårfk bk prkbutk ku pmne jnessm
qum eaube e mqufpm e mxmjuter sues termies, ès sm` bfrmjfkoer ks enuoks).
Ikotm1 BMNLFA, E.3 YEO ZKNFOHMO, T.3 XFAOEOBZ, X. Rlm mbuZjru` hufbm.
hufbm. Rlm runms ki tlm he`m, 475=.
Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >mbusjru`.on/mo/ifnm/JCIfnms/Rlm[mbuZjru`[Hufbm[MO[5.4.pbi ?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
(Ymr te`dæ` e påhfoe fofjfen bk prkamtk1 >lttp1//mbusjru`.on/?.)
Kutres tæjofjes ebvfobes bk ùobk bk bmsmovknvf`motk bm skitwerm epnfjebes ç eprmobfzehm` åhfn

skitwerm epnfjebes
fojnum` ks ftmos e smhufr.

• Mosfok m`permnlebk (pefrmb tmejlfoh) ‚ `ætkbk fospfrebk oe prkhreèèêk m` perms, oe quen

bkfs prkhreèbkrms tredenle` auotks, bkfs prkimsskrms trkje` mxpmrfáojfes ku jk`pertfnle`
etfvfbebms bm jnessm jruzebe.
• Tmnä`pehks bm venkr ‚ rmprmsmoteèýms hråifjes qum pmr`ftm` eks enuoks evenfer e f`pkrtäojfe
rmnetfve bm sues prúprfes msjknles oe mbujeèêk (pkr mxm`pnk, e f`pkrtäojfe be eprmobfzehm`
oktes entes, be jknedkreèêk vmrsus
vmrsus oktes
vmrsus tredenlk fobfvfbuen, be inmxfdfnfbebm vmrsus
vmrsus tredenlk rfhfbmz).
vmrsus rfhfbmz).
• Jkotretks skjfefs ‚ bkju`motks qum mstedmnmjm` rmhres mxpnàjftes skdrm jk`k ks pertfjfpeotms
(prkimsskrms m enuoks) sm rmnejfkoerêk uos jk` ks kutrks.
• Bmjnereèýms bm `fssêk bk jursk ‚ eifrèèýms qum fobfje`, m` u` ñofjk bkju`motk, ks venkrms
m kdamtfvks dåsfjks e smrm` smhufbks jknmtfve`motm ok jursk mspmjàifjk m` qumstêk.
• Ceodeo ‚ `ætkbk pmnk quen e termie ku prkamtk bm eprmobfzehm` æ bfvfbfbe m` pertms, jebe uè
bmnes rmhfstrebe pkr msjrftk m` u` jertêk m pudnfjebe m` u` ùren vfrtuen. Were jebe ftm` bmifom-sm
uè jknuoe bk tfpk (k qum iezmr, m` prkhrmssk, imftk) e if` bm pkbmr vfsuenfzer k stetus bk prkamtk m
stetus bk
k tm`pk `æbfk pere jk`pnmter jebe termie.
• Jeoves ‚ rmjursk hråifjk qum rmñom, m` uè ñofje tmne, ks mnm`motks rmnejfkoebks e u` túpfjk bm
fotmrmssm. K tmr`k ikf pkpunerfzebk pkr Enmx Kstmrwenbmr, qum mnedkrku k Dusfomss @kbmn Jeoves
jk`k uè desm vfsuen pere sue `mtkbknkhfe bm jrfeèêk m prk`kèêk bm `kbmnks bm omhújfk
fokvebkrms, mspmjfen`motm oe årme bm tmjoknkhfe m bmsmovknvf`motk bm skitwerm
skitwerm.. E pertfr bm motêk,
tm` sfbk usebk m` foñ`mres årmes, fojnusfvm m` mbujeèêk.55
Wkr èfs sfhofifjetfvks qum smae` ks prfojàpfks, es tæjofjes m ks mxm`pnks bm ebkèêk be

`motenfbebm åhfn hmstebks
skdrm es `mtkbknkhfes åhmfsoem`
årme bk bmsmovknvf`motk
mbujeèêk. Jk`k vmrm`ksbmeskitwerm
skitwerm,, mnms oêk
smhufr, kutrks sêkfoinumojfebkrms
ietkrms e ñofje foinuáojfe
sêk
e omjmssfbebm urhmotm bm hmrmojfe`motk be etmoèêk irmotm ç eduobäojfe bm foikrèèýms, k pmrifn bes
okves hmreèýms oesjfbes m jrfebes m` uè junture prmbk`foeotm`motm bfhften m jkosfbmreèýms skdrm k
dfoò`fk eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe Ø eprmobfzehm` supmrifjfen. Mssms sêk ks tmès edkrbebks oes
smèýms smhufotms.
Wkr èfs sfhofifjetfvks qum smae` ks prfojàpfks, es tæjofjes m ks mxm`pnks bm ebkèêk
be `motenfbebm åhfn hmstebks oe årme bk bmsmovknvf`motk bm skitwerm, mnms oêk sêk e
ñofje foinuáojfe skdrm es `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs m` mbujeèêk.
4.4 M\WNKZÊK FOIKT@EJFKOEN M MJKOK@FE BE ERMOÈÊK

M` smu nfvrk Rlm jrftfjen petl54 (K je`folk jràtfjk), k erquftmtk, ifnúskik m ètm`åtfjk T. Dujc`fostmr
Iunnmr aå ikrùneve uè tmkrfe pere mxpnfjer k jrmsjf`motk mxpkomojfen bk jkolmjf`motk luèok. Zue
jurve bm bupnfjeèêk bk jkolmjf`motk pertfe bk eok 5 b.J., `k`motk m` qum tkbk k jkolmjf`motk
luèok mre rmprmsmotebk pmnk qum mnm jle`ku bm „uofbebm bm jkolmjf`motk‐. Etæ 5=77, k
jkolmjf`motk luèok bkdrerfe pere 4 uofbebms bm jkolmjf`motk. E smhuobe bupnfjeèêk, ejmnmrebe
pmne fovmoèêk be f`prmose m bks oevfks èràtf`ks kjmäofjks, kjkrrmrfe m` 58=7, bmrfveobk m` 2
uofbebms. M` 5677, bupnfjerfe okve`motm, ehkre pere < uofbebms. E prúxfè bupnfjeèêk, pere 59
uofbebms, sm berfe m` 56=7, m e smhufotm, pere :4 uofbebms, m` 5687, m motêk levmrfe 92 uofbebms ok
ifoen be bæjebe bm 56<7.5: M` 4779, e FD@ mstfève qum, m` quetrk eoks, e desm bm foikrèèêk
ùobfen bupnfjerfe e jebe 55 lkres.52 E mstfètfve æ mobkssebe pkr Mrfj Zjl`fbt, JMK be Hkkhnm, m`
penmstre prkimrfbe oe jkoimráojfe Huerbfeo‖s Ejtfvetm, bm 4757, skdrm skjfmbebm, luèofbebm m
tmjoknkhfe wmd
wmd11 „Bk foàjfk be jfvfnfzeèêk etæ 477:, = mxedytms bm bebks ikre` jrfebks. E `msè
queotfbebm ikf hmrebe oks ñntf`ks bkfs bfes‐.5=
E etmoèêk luèoe æ u` rmjursk ifoftk, essf` jk`k k tm`pk æ u` rmjursk fomnåstfjk, m e
queotfbebm bm foikrèèêk qum es pmsskes jkosmhum` eb`fofstrer fobfvfbuen`motm tm`
rmprmsmotebk uè skdrmjerhe jkhoftfve.

K Jepàtunk 2,
2, skdrm `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes, eprmsmote u` bks jnåssfjks hråifjks qum
sfotmtfze` e f`mose queotfbebm bm bebks hmrebks m` 5 `foutk oe fotmromt.
Wkr èfs bfiàjfn qum smae jk`prkver e mxetfbêk bmssms bebks, oêk pkbm`ks omher e mxpnksêk bm
jkotmñbks prkbuzfbks m erèzmoebks m` vmnkjfbebm vmrtfhfokse. K prkdnmè æ qum e etmoèêk luèoe
æ u` rmjursk ifoftk, essf` jk`k k tm`pk æ u` rmjursk fomnåstfjk, m e queotfbebm bm foikrèèêk qum es
pmsskes jkosmhum`
Mstubfksks eb`fofstrer
be etmoèêk jk`k fobfvfbuen`motm tm` rmprmsmotebk
Dehlmrfeo m Rlkrohetm uè „m`dkre
mxpnfje` qum, skdrmjerhe jkhoftfve. jkotfoum
e foikrèèêk
e jrmsjmr, e etmoèêk pmrèomjm jk`k u` rmjursk ifxk, sf`pnms`motm pkrqum “prmster‖ etmoèêk sfhofifje
“hester‖ tm`pk, m e oeturmze oêk mxpeobm k tm`pk bm vfbe pere ber jkote bes foikrèèýms
bfspkoàvmfs‐.59 Ku smae, ç `mbfbe qum e queotfbebm bm foikrèèêk eu`mote, jkosmhuf`ks prmster
`moks etmoèêk m` tubk. Essf`, queotk èfkr e rfqumze be foikrèèêk, èfkr e pkdrmze be etmoèêk.58
Were Lmrdmrt Zf`ko, mjkok`fste okrtm-e`mrfjeok qum prkvevmn`motm ikf k prf`mfrk tmúrfjk e
ikrùner k jkojmftk bm mjkok`fe bm etmoèêk, mjkok`fe æ e bfsjfpnfoe qum mstube jk`k e skjfmbebm
enkje smus rmjursks msjessks. Zm e foikrèèêk oêk æ msjesse, pmnk jkotrårfk, oús oks eikhe`ks ok
kjmeok bm foikrèèýms bfspkoàvmfs. Uuen æ k prkdnmè, motêk; E `mrjebkrfe msjesse æ e etmoèêk
luèoe omjmssårfe pere ber smotfbk ek tsuoe`f bm
bm bebks. Zf`ko lå ùftk erhu`moteve qum „k qum e
foikrèèêk jkosk`m æ e etmoèêk bm smus bmstfoetårfks. Beà uè rfqumze bm foikrèèýms hmrer uè
pkdrmze bm etmoèêk‐.5<
Kutrk mxpkmotm be årme, Neole`, fotmrprmte e etmoèêk jk`k „e eèêk qum treosikrè ks bebks
drutks m` enhk qum ks smrms luèoks pkbm` user‐.56 Wkr jkosmquáojfe, m` jkobfèýms bm setureèêk
foikrèjfkoen,
desm m` vestes k tredenlk be etmoèêk
queotfbebms luèoe
bm bebks æ prfojfpen`motm
drutks moquebrer,
bfspkoàvmfs, equmnms qum smnmjfkoer
pmr`ftm` km krheofzer,
`kvf`motkjk`
be
foikrèèêk ru`k ek jkolmjf`motk, ç jk`prmmosêk m ç sedmbkrfe.
E `kmbe prfojfpen be skjfmbebm be foikrèèêk ‚ oe quen e foikrèèêk æ k prfojfpen
prkbutk prkbuzfbk, jk`mrjfenfzebk m jkosu`fbk ‚ æ omjmsserfe`motm e etmoèêk.
E mjkok`fe be etmoèêk eimte jkosfbmrevmn`motm ks `kbmnks bm mbujeèêk trebfjfkoen ikjebks m`
treos`fssêk bm foikrèèýms, pkfs omolu` prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste m` jkotmñbk ok ùobk æ jepez bm
jk`pmtfr m` queotfbebm bm bebks jk` e wmd wmd.. Lkam, tkbk enuok pkbm tmr u` sèrtplkom
sèrtplkom m ejmsser,
bmotrk m ikre be sene bm eune, quenqumr jkotmñbk be fotmromt.
E `kmbe prfojfpen be skjfmbebm be foikrèèêk ‚ oe quen e foikrèèêk æ k prfojfpen prkbutk
prkbuzfbk, jk`mrjfenfzebk m jkosu`fbk ‚ æ omjmsserfe`motm e etmoèêk. Essf`, omsse okve mjkok`fe,
quenqumr pmsske qum tmole „ejmssk‐ e tmnmvfsêk, ifn`ms, pudnfjfbebm, akhks bm jk`putebkr m, ejfè bm
tubk, fotmromt (oêk f`pkrte sm æ u` ebuntk ku uè jrfeoèe), bmtæ` m jkotrkne uè qukte mjkoò`fje bm
sue prúprfe etmoèêk.
E mbujeèêk sm`prm tmvm e etmoèêk jk`k `kmbe prf`årfe. Oes msjknes, pkr mxm`pnk, e etmoèêk
sm`prm ikf m jkotfoue e smr jepturebe m èotfbe pkr nmfs msjknerms kdrfhetúrfes m, èfs
trebfjfkoen`motm, pmnk `mbk bk irejessk, be puofèêk m be bmseprkveèêk.47 Enæ` bfssk, etæ ks bfes
etuefs, oes senes bm eune msjknerms, uofvmrsftårfes m etæ jkrpkretfves, ks prkimsskrms/mspmjfenfstes
tfpfje`motm sm pksfjfkoe` jk`k k jmotrk bes etmoèýms, ç irmotm bks eprmobfzms, jk`k es ifhures
mssmojfefs oe bfstrfdufèêk bm foikrèèýms. M, oe èfkrfe bks jesks, mnms mxmrjm` k pkbmr bm evenfer m
jmrtfifjer ks rmsuntebks be eprmobfzehm` te`dæ`.
@ms`k queobk pmose`ks oe mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe ‚ jmrjebe pkr `àbfes m tmjoknkhfes,
pkrteotk jk` uè fotmriejm ùftk èfs jkotm`pkräome ‚, e etmoèêk te`dæ` æ uè
jkobfèêk mssmojfen pere smu iuojfkoe`motk.
Wkr msses rezýms, e mbujeèêk prmsmojfen tm` skirfbk særfks hknpms m` sue jepejfbebm bm jepturer
m èotmr e etmoèêk, m sm vá e`meèebe pkr okvks nmtre`motks m okves mpfstm`knkhfes bfhftefs. 45 Æ
jmrtk qum ùbeoèes junturefs ru`k e uè mbujeèêk jmotrebe ok enuok tá` entmrebk mssm quebrk e
pkotk bm fovmrtmr msse núhfje1 sm eotfhe`motm ks enuoks prmjfseve` „`mrmjmr‐ e etmoèêk bm smus

prkimsskrms, lkam m` bfe jebe vmz èfs æ k prkimsskr qum ‚ motrm teotks mstàùnks jkojkrrmotms ‚ bmvm
heoler e etmoèêk bks enuoks.
@ms`k queobk pmose`ks oe mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe ‚ jmrjebe pkr `àbfes m tmjoknkhfes, pkrteotk
jk` uè fotmriejm ùftk èfs jkotm`pkräome ‚, e etmoèêk te`dæ` æ uè jkobfèêk mssmojfen pere
smu iuojfkoe`motk. ]` mxm`pnk bfssk sêk ks tmxtks bfhftefs, qum sú epermjm` jk`k tmxtks nmhàvmfs bm
ietk queobk ks usuårfks etfve` e derre bm rknehm` pere oevmher pkr mnms. Essf`, oe mbujeèêk epkfebe
pkr `àbfes m tmjoknkhfes, e prúprfe mxfstáojfe bks ètmrfefs bfbåtfjks vfrtuefs bmpmobm be etmoèêk bk
usuårfk.
M k qum bfzmr be mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve, qum prmjfse jepturer e etmoèêk bes pmsskes motrm teotes
bmèobes f`pksftfves bk e`dfmotm bm tredenlk; Oêk sm treteobk be etfvfbebm-if` be krheofzeèêk, es
eèýms bm eprmobfzehm` pkr vmzms sm rmsu`m` e jkoifoer es pmsskes m` senes bm eune jkrpkretfves
pere kuvfr mspmjfenfstes prkimrfobk penmstres ku, queobk ùftk, jkovkjå-nes e essfstfr e uè særfm bm
vàbmks ku eofèèýms krheofzejfkoefs.
Bm ietk, es pråtfjes mbujetfves trebfjfkoefs vá` smobk qumstfkoebes lå tm`pks pkr tmúrfjks m
pretfjeotms. @es sm eotms mssm qumstfkoe`motk mre uè kpèêk pkr uè kutre jkrrmotm pmbehúhfje,
lkam mnm sm f`pým pmnes jerejtmràstfjes bes hmreèýms èfs okves, qum nfbe` jk` k jkolmjf`motk, e
eprmobfzehm` m es fostftufèýms bm uè ikrè tkten`motm bfimrmotm bes hmreèýms eotmrfkrms.
Uueobk bfsjutf`ks k eprkvmfte`motk bk tm`pk oe mbujeèêk, u` tmè heole jebe vmz
èfs rmnmväojfe1 e qumstêk hmrejfkoen.
4.: EZ OKYEZ HMTEÈÝMZ

Uueobk bfsjutf`ks k eprkvmfte`motk bk tm`pk oe mbujeèêk, u` tmè heole jebe vmz èfs
rmnmväojfe1 e qumstêk hmrejfkoen. Bko Repsjktt, pkr mxm`pnk, aå rmhfstreve, eotms be vfrebe bk sæjunk, k
pmrifn bm uè okve hmreèêk oesjfbe m jrfebe oe junture bfhften. 44 Jkolmjfbks jk`k Hmreèêk V,
@fnnmoofens, Hmreèêk Bktjk`, Hmreèêk Omt ku oetfvks bfhftefs, sêk ks fobfvàbuks oesjfbks pús-fotmromt,
urdeoks, dm` foikrèbks m inumotms ok ùobk bfhften. Were mssm pñdnfjk, `àbfes m tmjoknkhfes oêk sêk
epmoes `mfks bm jkùofjeèêk sm` irkotmfres hmkhråifjes ku nf`fteèýms tm`pkrefs, ès te`dæ`
imrre`motes bm skjfenfzeèêk m bm ejmssk e foikrèèýms.4:
Enhuos bmimobm` qum msses ùbeoèes bm mstfnk jkhoftfvk oêk sêk têk rmjmotms essf`. Wrmoscy, pkr
mxm`pnk, `mojfkoe es „jrfeoèes Ofotmobk‐, qum oesjmre` bmpkfs bm 5687 m ikre` jrfebes jk` vfbmk
he`ms,, ks prf`mfrks WJs m bfspksftfvks `úvmfs, jk`k ks wencèos
he`ms wencèos..42
Kutrks, jk`k Tksmo, fbmotfifje` uè hmreèêk pús-@fnnmofens ‚ e fHmreèêk, jk` k „f‐ rmprmsmoteobk
es tmjoknkhfes `úvmfs (m` rmimráojfe bfrmte ç m`prmse Eppnm m e smus prkbutks fWlkom, fWkb, fRuoms) m
4=
k ietk bmes
mohnkde qum msses tmjoknkhfes
jrfeoèes sêk usebes
m ks ebknmsjmotms prfojfpen`motm
oesjfbks bm ikrè
motrm 566=-4777 fobfvfbuenfzebe.
m qum mstêk f`mrsks Msse hmreèêkm
m` `àbfes
tmjoknkhfes.
Epkoter sm`mnleoèes m bfimrmoèes hmrejfkoefs æ enhk errfsjebk, pkfs omolu` fobfvàbuk sm mojefxe
pmrimfte`motm ok pmrifn bm uè hmreèêk mspmjàifje. M, pmnk `moks ok qum bfz rmspmftk ek Dresfn,
bmsfhuenbebms skjfkmjkoò`fjes m junturefs tkroe` msses jetmhkrfzeèýms u` teotk ertfifjfefs, sm
pmosebes m` oàvmn oejfkoen. Ebfjfkoen`motm, lå qum sm jkosfbmrer qum msse jetmhkrfzeèêk oêk æ
mståtfje, lå hmreèýms fotmr`mbfårfes jk`pertfnleobk jerejtmràstfjes bes prmbmjmsskres m sujmsskres.
Epmser bfssk, es pmsqufses suhmrm` qum e èfkrfe bes pmsskes juae bete bm oesjf`motk sm sftue
oe `msè bæjebe ku pmràkbk rmen`motm jk`pertfnle ùftes jerejtmràstfjes, 49 es quefs jk`moterm`ks
e smhufr, jkosfbmreobk jkotrfdufèýms bm vårfks eutkrms pere bmnfomer k pmrifn bes „okves hmreèýms‐.
E „omjmssfbebm bm vmnkjfbebm‐ sm èofimste m` e`dfmotms bm eprmobfzehm` m nkjefs bm
tredenlk bm vårfes èomfres, m` mspmjfen pmne bmèobe bm tmjoknkhfes qum pksse`
ejmnmrer ks prkjmssks (pkr mxm`pnk, ikromjmobk bebks m` tm`pk rmen).
Bm mspmjfen fotmrmssm pere k tmè bmstm jepàtunk æ e jkosteteèêk bm qum es hmreèýms èfs okves
sêk jepezms bm rmenfzer prkjmssks bfvmrsks m` vmnkjfbebms èfkrms bk qum sues eotmjmsskres. Epmser

bm sm`prm tmrm` mxfstfbk pmsskes jk` mssm pmrifn, jk`k pfnktks bm evfêk m bm jerrks bm jkrrfbe, k
bfimrmojfen æ qum ehkre msse ledfnfbebm mstå bfssm`foebe pkr tkbe uè hmreèêk, m m` uè fbebm
prmjkjm. Msse „omjmssfbebm bm vmnkjfbebm‐ sm èofimste m` e`dfmotms bm eprmobfzehm` m nkjefs bm
tredenlk bm vårfes èomfres, m` mspmjfen pmne bmèobe bm tmjoknkhfes qum pksse` ejmnmrer ks
prkjmssks (pkr mxm`pnk, ikromjmobk bebks m` tm`pk rmen).
Kutrk treèk bmifofbkr bes okves hmreèýms æ e jepejfbebm bm iezmrm` ùftes jkfses ek `ms`k
tm`pk, ou` vmrbebmfrk msqumè ùntftermie. M`dkre enhuos tmúrfjks erhu`motm` qum fssk
jk`prk`mtm
Wrmoscy, 48 pkrk mxm`pnk,
oàvmn bm eifrè
etmoèêkqum
bmbfjebk
e `motmeluèoe
jebe termie
pkbm(vmae e smhufr
prkjmsser e tmkrfe
ùftes iefxesbe
ekjerhe
`ms`kjkhoftfve),
tm`pk m
qum quenqumr „tm`pk kjfksk‐ prmsmotm m` termies prfkrftårfes pkbm smr usebk pere nfber jk` kutres
jkfses. K eutkr bmsteje efobe e jepejfbebm bes okves hmreèýms bm mxpnkrerm` reobk`fje`motm
mstrutures lfpmrtmxtuefs, je`folks enmetúrfks m iezmrm` okves jkomxýms, m` vmz bm sm èotmrm`
rmstrftes e u` ñofjk pmrjursk, bm `kbk nfomer,
nf omer, pessk e pessk.
Enæ` bfssk, es okves hmreèýms nftmren`motm bfrmjfkoe` sue etmoèêk çs okves imrre`motes
ùntf`kbefs jkojmdfbes mspmjfen`motm pere mnes. Bmsbm e foiäojfe, mnes tá` sfbk jkotfoue`motm
mxpkstes ç tmnmvfsêk, eks vàbmks, eks akhks bm jk`putebkr m ç fotmromt, qum nlms `kstre` hråifjks
ùftk mxprmssfvks m bm ente quenfbebm, jk` pkujk ku omolu` tmxtk bm ejk`peole`motk. Enæ` bfssk,
mnm`motks skokrks m te`dæ` hmstuefs, tåtmfs m mspejfefs sêk smnmjfkoebks, prkbuzfbks m ebeptebks m
motêk bfstrfduàbks, rmjmdfbks, fotmrprmtebks m rmprkbuzfbks m` u` prkjmssk jkotàouk bm rmjmpèêk m
fotmrprmteèêk bm sfhofifjebks qum vef ùftk enæ` be jkùofjeèêk tmxtuen uof`kben. 4< M, pere jk`pnmter
k jmoårfk, e vfsuenfzeèêk be foikrèèêk tm`, èfs rmjmotm`motm, pmr`ftfbk qum hreobms jkoauotks bm
bebks smae` eprmsmotebks bm ikrè jkosknfbebe m` hråifjks bfoä`fjks m etuenfzåvmfs m` tm`pk rmen.
Oesjfbes m` uè junture bm mxjmssk m bfvmrsfbebm bm jkotmñbks ‚ ç quen sm skè e
msjessmz bm tm`pk ‚, es okves hmreèýms bmsmovknvmre` rmjursks bm hmrmojfe`motk bm
foikrèèýms qum ùftes vmzms mspeote` smus pefs, smus prkimsskrms m etæ smus
supmrfkrms ok ùobk jkrpkretfvk.
Essf`, oesjfbes m` uè junture bm mxjmssk m bfvmrsfbebm bm jkotmñbks ‚ ç quen sm skè e
msjessmz bm tm`pk ‚, es okves hmreèýms bmsmovknvmre` rmjursks bm hmrmojfe`motk bm foikrèèýms
qum ùftes vmzms mspeote` smus pefs, smus prkimsskrms m etæ smus supmrfkrms ok ùobk jkrpkretfvk.
Zêk mssms ks akvmos qum ehkre pkvke` k Mosfok Zupmrfkr m k `mrjebk bm tredenlk m, ejkstuèbks
bmsbm e foiäojfe e jkotrkner jk`k smu tm`pk æ m`prmhebk, sm vmm` eotm ks bmseifks be mbujeèêk pkr
tkbe e vfbe (nfimnkoh
(nfimnkoh nmerofoh ).
).
Wermjm edsurbk pmoser qum ks enuoks qumfre` èotmr ks knlks ifxks m` u` prkimsskr ku ok
quebrk-omhrk ç irmotm moqueotk pkbm` surier oe wmd wmd,, fotmrehfr oes rmbms skjfefs m usuirufr bks
foñ`mrks epnfjetfvks bfspkoàvmfs, rmspkobmobk eks mstàùnks moheaebkrms bes `àbfes qum nute`
imrkz`motm pere etrefr sue etmoèêk.
Epmser bm tkbes es okvfbebms tmjoknúhfjes, bm tkbes es ùbeoèes skjfkjunturefs m bm
tkbes es bmsjkdmrtes jfmotàifjes, prmjfse`ks smr rmenfstes1 e eprmobfzehm` æ u`
bmseifk qum jkosk`m tm`pk, prfojfpen`motm ok qum bfz rmspmftk e essuotks jk`pnmxks.
Zedm`ks qum, oe mbujeèêk prmsmojfen jkovmojfkoen, ùftks enuoks juntfve` uè mspæjfm bm
„etmoèêk fnusúrfe‐, prmsteobk `moks bk qum sue pnmoe etmoèêk e prkimsskrms, tmxtks m termies. 46 @es
ehkre mste`ks tmstmùoleobk mstretæhfes bm etmoèêk perjfen, sudsfbfårfe m fotmr`ftmotm utfnfzebes
rktfomfre`motm pmnks enuoks be mbujeèêk dåsfje, pkr mxm`pnk, qum eprmobmre` e iezmr es termies bm
jese moqueotk essfstm` ç tmnmvfsêk m kuvm` `ñsfje m` ikoms bm kuvfbk. Jkomjtebks
sfùnteome`motm jk` k tredenlk m ks he`ms
he`ms,, surieobk oe fotmromt moqueotk te`dæ` detm` pepk oks
epnfjetfvks be `kbe, ek `ms`k tm`pk qum supmre` ks oàvmfs bm bmseifks bm smu he`m prmimrfbk, mnms
he`m prmimrfbk,
entmroe` repfbe`motm tmnes m bfspksftfvks pere `fof`fzer quenqumr pmrbe bm tm`pk esskjfebe ç mspmre
bm prkjmsse`motk, jerrmhe`motk m jkomxêk.:7
K Jepàtunk :,
:, skdrm `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves, bmsteje k pktmojfen moheaebkr m fotmretfvk

bks akhks pere prk`kvmr e eprmobfzehm`.
Epmser bm tkbes es okvfbebms tmjoknúhfjes, bm tkbes es ùbeoèes skjfkjunturefs m bm tkbes es

bmsjkdmrtes jfmotàifjes, prmjfse`ks smr rmenfstes1 e eprmobfzehm` æ u` bmseifk qum jkosk`m tm`pk,
prfojfpen`motm ok qum bfz rmspmftk e essuotks jk`pnmxks.:5
Wkr msse rezêk, æ omjmssårfk jkosfbmrer omstm jepàtunk queotk es `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs pkbm`
jkotrfdufr pere uè eprmobfzehm` rmen`motm sfhofifjetfve.
4.2 EWTMOBFQEHM@ WTKI]OBE M BM Z]WMTIÀJFM

Mstfè-sm qum ks `mstrms bm xebrmz bm jnessm ùobfen prmjfsm` bm =7 `fn e 577 `fn lkres bm pråtfje
pere etfohfr mssm oàvmn bm mxpmrfáojfe. Mnms jkote` jk` uè desm bm jkolmjf`motk jk` jmrje bm =7
`fn pebrýms ie`fnferms bm xebrmz pere krfmoter sue smnmèêk bm `kvf`motks. :4 M` tkbks ks bk`àofks bm
eprmobfzehm`, e queotfbebm bm tm`pk omjmssårfk pere eprmobmr enhk æ eprkxfèbe`motm prkpkrjfkoen
ç queotfbebm bm jkotmñbk qum mstå smobk eprmobfbk.::
Rm`
Rm`pk
pk pere eprmobmr sfhofifje tm`pk suifjfmotm pere prkjmsser es foikrèèýms.
Ks enuoks, mspmjfen`motm ok Mosfok Iuobe`moten, ùftes vmzms sêk jkoirkotebks jk` termies qum
oêk tá` smotfbk ku núhfje epermotm.:2 Wkbm smr bfiàjfn pere mnms eprmobmrm` jk` jk`prmmosêk (ku m`
prkiuobfbebm) e prfojàpfk3 tenvmz prmjfsm` bm tm`pk pere mxpnkrer jkojmftks sudaejmotms m hmrer
jkomxýms jk` kutrks jkolmjf`motks ebqufrfbks. Rm`pk pere eprmobmr sfhofifje tm`pk suifjfmotm pere
prkjmsser es foikrèèýms, jk`k vmrm`ks e smhufr.
Ofjlknes Jerr, qum msjrmvm skdrm tmjoknkhfe m junture, æ desteotm jràtfjk queotk ç etuen mxpnksêk bm
tmjoknkhfe bfhften. Zmhuobk mssm eutkr, es tmjoknkhfes oêk mstêk ùbeobk epmoes e èomfre jk`k
dusje`ks foikrèèýms m oks jkùofje`ks, mstêk te`dæ` `kbfifjeobk råpfbe m prkiuobe`motm okssk
jærmdrk.:=
Bm ietk, e jepejfbebm bm prkjmsse`motk m `m`úrfe bks jk`putebkrms mxpeobm okssk jærmdrk ‚
lkam huerbe`ks oñ`mrks bm tmnmikom m kutres foikrèèýms rmnetfves ç oksse ehmobe oks jmnunerms, oks
oktmdkkcs,, oe ouvm`. Okssk smr sm e`pnfe pkr `mfk bm pmrifs oes rmbms skjfefs. Essf`, queotk èfs
oktmdkkcs
jkomjtebks mstfvmr`ks m queotk èfs iuojfkoenfbebms bk e`dfmotm bfhften fojkrpkrer`ks, èfs
mxpeobfrm`ks okssk smr.
Enæ` bfssk, mstubks epkote` pere es jkotrfdufèýms bk usk bm jk`putebkrms pere e señbm `moten
bm fbksks, pkr mxm`pnk, oe `mbfbe m` qum mssm usk eaube e prmsmrver ks neèks ie`fnferms m skjfefs
(pmnk usk, pkr mxm`pnk, bm prkhreès bm jkùofjeèêk jk`k Zcypm m sf`fnerms) m iejfnfte e mstfùneèêk
jkhoftfve bfårfe pkr `mfk be nmfture bm oktàjfes, hmrmojfe`motk bes ifoeoèes m etfvfbebms sf`fnerms.
Essf`, queobk sêk utfnfzebks bm ikrè „sfstá`fje‐, rmpmtfbe m jkotfouebe, ks jk`putebkrms pkbm` sm
tkroer uè ikotm rkduste bm mstfùneèêk jkhoftfve qum eaube e rmterber prkdnmès bm `m`úrfe ku
kutrks prkjmssks `motefs.
K usk bfårfk bm jk`putebkrms, sèrtplkoms , sftms bm dusjes m kutres imrre`motes
sm`mnleotms mstfùne e entmreèêk bm jænunes omurefs m e nfdmreèêk bm
omurktreos`fsskrms, ikrtenmjmobk hrebuen`motm okvks je`folks omurefs m` okssk
jærmdrk, moqueotk moirequmjm kutrks.
Bm ietk, k usk bfårfk bm jk`putebkrms, sèrtplkoms
sèrtplkoms,, sftms bm dusjes m kutres imrre`motes
sm`mnleotms mstfùne e entmreèêk bm jænunes omurefs m e nfdmreèêk bm omurktreos`fsskrms, ikrtenmjmobk
hrebuen`motm okvks je`folks omurefs m` okssk jærmdrk, moqueotk moirequmjm kutrks.:9
M pere Ofjlknes Jerr æ auste`motm equf qum rmsfbm k prkdnmè1 k qum oêk mste`ks iezmobk queobk
oêk mste`ks
mste`ks ko-nfom
ko-nfom te`dæ` tm` jkosmquáojfes omurknúhfjes1 k tm`pk qum heste`ks verrmobk uè
foifofbebm bm påhfoes wmd
wmd,, trkjeobk `foñsjunes `mosehmos bm tmxtk m senteobk motrm ou`mrksks nfocs
nfocs,,

bmfxe`ks bm hester nmobk nfvrks, jk`pkobk smotmoèes m peråhreiks jk`pnmxks m bmbfjeobk-oks ç

jkotm`pneèêk m ç rminmxêk. Jk`k rmenfze`ks enhuès eèýms m` bmtrf`motk bm kutres, k jærmdrk rmjfjne
ks omuròofks m sfoepsms qum oêk mstêk smobk usebks m ks bfrmjfkoe e kutres termies qum mxfhm`
rmspkste èfs f`mbfete.:8
Bk pkotk bm vfste bmssm eutkr, fotmrehfr jk` e wmd lfpmrtmxtuen m lfpmr`fbfåtfje rmqumr uè ikrè
wmd lfpmrtmxtuen
fotmosfve bm ùntftermie `moten, qum jkdre u` entk prmèk e jebe vmz qum ùbe`ks okssk ikjk bm
etmoèêk m prmjfse`ks rmkrfmotå-nk pere uè okve bfrmèêk. E jkojnusêk æ qum, bm jmrte ikrè, e wmd
epmqumoe
bmotrk be oksse
oksse jepejfbebm bm jkolmjmr,
prúprfe `motm, m` rfjk
u` jkoauotk prkiuobfbebm, u` essuotk
m fbfkssfojråtfjk pkr oús `ms`ks,
bm jkomxýms m jkostrufr,
qum pmrburm pkr u`
nkohk tm`pk m pksse smr rmjknkjebk m` eèêk queobk omjmssårfk.
Ye`ks pmoser u` pkujk `mnlkr oe bfstfoèêk motrm eprmobmr m` prkiuobfbebm m eprmobmr
supmrifjfen`motm (oêk pkr ejesk, k tàtunk m` pkrtuhuás bk nfvrk bm Jerr equf jftebk æ E hmreèêk
supmrifjfen ).
).:<
Bm ejkrbk jk` k prkimsskr Irmbrfj @fjlemn Nfttk, prmsfbmotm be Esskjfeèêk Dresfnmfre bm Mbujeèêk
e Bfstäojfe, es pmsqufses bks ñntf`ks eoks jkotrepým` bkfs „mstfnks‐ bm mosfok ku eprmobfzehm`, u`
bmsfhoebk „eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe‐ m k kutrk „eprmobfzehm` bm supmriàjfm‐, juaes jerejtmràstfjes
dåsfjes sêk `kstrebes ok Uuebrk 4.5.:6
Uuebrk 4.5 ‚‚ Eprmobfzehm`

Eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe vmrsus eprmobfzehm` bm supmriàjfm
vmrsus eprmobfzehm`
E eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe kjkrrm queobk ks E eprmobfzehm` bm supmriàjfm kjkrrm queobk ks

enuoks... enuoks...
• tá` ente `ktfveèêk fotràosmje (setfsieèêk m • sêk `ktfvebks mxtrfosmje`motm (rmjmdmr uè
prezmr m` eprmobmr m smoseèêk bm pkbmr ek dke okte bk prkimsskr, u` okvk jerrk ek
• ebqufrfr okvk jkolmjf`motk)3 use` pesser bm eok ku uè prk`kèêk ek kdtmr
jepejfteèýms jkhoftfves bm ente krbm` (jk`k • uè jmrtfifjeèêk)3 ikjenfze` pmbeèks bm
eoånfsm m sàotmsm, aunhe`motk m foikrèèêk bm ikrè etk`fste, `m`krfzeobk
• fotmrprmteèêk)3 prkjure` jk`prmmobmr • bmtenlms ku jerejtmràstfjes mspmjàifjes3
• prkiuobe`motm k jkotmñbk mstubebk3 ejrmbfte` qum „jkolmjf`motk‐ æ uè
fotmhre` okvks jkojmftks e jkolmjf`motks m jknmtäome bm ietks ku bebks fsknebks e
• mxpmrfáojfes eotmrfkrms3 prkjure` k jkotmxtk • smrm` `m`krfzebks3 mstêk prmkjupebks jk`
m k „smotfbk‐ bk jkotmñbk mstubebk (vfsêk „rmspkstes jmrtes‐ m jkdmrture jk`pnmte bk
• lknàstfje)3 bm`kostre` rmtmoèêk m` nkohk jkotmñbk, m oêk jk` fotmr-rmneèýms motrm ks
prezk m jepejfbebm bm treosimrfr k • mnm`motks ku ietks3 tá` jk`prmmosêk
jkolmjf`motk pere bk`àofks bfimrmotms m nf`ftebe bm jkojmftks, bfifjunbebm m`
• okvks3 pertfjfpe` be msjknle bequfnk qum rmjkolmjmr es fbmfes èfs sfhofifjetfves,
• bmvmrêk mstuber3 vmm` sue eprmobfzehm` bmsmovknvmr erhu`motks jkovfojmotms m
jk`k enhk rmnmveotm pere sue vfbe ku jerrmfre • bfstfohufr prfojàpfks bm mxm`pnks3 msqumjm`
iuture. repfbe`motm ks ietks ku jkojmftks
• `m`krfzebks3 oêk vmm` uè rmneèêk jnere
motrm sue eprmobfzehm` m smu iuturk.
Ikotm1 ebeptebk bm NFRRK, Ss.bP.

Efobe smhuobk Nfttk, oêk bmvm`ks mspmrer qum enuoks mstubm` tkbks ks jkotmñbks bm ikrè
prkiuobe. Zmy`kur Wepmrt kdsmrvku qum ks jkoauotks bm fbmfes qum eprmobm`ks sêk jk`k ks
rmnejfkoe`motks luèoks1 trete`ks enhuès pmsskes jk`k e`fhks bk pmftk, kutres epmoes jk`k
„jkolmjfbks‐, m kutres
enuoks bm`kostrm` efobe m` enhu`
eprmobfzehm` nuherm`
prkiuobe motrm
pmnkmssms bkfsenhuès
`moks pkotks. årmes
@es æbkaustk mspmrer
sedmr, qum ks
pkr msjknle
prúprfe.27

Wkræ`, uè jkfse æ user`ks e bfstfoèêk motrm eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe m bm supmriàjfm pere `kstrer
qum enhuos enuoks ebkte` u` ku kutrk mstfnk prmimrmojfen, kutre æ user msse bfstfoèêk m` tmr`ks bm
mstfnk bm mosfok (ku bm bmsfho fostrujfkoen), qum foinumojferå jk`k k jkotmñbk æ eprmsmotebk m jk`k es
etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm` sêk prkpkstes. Ku smae, pkbm`ks tkèr bmjfsýms bm pneomae`motk m epkfk
ç eprmobfzehm` qum jkosfbmrm` ks espmjtks tmúrfjks nmveotebks etæ equf.
Ymae`ks1 e tmotetfve bm jkdrfr ùftks túpfjks bm ikrè ùftk råpfbe pkbm bfifjunter e eprmobfzehm` m
e)e treosimráojfe sudsmqumotm pkrqum ks enuoks1 eprmobm` epmoes jkoauotks fsknebks bm ietks qum
d)oêk mstêkmotmobmr
jkosmhum` krheofzebks
pkrqumom`
oêk jkomjtebks3 ku sêk
tá` jkolmjf`motk fostebkssuifjfmotm
mspmjàifjk e krheofzer
pere prfojàpfks qum mnms oêk
tkroå-nks sfhofifjetfvks.
Oe vmrbebm, Aklo Zwmnnmr,25 u` psfjúnkhk mbujejfkoen eustrenfeok, vm` mstubeobk lå bæjebes
jk`k oksse `motm prkjmsse e foikrèèêk m, m` pertfjuner, jk`k es pmsskes eprmobm`. Zmhufobk e
trebfèêk jkhoftfvfste, mnm mxpnfje jk`k e fotmromt m kutres `àbfes foinumojfe` k mstfnk m e prkiuobfbebm
bm okssk pmose`motk.
Ok Jepàtunk 5,
5, skdrm `mtkbknkhfes etfves, edkrbe`ks bm ikrè èfs bmtenlebe ks
prmssupkstks qum iuobe`mote` es edkrbehmos tmúrfjes jkhoftfvfstes.
M` prf`mfrk nuher, okssk jærmdrk fojkrpkre bkfs tfpks bm `m`úrfe1 e `m`úrfe bm jurtk prezk, pkr
`mfk be quen nfbe`ks jk` f`prmssýms f`mbfetes, smoseèýms m pmose`motks, m qum tmobm e burer
enhuos smhuobks3 m e `m`úrfe bm nkohk prezk, oe quen erèzmoe`ks tubk equfnk qum eprmobm`ks bm
èomfre jkosjfmotm ku fojkosjfmotm, m qum pkbm pmrèomjmr m` okssk jærmdrk pkr bfes, eoks ku
`ms`k pmne vfbe tkbe.
E `m`úrfe bm jurtk prezk sm bfvfbm oe `m`úrfe smoskrfen, pkr `mfk be quen mstàùnks smoskrfefs
sêk rmjmdfbks m smnmjfkoe`ks quefs bmnms sêk f`pkrteotms pere oús (equf e foikrèèêk æ rmtfbe pkr
oêk èfs bm 5 smhuobk)3 m oe `m`úrfe bm tredenlk, qum bmsm`pmole u` pepmn fostru`moten m`
treosimrfr es okves foikrèèýms pere e `m`úrfe bm nkohk prezk, m qum rmprmsmote k jkotmñbk be oksse
jkosjfáojfe m` bmtmr`foebk `k`motk.
Æ jk`k sm e `m`úrfe bm tredenlk ikssm u` jebmrok bm resjuolk m e `m`úrfe bm nkohk
prezk, u` sfstmè bm erqufvks. M, e if` bm oks pmr`ftfr pmoser m` enhk qum eprmobm`ks
ku vfvmojfe`ks eotmrfkr`motm, k jærmdrk prmjfse treosimrfr es okves foikrèèýms be
`m`úrfe bm nkohk prezk pere e `m`úrfe bm tredenlk.
Æ jk`k sm e `m`úrfe bm tredenlk ikssm u` jebmrok bm resjuolk m e `m`úrfe bm nkohk prezk, u`
sfstmè bm erqufvks. M, e if` bm oks pmr`ftfr pmoser m` enhk qum eprmobm`ks ku vfvmojfe`ks
eotmrfkr`motm, k jærmdrk prmjfse treosimrfr es okves foikrèèýms be `m`úrfe bm nkohk prezk pere e
`m`úrfe bm tredenlk.
Oe vmrbebm, erèzmoe`ks oe `m`úrfe bm nkohk prezk oêk epmoes ietks, ès jkojmftks jk`pnmxks
ku „msqumès‐ qum krheofze` pmbeèks bm foikrèèêk m` pebrýms bm jkolmjf`motk, jkoimrfobk
prkiuobfbebm m rfqumze ek okssk pmose`motk. Eà mstå k èfkr herhenk m` okssk jærmdrk.
Bfimrmotm`motm be `m`úrfe bm nkohk prezk, qum tm` jepejfbebm pretfje`motm fnf`ftebe, e `m`úrfe bm
tredenlk æ jepez bm nfber sfùnteome`motm jk` uè pmqumoe queotfbebm bm foikrèèêk. M` u` ertfhk
pudnfjebk m` 56=9, jk` k tàtunk „Rlm @ehfjen Ou`dmr Zmvmo, Wnus kr @fous Rwk‐ (K `åhfjk oñ`mrk
smtm, èfs ku `moks bkfs), k psfjúnkhk jkhoftfvfste m prkimsskr be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Lerverb Hmkrhm E.
@fnnmr kdsmrvku qum e `m`úrfe bm tredenlk pkbm nfber tfpfje`motm jk` epmoes smtm „pmbeèks‐ bm
foikrèèêk.24
E foikrèèêk qum inuf oe oksse `m`úrfe bm tredenlk m` bmtmr`foebk
bmtmr`foebk `k`motk æ jleèbe bm jerhe
jkhoftfve. Uueobk e jerhe mxjmbm oksse jepejfbebm bm erèzmoer m prkjmsser e foikrèèêk, sk`ks
fojepezms bm rmtmr e foikrèèêk ku bm iezmr jkomxýms jk` e foikrèèêk aå erèzmoebe m` oksse
`m`úrfe
]è vmzbm nkohk prezk,etmoèêk
qum oksse ku smae,bmpmobm
sk`ks fojepezms
be oksse bm trebuzfrbme okve
`m`úrfe foikrèèêk
tredenlk, m` jkhoftfve
uè jerhe msqumès. mnmvebe
e`pnfe e bfstreèêk qum mxpmrf`mote`ks. M mxpmrf`motks `kstre` qum, queobk enjeoèe`ks ks nf`ftms

be oksse `m`úrfe bm tredenlk, tkroe-sm èfs bfiàjfn bfstfohufr foikrèèêk rmnmveotm bm frrmnmveotm, m
pesse`ks e smr `mrks jkosu`fbkrms bm bebks sm` sfhofifjebk.
Be tmkrfe be jerhe jkhoftfve bmrfve` prfojàpfks qum ievkrmjm` uè eprmobfzehm`
mimtfve. M` nfoles hmrefs, æ pkssàvmn deneojmer e jerhe jkhoftfve pkr `mfk bm jufbebksk
bmsfho fostrujfkoen pere eprmsmoteèêk bm jkotmñbks mbujejfkoefs m prkpksfèêk bm
etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm`.
Bm ejkrbk jk` Zwmnnmr, lå ùftes ikotms pkssàvmfs bm skdrmjerhe jkhoftfve, qum kjkrrm` queobk
vårfes ikotms bm foikrèèêk jk`pmtm` motrm sf pmne nf`ftebe jepejfbebm bm prkjmsse`motk luèok.2:
Were k eutkr, jkotubk, es ikotms èfs f`pkrteotms sêk1 e sknuèêk bm prkdnmès mstreolks m e etmoèêk
bfvfbfbe. K prf`mfrk jesk sm mvfbmojfe oks mimftks jkhoftfvks be oevmheèêk lfpmrtmxtuen. E omjmssfbebm
bm evenfer nfocs m rmnejfkoå-nks e oksses msjknles oevmhejfkoefs, ek `ms`k tm`pk qum prkjmsse`ks
nfocs m
uè ùntfpnfjfbebm bm mstàùnks smoskrfefs, rmqumr jkosteotm jkkrbmoeèêk `moten m tkèbe bm
bmjfsêk, bfstrefobk k jærmdrk bk smu tredenlk bm fotmrprmter tmxtk ku kutre foikrèèêk. K smhuobk jesk
ejrmsjmote k ietkr ùntf`àbfe, qum eprmsmote m iez k lfpmrnfoc mnmtròofjk
mnmtròofjk oêk epmoes bm penevres ès
te`dæ` bm fèhmos, skos m ifhures m` `kvf`motks. Were Zwmnnmr, e bfvfsêk bm etmoèêk rmqumrfbe pmne
ùntf`àbfe brmoe okssks rmjursks jkhoftfvks, bf`foufobk oksse eprmobfzehm` m moirequmjmobk oksse
jk`prmmosêk.
Be tmkrfe be jerhe jkhoftfve bmrfve` prfojàpfks qum ievkrmjm` uè eprmobfzehm` mimtfve. M`
nfoles hmrefs, æ pkssàvmn deneojmer e jerhe jkhoftfve pkr `mfk bm jufbebksk bmsfho fostrujfkoen pere
eprmsmoteèêk bm jkotmñbks mbujejfkoefs m prkpksfèêk bm etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm`. Motrm ks
••prfojàpfkse rmjk`mobebks,
eu`moter jerhe rmnmveotm fojnum`-sm1
(ks bmseifksrmbuzfr tubk k qum qum
bm eprmobfzehm` ikr frrmnmveotm
mstfùne` kpere e eprmobfzehm`3
enuok e enjeoèer ks
•kdamtfvks mbujejfkoefs)3 m hmrmojfer e jerhe fotràosmje oeturen e bmtmr`foebe årme bm jkolmjf`motk
(pmne mstrutureèêk m smqumojfe`motk bks jkotmñbks).
M, bm ejkrbk jk` e tmkrfe be jerhe jkhoftfve, te`dæ` æ pkssàvmn jk`dfoer foikrèèêk vfsuen m
eubftfve bm `kbk qum okssk jærmdrk usm jeoefs bfimrmotms pere prkjmsser k qum vm`ks m k qum
kuvf`ks. Ku smae, pkrqum mxfstm` `m`úrfes bm tredenlk smperebes ‚ uè eubftfve m kutre vfsuen,
pkbm`ks rmbuzfr ks mimftks be etmoèêk bfvfbfbe m eu`moter e jepejfbebm be `m`úrfe bm tredenlk sm
utfnfzer`ks e`dks ks prkjmssebkrms m` vmz bm u`.
Jk` mssm peok bm iuobk m` `motm, ve`ks eoenfser uè `mtkbknkhfe jkosfbmrebe fokv-etfve pkr
rmspkobmr ç omjmssfbebm jkotm`pkräome bm eprkvmfter be `mnlkr èomfre pkssàvmn e etmoèêk luèoe
m prkpkrjfkoer eprmobfzehm` mimtfve, smae mne prkiuobe ku bm supmriàjfm.
4.= @FJTKEWTMOBFQEHM@
Zmhuobk Hedrfmnnf mt en., e `fjrkeprmobfzehm` vfse mxpnkrer okves èomfres bm rmspkobmr ç jrmsjmotm
omjmssfbebm bm eprmobfzehm` ek nkohk be vfbe (nfimnkoh
(nfimnkoh nmerofoh ) ku bm eprmobfzehm` skd bmèobe
(nmerofoh ko-bmèob ) eprmsmotebe pmne skjfmbebm etuen.22 Desmfe-sm oe fbmfe bm qum es pmsskes
pkbm` eprmobmr `mnlkr m bm ikrè èfs mifjez queobk k jkotmñbk æ bfvfbfbk m` pertms bfhmràvmfs m e
eprmobfzehm` essu`m e ikrè bm pmqumoes uofbebms bm mstubk.2= Re`dæ` jkosfbmre k usk bm
tmjoknkhfes inmxàvmfs, qum pmr`fte` eks enuoks ejmsser rmjursks bm eprmobfzehm` èfs iejfn`motm, m`
jkobfèýms m `k`motks mspmjàifjks, pkr mxm`pnk, bureotm fotmrvenks bm etfvfbebms ku moqueotk mstêk
sm bmsnkjeobk.
E `fjrkeprmobfzehm` vfse mxpnkrer okves èomfres bm rmspkobmr ç jrmsjmotm
omjmssfbebm bm eprmobfzehm` ek nkohk be vfbe (nfimnkoh nmerofoh ) ku bm eprmobfzehm`
skd bmèobe (nmerofoh ko-bmèob ) eprmsmotebe pmne skjfmbebm etuen.
Ok moteotk, e `fjrkeprmobfzehm` oêk sm nf`fte ek teèolk (ku hreounerfbebm) bks jkotmñbks3 fojnuf
te`dæ` k tm`pk jk`k smhuobe bf`mosêk. Ku smae, k jkotmñbk e smr eprmobfbk æ mstruturebk m`

pmqumoes uofbebms bm mstubk pere smrm` rmenfzebes bmotrk bm u` jurtk pmràkbk, vfseobk mvfter uè
pkssàvmn skdrmjerhe jkhoftfve.
Essf`, e bf`mosêk tm`pkren bm eprmobmr m` pmqumoks pessks mstå enfolebe teotk ek `kbmnk bm
prkjmsse`motk bm foikrèèýms queotk ek teèolk be tmne (pmqumok) bm bfspksftfvks `úvmfs.
Be pmrspmjtfve tmjoknúhfje, e `fjrkeprmobfzehm` sm ebmque eks pebrýms bm usk bks bfspksftfvks
pkrtåtmfs m bes rmbms bm jkùofjeèêk `úvmn. Essf`, k jkotmñbk motrmhum oe ikrè bm pmqumoes
uofbebms eauste-sm ç tmne pmqumoe bks sèrtplkoms
sèrtplkoms m tednmts
tednmts m ek jkotmxtk bm `kdfnfbebm m` qum
mssms epermnlks sêk usebks.
@fjrkeprmobfzehm` æ uè `kbenfbebm juak ikjk mstå ok oàvmn `fjrk (`fjrk`k`motks,
`fjrkjkotmñbks, `fjrketfvfbebms, `fjrkjmrtfifjeèýms).
M` tmr`ks mbujejfkoefs, e `fjrkeprmobfzehm` æ pertfjuner`motm eprkprfebe ç rmtmoèêk bm
foikrèèêk m, essf`, ç jkostruèêk bm jkolmjf`motk iejtuen. Re`dæ` sm eauste dm` ç eprmobfzehm`
foikrèn, m` etfvfbebms oes quefs ks eprmobfzms mstêk èfs fotmrmssebks m` jkotmñbks jurtks m
mspmjàifjks bk qum ok ejmssk e u` súnfbk jkrpk bm jkolmjf`motks rmnetfvk e u` je`pk bfsjfpnfoer.
M` smotfbk e`pnk, `fjrkeprmobfzehm` æ uè `kbenfbebm juak ikjk mstå ok oàvmn `fjrk
(`fjrk`k`motks, `fjrkjkotmñbks, `fjrketfvfbebms, `fjrkjmrtfifjeèýms). Bm ejkrbk jk` Luh m Irfmsmo,
rmimrm-sm ek qum kjkrrm m` oàvmn bm smhuobks, `foutks ku pkujes lkres, m` kpksfèêk ç `msk m
èjrkeprmobfzehm`, qum kjkrrmrfe m` bfes, smèoes ku `msms. K ikjk te`dæ` mstå m` smotmoèes,
tàtunks ku jnfpms, m oêk m` peråhreiks, ertfhks, prkhreès ku eprmsmoteèýms. M e `fjrkeprmobfzehm`
sm rmenfze jk` k epkfk bm tmjoknkhfes pkrtåtmfs m e`dfmotms bfstrfduàbks, m` nuher bm sfstmès
fotmhrebks ku `koknàtfjks.29
Imrhuosko mt en.
en. eprmsmote` mxpmrfáojfes jk` k `ætkbk be eprmobfzehm` mspeèebe
(spejmb nmerofoh), ok quen, m` vmz bm uè nkohe smssêk bm mosfok, jk`k uè penmstre, ks
enuoks eprmobm` uè særfm bm pmqumoks „pmbeèks‐ bm jkotmñbk, jk` nejuoes motrm mnms.
Bm ikrè èfs mspmjàifje, u` prkimsskr eprmsmote u` jkoauotk bm foikrèèýms pkr u` pmràkbk
bm 47 `foutks3 ks enuoks iezm` uè peuse bm 57 `foutks pere pertfjfper bm uè etfvfbebm
pråtfje bmsjkomxe, jk`k mbujeèêk iàsfje ku `ñsfje3 pmbm-sm, motêk, e mnms qum rmnm`drm` es
foikrèèýms-jlevm bureotm 47 `foutks, qum sêk smhufbks pkr okve peuse bm 57 `foutks3 pkr if`,
ks enuoks epnfje` smus okvks jkolmjf`motks pkr 47 `foutks ifoefs. Mstubks `kstre` u`
eu`motk sfhofifjetfvk oe eprmobfzehm` jk`perebe ç vmrfifjebe m` uè smssêk bm mosfok tàpfje.
Ikotm1 IMTH]ZKO, T. mt en. Zpejmb

en. Zpejmb nmerofoh1 dufnbfoh nkoh-tmr` `m`krfms fo `foutms. Fookvetfoh Wmbehkhy
4758 1 Kpmo ]ofvmrsfty Fookvetfko Tmpkrt 9. @fntko Cmyoms, ]C1 Rlm Kpmo ]ofvmrsfty, 4758. p. :.
Wkr bmifofèêk, es `fjrketfvfbebms

`fjrketfvfbebms bmpmobm` bk ejmssk e rmjursks m jkotmñbks, pkbmobk kjkrrmr
m` `k`motks bm peuse ku bm fotmrvenk oes etfvfbebms be vfbe bfårfe m bm tredenlk bks enuoks. ]è
vmz qum mssms fotmrvenks pkbm` ejkotmjmr m` nuherms m sftueèýms bfimrmotms, es `fjrketfvfbebms sêk e
ikrè tàpfje bm rmsknvmr uè omjmssfbebm mspmjàifje ok `k`motk mxetk m` qum mne kjkrrm.

IEÈE IÅJFN
---- @foutm
---- @foutm pepmr ----
E tæjofje @foutm pepmr,28 jk`k bfz k ok`m, kjupe epmoes u` `foutk bks enuoks, rmqumr pkuje
tmjoknkhfe ku prmpereèêk m pmr`ftm u` fosfhlt f`mbfetk
f`mbfetk bm jk`k k hrupk mstå je`foleobk. Wkbm
smr ebktebe m` bkfs ikrètks1 vmrsêk dåsfje (rmenfzebe prmsmojfen`motm) m vmrsêk ko-nfom
(utfnfzeobk jlets ku smrvfèks bm `mosehm` fosteotäome, jk`k Zcypm, Rwfttmr m XletsEpp, motrm
jlets ku
kutrks).
K @foutm pepmr pkssfdfnfte e pertfjfpeèêk eoòofè bm mstubeotms (ek `moks oe vmrsêk dåsfje
prmsmojfen m useobk imrre`motes oes quefs oêk lå omjmssfbebm bm nkhfo ). Ievkrmjm e
nkhfo).
mspkoteomfbebm oes rmspkstes, e `mtejkhofèêk m bmsmovknvm e ledfnfbebm bm sàotmsm. Enæ` bfssk,
pmr`ftm qum tkbks jkotrfdue` m` uè termie mspmjàifje m` fhuefs jkobfèýms bm pertfjfpeèêk
(`ms`k
sknfjftebktm`pk,
m pkbm``ms`k rmjursk).
bmsjkdrfr Ks enuoks
sue pksfèêk kdtá` immbdejc
m` rmneèêk ek hrupk, jkosknfbebk
essf` jk`k bk
e pksfèêk bk prkimsskr
immbdejc fobfvfbuen
m` rmneèêk e bmtmr`foebk túpfjk. Ebfjfkoen`motm, e tæjofje tm` k pkbmr bm mstedmnmjmr uè
rmneèêk fotmretfve motrm prkimsskr m enuoks, m motrm enuoks.
Ymrsêk dåsfje (prmsmojfen)

E fbmfe dåsfje æ qum, bureotm ku ek ifoen bm uè uofbebm bm mstubk (pkr mxm`pnk, uè penmstre), k
prkimsskr pmèe eks enuoks qum hestm` 5 `foutk msjrmvmobk sue rmspkste pmssken e uè ku bues
qumstýms, pkr mxm`pnk1 „K qum ifjku `moks jnerk omste penmstre;‐. E smhufr, k prkimsskr rmjknlm ks
rmhfstrks (pmqumoks pepæfs ku jertýms pebrkofzebks) m iez uè jkosknfbeèêk, rmtkroeobk jk`
immbdejc oe
oe smssêk smhufotm.
]` rktmfrk sf`pnms pere usk be tæjofje prmsmojfen æ jk`pkstk bks pessks e smhufr.
Mxpnfqum e bfoä`fje bk @foutm pepmr ‚ qumstýms jurtes prkpkstes pkr vkjá e smrm`
rmspkobfbes m` 5 `foutk m movfebes epús e mxpfreèêk bk prezk.
e. Wrkpkole ehkre uè qumstêk bm fotmrmssm

f otmrmssm bk hrupk, pkbmobk edreohmr1 nmveote`motk bm
j.
d. mxpmjtetfves skdrm u` jursk ku uofbebm bm mstubk3 qumstýms skdrm jkotmñbks edkrbebks3
m.
b. jfteèêk bm mxm`pnks be vfbe rmen3 jkosknfbeèêk bm mstretæhfes pere sknuèêk bm prkdnmès3 ek
i. ifoen bm mstubks bm jesk, sknfjfteèêk bm austfifjetfves pere bmjfsýms3 jkoauotks ifxks bm
h. entmroetfves (qumstýms bm `ñntfpne msjknle)3 præ-tmstm skdrm tmès okvks ku bmsjkolmjfbks.

Wessebks ks 97 smhuobks, foikr`m eks enuoks qum k prezk pere e rmbeèêk bes rmspkstes
mstå mshktebk m qum mnms bmvm` motrmhå-nes e vkjá.
Tmsmrvm u` tm`pk pere nmr es rmspkstes m mnedkrer u` immbdejc jkosknfbebk.

jkosknfbebk.
Eprmsmotm sues kdsmrveèýms çs rmspkstes

rmspkstes motrmhums, edrfobk mspeèk pere e pertfjfpeèêk
bks enuoks.
Ymrsêk ko-nfom
E fbmfe jmotren æ e `msè, bm prkpksfèêk bm uè ku èfs qumstýms (oêk omjmsserfe`motm
fotmrrkhetfves), jk` tm`pk bmtmr`foebk pere motrmhe (97 smhuobks) vfe jlet ku smrvfèk bm
`mosehm` fosteotäome. Jk`k es imrre`motes sàojrkoes fbmotfifje` k m`fsskr m mxfdm` es
rmspkstes movfebes m` u` mspeèk jkù`, suhmrm-sm qum ks enuoks ehuerbm` k evfsk bm
mxpfreèêk bk prezk pere movfer sue rmspkste. Ykjá jkosknfbe es `mosehmos m bå u` immbdejc
jknmtfvk.
]` rktmfrk sf`pnms pere usk be tæjofje ko-nfom æ jk`pkstk bks pessks e smhufr.
ko-nfom æ
Mxpnfqum eks enuoksm`

smrm` rmspkobfbes e bfoä`fje
5 `foutkbk @foutm pepmr1
m movfebes epús qumstýms
k evfsk bmjurtes prkpkstes
mxpfreèêk pkr vkjá
bk prezk. e es
(Ebeptm
krfmoteèýms bm ejkrbk jk` e imrre`mote bm jkùofjeèêk utfnfzebe.)
Wrkpkole uè qumstêk bm tmstm (pkr mxm`pnk1 „Uuen æ k mbujebkr dresfnmfrk bm èfkr
prkamèêk fotmroejfkoen;‐) m krfmotm ks enuoks e rmspkobmr m` 97 smhuobks, sm` movfer e
rmspkste ek hrupk.

mstå mshktebk m qum mnms bmvm` movfer es rmspkstes.
Jkrrfae mvmotuefs foebmqueèýms (enuoks qum movfe` es rmspkstes eotms bk tm`pk ku motêk
bmpkfs qum tkbks aå pudnfjere` sues `mosehmos), vfseobk rmifoer e tæjofje pere es prúxfès
qumstýms.
Wrkpkole ehkre uè qumstêk rmen bm fotmrmssm bk hrupk. Wkbm verfer bm „Uuen sue
mxpmjtetfve skdrm k jursk;‐, epnfjebe ok foàjfk bes eunes pere vmrfifjer k qum ks enuoks
mspmre` bm uè sftueèêk bfbåtfje, etæ „K qum vkjá motmobm pkr...;‐, epnfjebe ek if` bm uè
uofbebm bm mstubk pere vmrfifjer e jk`prmmosêk bks enuoks m` rmneèêk e bmtmr`foebk
jkojmftk.
mstå mshktebk m qum mnms bmvm` movfer es rmspkstes.
Tmsmrvm u` tm`pk pere qum tkbks nmfe` es `mosehmos moqueotk vkjá mnedkre repfbe`motm
u` immbdejc jkosknfbebk.
jkosknfbebk.
Eprmsmotm sues kdsmrveèýms çs `mosehmos pudnfjebes, edrfobk mspeèk pere e pertfjfpeèêk

bks enuoks.
Ymrsêk m` hrupk
Ks enuoks pkbm` tredenler m` perms ku trfks, jk`pertfnleobk rmspkstes ku ikrùneobk qumstýms
uos eks kutrks (jkosfbmreobk sm`prm k nf`ftm
n f`ftm bm tm`pk jrkok`mtrebk).
Ks hrupks pkbm` prmperer, epnfjer, teduner, eoenfser m eprmsmoter rmsuntebks bm qumstýms bm
kom `foutm pepmrs.

Ks jleèbks `fjrk`k`motks
`fjrk`k`motks sêk vfedfnfzebks pmne èssfifjeèêk bks tmnmikoms jmnunerms, qum
kjupere` k nuher bks jk`putebkrms bm `mse oe prk`kèêk bm fotmreèýms ireh`motebes. Zm eotms mre
prmjfsk mspmrer pere dusjer foikrèèýms ku tkèr bmjfsýms queobk mstfvæssm`ks jkomjtebks e u`
WJ, ehkre pkbm`ks tá-nes oes pkotes bks bmbks e quenqumr `k`motk m m` quenqumr nkjen pkr `mfk
bes jkomxýms jkotàoues.
Es imrre`motes bm nkjenfzeèêk bfspkoàvmfs oks sèrtplkoms
sèrtplkoms oks eaube` e mojkotrer k qum
qumrm`ks, e iezmr k qum bmsmae`ks m oks nmve` ekobm prmjfse`ks jlmher. Oks `fjrk`k`motks, es
pmsskes use`
bmsjkdrfr, smus sèrtplkoms
bm essfstfr sèrtplkoms
ku bm jk`prer pere
enhk.setfsiezmr e uèm`vkotebm
Zêk fosteotms pkotuensêk
qum bmjfsýms bm tkèbes
eprmobmr,m bm iezmr, bm
prmimráojfes
sêk `knbebes m` qumstêk bm `foutks ku smhuobks.2<
]` tmè rmnejfkoebk ç `fjrkeprmobfzehm`, qum eks pkujks mstå smobk fotrkbuzfbk oe mbujeèêk,
sêk ks `fjrkjkotmñbks
`fjrkjkotmñbks.. E fbmfe te`dæ` æ ireh`moter k jkotmñbk e smr eprmobfbk pere tkroå-nk èfs
ebmquebk eks bfspksftfvks `úvmfs.
Mxfstm` vårfks tfpks bm `fjrkjkotmñbk1 fèhmos, pkbjests
pkbjests,, vàbmks, påhfoes wfcf, jk`motårfks m
rmvfsýms, pkstehmos m` dnkhs
dnkhs m `mosehmos jurtes oes `àbfes skjfefs, fojnufobk--sm omsse bmifofèêk
rmjursks bfhftefs jk`pkstks bm mnm`motks skokrks, vfsuefs m vmrdefs, jkù`motm jrfebks, pudnfjebks m
jk`pertfnlebks oe wmd
wmd..
E Zkjfmbebm Mspeolkne bm @fjrkdfknkhfe bmsmovknvmu u` `fjrkjursk pfkomfrk bm

@fjrkdfknkhfe Dåsfje vfe Rwfttmr. Jebe u` bks :7 prkimsskrms pertfjfpeotms prmperku uè
penmstre jk` :7 e =7 iresms (twmmts
( twmmts),
), jebe uè bmnes jk` ok `åxf`k 527 jerejtmrms,
fojnufobk nfocs
`fjrkjursknfocs perebmbfvmrsks
etrevæs jkotmñbks`úvmfs
smus bfspksftfvks hretuftks. Ks enuoks ikre`
ku jk`putebkrms, mojkreaebks
ok lkrårfk e smhufr
ehmobebk ku èfsk
terbm, prkjureobk e leslteh* #`fjrk@KKJZM@, qum te`dæ` pkbfe smr usebe pere fotmrehfr
jk` ks prkimsskrms. Jkosfbmreobk k oñ`mrk tkten bm twmmtstwmmts m e irmquáojfe bm nfdmreèêk, e
bureèêk bk `fjrkjursk ikf bm eprkxfèbe`motm 47 lkres. Bureotm k tm`pk m` qum pmrèomjmu
etfve, e jkote bk Rwfttmr bk ZM@ rmjmdmu u` tkten bm 224.584 f`prmssýms m èfs bm 58=.777
vfsftes.
* Leslteh æ æ uè penevre ku mxprmssêk-jlevm rmprmsmotebe pmnk sfoen # (akhk be vmnle) m qum æ utfnfzebe pere
fbmotfifjer k essuotk bm u` jkotmñbk qum es pmsskes jk`pertfnle` oes rmbms skjfefs. K sfoen smhufbk bk
essuotk sm treosikrè m` u` lfpmrnfoc bmotrk
bmotrk be rmbm, pkbmobk smr nkjenfzebk pmnks `mjeofs`ks bm dusje.
Es lesltehs
lesltehs èfs usebes sêk ehrupebes m` nfstes bm túpfjks èfs ejmssebks (ks jleèbks trmobfoh
).
tkpfjs).
tkpfjs
Ikotm1 NÚWMQ-HKÕF, F. Rwfttmr es e tkkn ikr tmejlfoh eob jk`ùofjetfoh `fjrkdfknkhy1 Rlm
#`fjrk@KKJZM@ Foftfetfvm. Akuroen ki @fjrkdfknkhy & Dfknkhy Mbujetfko,
Mbujetfko , v. 58, o. :, p. 264-262, bmz. 4759.
Bm oeturmzes têk bfimrmotms, k qum ks bfstfohum jk`k `fjrkjkotmñbks; K Uuebrk 4.4 eprmsmote
jfojk jerejtmràstfjes jkùos1 ikjk, mstruture, eutkssuifjfáojfe, fobfvfsfdfnfbebm m mobmrmèe`motk.
Uuebrk 4.4 ‚ Jerejtmràstfjes

‚ Jerejtmràstfjes jkùos eks `fjrkjkotmñbks
Jerejtmràstfjes Bmsjrfèêk
Ikjk Tmimrm-sm e uè ñofje fbmfe, u` ñofjk túpfjk.
Mstr
Mstrut
utur
ure
e Wk
Wkss
ssu
uf `
`mt
mteb
ebeb
ebkks qum
qum k b
bmt
mten
enle
le`,
`, jk`k
jk`k tàtun
àtunk,
k, bmsj
bmsjrf
rfèê
èêk,
k, pene
penevr
vre
es-jl
s-jlev
evm,
m, eutk
eutkrr, b
bet
ete
ebbm
m
jrfeèêk, pmr`ftfobk e dusje m k jk`pertfnle`motk m` desms bm bebks.
Eutkssuifjfáojfe Mohnkde tkbes es foikrèèýms omjmssårfes pere sue jk`prmmosêk m mxmjuèêk (pkr
mxm`pnk, u` jertêk bm vfsftes ku uè rmjmfte junfoårfe jkotá` tkbks ks bebks pere qum
pksse` smr utfnfzebks pmnes pmsskes, sm` omjmssfbebm bm mxpnfjeèýms jk`pnm`moterms).

Fobf
Fobfvf
vfsfd
sfdfnfnfbe
fbebm
bm Oê
Oêk
k pk
pkbm
bm smr
smr qu
qumd
mdre
rebk
bk m` pm
pmbe
beèk
èkss `mo
`mokr
krms
ms sm`
sm` qu
qum
m lea
leae
eppmr
mrbe
be bm sfhof
sfhofififje
jebk
bk..
Mo
Mobm
bmrm
rmèe
èe`m
`mot
otk
k Wk
Wkbm
bm smr
smr ffbm
bmot
otfififje
fjebk
bk pkr
pkr u`
u` ok`m
ok`m/t
/tàt
àtun
unk
k ñofj
ñofjk,
k, qum
qum k b
bfst
fstfoh
fohum
um b
bks
ks bm`
bmèfs
efs jko
jkotm
tmñb
ñbks
ks..
Ikotm1 ebeptebk bm ZK]QE, @. F. I. @kbmnks bm prkbuèêk bm `fjrkjkotmñbk mbujejfkoen pere e`dfmotms vfrtuefs bm
`kdfnfbebm. Rmsm
eprmobfzehm` jk` `kdfnfbebm. Rmsm (Bkutkrebk ‚ Jfáojfes Zkjf
Zkjfefs
efs oe Mbujeèêk) ‚ Iejunbebm bm Mbujeèêk,
]ofvmrsfbebm Mstebuen bm Je`pfoes, Je`pfoes, 475:. NMMOM, E. @fjrkjkotmot fs mvmrywlmrm (ko `fjrknmerofoh). Fo1
L]H, R., NFOBOMT, @., DT]JC, W. E. (Mb.). @fjrk`mbfe & m-nmerofoh 4.71 hefofoh
4.71 hefofoh tlm dfh pfjturm1 prkjmmbfohs ki
@fjrknmerofoh Jkoimrmojm 4779. Foosdrujc, Åustrfe1 Foosdrujc ]ofvmrsfty Wrmss, 4779.

Enæ` bmsses jerejtmràstfjes, ks `fjrkjkotmñbks huerbe` mstrmfte rmneèêk jk` e lfpmr`àbfe1 e
oeturmze làdrfbe (nfohuehmos skokre, vfsuen m vmrden), e erquftmture lfpmrtmxtuen m e fotmretfvfbebm.
Ok jkotmxtk mbujejfkoen, k `fjrkjkotmñbk æ jkosfbmrebk, motêk, uè uofbebm bm eprmobfzehm`,
qum „æ uè uofbebm etò`fje ku mnm`moter qum jkotæ` ks mnm`motks omjmssårfks ek prkjmssk bm
mosfok/eprmobfzehm`‐.26 Essf`, oêk pkbm smr sudbfvfbfbk m` pertms, skd pmoe bm pmrbmr k sfhofifjebk3
pkssuf teèolk m tm`pk nf`ftebks3 æ eutkjkotfbk ok qum sm rmimrm e kdamtfvks m jkotmñbks3 m vfse e u`
ku èfs kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm` (ku rmsuntebks mspmrebks).
Msse bmifofèêk te`dæ` jkrrmspkobm ek jkojmftk bm (`fjrk) kdamtk bm eprmobfzehm`, kdsmrveobk-sm
es rmstrfèýms bm teèolk m bureèêk. Omssm smotfbk, te`dæ` pmr`ftm m iejfnfte k usk/rmñsk bm
jkotmñbks.

IEÈE IÅJFN
---- Wmjle
---- Wmjle Cujle ----
Wmjle Cujle (WC)=7 æ u` tmr`k aepkoás usebk pere bmsjrmvmr k sk` prkbuzfbk bureotm uè
jkovmrse (k pkpuner durdurfolk ku dnå-dnå-dnå). E WC oebe èfs æ qum u` ikrètk bm
eprmsmoteèêk åhfn m jrfetfve. Mne smhum u` pebrêk vfsuen m tm`pkren qum jkosfstm m` 47 snfbms
snfbms,,
jebe quen jk` uè fèhm` m uè fbmfe jmotren, ejk`peolebks bm eprmsmoteèêk kren nf`ftebe e
rfhkrksks 47 smhuobks jebe.
K ikrètk ikf jrfebk m` 477: pkr Estrfb Cnmfo m @erc Bytle`, bk msjrftúrfk bm erquftmture m
bmsfho Cnmfo Bytle`, smbfebk m` Rúqufk, ok Aepêk. E fbmfe krfhfoen mre jrfer uè ikrè bm
bmsfho
jk`pertfnle`motk bm fbmfes qum ikssm bfvmrtfbe, fotmnfhmotm m jrfetfve. Lkam e WC vm` smobk
utfnfzebe m` foñ`mres epnfjeèýms, fojnusfvm jk`k mstretæhfe bm mosfok m eprmobfzehm` m bm
evenfeèêk.
Zmhum u` mxm`pnk bm mstruture dåsfje pere jkostrufr uè eprmsmoteèêk f`pejteotm ok ikrètk
WC.
Eprmsmoter k tmè.
Austfifjer e f`pkrtäojfe bk tmè pere k kdamtfvk hmren bk jursk/prkhreè.
Eprmsmoter e fbmfe jmotren m ks sudtúpfjks rmnejfkoebks ek tmè.
Jkotmxtuenfzer k tmè lfstkrfje`motm (queobk surhfu, kobm surhfu, pkr qum surhfu) ku m`
rmneèêk ek quebrk
èfs je`pks tmúrfjk èfs e`pnk (jk`k sm rmnejfkoe jk` kutrks tmès m jk` u` ku
bm jkolmjf`motk).

Epkoter uè ku èfs jerejtmràstfjes

jerejtmràstfjes bfstfotfves bk tmè.
Mxm`pnfifjer es jerejtmràstfjes bk tmè.
Iezmr uè jkotrepksfèêk jk` kutrks tmès rmnejfkoebks.
Fobfjer nf`fteèýms ku rmstrfèýms bk tmè.
Eprmsmoter pkssfdfnfbebms bm epnfjeèêk ku bmsbkdre`motks.
Jkojnufr jk` uè rminmxêk pmssken skdrm k tmè.
Wkr `mfk bmsse mstruture dåsfje, prmpere-sm k tmxtk bm nkjuèêk qum huferå e iene.
Werenmne`motm, ku ek ifoen bmsse prmpereèêk, æ lkre bm dusjer fèhmos qum rmprmsmotm` e fbmfe
prfojfpen bm jebe snfbm
snfbm..
Lå tkten nfdmrbebm pere `kbfifjer ku `ms`k sudvmrtmr msse mstruture dåsfje. K f`pkrteotm æ
qum, ek ifoen1 e eprmsmoteèêk smae jkosfstmotm m èotmole k ikjk ok tmè prfojfpen3 k tmè m
smus sudtúpfjks smae` bfstrfduàbks prkpkrjfkoen`motm ok snfbm
snfbm33 k tmxtk ienebk ederqum es fbmfes
prfojfpefs rmnejfkoebes ek tmè3 es fèhmos
f èhmos fnustrm` ku jk`pnm`motm` e iene.
Dke pertm bes eprmsmoteèýms WC æ imfte ek vfvk, pkræ` jebe vmz èfs mnes tá` sfbk rmhfstrebes
oe ikrè bm vàbmk ku `ms`k bm eune oerrebe m bfspkofdfnfzebes m` smrvfèks bm jk`pertfnle`motk
bm vàbmks,
Ymae e jk`k
smhufrk uè
Vku-Rudm m kbm
rudrfje Yf`mk.
evenfeèêk sf`pnms qum pkssfdfnfte uè eutkevenfeèêk ku uè
evenfeèêk pkr perms be WC.

Jk`pnmteobk k jfjnk be `fjrkeprmobfzehm`, Zmjuretk utfnfze k tmr`k „mbujeèêk ok ikrètk Nmhk‐

(mbujetfkoen Nmhk,
Nmhk, m` fohnás) pere rmtreter e tmobáojfe bm irejfkoer k mosfok, epkoteobk okves ikrès
bm jmrtfifjeèêk be
oeokjmrtfifjeèýms eprmobfzehm`
hrebetfves jk`k bmuè
sêk smhufbes `mhetmobáojfe
jmrtfifjeèýms bfsruptfve
fotmr`mbfårfes èfs m` mbujeèêk.
edreohmotms qumEs
k
eprmobfz kdtæ` etæ jlmher e uè jmrtfifjeèêk ifoen rmjkolmjfbe pmnks úrhêks jk`pmtmotms. E msse
pråtfje bm `kbunerfzeèêk m inmxfdfnfzeèêk bes jmrtfifjeèýms etrfduf-sm k ok`m bm jrmbmojfefs m`pfnlåvmfs
(bk fohnás stejcednm jrmbmotfens).
jrmbmotfens). Es oeokjmrtfifjeèýms mstêk enfolebes jk` e eprmobfzehm` m`
`fjrk`k`motks. Oes penevres bk eutkr, oêk lå „bmspmrbàjfk‐ bm eprmobfzehm` queobk sm
`fjrkjmrtfifje jebe uofbebm bm mstubk jepturebe, prkjmssebe m venfbebe.=5
E Mb\ kimrmjm `fjrkjmrtfifjeèýms ku `fjrk`mstrebks m` Hmstêk be Jebmfe bm

Zuprf`motks, qum pkbm` smr imftks fsknebe`motm ku usebks jk`k jræbftks m` u`
`mstrebk bk @FR. Ks enuoks pkbm` jk`pnmter es jmrtfifjeèýms fotmr`mbfårfes queobk m
kobm qufsmrm` m heoler jrmbmojfefs rmjkolmjfbes pkr m`prmses bm oàvmn supmrfkr m ejmftes
jk`k jræbftks pere `mstrebk m` vårfes uofvmrsfbebms bk ùobk.*
* Bmtenle`motk
475<. bk prkhreè m`1 MB\ . Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.mbx.krh/`fjrkèstmrs?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv.
Jk`k pkbm`ks okter, e `fjrkeprmobfzehm` bmsmovknvm uè ikrè bm motrmhe bm jkotmñbk m`

pmqumoks „pmbeèks‐, jk` entk oàvmn bm fotmreèêk m immbdejc fosteotäomk
fosteotäomk epús jebe eèêk bk usuårfk,
qum sm eauste dm` teotk ç eprmobfzehm` `úvmn (`-nmerofoh) queotk ç eprmobfzehm` udàque (u-
nmerofoh), bues `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs qum mxpnkrerm`ks
mxpn krerm`ks jk` èfs bmtenlms oe smèêk e smhufr.
4.9 @-NMETOFOH M ]-NMETOFOH

Ks bfspksftfvks `úvmfs, fojnufobk ks tmnmikoms jmnunerms, tkroere`-sm e tmjoknkhfe bm jrmsjf`motk èfs
råpfbk oe lfstúrfe luèoe. ]è bes rezýms bmvm-sm ek `mnlkr bmsfho
bmsfho,, ek èfkr pkbmr jk`putejfkoen,
ç jepejfbebm bm erèzmoe`motk bm bebks, vmnkjfbebm m jkoifedfnfbebm be rmbm. @es k prfojfpen ietk æ
qum ks tmnmikoms jmnunerms etuefs jkosmhum` jk`dfoer m` u` ñofjk bfspksftfvk, e justk ejmssàvmn,
rmjursks bm tmnmikofe, jk`puteèêk, sfstmè bm `mosehmos m ùntf`àbfe.

E jkomxêk jk` k ùobk tkbk, k ejmssk e tkbk tfpk bm jkotmñbk (tmxtk, åubfk, vàbmk, fèhmos), e
jkovmrháojfe bm `àbfes, iuojfkoenfbebms m bfspksftfvks bm tkbks ks tfpks ‚ bm rmnúhfks e tmnmvfskrms, bm
jä`mres iktkhråifjes e èpes ‚ m e bfspkofdfnfbebm 42 lkres pkr bfe, 8 bfes pkr smèoe jk`pým` u`
mjkssfstmè `úvmn qum iuojfkoe jk`k uè mxtmosêk bk okssk smr, e`pnfeobk jkosfbmrevmn`motm e
jepejfbebm luèoe bm prkjmsse`motk m erèzmoe`motk.=4
Ok je`pk mbujejfkoen, mssms bfspksftfvks pkssfdfnftere` k surhf`motk bm uè okve `kbenfbebm bm
mosfok m eprmobfzehm` bmok`foebe eprmobfzehm` `úvmn (ku eprmobfzehm` jk` `kdfnfbebm), uè
trebuèêk pere `kdfnm
eprmobfzehm` nmerofoh pkr
æ fotmr`mbfebk (ku bfspksftfvks
`-nmerofoh),sm`
bk fbfkè fohnás.
ifk, jk`k Ok `-nmerofoh,
k tmnmikom jmnuner, kksèrtplkom
prkjmssk bm mmosfok
sèrtplkom m m,
k tednmt
pkr mxm`pnk, m pmr`ftm jkomjter e mxpmrfáojfe ikrèn bm mbujeèêk jk` k eprmobfzebk sftuebk.
Ok `-nmerofoh, k prkjmssk bm mosfok m eprmobfzehm` æ fotmr`mbfebk pkr bfspksftfvks
sm` ifk, jk`k k tmnmikom jmnuner, k sèrtplkom m k tednmt , pkr mxm`pnk, m pmr`ftm
jkomjter e mxpmrfáojfe ikrèn bm mbujeèêk jk` k eprmobfzebk sftuebk.
]è bmifofèêk èfs mstrfte æ bebe pkr K‖@ennmy mt en1 „quenqumr tfpk bm eprmobfzebk qum ejkotmjm
queobk k enuok oêk mstå m` u` nkjen ifxk prmbmtmr`foebk, ku qum kjkrrm queobk k eprmobfz eprkvmfte
es kpkrtuofbebms kimrmjfbes pmnes tmjoknkhfes `úvmfs‐. =:
Zmhuobk Zejjkn mt en., k `-nmerofoh pkbm smr jerejtmrfzebk pkr1=2
• èfkr jkotrknm m eutkok`fe bk eprmobfz skdrm e prúprfe eprmobfzehm`3 eprmobfzehm` m` jkotmxtk,
• ok nkjen, lkrårfk m jkobfèýms qum k eprmobfz aunher èfs ebmquebks3 jkotfoufbebm m jkomjtfvfbebm
• motrm jkotmxtkspere
kpkrtuofbebms okseprmobmr
quefs k eprmobfz
bm ikrè sm `kvmr3 eprkvmfte`motk
mspkotäome, bm ejkrbk jk`bm tm`pks,
smus mspeèks
fotmrmssms m quefsqumr
m omjmssfbebms.
Yenm nm`drer qum, bebes es pmjunferfbebms bks epermnlks `úvmfs, mspmjfen`motm equmnes
rmnejfkoebes ek teèolk rmbuzfbk be tmne m bk tmjnebk, es prkpkstes mbujejfkoefs prmjfse`
eprmsmoter jerejtmràstfjes be `fjrkeprmobfzehm`, etmobmobk eks espmjtks bm `kdfnfbebm,
jkomjtfvfbebm, bmsfho
bmsfho,, usedfnfbebm, fotmretfvfbebm, nfohuehm`, motrm kutrks rmqufsftks.
M, ok `-nmerofoh, enæ` bm ejmsser rmjursks m ètmrfefs, ks eprmobfzms te`dæ` pkbm` jepturer
bebks, rmenfzer kdsmrveèýms m hmrer jkotmñbks, jk`pertfnleobk-ks m` tm`pk rmen ku erèzmoeobk-ks
pere usk pkstmrfkr.
Oe mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve, k `-nmerofoh kimrmjm vårfks dmomiàjfks, jk`k pmr`ftfr qum
enuoks jk` `kdfnfbebm utfnfzm` smu tm`pk nfvrm moqueotk tredenle` ku vfeae` pere
rmenfzer sues termies, oêk prmjfseobk sm prmobmr e mspeèks iàsfjks ifxks pere tmr ejmssk
e ètmrfefs bfbåtfjks ku pere fotmrehfr jk` prkimsskrms m jknmhes bm mstubk.
Wertfjuner`motm oe mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve, k `-nmerofoh kimrmjm vårfks dmomiàjfks, jk`k pmr`ftfr qum
enuoks jk` `kdfnfbebm utfnfzm` smu tm`pk nfvrm moqueotk tredenle` ku vfeae` pere rmenfzer sues
termies, oêk prmjfseobk sm prmobmr e mspeèks iàsfjks ifxks pere tmr ejmssk e ètmrfefs bfbåtfjks ku pere
fotmrehfr jk` prkimsskrms, jknmhes bm mstubk m bmèfs etkrms bk prkjmssk bm mosfok m eprmobfzehm`.
Kutrk dmomiàjfk æ e prkvfsêk bm eprmobfzebk m` tm`pk rmen, ok `k`motk mxetk m` qum ks enuoks
prmjfse` rmsknvmr u` prkdnmè m dusjer jkolmjf`motk.
Motrm es tmjoknkhfes `úvmfs, uè qum sm bmsteje pkr e`pnfer e jkomxêk motrm k ùobk ko-nfom ko-nfom m
kii-nfom sêk es `kdfnms tehs.
kii-nfom tehs. Mssms júbfhks bm derre pkbm` smr nfbks pkr quenqumr bfspksftfvk `úvmn
jk` jä`mre wmd m nmve` k usuårfk e enhu` nfoc . Ks UT jkbms (júbfhks
wmd m jkbms (júbfhks bm rmspkste råpfbe)== sêk ks
tfpks èfs pkpunerms bm `kdfnm tehs
tehs m pkbm` smr usebks pere ifos mbujejfkoefs m` etfvfbebms bm
je`pk, vfsftes tæjofjes m mxpmrfáojfes m` nedkretúrfk,
n edkretúrfk, motrm kutrks.
K Jepàtunk : trez
: trez èfs foikrèèýms skdrm jk`k ks UT jkbms pkbm` smr usebks m`
ètmrfefs bfbåtfjks qum use` imrre`motes bm rmenfbebm eu`motebe.

K prkamtk Mresùs+1 @y jfty fo UT jkbms (Mresùs+1 @fole jfbebm m` júbfhks UT) tm`
jk`k kdamtfvk jk`pertfnler pmrjmpèýms skdrm `kou`motks bm jfbebms perjmfres (Drehe,
Druxmnes m Jestmnne`èrm) pkr `mfk be jrfeèêk bm vàbmks nmhmobebks m` vårfks fbfkès m
bfvunhebks pkr UT jkbms.
jkbms. K prkamtk fojmotfve e fotmreèêk motrm msjknes bm vårfks peàsms
murkpmus, jk` k kdamtfvk bm edrfr es pkrtes be msjkne e kutres rmenfbebms, kutres ikrès bm
mosfok m bm etueèêk, bm ejkrbk jk` e mspmjfifjfbebm hmkpknàtfje m lfstúrfje bm jebe peàs
perjmfrk.*
* Bmtenlms pkbm` smr mojkotrebks m` @VJFUJ. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//`yjfqr.wmdokbm.pt/?. Ejmssk m`1 5=
imv. 475<.
Ok moteotk, epmser bk smu pktmojfen pere f`pejter e mbujeèêk, enhuès nf`fteèýms bks bfspksftfvks
`úvmfs, jk`k teèolk bm tmne rmbuzfbk, verfeèýms m` pneteikrès, rmbms bm bfspksftfvks `úvmfs m
eprmsmoteèêk bm foikrèèýms bm ikrè jkoifåvmn m e`fhåvmn, pkbm` bfifjunter e ejmfteèêk bk usk be
eprmobfzehm` `úvmn.
M` enhuos jkotmxtks, k `-nmerofoh æ vfstk jk`k uè mxtmosêk bk m-nmerofoh, ku smae, k
eprmobfzebk mnmtròofjk ejmssebk pkr `mfk bm bfspksftfvks `úvmfs. M` kutrks, æ jkosfbmrebk tkten`motm
bfimrmotm pkr supmrer enhuès bm sues nf`fteèýms, jk`k derrmfres mspejfefs m tm`pkrefs f`pkstes pkr
uè tmjoknkhfe ifxe qum mxfhm ejmssk e jk`putebkrms bm `mse. Essf`, k qum bfimrmojfe k `-nmerofoh
bk m-nmerofoh oêk æ e tmjoknkhfe bm ejmssk, ès k jkojmftk bm `kdfnfbebm ejrmsjfbk ç eprmobfzehm`.
E `kdfnfbebm prkpfjfe e ùbeoèe bm e`dfmotms m bm jkotmxtks ‚ surhm` okves omjmssfbebms,
okves kpkrtuofbebms, okvks hrupks skjfefs, okvks lkrårfks. Etæ ks jleèbks „tm`pks `krtks‐ (pkr
mxm`pnk, queobk ehuerbe`ks uè jkosunte `æbfje ku mste`ks ç mspmre bm u` treospkrtm) pkbm` smr
eprkvmftebks pere eprmobmr.
Essf`, k jkojmftk bm `kdfnfbebm sm e`pnfe pere enæ` be `kdfnfbebm iàsfje bks eprmobfzms, ffojnufobk
ojnufobk
te`dæ` e `kdfnfbebm tmjoknúhfje (utfnfzeèêk bm bfimrmotms bfspksftfvks jkoikr`m es jkobfèýms bk
jkotmxtk), e `kdfnfbebm jkojmftuen (etmoèêk e okvks jkojmftks m jkotmñbks pkr `mfk bes
`kvf`moteèýms iàsfjes), e `kdfnfbebm skjfkfotmrejfkoen (fotmreèêk jk` ie`fnferms, jknmhes bm mstubk ku
bm tredenlk) m etæ `kdfnfbebm tm`pkren (mnf`foeèêk bes irkotmfres motrm lkrårfk bm tredenlk, bm mstubk m
bm nezmr).
Ç `mbfbe qum okssk jkotmxtk ùbe, prmjfse`ks ebmquer e ikrè bm eprmobmr e mssm okvk
jkotmxtk. Omssm smotfbk, Zejjkn mt en.
en. jkosfbmre` e eprmobfzehm` udàque (ku u-nmerofoh, bk fohnás
udfquftkus nmerofoh) u` jkojmftk èfs edreohmotm bk qum k `-nmerofoh, qum, pkr sue vmz, rmprmsmote
=9
uè ikrè bfimrmotm bk m-nmerofoh (eprmobfzebk mnmtròofjk), jk`k `kstre e Ifhure 4.=.

Ifhure 4.= ‚ Mnm`motks qum jkostftum` k m-nmerofoh, `-nmerofoh m u-nmerofoh
Ikotm1 ZEJJKN, E. Q.3 ZJLNM@@MT, M.3 DETDKZE, A., A ., 4755. NF], H.3 LXEOH, H. E cmy stmp tk uobmrsteobfoh
perebfh` slfits fo m-nmerofoh1 tkwerbs jkotmxt-ewerm udfquftkus nmerofoh. Drftfsl Akuroen ki Mbujetfkoen Rmjloknkhy
Rmjloknkhy , v.
25, o. 4, 4757.

Msse bfstfoèêk ifje efobe èfs jnere ok quebrk eprmsmotebk e smhufr, qum jk`pere es
jerejtmràstfjes m pktmojfenfbebms bm jebe `kbenfbebm mbujejfkoen.

Ikotm1 ebeptebk bm NF]3 LXEOH, 4757, p. M:.

Oe vmrbebm, k u-nmerofoh mstå rmnejfkoebk ç okèêk bm jk`puteèêk udàque prkpkste pkr @erc
Xmfsmr m` 5665 ‚ u` jkojmftk usebk pere bmsjrmvmr e kofprmsmoèe bks jk`putebkrms ok jktfbfeok
bes pmsskes. Oe jk`puteèêk udàque, te`dæ` jleèbe bm pmrvesfve, k jk`putebkr sm fotmhre bm ten
`kbk ç vfbe bes pmsskes qum mnes k use` sm` pmrjmdmr qum k mstêk utfnfzeobk. =6
M` tmr`ks tmjoknúhfjks, e jk`puteèêk udàque movknvm bfvmrsks jk`putebkrms fotmrjko
fotmrjkomjtebks
mjtebks pkr
rmbms sm` ifk m prktkjknks bm jkùofjeèêk qum pmr`ftm` k tråimhk bm bebks motrm bfimrmotms
bfspksftfvks (fojnufobk ks `úvmfs) m rmbms mspenlebes pkr bfimrmotms pkotks, jk`k præbfks, rues m
jerrks. Enæ` bfssk, smoskrms m `mjeofs`ks bm nkjenfzeèêk tkroe` ks bfspksftfvks jepezms bm
fbmotfifjer e pksfèêk hmkhråifje bm jebe usuårfk m bm jebe e`dfmotm, `mnlkreobk e fotmriejm
jk`putejfkoen bm èomfre fotmnfhmotm.
M` uè bmifofèêk èfs mstrfte, u-nmerofoh rmimrm-sm e1 S...P prkjmssks bm eprmobfzehm` epkfebks
pmnk usk bm tmjoknkhfes be foikrèèêk ku jkùofjeèêk `úvmfs m sm` ifk, smoskrms m `mjeofs`ks bm
nkjenfzeèêk, qum jknedkrm` pere fotmhrer ks eprmobfzms ek smu jkotmxtk bm eprmobfzehm` m e smu
motkrok, pmr`ftfobk ikrèr rmbms vfrtuefs m rmefs motrm pmsskes, kdamtks, sftueèýms ku mvmotks, bm
ikrè qum sm pksse epkfer e eprmobfzehm` jkotàoue, jkotmxtuenfzebe m sfhofifjetfve pere k eprmobfz. 97
Jk`k pkbm`ks pmrjmdmr oe bmifofèêk, e smosfdfnfbebm ek jkotmxtk bk eprmobfz æ jmotren pere k
jkojmftk bm eprmobfzehm` udàque. „Zmosfdfnfbebm ek jkotmxtk‐ rmimrm-sm ç jepejfbebm bm ks skitwerms
sm ebepterm` ç sftueèêk oe quen mnms sm mojkotre`. Msse jepejfbebm pkssfdfnfte u` mstfnk bm
fotmreèêk qum iejfnfte desteotm e jkùofjeèêk luèok-`åqufoe, aå qum k prkhreè pkbm sm ebepter ç
sue omjmssfbebm.95
Were `mnlkr motmobf`motk bk qum fssk sfhofifje, Zjlfnft eprmsmote quetrk jetmhkrfes dåsfjes bm
jkotmxtk194
5. Jkotmxtk jk`putejfkoen ‚ ‚ rmimrm-sm e rmbm, jkomjtfvfbebm, justk bm jkùofjeèêk, nerhure bm

deobe m rmjursks jk`k f`prmsskres m msteèýms.

Jkotmxtk bk usuårfk ‚ ‚ rmimrm-sm ek pmrifn bk usuårfk, sue nkjenfzeèêk, e vmnkjfbebm bm smu

4. `kvf`motk, es pmsskes qum mstêk prúxfès, sue sftueèêk skjfen m smu mstebk bm mspàrftk.
:. Jkotmxtk iàsfjk ‚ rmimrm-sm
‚ rmimrm-sm e ftmos jk`k nu`foksfbebm, tm`pmreture m u`fbebm.
2. Jkotmxtk bm tm`pk ‚ rmimrm-sm
‚ rmimrm-sm ç lkre bk bfe, bete mspmjàifje ku æpkje bk eok.
Wkrteotk, ok u-nmerofoh, tubk k qum kjkrrm ek rmbkr bk eprmobfz æ pmrjmdfbk m jepturebk pere hmrer
motrmhe pmrskoenfzebe bm `fjrkjkotmñbks, ebepteèêk bm etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm` m rmjk`mobeèêk
bm fotmreèýms jk` pmsskes ku nkjefs prúxf`ks.
Ymae ok Uuebrk 4.2 u` jk`petetfvk motrm `-nmerofoh m u-nmerofoh.
Uuebrk 4.2 ‚ Jk`pereèêk motrm `-nmerofoh m u-nmerofoh
Zfstmè bm eprmobfzehm` `-nmerofoh u-nmerofoh
Ymrfi
mrfifje
fjeèêk
èêk bk jjkot
kotmx
mxtk
tk b
bk
k ep
eprm
rmobf
obfzz Wm
Wmnk
nk ejms
ejmssk
sk ek
ek de
deoj
ojkk bm be
bebk
bkss jk`
jk` Wmnk ejmssk ek deojk bm bebks
k pkrtiúnfk bm eprmobfzehm` jk` k pkrtiúnfk bm
eprmobfzehm` m smosfdfnfbebm
eks jkotmxtks pmsskefs (pkr
mxm`pnk, e nkjenfzeèêk m e
tm`pmreture bk jkrpk) m
e`dfmotefs bk ùobk rmen
Ejmssk eks rmjursks ku smrvfèks bm Ks eprmobfzms ejmsse` etfve`motm K sfstmè ikromjm etfve`motm
eprmobfzehm` smrvfèks bk sfstmè pkr `mfk bm smrvfèks pmrskoenfzebks jk`
rmbms sm` ifk desm ok jkotmxtk bk enuok
Jkotmñbk bk pkrtiúnfk bm Hreveèêk ko-nfom bks

ko-nfom bks Hreveèêk ko-nfom bks
ko-nfom bks
eprmobfzehm` jk`pkrte`motks bk enuok jk`pkrte`motks bk enuok m bk
e`dfmotm jkrrmspkobmotm ok
ùobk rmen
Zupkrtm pmrskoenfzebk Jk` desm ok pmrifn bk enuok m ok Jk` desm oks jk`pkrte`motks
deojk bm bebks jk` jk`pkrte`motks pmsskefs m sftueèýms e`dfmotefs
ko-nfom bk enuok ok ùobk rmen
Fotmhreèêk bm rmjursks bm E entmreèêk bks bfspksftfvks `úvmfs

`ú vmfs K smrvfèk bm eprmobfzehm` oêk
eprmobfzehm` mvmotuen`motm pkbm fotmrrk`pmr es æ fotmrrk`pfbk moqueotk k enuok
etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm` sm `kvm bm u` nuher pere k
kutrk m k e`dfmotm mstå
ùbeobk (fojnufobk bfspksftfvks
bm eprmobfzehm` m rmbms)
Ikotm1 ebeptebk bm LXEOH, H. A.3 RZEF, J.-J.3 VEOH, Z. A. L. Jrftmrfe, stretmhfms eob rmsmerjl fssums ki jkotmxt-
ewerm udfquftkus nmerofoh. Mbujetfkoen Rmjloknkhy & Zkjfmty , v. 55, o. 4, p. <5-65, 477<.

Uueobk iene`ks m` `-nmerofoh m u-nmerofoh, æ oeturen pmoser oe prkvfsêk bm sknuèýms bm
eprmobfzehm` aust-fo-tf`m, ku smae, ok `k`motk mxetk m` qum ks enuoks prmjfse` rmsknvmr u`
prkdnmè m dusjer jkolmjf`motk.
jkolmjf`motk. Mssm æ k tmè be oksse prúxfè smèêk.
4.8 A]ZR-FO-RF@M
A]ZR-FO-RF@M NMETOFOH

E mxprmssêk aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh (eprmobfzehm`

(eprmobfzehm` ok `k`motk mxetk) æ tkèbe bm m`præstf`k be
fobñstrfe, oe quen trmfoe`motks m jepejfteèýms sêk bebks eks tredenlebkrms ok nkjen m lkrårfk m` qum
mnms omjmssfte`. M` vmz bm ifjerm` smotebks bureotm lkres bm trmfoe`motk trebfjfkoen m` sene bm
eune, ks tredenlebkrms pkbm` ejmsser tutkrfefs wmd, ùntf`àbfe fotmretfve, deojks bm bebks
eutkhufebks m „pmbeèks‐ bm foikrèèýms, jkoikr`m omjmssårfk, pere mxmjuter termies mspmjàifjes m
rmsknvmr prkdnmès ç `mbfbe qum mnms surhfrm`.
E uofbebm bm jkrrmtehm` mnmtròofje

mnmtròofje be Jlernms Zjlwed & Jk. neoèku u` jmotrk fotmretfvk
bm eprmobfzehm` ko-nfom pere prkpkrjfkoer mbujeèêk bm fovmstf`motk hretufte e jnfmotms
pktmojfefs m mxfstmotms. K jmotrk, qum kimrmjm jursks skdrm ks iuobe`motks bk
fovmstf`motk m ètmrfen pere fovmstfbkrms èfs eveoèebks, ikf jkoifhurebk pere qum ks jnfmotms
pksse` smhufr u` jursk fotmfrk smqumojfen`motm ku msjknlmr epmoes túpfjks bm fotmrmssm ç
`mbfbe qum omjmssfterm`.
Ikotm1 JK@W]RMTXKTNB. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.jk`putmrwkrnb.jk`/ertfjnm/4=6=4<4/ft-èoehm`mot/aust-fo-

tf`m-nmerofoh.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
K ùobk jkrpkretfvk utfnfze aå lå enhu` tm`pk imrre`motes mspmjàifjes bm aust-fo-tf`m nmerofo

nmerofoh
h (ku
aust-fo-tf`m trefofoh, jk`k
jk`k æ jkolmjfbk
jkolmjfbk m` enhuès
enhuès m`prmses èfs
èfs eotfhes), qum jfte`ks e smhufr.
smhufr.9:
• (akd-efbs) ‚ kimrmjm` foikrèèýms bm iåjfn ejmssk, jkosfstmotms m m` u`
Eaubes bm tredenlk (akd-efbs)
ikrètk qum pmr`ftm råpfbe eprmmosêk. Edreohm` rmjursks jk`k jertýms bm rmimráojfe råpfbe,
iknlmtks, quebrks pere `koftkrms bm jk`putebkr, nfstes bm edrmvfetures ku júbfhks, jertezms,
jlmjcnfsts (nfstes bm vmrfifjeèêk) m kutrks ètmrfefs utfnfzebks pere rmikrèer e foikrèèêk eprmobfbe
m` uè sftueèêk bm sene bm eune. ]tfnfze` foikrèèêk tmxtuen m vfsuen pere eprmsmoter, bm ikrè
sfotætfje, mtepes bm u` prkjmssk, tmr`ks m bmifofèýms, jkojmftks-jlevm m foikrèèýms skdrm
`mnlkrms pråtfjes. ]` mxm`pnk jnåssfjk sêk ks jertýms jk` fostruèýms bm smhureoèe qum ifje`
oks dknsýms ç irmotm bes pkntrkoes oks vkks jk`mrjfefs.
• Rm`pnetms ‚ eaube`
‚ eaube` e hereotfr qum e ikrèteèêk pmrèomèe jkosfstmotm bmotrk bm u` bkju`motk3
sêk mspmjfen-`motm ñtmfs queobk vårfks fobfvàbuks sêk rmspkosåvmfs pkr jkotmñbks qum smrêk èfs
terbm jk`dfoebks jk` kutrks ètmrfefs sf`fnerms ku qum smrêk evenfebks pere ifos bm jk`pereèêk.
]` mxm`pnk sêk ks ikrùnårfks pere movfk bm jurràjunks. Jebe vmz èfs ks tm`pnetms tá` sfbk
usebks jk`k `kbmnks bm motrmhe bm etfvfbebms e bfstäojfe pere eauber ks eprmobfzms e motmobmr
èfs prmjfse`motm k qum sm mspmre bmnms m` uè etfvfbebm m e „heoler‐ tm`pk oe rmenfzeèêk bm
etfvfbebms sm` sm prmkjuper jk` qumstýms bm mstfnk ku ikrè3 mssm tfpk bm rmjursk te`dæ` ehfnfze
e jkrrmèêk pmnk prkimsskr ku tutkr, uè vmz qum mvfbmojfe k jkotmñbk bes etfvfbebms èfs qum e
ikrè.
• @ejrks ‚ ‚ mnf`foe` mtepes rmpmtftfves m` epnfjeèýms bm pneofnles mnmtròofjes m prkhreès bm
prkjmsse`motk bm tmxtk, rmbuzfobk desteotm k tm`pk omjmssårfk pere jk`pnmter uè etfvfbebm.
Wmoseobk bm uè ikrè èfs hnkden, k aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh æ fokvebkr ek prkpkr ùbeoèes m`
trás bf`mosýms mspmjàifjes, jk`k smhum.92
5. Bk jkotmñbk pebrkofzebk pere k jkotmñbk pmrskoenfzebk ‚ ‚ ks prkhreès trebfjfkoefs
kimrmjm` jkotmñbk jenjfifjebk m` jursks mspmjàifjks, moqueotk k aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh kimrmjm
jkotmñbk pmrskoenfzebk, ebeptebk eks fotmrmssms, mstfnks m ç `ktfveèêk bk enuok.
K Jepàtunk 2 `kstre
2 `kstre bm qum èomfre ks jkotmñbks pkbm` smr pmrskoenfzebks jk` desm
m` bebks kdtfbks pmnk usk bm `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes.

Be eprmobfzehm` pessfve pere e eprmobfzehm` etfve ‚ e ‚ e sene bm eune trebfjfkoen, oêk f`pkrte
4. sm prmsmojfen ku ko-nfom, æ desmebe m` u` `kbmnk bm treos`fssêk m` qum ks jkolmjf`motks bk
prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste sêk jkùofjebks eks enuoks3 ok aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh, e eprmobfzehm` æ
etfve m mxpmrfmojfen, oe `mbfbe m` qum ks enuoks sêk eprmsmotebks e prkdnmès bk ùobk rmen m
bmseifebks e mojkotrer sknuèýms m` jkotmxtk.
eprmobfzehm`2 bfsjutf`ks m` prkiuobfbebm es `mtkbknkhfes etfves m, pertfjuner`motm, e
mxpmrfmojfen.
:. Bk tm`pk ifxk pere k tm`pk inufbk ‚ es

‚ es okves tmjoknkhfes pmr`ftm` qum ks enuoks eprmobe` m`
quenqumr nuher m m` quenqumr fotmrvenk tm`pkren. M, pere etmobmr çs omjmssfbebms bm jebe
fosteotm, oêk epmoes ks jkotmñbks m es etfvfbebms sêk ikrètebks m` u` teèolk eb`fofstråvmn
pmnks enuoks ès te`dæ` mstêk etrmnebks e immbdejc f`mbfetk,
f`mbfetk, qum mojmrre k jfjnk bm fotmrmssm,
jkosunte m essf`fneèêk bm uè ñofje vmz. Bmste ikrè, ks enuoks sedm` qum jkojnuàre` u`
„pmbeèk‐ bm eprmobfzehm`, pkr `mokr qum smae, ku pkr èfs foikrèjfkoen qum tmole sfbk k
kdamtfvk oequmnm jurtk mspeèk bm tm`pk.
Jk`k vm`ks, æ e qumstêk be eb`fofstreèêk bk tm`pk qum bfstfohum k aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh bm

kutres `mtkbknkhfes etfves. Ymae`ks.
Ok `kbmnk trebfjfkoen, k jkolmjf`motk æ prkbuzfbk oes uofvmrsfbebms m krheofzeèýms bm
pmsqufses, erèzmoebk m` nfvrks m ètmrfefs bfbåtfjks, bfstrfduàb
bfstrfduàbk
k çs msjknes m uofvmrsfbebms m motêk
motrmhum eks mstubeotms. Oe èfkrfe bks jesks, ks prkimsskrms eauste` k tf`foh m m e krheofzeèêk be
motrmhe, ès ejmfte` qum k jkotmñbk smae bmtmr`foebk pkr tmrjmfrks.
Ok aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh, jkojmftks, fbmfes, tmkrfes m imrre`motes bm eprmobfzehm` sêk „motrmhums‐
bfrmte`motm eks enuoks, ç `mbfbe qum sêk omjmssårfks pere rmsknvmr prkdnmès bk ùobk rmen. E
fotmromt pkssfdfnfte qum ks enuoks tmole` jkotetk bfrmtk jk` prkbutkrms bm jkolmjf`motk m ejmssm`
foikrèèýms queobk m kobm prmjfse`, jk` `moks bmpmobáojfe bm msjknes ku prkimsskrms pere
`mbfer k ejmssk ek jkolmjf`motk.
Wkr msse rezêk, ç prf`mfre vfste pkbm permjmr qum ks prkimsskrms sm tkroerêk bfspmosåvmfs pere
krheofzer e mxpmrfáojfe bm eprmobfzehm`, pkfs ks enuoks „eprmobmrêk e eprmobmr‐ m pkbmrêk
prkssmhufr m` smus mstubks m prkamtks bm ikrè fobmpmobmotm, jk` pkuje omjmssfbebm bm
prkimsskrms.
Ok aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh, jkojmftks, fbmfes, tmkrfes m imrre`motes bm eprmobfzehm` sêk
„motrmhums‐ bfrmte`motm eks enuoks, ç `mbfbe qum sêk omjmssårfks pere rmsknvmr
prkdnmès bk ùobk rmen.
Oe vfsêk bm Tfmn, jkotubk, k ejmssk e foikrèèýms bm teotes pmrspmjtfves bfimrmotms eu`mote, m
oêk bf`fouf, e omjmssfbebm bm krfmoteèêk mbujejfkoen quenfifjebe pkr pertm bm prkimsskrms. Ks enuoks
prmjfse` eprmobmr e evenfer foikrèèýms m ikotms bm foikrèèêk, quefs kutrks rmjursks mstêk
bfspkoàvmfs m jk`k smu tredenlk sm fotmhre jk` k bm kutrks pere jrfer uè jk`prmmosêk edreohmotm
bm u` je`pk bm mstubk.9=
E eutkre Tfmn erhu`mote qum prmjfse`ks
prmjfse`ks smr jeutmnksks ek rmbuzfr e mbujeèêk e uè etfvfbebm bm
sm `kvmr bm ikrè enmetúrfe bm u` jkoauotk bm jkolmjf`motks m ledfnfbebms pere k prúxf`k jkoauotk,
jkoikr`m omjmssårfk. E smu vmr, e mbujeèêk f`pnfje u` pneok qum fotmhre e eprmobfzehm` e mstrutures
fotmnmjtuefs èfs jk`pnmxes, qum smrvm` ek enuok m` jkotmxtks f`mbfetks m prkbutfvks. Fssk rmqumr
fotmreèýms bfoä`fjes motrm prkimsskr-enuok m` tkrok bm u` jursk fotmhrebk bm jkolmjf`motk m
ledfnfbebms, jk` mstruture foinumojfebe pkr ikrèes mjkoò`fjes, ejebá`fjes m jkùoftårfes. Omssm
smotfbk, m`dkre es imrre`motes tæjofjes pksse` sudstftufr pertm bes termies rktfomfres bm ikromjmr
foikrèèýms
„jursk‐ ok `k`motk tk
omjmssårfk,
bm bmsmovknvf`motk
bmsmovknvf`mo fotmnmjtuen.mssm tredenlk oêk bmvm smr jkoiuobfbk jk` e jkojmpèêk bm u`

Tfmn te`dæ` oêk jkojkrbe qum e ñofje jkosmquáojfe bk aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh smae uè
eprmobfzehm` èfs fobfvfbuenfzebe. K jkotrårfk te`dæ` æ pkssàvmn ‚ oe vmrbebm, e tmjoknkhfe bm
jkùofjeèêk pkbm e`pnfer k bfånkhk mbujejfkoen eu`moteobk k ejmssk e kutrks prkimsskrms,
mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs, ek ikrèr „jkùofbebms bm eprmobfzehm`‐ qum sm mstmobm` pere enæ` be
eprmobfzehm` fobfvfbuenfzebe m bk mosfok bm sene bm eune.
E `àbfe f`prmsse, e iktkhreife,
iktkhreife, k jfomè m ks jk`putebkrms
jk`putebkrms tkroere`
tkroere` pkssàvmn qum ùftes
ùftes pmsskes
jk`pertfnlessm` sues fbmfes jk` ks enuoks sm` rmen`motm motrer oe msjkne, ès epmoes m` u` tfpk
bm treos`fssêk uofbfrmjfkoen. Jk` e jkùofjeèêk ùntfbfrmjfkoen m ùntf`kben pkssfdfnftebe pmne
fotmromt m pkr rmbms sm` ifk, æ pkssàvmn qum ks enuoks fotmreae` jk` ùftes kutres pmsskes m fbmfes.
Rreosikrèr e sene bm eune m` uè jkùofbebm bm eprmobfzehm` pkssfdfnfte qum ùftes pmsskes èfs
ieèe` pertm bk prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm`, m` u` bfånkhk edmrtk m jkotàouk.
Rreosikrèr e sene bm eune m` uè jkùofbebm bm eprmobfzehm` pkssfdfnfte qum
ùftes pmsskes èfs ieèe` pertm bk prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm`, m` u` bfånkhk edmrtk
m jkotàouk.
Ok ä`dftk be mbujeèêk prmsmojfen, k `kbmnk m` qum ks enuoks essu`m` k pepmn bm mbujer-sm
jk` `úbunks bm eprmobfzehm` aust-fo-tf`m rm`mtm ek `kvf`motk bes msjknes bm`kjråtfjes be bæjebe
bm 5697 (jk`k e Zu``mrlfnn Zjlkkn).99 K prmssupkstk æ qum ks enuoks sedm` k qum prmjfse` sedmr,
mstêk eutk`ktfvebks e eprmobmr m sêk jepezms bm bmtmr`foer smu prúprfk pmrjursk bm eprmobfzehm`.
Fssk jkotreste ikrtm`motm jk` e èfkrfe bes senes bm eune trebfjfkoefs, m` qum k prkimsskr bmifom k
jursk bm eprmobfzehm` (jk` desm m` bfrmtrfzms oejfkoefs, ok jesk bk mosfok rmhuner bks oàvmfs
Iuobe`moten m Zupmrfkr) pere u` hrupk bm enuoks qum rmjmdmrå k `ms`k jkotmñbk, be `msè ikrè.
Jkovæ` kdsmrver, ok moteotk, qum oêk sêk pkujes es msjknes m uofvmrsfbebms qum mxpmrf`mote`
`kbmnks pmbehúhfjks
pmbehúhfjks `moks treos`fssfvks m èfs jmotrebks oks enuoks.
Were e mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve, jk`k vf`ks, k aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh æ ùftk èfs penetåvmn, vfstk qum
rere`motm e eprmobfzehm` æ e prfojfpen prfkrfbebm fostftujfkoen, m k je`folk bes pmsskes qum
eprmobm` æ ùftk èfs fobfvfbuenfste. Wkssfvmn`motm, e fbmfe bm f`pneoter jkùofbebms bm
eprmobfzehm` ske ùftk èfs bfsruptfve pere mssm jkotmxtk mbujejfkoen bk qum sknuèýms desmebes
m` tm`pk inufbk m inmxàvmn.

IEÈE IÅJFN
---- Bfsjursk bm mnmvebkr ----

---- Bfsjursk
---- (Mnmvetkr
---- (Mnmvetkr pftjl) ----
E tæjofje Bfsjursk bm mnmvebkr æ ùftk jkù` ok jkotmxtk bm stertups (m`prmses fofjfeotms,
hmren`motm oe årme bm tmjoknkhfe), m` qum pftjl æ uè eprmsmoteèêk råpfbe bm uè fbmfe ku
kpkrtuofbebm bm omhújfk e u` pkssàvmn fovmstfbkr ku perjmfrk bm omhújfk. Tm`mtm ek jmoårfk m`
qum lå u` mojkotrk fomspmrebk jk` enhuæ` bm ùftk fotmrmssm bmotrk bm u` mnmvebkr, qum æ u`
nkjen kobm tm`ks pkujks `foutks pere mxprmsser ku vmobmr uè fbmfe. Ku smae, æ prmjfsk smr
råpfbk m mimtfvk, ès eotms sf`pnfifjer uè `mosehm` jk`pnmxe.
Ebeptebe ek jkotmxtk mbujejfkoen
mbujejfkoen,, e tæjofje pkbm smr usebe ok nuher bks trebfjfkoe
trebfjfkoefs
fs
sm`foårfks, m` qum enuoks fobfvfbuen`motm ku m` hrupks eprmsmote` sues rminmxýms skdrm u`
prkdnmè, u` tmxtk ku u` tmè mstubebk ek nkohk bm u` df`mstrm ku sm`mstrm.
K bfimrmojfen bk Bfsjursk bm mnmvebkr æ qum ks enuoks tá` u` pmràkbk jurtk (bm : e = `foutks,
jkoikr`m bmifofbk ok pneomae`motk be tæjofje) pere eprmsmoter u` pmqumok bfsjursk eks bmèfs
jknmhes.
Were epnfjeèêk be tæjofje, mstm æ k pessk e pessk rmjk`mobebk.
rmjk`mobebk.
e. Krfmotm ks enuoks skdrm e bfoä`fje bk Bfsjursk bm mnmvebkr1 bmifoe k prkdnmè, tmxtk ku

tmè e smr mstubebk, m` enfole`motk eks kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm` bm u` jursk ku
d. uofbebm bm mstubk3 bmifoe u` pmràkbk pere qum ks enuoks mstubm`, fobfvfbuen`motm ku m`
j. hrupk, k essuotk m` qumstêk3 ehmobm u` bfe pere e eprmsmoteèêk bks bfsjursks bm
mnmvebkr pmnks enuoks fobfvfbuen`motm ku m` hrupks, rmssenteobk e bureèêk-nf`ftm bm jebe
bfsjursk.
Bureotm k pmràkbk bm prmpereèêk, sudsfbfm ks enuoks jk` rmimráojfes dfdnfkhråifjes

dfdnfkhråifjes m
mxm`pnks pråtfjks rmnejfkoebks.
rmnejfkoebks. Krfmotm-ks te`dæ` jk` rmneèêk eks túpfjks-jlevm e smrm`
edkrbebks bureotm k bfsjursk.

Zuhfre mstretæhfes pere mosefk m eprf`kre`motk bk bfsjursk, jk`k eprmsmoteèêk-tmstm pere

enuoks smnmjfkoebks m jlmjcnfst bm
bm evenfeèêk (vmr ftm` =).
Jkkrbmom e eprmsmoteèêk bks bfsjursks pmnks enuoks.
Evenfm es
es eprmsmoteèýms
eprmsmoteèýms nmveobk m` jkosfbmreèêk
jkosfbmreèêk ks jrftærfks
jrftærfks mnmojebks ok
ok jlmjcnfst bm
bm
evenfeèêk ikromjfbk eks enuoks.
Mxm`pnk bm jlmjcnfst pere
pere e mstretæhfe Bfsjursk bm mnmvebkr
quenfbebm bk jkotmñbk eprmsmotebk jepejfbebm bm sàotmsm mxprmssêk kren eprkvmfte`motk
bk tm`pk mspàrftk bm jknedkreèêk (pere etfvfbebm m` hrupk) ...
...

IMJLE@MORK
mstm jepàtunk mxpnkre`ks k pktmojfen fokvebkr bes `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs oe mbujeèêk. Eotm e
mxpnksêk foikrèjfkoen m e jkosteteèêk bm qum e jepejfbebm bm prkjmsse`motk jkhoftfvk
luèok pmrèomjm foentmrebe, e eprmsmoteèêk bm pmqumoks „pmbeèks‐ bm jkotmñbk, es
O
fotmreèýms råpfbes m es tkèbes bm bmjfsêk jkotmxtuenfzebes, oe lkre m oe sftueèêk mxetes m`
qum sm iezm` omjmssårfes, sêk epkotebes jk`k e sknuèêk pere e eprmobfzehm` ok ùobk
jkotm`pkräomk.
Dke pertm bequmnms qum etue` oe mbujeèêk prmsmojfen, e bfstäojfe m jkrpkretfve ikre`
mbujebks m` kutrks tmr`ks m tkè` jk`k jmrtes pråtfjes errefhebes ok ùobk msjkner,
ejebá`fjk m krheofzejfkoen desmebes ok jkotrknm bks tm`pks, bks mspeèks m bes pmsskes. Wkr
msse rezêk, prkjure`ks ek nkohk bk jepàtunk trezmr ek jkolmjf`motk bk nmftkr rminmxýms m jesks
pråtfjks qum fnustre` ùbeoèes bm perebfhè ok qum sm rmimrm ç eb`fofstreèêk bk tm`pk oe
mbujeèêk.
Essf`, imjle`ks mstm jepàtunk bmstejeobk ks trás prfojàpfks iuobe`motefs pere e ebkèêk bes
`mtkbknkhfes åhmfs m` mbujeèêk (vmae e Ifhure 4.9).

Ifhure 4.9 ‚ Wrfojàpfks mssmojfefs bes `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs

Es `mtkbknkhfes
`mtkbknkhfes åhmfs tkje` m` u` bks venkrms èfs jerks ek ùobk mbujejfkoen1
mbujejfkoen1
eb`fofstrer e etmoèêk ‚ k tm`pk ‚ bes pmsskes. Zmu pktmojfen fokvebkr permjm, e prfojàpfk,

jkoirkoter jk` e bmèobe pkr uè eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe, qum pmrèomèe pkr nkohks pmràkbks
m qum pksse smr epnfjebe m` kutrks jkotmxtks m m` jkotmxtks iuturks, m` kpksfèêk e uè
eprmobfzehm` supmrifjfen, råpfbe m ireh`motebe.
@es ‚ nkohm bks trkjebfnlks ‚ mojkotre`ks edefxk be supmriàjfm e jnere bmtmr`foeèêk bm
rmspmfter k tm`pk bk eprmobfz, bm fr bfrmtk ek pkotk sm` rkbmfks, bm ber smotfbk rmen çqufnk qum,
oes eèýms jkovmojfkoefs bm mosfok, pkr vmzms sm pmrbm m` nkohks m rmpmtftfvks prkjmssks,
jrfstenfzebks qum ikre` pmne trebfèêk jk`k „e‐ ikrè jkrrmte bm eprmobmr. Uum ks tmúrfjks sm
bmdrujm` skdrm sue mimtfvfbebm. Uum ks pretfjeotms mxpmrf`mo
mxpmrf`motm`
tm` okvks tm`pks m okves ikrès
bm eprmobmr m mosfoer.
TMIMTÁOJFEZ
ENYMZ, I.
I. Bmsfho bm eprmobfzehm` jk` usk bm Jeoves1
Jeoves1 Rrelmotm`. Zêk Weunk1 BYZ, 4759.
DEHLMTFEO, I.3 RLKTOHERM, X. Lkrsms tk wetmr1 stubmot usm ki jkursm omwshrkups. Ifrst @kobey , v. =, o. <,
v. =,
4777. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//ifrst`kobey.krh/fssums/fssum=[</tlkrohetm/fobmx.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
DTEOZIKTB, A. B. mt en.
en. (Mb.). Lkw pmkpnm nmero1
nmero1 drefo, `fob, mxpmrfmojm, eob sjlkkn. Mxpeobmb mbftfko.
Xeslfohtko, BJ1 Rlm Oetfkoen Ejebm`fj Wrmss, 4777.
DTFHHZ, Z. Ehfnm desmb nmerofoh1 wlet fs ft eob lkw jeo ft jleohm mbujetfko; Foikr`mb , imv. 4752.
JETNZKO, D. Uuktm ki tlm bey1 Hkkhnm JMK jk`perms bete ejrkss `fnnmoofe. Rlm Etneotfj , : aun. 4757.
JETT, O. E
O. E hmreèêk supmrifjfen 1 k qum e fotmromt mstå iezmobk jk` ks okssks jærmdrks. Rreb. @. H. I. Irfeèe.
Tfk bm Aeomfrk1
Aeomf rk1 Ehfr, 4755.
JEZRMNN, Z.3 AMOZKO, A. Weyfoh ettmotfko tk ettmotfko1 omw mjkok`fms ikr nmerofoh. Mbujetfkoen Rlmkry, v.
Rlmkry, v. =2,
o. :, 4772.
JLEZM, X. H.3 ZF@KO, L. E. Wmrjmptfko fo jlmss. Jkhoftfvm Wsyjlknkhy , v. 2, p. ==-95, 568:.
JLFO, J.3 DTKXO, B. M. Nmerofoh fo sjfmojm1 e jk`perfsko ki bmmp eob suriejm epprkejlms. Akuroen ki
Z jfmojm Rmejlfoh , v. :8, o. 4, p. 576-5:<, 4777.
Tmsmerjl fo Zjfmojm
JL]O, E. L. X. Rlm ehfnm tmejlfoh/nmerofoh `mtlkbknkhy eob fts m-Nmerofoh pnetikr`. Nmjturm Oktms fo Jk`putmr
Zjfmojm ‚ Ebveojms fo Xmd-Desmb Nmerofoh , v. :52:, p. 55-5<, 4772.
JK@W]RMTXKTNB. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.jk`putmrwkrnb.jk`/ertfjnm/4=6=4<4/ft-èoehm`mot/aust-fo-tf`m-
nmerofoh.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
JTKZZ, W.3 EOHMNK, R. R. Rlm kom-`foutm pepmr. Fo1 [[[[[[. Jnessrkk` essmss`mot tmjlofqums1
tmjlofqums1 e leobdkkc ikr
jknnmhm tmejlmrs. Eoo Erdkr, @F1 Oetfkoen Jmotmr ikr Tmsmerjl tk F`prkvm Wkstsmjkobery Rmejlfoh eob Nmerofoh,
56<<.
BMNLFA, E.3 YEO ZKNFOHMO, T.3 XFAOEOBZ, X. Rlm mbuZjru` hufbm.
hufbm. Rlm runms ki tlm he`m, 475=. Bfspkoàvmn
m`1 >mbusjru`.on/mo/ifnm/JCIfnms/Rlm[mbuZjru`[Hufbm[MO[5.4.pbi ?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
B‖ZK]QE, @. A.3 TKBTFH]MZ, W. Mxtrm`m pmbehkhy1 eo ehfnm tmejlfoh-nmerofoh `mtlkbknkhy ikr mohfommrfoh
mbujetfko. Fobfeo Akuroen ki Zjfmojm eob Rmjloknkhy , v. <, o. 6, p. <4<-<::, 475=.
BTEWMT, Z. X. Kom `foutm pepmrs.
pepmrs. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.psy.hne.ej.uc/~stmvm/rmskurjms/tejtfjs/`foutm.lt`n?.
MB]ZJT]@. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//mbusjru`.on/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
MB\. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.mbx.krh/`fjrkèstmrs?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
MBXETBZ, T. N. Wmjle Cujle fo tlm jnessrkk`1 tfps eob stretmhfms ikr dmttmr prmsmotetfkos. Tm`fxfoh tlm
Luèoftfms,, okv. 4754. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//rm`fxluèoftfms.wkrbprmss.jk`/4757/55/7:/pmjle-cujle-fo-tlm-
Luèoftfms
jnessrkk`-tfps-eob-stretmhfms-ikr-dmttmr-prmsmotetfkos/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
IMTH]ZKO, T.Fookvetfko
Kpmo ]ofvmrsfty en. Zpejmb
mt en. nmerofoh1
Tmpkrt dufnbfoh
9. @fntko Cmyoms,nkoh-tmr`
]C1 Rlm `m`krfms fo `foutms.
Kpmo ]ofvmrsfty, 4758. Fookvetfoh Wmbehkhy 4758 1
IFNERTK,, E
IFNERTK E.. Bmsfho fostrujfkoen oe pråtfje.
pråtfje. Zêk Weunk1 Wmersko/Wrmotfjm-Lenn, 477<.

[[[[[[. Wrkbuèêk bm jkotmñbks mbujejfkoefs.

mbujejfkoefs . Zêk Weunk1 Zerefve, 475=.
I]NNMT, T. D. Rlm jrftfjen petl.
petl. Omw Vkrc1 Zt. @ertfo‖s Wrmss, 56<5.
HEDTFMN, @. MbujGT 1 e (r)mvknuèêk bfhften oe mbujeèêk. Zêk Weunk1 Zerefve, 475:.
HEDTFMNNF, Z.3 CF@EOF, Z.3 JER
JERETJF,
ETJF, R.
R. Rlm bmsfho ki `fjrknmerofoh mxpmrfmoj
mxpmrfmojms1
ms1 e rmsmerjl ehmobe. Fo1 L]H,
R.3 NFOBOMT, @.3 DT]JC, W. E. (Mb.). @fjrknmerofoh 1 m`mrhfoh jkojmpts, prejtfjms eob tmjloknkhfms eitmr m-
nmerofoh1 prkjmmbfohs ki @fjrknmerofoh Jkoimrmojm 477= ‚ nmerofoh & wkrcfoh fo omw `mbfe. Foosdrujc, Åustrfe1
Foosdrujc ]ofvmrsfty Wrmss, 4779. p. 2=-=:.
L]H, R. @fjrknmerofoh1 e omw pmbehkhfjen jlennmohm (fotrkbujtkry oktm). TmsmerjlHetm. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.rmsmerjlhetm.omt/pudnfjetfko/4:8:68594[@fjrknmerofoh[E[Omw[Wmbehkhfjen[Jlennmohm[Fotrkbujtkry[Oktm?.
L]H, R.3
R.3 ITFMZMO, O. Kutnfom ki e `fjrknmerofoh ehmobe. Fo1 L]H, R. (Mb.). Bfbejtfjs ki `fjrknmerofoh 1 jkojmpts,
bfsjkursms eob mxe`pnms. @þostmr1 Xexèoo Ymrneh, 4778. p. 5=-:5.
LXEOH, H. A.3 RZEF, J.-J.3 VEOH, Z. A. L. Jrftmrfe, stretmhfms eob rmsmerjl fssums ki jkotmxt-ewerm udfquftkus
nmerofoh. Mbujetfkoen Rmjloknkhy & Zkjfmty , v. 55, o. 4, p. <5-65, 477<.
4 77<.
FD@. Rlm tkxfj tmredytm1
tmredytm1 lkw bete-bu`pfoh tlrmetmos dusfomss miifjfmojy. Ss.n.P FD@ Hnkden Rmjloknkhy Zmrvfjms,
aun. 4779.
AKOMZ, A. D. Jlennmohfoh tlm prmsmotetfko perebfh` (fo 9 `foutms, 27 smjkobs)1 Wmjle Cujle. WrkiLejcmr . Rlm
jlrkofjnm ki lfhlmr mbujetfko, okv. 4776. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.jlrkofjnm.jk`/dnkhs/prkilejcmr/jlennmohfoh-tlm-
prmsmotetfko-perebfh`-fo-9-`foutms-27-smjkobs-pmjle-cujle/44<78?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
CE@ER, Y. Ehfnm èofimstk fo lfhlmr mbujetfko. Fo1 FMMM IK]TRL FORMTOERFKOEN JKOIMTMOJM KO
RMJLOKNKHV IKT MB]JERFKO, 4754, Lybmredeb. Wrkjmmbfohs… Lybmredeb1 FMMM, 4754.
Wrkjmmbfohs… Lybmredeb1
CMTTMZ, @. @fjrknmerofoh es e jlennmohm ikr fostrujtfkoen bmsfho. Fo1 L]HL, Rlmk. Bfbetfjs ki `fjrknmerofoh1
jkojmpts, bfsjkursms eob mxe`pnms. @uostmr1 Xexèoo Wudnfslfoh, 4778.
CNE]Z@MFMT, A. C. Mbujetfkoen psyjlknkhy.
psyjlknkhy. Omw Vkrc1 Lerpmr eob Tkw, 56<=.
CTMLDFMN, R. J. mt en. Ehfnm
en. Ehfnm èofimstk ikr tmejlfoh eob nmerofoh. Rlm Akuroen ki Miimjtfvm Rmejlfoh , v. 58, o. 4, p.
67-555, 4758.
CTMZZ, H. T.3 YEO NMM]XMO, R.R. @untf`kben bfsjkursm1
bfsjkursm1 tlm `kbms eob `mbfe ki jkotm`pkrery jk`ùofjetfko.
Nkobko1 Dnkk`sdury Ejebm`fj, 4775.
NEOLE@, T. E. Rlm mjkok`fjs ki ettmotfko. @fjlfheo Uuertmrny Tmvfmw , v. :9, o. 4, p. 487-4<2, 5668.
[[[[[[. Xlet‖s omxt ikr tmxt; Mbujetfko, Jk`ùofjetfko eob Foikrètfko,
Foikrètfko, v. 5, o. 4, 4775.
NMMOM, E. @fjrkjkotmot fs mvmrywlmrm (ko `fjrknmerofoh). Fo1 L]H, R., NFOBOMT, @., DT]JC, W. E. (Mb.).
@fjrk`mbfe & m-nmerofoh 4.7 1 hefofoh tlm dfh pfjturm1 prkjmmbfohs ki @fjrknmerofoh Jkoimrmojm 4779. Foosdrujc,
Åustrfe1 Foosdrujc ]ofvmrsfty Wrmss, 4779.
477 9.
NF@E, A. Z.3 OEZJF@MORK, A. @. I.3 ZEORKZ, Y. E. Jk`puteèêk udàque epnfjebe oe mbujeèêk1 u`
èpme`motk
Eoefs sfstm`åtfjk.
... Ikrtenmze1
Eoefs... Fo1 JKOIMTÁOJFE FORMTOEJFKOEN OE MB]JEÈÊK (RFZM), 56. Ikrtenmze, 4752.
Rfsm, 4752.
NFRRK, Irmbrfj @. Eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe m eprmobfzehm` bm supmriàjfm. Eprmobfz , Ss.b.P. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www4.ukn.jk`.dr/eprmobfz/o[jknuoes/i[nfttk/fb585777.lt`?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
NF], H.3 LXEOH, H. E cmy stmp tk uobmrsteobfoh perebfh` slfits fo m-nmerofoh1 tkwerbs jkotmxt-ewerm udfquftkus
nmerofoh. Drftfsl Akuroen ki Mbujetfkoen Rmjloknkhy , v. 25, o. 4, 4757, M5‚M6.
NÚWMQ-HKÕF, F. Rwfttmr es e tkkn ikr tmejlfoh eob jk`ùofjetfoh `fjrkdfknkhy1 Rlm #`fjrk@KKJZM@ Foftfetfvm.
Mbujetfko, v. 58, o. :, p. 264-262, bmz. 4759.
Akuroen ki @fjrkdfknkhy & Dfknkhy Mbujetfko, v.
@EOFIMZRK ÅHFN. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.èofimstkehfn.jk`.dr/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
@JJN]TM, T. B. Aust-fo-tf`m trefofoh, 4774. Ejebm`fe.mbu
4774. Ejebm`fe.mbu.. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.ejebm`fe.mbu/85<8=6/A]ZR-
FO-RF@M[RTEFOFOH?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
@FNNMT, H. E. Rlm èhfjen ou`dmr smvmo, pnus kr `fous twk. Zk`m nf`fts ko kur jepejfty ikr prkjmssfoh
foikrètfko. Wsyjlknkhfjen Tmvfmw , E`mrfjeo Wsyjlknkhfjen Esskjfetfko, v. 575, o. 4, p. :2:-:=4, 5662.
@VJFUJ. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//`yjfqr.wmdokbm.pt/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
OMFNN, E. Zu``mrlfnn 1 ikr eob ehefost. Omw Vkrc1 Lert Wudnfslfoh Jk., 5687.

OKH]MTE, F.3 H]MTTMTK, E. M.3 EWWMN, J. Rlm ]KJ‖s mbujetfkoen `kbmn1 irk` jknnedkretfvm nmerofoh tk ehfnm
nmerofoh. Fo1 B2|NMETOFOH FORMTOERFKOEN JKOIMTMOJM1 FOOKYERFKOZ FO BFHFREN NMETOFOH IKT
FOJN]ZFKO, 475=, Eendkrh. Wrkjmmbfohs… Eendkrh1 Eendkrh ]ofvmrsfty Wrmss, 475=.
Wrkjmmbfohs… Eendkrh1
K‖@ENNMV, J. mt en.
en. @KDFNmero
@KDFNmero11 hufbmnfoms ikr nmerofoh/tmejlfoh/tutkrfoh fo e `kdfnm movfrko`mot. Okttfohle`1
]ofvmrsfty ki Okttfohle`, 477=.
KWMONMETO. Rlm Kpmo ]ofvmrsfty . Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.kpmo.mbu/kpmonmero/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
WFKYMZEO, Z. B. mt en. u-Zme1
en. u-Zme1 u` e`dfmotm bm eprmobfzehm` udàquk utfnfzeobk jnkub jk`putfoh. Fo1 \\FF ZDFM
‚ \YFF XFM, Erejeau, 4755. Eoefs...
4755. Eoefs... Erejeau,
Erejeau, 4755.
WTEBK, R. K okvk amftk bm vmr RY. Ymae Bfhften , :7 smt. 4759. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttps1//vmae.edrfn.jk`.dr/motrmtmof`motk/k-okvk-amftk-bm-vmr-tv/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
WTMOZCV, @. Bfhften he`m-desmb nmerofoh . @foomskte1 Werehko Lkusm, 4778.
TE@EZXE@V, Z. E rmvknuèêk bks `fjrk`k`motks1 jk`k mnms mstêk ùbeobk es rmhres. Rlfoc wftl Hkkhnm,
Hkkhnm,
ehk. 475=.
TMMB, W. Eo ehfnm jnessrkk` mxpmrfmojm. Fo1 EHFNM 477< JKOIMTMOJM, 477<, Xeslfohtko. Wrkjmmbfohs…
Xeslfohtko1 FMMM Jk`putmr Zkjfmty, 477<.
TFMN, @. Mbujetfko fo tlm 45st jmotury1 Aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh kr nmerofoh jk`ùoftfms. Fo1 M@FTERMZ JMORMT
IKT ZRTERMHFJ ZR]BFMZ EOB TMZMETJL. Mbujetfko eob tlm Ered wkrnb 1 jlennmohms ki tlm omxt
`fnnmoofu`. Edu Bledf1 M`fretms Jmotmr ikr Ztretmhfj Ztubfms eob Tmsmerjl, 4777. p. 5:8-597.
TKZMO, N. B. Tmwfrmb 1 uobmrsteobfoh tlm fHmomretfko eob tlm wey tlmy nmero. Omw Vkrc1 Wenhrevm @ej`fnneo,
4757.
TKVNM, C.3 OFCKNFJ,

nmerofoh eob tmejlfoh foA. sjlkkns.
E `kbmro `fxturm,
Akuroen Ehmojy, Jepedfnfty,
ki Mbujetfko tmjloknkhy eob
, v. :, o.
& Zkjfen Wknfjy :, „sjru`‐1
smt. 4759.ehfnm wkrc prejtfjms ikr
ZEJJKN, E. Q.3 ZJLNM@@MT, M.3 DETDKZE, A. `-nmerofoh m u-nmerofoh 1 okves pmrspmjtfves be eprmobfzehm`
`úvmn m udàque. Zêk Weunk1 Wmersko, 4755.
ZJLFNFR, X. O. E systm` ikr jkotmxt-ewerm `kdfnm jk`putfoh . Wl.B. Rlmsfs. Omw Vkrc1 Jknu`dfe ]ofvmrsfty,
566=.
ZMJ]TERK, A. J. Konmerofoh 1 jk`k e mbujeèêk bfsruptfve rmfovmote e eprmobfzehm`. Zêk Weunk1 Zefot Weun
Mbftkre, 4758.
ZF@KO, L. E. Lkw dfh fs e jluoc; Zjfmojm
Zjfmojm,, v. 5<:, o. 2542, p. 2<4-2<<, 5682.
ZF@KO, L. E.3 JLEZM, X. H. Zcfnn fo Jlmss. E`mrfjeo
Jlmss. E`mrfjeo Zjfmotfst , aun.-euh. 568:, v.95, o. 2, p. :62-27:.
[[[[[[. Bmsfhofoh krheofzetfkos ikr eo foikrètfko-rfjl wkrnb, fo jk`putmrs, jk`ùofjetfko eob tlm pudnfj
fotmrmst . Dentf`krm1 Aklos Lkpcfos ]ofvmrsfty Wrmss, 5685. p. 576.
ZFOHNMV, @. C.3 EOBMTZKO, A. T. Rlm treosimr ki jkhoftfvm scfnn . Je`drfbhm, @E1 Lerverb ]ofvmrsfty Wrmss,
56<6.
Z@ENN, H.3 YKTHEO, H. FDrefo
FDrefo11 survfvfoh fo tlm tmjloknkhfjen entmretfko ki tlm `kbmro `fob. Omw Vkrc1 Jknnfos,
477< epub JETT, Ofjlknes. Rlm slennkws1
slennkws1 wlet Fotmromt fs bkfoh tk kur drefos. Omw Vkrc1 X.X. Okrtko &
Jk`peoy, 4757.
ZK]QE, @. F. I. @kbmnks bm prkbuèêk bm `fjrkjkotmñbk mbujejfkoen pere e`dfmotms vfrtuefs bm eprmobfzehm`
`kdfnfbebm. Rmsm (Bkutkrebk ‚ Jfáojfes Zkjfefs oe Mbujeèêk) ‚ Iejunbebm bm Mbujeèêk, ]ofvmrsfbebm
jk` `kdfnfbebm.
Mstebuen bm Je`pfoes, Je`pfoes, 475:.
[[[[[[3 E@ETEN, Z. I. @kbmnk bm prkbuèêk bm `fjrkjkotmñbk pere eprmobfzehm` jk` `kdfnfbebm. Tmvfste
FokveMbuj , o. 4, ehk. 475:.
ZRTE]ZZ, X.3 LKXM, O. Hmomretfkos
Hmomretfkos11 tlm lfstkry ki E`mrfje‖s iuturm, 5=<2-4796. Omw Vkrc1 Xfnnfe` @krrkw,
5665.
ZXMNNMT, A. Fostrujtfkoen bmsfho fo tmjlofjen ermes.
ermes. Je`dmrwmnn1 Ejmr Wrmss, 5666.
REWZJKRR, BKO. Hmreèêk bfhften . Zêk Weunk1 @ecrko Dkkcs, 5666.
RLM KWMO ]OFYMTZFRV. KpmoNmero. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.kpmo.mbu/kpmonmero/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
[[[[[[. Rlm jkojmpt ki fookvetfko.

fookvetfko. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.kpmo.mbu/kpmonmero/`komy-
èoehm`mot/èoehm`mot/tmjloknkhy-èoehm`mot/tlm-jkojmpt-fookvetfko/jkotmot-smjtfko-7;ejtfvm-
ted0rmvfmw-ted?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.

XMFZMT, @. Rlm jk`putmr ikr tlm 45st jmotury. Zjfmotfifj E`mrfje,

E`mrfje, v. 49=, o. :, p. 99-8=, smt. 5665.
XMNNMT, X. E etuenfbebm bk jkojmftk bm hmreèýms bm Cern @eoolmf`1 pmrspmjtfves pere e eoånfsm bes rmneèýms
motrm mbujeèêk m tredenlk. Fo1 \\F\ MOJKORTK EO]EN BE EOWKJZ, Jexe`du, 4= e 46 bm kutudrk bm 477=.
XFOB, A.3 TMFDZRMFO, B. Tmfovmotfoh trefofoh ikr tlm hnkden foikrètfko ehm. CokwnmbhmGXlertko
CokwnmbhmGXlertko,, 4777.
5 E àotmhre bk èofimstk pkbm smr mojkotrebe, m` pkrtuhuás, ok sftm >www.èofimstkehfn.jk`.dr/?. Ejmssk m`1 5=
sftm >www.èofimstkehfn.jk`.dr/?.
imv. 475<.
4 Nfvrm trebuèêk bks prfojàpfks mojkotrebks m` DTFHHZ, Z. Ehfnm desmb nmerofoh1 wlet fs ft eob lkw jeo ft jleohm
mbujetfko; Foikr`mb , imv. 4752.
: CE@ER, Y. Ehfnm èofimstk fo lfhlmr mbujetfko. Fo1 FMMM IK]TRL FORMTOERFKOEN JKOIMTMOJM KO
RMJLOKNKHV IKT MB]JERFKO, 4754, Lybmredeb. Wrkjmmbfohs… Lybmredeb1 FMMM, 4754. p. 4:5-4:4.
Wrkjmmbfohs… Lybmredeb1
2 CE@ER, 4754, p. 4.
= TKVNM, C.3 OFCKNFJ, A. E `kbmro `fxturm, Ehmojy, Jepedfnfty, tmjloknkhy eob „sjru`‐1 ehfnm wkrc prejtfjms ikr
nmerofoh eob tmejlfoh fo sjlkkns. Akuroen ki Mbujetfko & Zkjfen Wknfjy , v. :, o. :, smt. 4759.
9 CTMLDFMN, R. J. mt en. Ehfnm
en. Ehfnm èofimstk ikr tmejlfoh eob nmerofoh. Rlm Akuroen ki Miimjtfvm Rmejlfoh, v.
Rmejlfoh, v. 58, o. 4, p.
67-555, 4758.
8 OKH]MTE, F.3 H]MTTMTK, E. M.3 EWWMN, J. Rlm ]KJ‖s mbujetfkoen `kbmn1 irk` jknnedkretfvm nmerofoh tk ehfnm
nmerofoh. Fo1 B2|NMETOFOH FORMTOERFKOEN JKOIMTMOJM1 FOOKYERFKOZ FO BFHFREN NMETOFOH IKT
FOJN]ZFKO, 475=, Eendkrh. Wrkjmmbfohs… Eendkrh1 Eeendkrh ]ofvmrsfty Wrmss, 475=.
Wrkjmmbfohs… Eendkrh1
< JL]O, E. L. X. Rlm ehfnm tmejlfoh/nmerofoh `mtlkbknkhy eob fts m-Nmerofoh pnetikr`. Nmjturm Oktms fo Jk`putmr
Zjfmojm ‚ Ebveojms fo Xmd-Desmb Nmerofoh , v. :52:, p. 55-5<, 4772.
6 \W ‚ m\trm`m Wrkhre``foh (Wrkhreèèêk Mxtrmè) æ uè bes `mtkbknkhfes bm bmsmovknvf`motk bm skitwerm
åhfn
pkbm` èfssmrpkpunerms.
vfstes mÈs B‖ZK]QE,
54 pråtfjes @.
rmjk`mobebes pere motrmher
A.3 TKBTFH]MZ, k skitwerm
W. Mxtrm`m ek jnfmotm
skitwerm
pmbehkhy1 bm ikrè
eo ehfnm fojrm`moten
tmejlfoh-nmerofoh
`mtlkbknkhy ikr mohfommrfoh mbujetfko. Fobfeo Akuroen ki Zjfmojm eob Rmjloknkhy , v. <, o. 6, p. <4<-<::, 475=.
57 B‖ZK]QE3 TKBTFH]MZ, 475=, p. <4<-<::.
55 Ymr, pkr mxm`pnk, k rmjmotm tàtunk m` pkrtuhuás ENYMZ, I. Bmsfho bm eprmobfzehm` jk` usk bm Jeoves1 Jeoves1
Rrelmotm`. Zêk Weunk1 BYZ, 4759.
54 I]NNMT, T. D. Rlm jrftfjen petl.
petl. Omw Vkrc1 Zt. @ertfo‖s Wrmss, 56<5.
5: I]NNMT, 56<5.
52 FD@. Rlm tkxfj tmredytm1
tmredytm1 lkw bete-bu`pfoh tlrmetmos dusfomss miifjfmojy. Ss.n.P FD@ Hnkden Rmjloknkhy Zmrvfjms,
aun. 4779.
5= JETNZKO, D. Uuktm ki tlm bey1 Hkkhnm JMK jk`perms bete ejrkss `fnnmoofe. Rlm Etneotfj , : aun. 4757.
59 DEHLMTFEO, I.3 RLKTOHERM, X. Lkrsms tk wetmr1 stubmot usm ki jkursm omwshrkups. Ifrst @kobey, v. @kobey, v. =, o. <,
4777. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//ifrst`kobey.krh/fssums/fssum=[</tlkrohetm/fobmx.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
58 HEDTFMN, @. MbujGT 1 e (r)mvknuèêk bfhften oe mbujeèêk. Zêk Weunk1 Zerefve, 475:.
5< ZF@KO, L. Bmsfhofoh krheofzetfkos ikr eo foikrètfko-rfjl wkrnb, fo jk`putmrs, jk`ùofjetfko eob tlm pudnfj
fotmrmst. Dentf`krm1 Aklos Lkpcfos ]ofvmrsfty Wrmss, 5685. p. 576.
56 NEOLE@, T. E. Rlm Mjkok`fjs ki Ettmotfko. @fjlfheo Uuertmrny Tmvfmw , v. :9, o. 4, p. 487-4<2, 5668.
47 JEZRMNN, Z.3 AMOZKO, A. Weyfoh ettmotfko tk ettmotfko1 omw mjkok`fms ikr nmerofoh. Mbujetfkoen Rlmkry,Rlmkry, v. =2, o.
:, 4772.
45 JEZRMNN3 AMOZKO, 4772. Es eutkres fojnum` eà okves tmjoknkhfes m` rmbm bfhften pere jkostruèêk,
rmprmsmoteèêk, mxprmssêk m jkùofjeèêk, dm` jk`k okves imrre`motes ùntf`kbefs etuefs.
44 REWZJKRR, BKO. Hmreèêk bfhften . Zêk Weunk1 @ecrko Dkkcs, 5666.
4: IFNERTK
IFNERTK,, E E.. Wrkbuèêk bm jkotmñbks mbujejfkoefs.
mbujejfkoefs. Zêk Weunk1 Zerefve, 475=.
42 WTMOZCV, @. Bfhften he`m-desmb nmerofoh . @foomskte1 Werehko Lkusm, 4778.
4= TKZMO, N. B. Tmwfrmb 1 uobmrsteobfoh tlm fHmomretfko eob tlm wey tlmy nmero. Omw Vkrc1 Wenhrevm @ej`fnneo,
4757.
49 XMNNMT, X. E etuenfbebm bk jkojmftk bm hmreèýms bm Cern @eoolmf`1 pmrspmjtfves pere e eoånfsm bes rmneèýms
motrm mbujeèêk m tredenlk. Fo1 \\F\ MOJKORTK EO]EN BE EOWKJZ, Jexe`du, 4= e 46 bm kutudrk bm 477=.
ZRTE]ZZ, X.3 LKXM, O. Hmomretfkos
Hmomretfkos11 Rlm lfstkry ki E`mrfje‖s iuturm, 5=<2-4796. Omw Vkrc1 Xfnnfe` @krrkw,
5665.
48 WTMOZCV, 4778.
4< IFNERTK, 475=. Ymr te`dæ` CTMZZ, H. T.3 YEO NMM]XMO, R. @untf`kben bfsjkursm1 bfsjkursm1 tlm `kbms eob `mbfe ki
jkotm`pkrery jk`ùofjetfko. Nkobko1 Dnkk`sdury Ejebm`fj, 4775.
46 K
:7 JEZRMNN3
imoò`mokAMOZKO, 4772. tmne‐ ok Dresfn æ jk`prkvebk pkr pmsqufse imfte pmnk Vku-Rudm m` 475=, juaks
be „smhuobe
rmsuntebks `kstre` qum <9% bks akvmos dresfnmfrks usuårfks bk sftm
sftm iezm` sm`prm uè smhuobe etfvfbebm

moqueotk essfstm` ç RY. Bmstms, 87% mstêk ko-nfomko-nfom oevmheobk oes rmbms skjfefs ku jkosu`fobk vàbmks m`
kutres pneteikrès. Enhuos bfspmose` jk`pnmte`motm ks jeoefs trebfjfkoefs, m mssm oñ`mrk jrmsjm e jebe bfe
(WTEBK, R. K okvk amftk bm vmr RY. Ymae Bfhften , :7 smt. 4759. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttps1//vmae.edrfn.jk`.dr/motrmtmof`motk/k-okvk-amftk-bm-vmr-tv/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.).
:5 DTEOZIKTB, A. B. mt en. en. (Mb.). Lkw pmkpnm nmero1
nmero1 drefo, `fob, mxpmrfmojm, eob sjlkkn. Mxpeobmb mbftfko.
Xeslfohtko, BJ1 Rlm Oetfkoen Ejebm`fj Wrmss, 4777.
:4 JLEZM, X. H.3 ZF@KO, L. E. Wmrjmptfko fo jlmss. Jkhoftfvm Wsyjlknkhy , v. 2, p. ==-95, 568:. ZF@KO, L. E.3
JLEZM, X. H. Zcfnn fo Jlmss. E`mrfjeo
Jlmss. E`mrfjeo Zjfmotfst , v. 95, o. 2, p. :62-27:, aun.-euh. 568:.
:: ZFOHNMV, @. C.3 EOBMTZKO, A. T. Rlm treosimr ki jkhoftfvm scfnn . Je`drfbhm, @E1 Lerverb ]ofvmrsfty Wrmss,
56<6.
:2 CNE]Z@MFMT, A. C. Mbujetfkoen psyjlknkhy.
psyjlknkhy. Omw Vkrc1 Lerpmr eob Tkw, 56<=.
:= JETT, O. E
O. E hmreèêk supmrifjfen 1 k qum e fotmromt mstå iezmobk jk` ks okssks jærmdrks. Rreb. @. H. I. Irfeèe. Tfk
bm Aeomfrk1 Ehfr,
E hfr, 4755.
4755.
:9 Z@ENN, H.3 YKTHEO, H. FDrefo
FDrefo11 survfvfoh fo tlm tmjloknkhfjen entmretfko ki tlm `kbmro `fob. Omw Vkrc1 Jknnfos,
477< epub JETT, Ofjlknes. Rlm slennkws1slennkws1 wlet Fotmromt fs bkfoh tk kur drefos. Omw Vkrc1 X.X. Okrtko &
Jk`peoy, 4757.
:8 JETT, 4755.
:< JETT, 4755.
:6 NFRRK, I. @. Eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe m eprmobfzehm` bm supmriàjfm. Eprmobfz , Ss.b.P. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www4.ukn.jk`.dr/eprmobfz/o[jknuoes/i[nfttk/fb585777.lt`?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
27 NFRRK, Ss.bP.
25 ZXMNNMT, A. Fostrujtfkoen bmsfho fo tmjlofjen ermes.
ermes. Je`dmrwmnn1 Ejmr Wrmss, 5666.
24 @FNNMT, H. E. Rlm èhfjen ou`dmr smvmo, pnus kr `fous twk. Zk`m nf`fts ko kur jepejfty ikr prkjmssfoh
foikrètfko. Wsyjlknkhfjen Tmvfmw , E`mrfjeo Wsyjlknkhfjen Esskjfetfko, v. 575, o. 4, p. :2:-:=4, 5662.
2: IFNERTK, 4759. Enf rmjupmre`ks e bfstfoèêk bm Zwmnnmr skdrm bfimrmotms tfpks bm jerhe jkhoftfve.
22 HEDTFMNNF, Z.3 CF@EOF, Z.3 JERETJF, R. Rlm bmsfho ki `fjrknmerofoh mxpmrfmojms1 e rmsmerjl ehmobe. Fo1 L]H,
R.3 NFOBOMT, @.3 DT]JC, W. E. (Mb.). @fjrknmerofoh 1 m`mrhfoh jkojmpts, prejtfjms eob tmjloknkhfms eitmr m-
nmerofoh1 prkjmmbfohs ki @fjrknmerofoh Jkoimrmojm 477= ‚ nmerofoh & wkrcfoh fo omw `mbfe. Foosdrujc, Åustrfe1
Foosdrujc ]ofvmrsfty Wrmss, 4779. p. 2=-=:.
2= ZF@KO, L. E. Lkw dfh fs e jluoc; Zjfmojm
Zjfmojm,, v. 5<:, o. 2542, p. 2<4-2<<, 5682.
29 L]H, R.3 ITFMZMO, O. Kutnfom ki e `fjrknmerofoh ehmobe. Fo1 L]H, R. (Mb.). Bfbejtfjs ki `fjrknmerofoh 1 jkojmpts,
bfsjkursms eob mxe`pnms. @þostmr1 Xexèoo Ymrneh, 4778. p. 5=-:5.
28 @efs foikrèèýms skdrm e tæjofje pkbm` smr mojkotrebes m` IFNERTK, E. Bmsfho fostrujfkoen oe pråtfje. pråtfje. Zêk
Weunk1 Wmersko/Wrmotfjm-Lenn, 477<. BTEWMT, Z. X. Kom `foutm pepmrs. pepmrs. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.psy.hne.ej.uc/~stmvm/rmskurjms/tejtfjs/`foutm.lt`n? . Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<. JTKZZ, W.3 EOHMNK, R.
Rlm kom-`foutm pepmr. Fo1 [[[[[[. Jnessrkk` essmss`mot tmjlofqums1 e leobdkkc ikr jknnmhm tmejlmrs. Eoo
Erdkr, @F1 Oetfkoen Jmotmr ikr Tmsmerjl tk F`prkvm Wkstsmjkobery Rmejlfoh
Rmejlfoh eob Nmerofoh, 56<<.
2< TE@EZXE@V, Z. E rmvknuèêk bks `fjrk`k`motks1 jk`k mnms mstêk ùbeobk es rmhres. Rlfoc wftl Hkkhnm, Hkkhnm, ehk.
475=.
26 IFNERTK, 477<, p. 2: epub ZK]QE, @. F. I. @kbmnks bm prkbuèêk bm `fjrkjkotmñbk mbujejfkoen pere e`dfmotms
`kdfnfbebm. Rmsm (Bkutkrebk m` Jfáojfes Zkjfefs oe Mbujeèêk) ‚ Iejunbebm bm
vfrtuefs bm eprmobfzehm` jk` `kdfnfbebm.
=7 Mbujeèêk, ]ofvmrsfbebm
@efs foikrèèýms skdrm Mstebuen
e tæjofjebm Je`pfoes,
pkbm` Je`pfoes, m`1
smr mojkotrebes 475:. p. 555.
MBXETBZ, T. N. Wmjle Cujle fo tlm jnessrkk`1
tfps eob stretmhfms ikr dmttmr prmsmotetfkos. Tm`fxfoh tlm Luèoftfms, Luèoftfms, okv. 4754. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//rm`fxluèoftfms.wkrbprmss.jk`/4757/55/7:/pmjle-cujle-fo-tlm-jnessrkk`-tfps-eob-stretmhfms-ikr-dmttmr-
prmsmotetfkos/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<. AKOMZ, A. D. Jlennmohfoh tlm prmsmotetfko perebfh` (fo 9 `foutms, 27
smjkobs)1 Wmjle Cujle. WrkiLejcmr . Rlm jlrkofjnm ki lfhlmr mbujetfko, okv. 4776. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.jlrkofjnm.jk`/dnkhs/prkilejcmr/jlennmohfoh-tlm-prmsmotetfko-perebfh`-fo-9-`foutms-27-smjkobs-pmjle-
cujle/44<78?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
=5 ZMJ]TERK, A. J. Konmerofoh 1 jk`k e mbujeèêk bfsruptfve rmfovmote e eprmobfzehm`. Zêk Weunk1 Zefot Weun
Mbftkre, 4758.
=4 Ymr HEDTFMN, 475:, p. 4=.
=: K‖@ENNMV, J. mt en. en. @KDFNmero
@KDFNmero11 hufbmnfoms ikr nmerofoh/tmejlfoh/tutkrfoh fo e `kdfnm movfrko`mot. Okttfohle`1
]ofvmrsfty ki Okttfohle`, 477=.
=2 ZEJJKN, E. Q.3 ZJLNM@@MT, M.3 DETDKZE, A. `-nmerofoh m u-nmerofoh 1 okves pmrspmjtfves be eprmobfzehm`
`úvmn m udàque. Zêk Weunk1 Wmersko, 4755. p. 42-4=.
== UT æ e sfhne bm Uufjc Tmspkosm,
Tmspkosm, m` fohnás, qum sfhofifje „rmspkste råpfbe‐. Æ uè mspæjfm bm júbfhk bm derres
qum pkbm smr msjeomebk useobk-sm bfspksftfvks `úvmfs m jk`putebkrms. Bmpkfs bm nfbk, k júbfhk pkbm edrfr
repfbe`motm oe tmne bk bfspksftfvk uè fèhm` m` :-B, uè påhfoe wmd wmd,, uè nkjenfzeèêk hmkrrmimrmojfebe, u`
oñ`mrk bm tmnmikom, motrm kutrks.

=9 Fofjfen`motm, k ebamtfvk udàquk ‚ e jepejfbebm bm mster ek `ms`k tm`pk m` tkbks ks nuherms ‚ rmimrfe-sm e
mvmotks mxtrekrbfoårfks rmnejfkoebks e bmusms, seotks m pmsskes bm mnmvebe mspfrftuenfbebm. Jk` k ebvmotk bes
tmjoknkhfes be foikrèèêk m jkùofjeèêk, quenqumr pmsske jkomjtebe ç fotmromt jkosmhum, vfrtuen`motm, mster
m` vårfks nuherms ek `ms`k tm`pk. Msse pkssfdfnfbebm ikf fotmosfifjebe pmne jk`puteèêk m` ouvm` m smrå efobe
èfs pktmojfenfzebe pmne „fotmromt bes jkfses‐, qum movknvm smoskrms ku `fjrk-jlfps jkomjtebks e kdamtks iàsfjks
`fjrk-jlfps jkomjtebks
pere pmr`ftfr fotmreèêk motrm luèoks m kdamtks m motrm kdamtks m kdamtks (bm bfspksftfvks bfhftefs e jerrks, bm
drfoqumbks e rkupes).
=8 Eobefèrfe (bk fohnás sjeiiknbfoh ) æ u` tfpk bm fotmrvmoèêk m` qum prkimsskrms ku tutkrms ikromjm` eaube
prkvfsúrfe oe ikrè bm „eobef`ms‐, ks quefs vêk smobk rmtfrebks ç `mbfbe qum ks eprmobfzms essu`m` k jkotrknm
skdrm sue eprmobfzehm`.
=< Eprmobfzehm` jkhoftfve (bk fohnás jkhoftfvm epprmotfjmslfp)
epprmotfjmslfp) sm rmimrm e u` `kbmnk fostrujfkoen fospfrebk oe ikrè
pmne quen u` eprmobfz eprmobfe ek tredenler jk` u` `mstrm ertmsêk m` skjfmbebms trebfjfkoefs. Etuen`motm
rmimrm-sm te`dæ` ç eprmobfzehm` qum kjkrrm m` e`dfmotms foikrèfs jktfbfeoks.
=6 XMFZMT, @. Rlm jk`putmr ikr tlm 45st jmotury. Zjfmotfifj E`mrfje,
E`mrfje, v. 49=, o. :, p. 99-8=, smt. 5665.
97 ZEJJKN3 ZJLNM@@MT3 DETDKZE, 4755, p. 4<.
95 NF@E, A. Z.3 OEZJF@MORK, A. @. I.3 ZEORKZ, Y. E. Jk`puteèêk udàque epnfjebe oe mbujeèêk1 u` èpme`motk
sfstm`åtfjk. Fo1 Jkoimráojfe Fotmroejfkoen skdrm Foikr`åtfje oe Mbujeèêk (RFZM), 56, Ikrtenmze, 4752. Eoefs ...,
Eoefs...,
Ikrtenmze1 Rfsm, 4752.
94 ZJLFNFR, X. O. E
O. E systm` ikr jkotmxt-ewerm `kdfnm jk`putfoh . Wl.B. Rlmsfs. Omw Vkrc1 Jknu`dfe ]ofvmrsfty, 566=
epub WFKYMZEO, Z. B. mt en. ]-Zme1
en. ]-Zme1 u` e`dfmotm bm eprmobfzehm` udàquk utfnfzeobk jnkub jk`putfoh. Fo1
jk`putfoh. Fo1 \\FF
ZDFM ‚ \YFF XFM, Erejeau, 4755. Eoefs...
4755. Eoefs... Erejeau,
Erejeau, 4755.
9: @JJN]TM, T. B. Aust-fo-tf`m trefofoh, 4774. Ejebm`fe.mbu
Ejebm`fe.mbu.. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.ejebm`fe.mbu/85<8=6/A]ZR-
FO-RF@M[RTEFOFOH?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
92 XFOB, A.3 TMFDZRMFO, B. Tmfovmotfoh trefofoh ikr tlm hnkden foikrètfko ehm. CokwnmbhmGXlertko
CokwnmbhmGXlertko,, 4777.
9= TFMN, @. Mbujetfko fo tlm 45st jmotury1 aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh kr nmerofoh jk`ùoftfms. Fo1 M`fretms Jmotmr ikr
Ztretmhfj Ztubfms eob Tmsmerjl. Mbujetfko eob tlm Ered wkrnb 1 jlennmohms ki tlm omxt `fnnmoofu`. Edu Bledf1
M`fretms Jmotmr ikr Ztretmhfj Ztubfms eob Tmsmerjl, 4777. p. 5:8-597.
99 OMFNN, E. Zu``mrlfnn 1 ikr eob ehefost. Omw Vkrc1 Lert Wudnfslfoh Jk., 5687.

„ OÊK ZM WKBM RTEOZ@FRFT M\WMTFÁOJFE.

WKT MNE.
M \WMTFÁOJFE. Æ WTMJFZK WEZZET
Ebepteèêk bm iresm etrfduàbe e ENDMTR JE@]Z
s `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves oêk sêk uè okvfbebm, jk`k sm pkbmrfe fèhfoer. Zú ok Dresfn
enjeoèe`ks, m` 4758, e 56 e mbfèêk bk Zy`pksfu` ko Yfrtuen eob Euh`motmb Tmenfty
(ZYT), krheofzebk pmne Zkjfmbebm Dresfnmfre bm Jk`puteèêk. Fotmroejfkoen`motm, k
FMMM Yfrtuen Tmenfty Eoouen Fotmroetfkoen Zy`pksfu` tmvm sue prf`mfre mbfèêk m` 566:,
m bm nå pere jå aå sm vêk quesm trás bæjebes. Motêk, k qum iez es `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves
E

pmrèomjmrm` jk` e eure bm enhk têk fokvebkr, ek `ms`k tm`pk qum permjm` têk bfsteotms bes
`êks bks mbujebkrms m bks mstubeotms;
Renvmz uè mxpnfjeèêk mstmae oe mnmvebe bmèobe jk`putejfkoen pkr `åqufoes jepezms bm
rkber ks rmjursks trfbf`mosfkoefs jerejtmràstfjks bks e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks. Renvmz
Renvmz rmsfbe ok ietk bm
qum mssm æ u` `mrjebk ùftk èfs etrmnebk ek motrmtmof`motk, juaks fovmstf`motks k`drmfe`
jk` e evfbmz bks jkosu`fbkrms pkr okvfbebms. Ku tenvmz sf`pnms`motm ientm motmobf`motk eks
mbujebkrms bm jk`k e rmenfbebm vfrtuen, e rmenfbebm eu`motebe, ks akhks :-B m es sfùneèýms
bfhftefs iuojfkoe` ‚ essf` jk`k iente ç fobñstrfe „f`mrsfve‐ u` motmobf`motk eveoèebk bm jk`k e
mbujeèêk iuojfkoe.
K pkotk æ qum, ok jesk bes `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves, e fokveèêk mstå prkiuobe`motm
rmnejfkoebe ek m`prmhk bm imrre`motes ‚ `àbfes m tmjoknkhfes ‚ pere epkfer e eprmobfzehm`
luèoe. M, jkosfbmreobk k sfstmè mbujejfkoen jnåssfjk, m` qum ks prkimsskrms essu`m` k
pepmn bm `mbfebkrms be eprmobfzehm`, k ietk bm mstms oêk bk`foerm` ks rmjursks f`mrsfvks
ejede pkr jrfer uè derrmfre pere sue ebkèêk jk` prkpúsftk mbujejfkoen.
Rmobk mssm peok bm iuobk m` `motm, prkjure`ks omstm jepàtunk bmsvmober enhuos jkojmftks
iuobe`motefs rmnejfkoebks çs `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves ‚ jk`k eháojfe, f`mrsêk m inuxk ‚,
eprkxfèobk-ks bk jktfbfeok msjkner, uofvmrsftårfk m jkrpkretfvk. Zkd mssm huerbe-jluve,
eprmsmote`ks te`dæ` u` peokreè bm rmjursks m e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks, jk`k e rmenfbebm
eu`motebe, e rmenfbebm vfrtuen, e sfùneèêk, ks akhks m e he`fifjeèêk.
K jepàtunk sm fofjfe jk` e eprmsmoteèêk bm u` mstubk bm jesk skdrm k usk bm rmenfbebm
eu`motebe m` nfvrks bfbåtfjks, qum fnustre k pktmojfen bmssms rmjursks pere e eprmobfzehm`.
Eprmsmote`ks efobe `fofjesks m` qum es `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves sêk ebktebes m` bfimrmotms
jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs. Wkr if`, ès oêk `moks f`pkrteotm, smnmjfkoe`ks trás mstretæhfes bm
f`pnm`moteèêk ejmssàvmfs eks mbujebkrms ‚ He`fifjeèêk mstruturen, He`fifjeèêk bm jkotmñbk m
Tknmpneyfoh ‚, es quefs pkssfdfnfte` uè mxpmrf`moteèêk vfåvmn bes `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves m`
sene bm eune prmsmojfen, m` jkotmxtks bm mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe m oe mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve.
MZR]BK BM JEZK
Tmenfbebm eu`motebe oks nfvrks bfbåtfjks bm mbftkres
Ks nfvrks bfbåtfjks tá` sfbk usebks lå bæjebes jk` k kdamtfvk bm eprmsmoter e smus nmftkrms jkotmñbks
bm ikrè jnere, mstruturebe m bfbåtfje m, jk` fssk, iejfnfter e eprmobfzehm`. Motrmteotk, e `àbfe
f`prmsse tm` mspmjfifjeèýms iàsfjes qum nf`fte` e mxpksfèêk m e mxm`pnfifjeèêk bm enhuos jkojmftks,
qum pkbm` smr èfs repfbe`motm jk`prmmobfbks pmnk usk bm fèhmos trfbf`mosfkoefs vfojunebes ku
oêk e kutrks rmjursks ùntf`àbfe (jk`k eofèèýms, ienes m skos).
Lå enhuos eoks, tmjoknkhfes bm Tmenfbebm Eu`motebe (TE) pessere` e smr fojkrpkrebes m` nfvrks
bfbåtfjks, vfedfnfzeobk e skdrmpksfèêk bm kdamtks vfrtuefs qum pkbm` smr nfbks pkr skitwerms fostenebks
skitwerms fostenebks
m` jk`putebkrms, sèrtplkoms
sèrtplkoms,, tednmts
tednmts,, motrm kutrks. Mspmjfen`motm ks bfspksftfvks `úvmfs tá` sfbk
usebks pere nmfture bm TE bfspkoàvmfs m` nfvrks bfbåtfjks bmvfbk e smu pkbmr bm prkjmsse`motk. Zue
jä`mre ejkpnebe æ usebe pere jepturer uè fèhm` f`prmsse oe påhfoe bm u` nfvrk bfbåtfjk m, m`
jkotrepertfbe, kdamtks vfrtuefs sêk prkamtebks oe prúprfe tmne (bfspney ) bk bfspksftfvk.5
Bfvmrses fofjfetfves bm mbftkres oejfkoefs fojkrpkrere` TE e nfvrks bfbåtfjks pere ifos mspmjàifjks.
Zmnmjfkoe`ks
pñdnfjks. enhuos mxm`pnks qum ederje` usks verfebks bm TE jk` moikqum m` bfimrmotms

Wkr mxm`pnk, pere etmobmr ek pñdnfjk bk Mosfok Iuobe`moten F (5 k e =k eoks), e jknmèêk bm nfvrks
bfbåtfjks bm fohnás Cfbs Xmd,4 be Mbftkre @kbmroe/Tfjl`kob, jkote jk` vårfks rmjursks bfhftefs, jk`k
TE, UT jkbms,
jkbms, BYBs m JBs jk` åubfk. Ks jfojk nfvrks be jknmèêk ikre` msjrftks pkr Eoe Nñjfe
@fnftmnnk, bm ejkrbk jk` e iefxe mtårfe bes jrfeoèes, nmveobk m` jkosfbmreèêk qum e okve hmreèêk
oevmhe bmsbm jmbk m` mspeèks vfrtuefs m bmsmae eprmobmr sm bfvmrtfobk. Were vfsuenfzer ks kdamtks
vfrtuefs bfspkoàvmfs oks nfvrks iàsfjks, æ prmjfsk defxer k epnfjetfvk-nmftkr bm TE. E smhufr, bmvm-sm
epkoter e jä`mre bk bfspksftfvk `úvmn ku jk`putebkr pere es påhfoes bk nfvrk f`prmssk. Essf`, k
mstubeotm vfsuenfze k èsjktm m` :-B Xmddy, qum ejk`peole ks enuoks oks jfojk vknu`ms be
jknmèêk. Xmddy fotmrehm m krfmote k nmftkr e pertfjfper bm etfvfbebms m mxpnkrer e`dfmotms m, omssm
prkjmssk, mspmre-sm qum e`pnfm smu vkjedunårfk m` fohnás, pretfqum e msjute bm penevres m iresms m
efobe tmstm smus jkolmjf`motks.

Jkolmèe mssms rmjursks m`1

Tmjursks bm TE te`dæ` ikre` fojkrpkrebks ç jknmèêk bm nfvrks bfbåtfjks J
Jfáojfes
fáojfes Okvk Wmoser, be
mbftkre IRB.: E jknmèêk pkssuf 97 rmjursks bm TE pere mosfoer, bm ikrè nñbfje, jkojmftks jk`pnmxks
bm jfáojfes pere ebknmsjmotms bk Mosfok Iuobe`moten FF (9 k e 6k eoks). M` jebe u` bks jfojk nfvrks
be jknmèêk, mstubeotms m prkimsskrms pkbm` fotmrehfr jk` kdamtks vfrtuefs, jk`k uè jkn`mfe bm
edmnles, uè jænune luèoe, k sfstmè rmspfretúrfk, u` mjnfpsm nuoer m u` `fjrksjúpfk, motrm kutrks.
Jk` fssk, pkbm` mxpnkrer mssms rmjursks qum mxpnfje` sfstmès, prkjmssks, mstrutures m etfvfbebms
kdsmrvåvmfs ku oêk e knlk ou.

Jkolmèe mssms rmjursks m`1

Ifhure :.5 ‚
Tmenfbebm eu`motebe m` nfvrks bfbåtfjks vfsuenfzebe jk` tednmt
Ok ä`dftk bk mosfok auràbfjk, bmsteje-sm e 45e mbfèêk bk dmst-smnnmr Bfrmftk Jkostftujfkoen

msqumètfzebk,, bm Wmbrk Nmoze, qum jkote jk` ètmrfen bfhften mxjnusfvk oe pneteikrè Zerefve Bfhften
msqumètfzebk
ejmssebk pkr `mfk bm u` júbfhk bfspkoàvmn ok nfvrk f`prmssk. Jk` k júbfhk bm ejmssk etfvebk, k
jkotmñbk pkbm smr ejmssebk vfe jk`putebkr m/ku jmnuner m tednmt,
tednmt, jk` k usk be imrre`mote bm
rmenfbebm eu`motebe Dnfpper. Dnfpper. K `ms`k jkotmñbk te`dæ` pkbm smr ejmssebk vfe UT jkbm.

Ifhure :.4 ‚
Ejmssk e rmjursk bm TE jk` bfspksftfvk `úvmn

Ikotm1 ZK@KZ MBFRKTEZ. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//je`peoles.sk`ksmbftkres.jk`.dr/msqumètfzebkbfrmftk-
jkostftujfkoen/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.

Ks jkotmñbks mxtres sêk krheofzebks m` vfbmkeunes, qumstýms pere bkwonkeb m deojk bm
qumstýms. Fssk eprkiuobe, jk`pnm`mote m rmvfse ks jkotmñbks edkrbebks ok nfvrk f`prmssk, enæ` bm
ber ek enuok e pkssfdfnfbebm bm tmster smus prúprfks jkolmjf`motks. Essf`, es foikrèèýms bk nfvrk
bfbåtfjk sêk morfqumjfbes jk` qufzzms
qufzzms,, rmjursks ùntf`àbfe m kdamtks trfbf`mosfkoefs.
Ikrès bfimrmotms bm utfnfzer UT jkbm sêk eprmsmotebes ok Jepàtunk 4 m

4 m Jepàtunk 2,
2, m`
qum trete`ks bes `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes epnfjebes ç mbujeèêk.
:.5 E@DFMORMZ YFTR]EFZ F@MTZFYKZ

Fofjfe`ks e bfsjussêk bmstm jepàtunk jk` e eprmsmoteèêk bm e`dfmotms vfrtuefs f`mrsfvks, qum sêk
mspeèks oevmhåvmfs m fotmretfvks m`desebks m` u` sfstmè jk`putejfkoen qum pmr`ftm e f`mrsêk m`
ùobks vfrtuefs ku kutrks e`dfmotms. E rmenfbebm vfrtuen, e rmenfbebm eu`motebe, ks sfùnebkrms m ks
akhks bfhftefs (jkolmjfbks jk`k he`ms
he`ms)) sêk ks mxm`pnks èfs jkolmjfbks bmssms e`dfmotms.
Ks sftueèýms
bfhften, e`dfmotmsqum
vfrtuefs f`mrsfvks
pkbmrfe` ku oêkutfnfze` ks smotfbks
smr vfvfbes bk jkrpk
oe rmenfbebm. luèok
Wkbm`ks pere sfùner,
`mojfkoer ok mspeèk
e pkssfdfnfbebm bm
„pfnkter u` evfêk jk`mrjfen‐, pkr `mfk bm sfùnebkrms, jk`k mxm`pnk bm sftueèêk qum pkbm smr

mxpmrf`motebe oe rmenfbebm. Wkr kutrk nebk, uè vfehm` sfùnebe ek jmotrk be Rmrre jkrrmspkobm e
uè sftueèêk f`pkssàvmn bm smr vfvfbe oe rmenfbebm jkojrmte.
Ks e`dfmotms vfrtuefs f`mrsfvks utfnfze` ks smotfbks bk jkrpk luèok pere sfùner
sfùner,, ok
mspeèk bfhften, sftueèýms qum pkbmrfe` ku oêk smr vfvfbes oe rmenfbebm.
Zmhuobk ks pmsqufsebkrms Zlmrèo m Jrefh,2 k tmr`k f`mrsêk rmimrm-sm ç smoseèêk bm prmsmoèe
m` u` e`dfmotm
•prkiuobk mspmjàifjk.
moheae`motk ]è mxpmrfáojfe
m movknvf`motk mstfùnebkf`mrsfve
pmnk uskpkbm smr1 `moten
bm verfebes ‚ mstebk
`àbfes, bfhftefs psfjknúhfjk
ku oêk (jk`kbm
•nfvrks m akhks bm tedunmfrk)3 iàsfje ‚ mstebk prkbuzfbk pkr mstàùnks smosúrfk-`ktkrms qum jrfe` e
f`prmssêk bm jkotetk iàsfjk m sêk prk`kvfbks pmnk usk bm tmjoknkhfe3 oêk sm rmimrm omjmsserfe`motm
ek usk bm tkbks ks smotfbks luèoks, ès bmvm jkoter jk` e utfnfzeèêk bm pmnk `moks u` bmnms.
E jk`prmmosêk be bfimrmoèe motrm mssms bkfs tfpks bm f`mrsêk æ rmnmveotm, pkfs, smhuobk @mnnk
Zkdrfolk,= `ms`k queobk sm utfnfze e f`mrsêk iàsfje pmnk usk bm u` eperetk bm fotmriejm, æ
f`prmsjfobàvmn qum e f`mrsêk psfjknúhfje te`dæ` kjkrre. Zú essf` ks usuårfks bm e`dfmotms vfrtuefs
f`mrsfvks tmrêk e smoseèêk bm prmsmoèe omssms mspeèks bfhftefs, trfbf`mosfkoefs m fotmretfvks.

Ifhure :.4 ‚ Wåhfoe fofjfen bk Zmjkob Nfim, e`dfmotm vfrtuen f`mrsfvk neoèebk oe wmd ok jk`mèk bks eoks 4777
wmd ok

K bkutkr Jlrfs Bmbm, bkjmotm be Iejunbebm bm Mbujeèêk be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Lerverb m pfkomfrk ok
usk bm e`dfmotms vfrtuefs f`mrsfvks pere k mosfok bm Jfáojfes, kdsmrve qum e utfnfzeèêk bmssms
e`dfmotms m` jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs morfqumjm m eprf`kre e jk`prmmosêk bm okvks jkojmftks, bmsbm
qum mstmae etrmnebe e kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm` dm` bmifofbks.9
K prkamtk Tfvmr Jfty, fofjfebk m jkobuzfbk pkr uè mqufpm bm mbujebkrms bm Lerverb ok
jk`mèk bks eoks 4777, nmvku jmotmoes bm enuoks be @fbbnm Zjlkkn oks Mstebks ]ofbks,
mqufvenmotm ek Mosfok Iuobe`moten FF ok Dresfn, e essu`fr k pepmn bm jfmotfstes ek motrer
m` u` ùobk vfrtuen ok quen mojkotreve` vårfks bmseifks rmnejfkoebks ek `mfk e`dfmotm m ç
señbm be pkpuneèêk bm uè jfbebm. Omssm mspeèk vfrtuen f`mrsfvk, æ pkssàvmn jknmter mvfbáojfes
m eoenfser bebks pere jlmher e jkojnusýms mspmjàifjes (pkr mxm`pnk, qum e pkpuneèêk be jfbebm
mstå bkmotm pkrqum e åhue bk rfk mstå pknuàbe). M` uè bm sues pmsqufses, Bmbm jk`pere
rmsuntebks bk mosfok bm Jfáojfes m` eunes prmsmojfefs mxpksftfves m m` eunes prmsmojfefs jk`
ks kdtfbks pkr `mfk bk usk bm akhks bm tedunmfrk m m` e`dfmotms vfrtuefs f`mrsfvks, jk`k k bk
prkamtk Tfvmr Jfty. Ks rmsuntebks fobfje` qum vårfks enuoks qum kdtfvmre` defxk bmsm`pmolk
ejebá`fjk m` jkotmxtks prmsmojfefs bm`kostrere` `mnlkrms rmsuntebks ok e`dfmotm vfrtuen

f`mrsfvk pkr ebqufrfrm` jkoifeoèe m` sue jepejfbebm bm sm tkroerm` jfmotfstes bm sujmssk

omssm mspeèk bfhften.
Ikotms1
BMBM, 4776, p. 99-96.
RLM TFYMT JFRV WTKAMJR.
WTKAMJR. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//ùvm.hsm.lerverb.mbu/rfvmrjftyprkamjt/?. Ejmssk m`1 58
imv. 475<.
Zedm`ks qum k usk bm e`dfmotms vfrtuefs f`mrsfvks m` jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs efobe æ desteotm
nf`ftebk pkr vårfks `ktfvks, motrm ks quefs pkbm`ks `mojfkoer ks justks bm prkbuèêk m bm
èoutmoèêk bm rmjursks m` e`dfmotms tmjoknúhfjks, e omjmssfbebm bm ikrèr prkimsskrms m
mspmjfenfstes pere jkobuzfr k usk bmssms e`dfmotms bm `kbk vfojunebk eks kdamtfvks bm
eprmobfzehm`, e jepejfteèêk be mqufpm tæjofje pere ber supkrtm eks usuårfks m e pkssfdfnfbebm bm
ejmssk bm mstubeotms e e`dfmotms pkbmrksks. 8
E bmspmftk bks espmjtks `mojfkoebks, e ebkèêk bm e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks pere ifos mbujejfkoefs
epkote pere u` pktmojfen fokvebkr jnere`motm bfsruptfvk. Mssm pktmojfen ebvæ` be pkssfdfnfbebm bm
treospkrter vfrtuen`motm mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs pere nkjefs bfimrmotms, e if` bm qum mxpnkrm`
jkojmftks, prkjmssks, imoò`moks m jfrjuostäojfes bm èomfres verfebes, moheaebkres m `ktfvebkres.
Mssms e`dfmotms pkbm` smr jk`pkstks bm bfimrmotms tmjoknkhfes, motrm mnes e Tmenfbebm Yfrtuen (TY) m
e Tmenfbebm Eu`motebe (TE), jkoikr`m bfsjutfrm`ks e smhufr.
smhuf r.
:.5.5 Tmenfbebm Yfrtuen (TY)

Bm ejkrbk jk` Rkrf, tæjofjes pere fnubfr ks smotfbks luèoks vá` smobk bmsmovknvfbes m epnfjebes lå
sæjunks pkr ertfstes, mohmolmfrks, jfmotfstes m etæ `ms`k fnusfkofstes. < K eutkr jfte pmnk `moks bkfs
èrjks oe fotmhreèêk motrm tmjoknkhfe m ertm pere movknvmr k pñdnfjk m` rmenfbebms entmroetfves1 oe
bæjebe bm 5647, k Rmetrk be tktenfbebm,6 u` okvk tfpk bm tmetrk qum fotmhreve `ñsfje, fnu`foeèêk,
jmokhreife m jk`pksfèêk vfsuen jk` es tmjoknkhfes bfspkoàvmfs oe æpkje, mnmveobk-es ek `ms`k hreu
bm f`pkrtäojfe qum e penevre msjrfte m e prmsmoèe bks etkrms ok penjk jmokhråifjk3 m, oe bæjebe bm
5697, k Zmoskreè, uè `åqufoe jfomètkhråifje ùntfssmoskrfen qum movknvfe ks prfojfpefs smotfbks
luèoks pkr `mfk bm vfskrms mstmrmksjúpfjks, entk-ieneotms, kbkrms, vmotk m vfdreèýms.57
Eveoèks jk`putejfkoefs tkroere` pkssàvmn `kbmner e rmenfbebm bm èomfre tkten`motm
ertfifjfen, prkpkrjfkoeobk ek `ms`k tm`pk uè smoseèêk rmenfste bm prmsmoèe m
f`mrsêk m` e`dfmotms prkamtebks jk` msse ifoenfbebm.
Bmsbm ertfifjfen,
tkten`motm motêk, eveoèks jk`putejfkoefs
prkpkrjfkoeobk ek `ms`ktkroere`
tm`pk uè pkssàvmn `kbmner
smoseèêk e bm
rmenfste rmenfbebm bmm èomfre
prmsmoèe f`mrsêk
m` e`dfmotms prkamtebks jk` msse ifoenfbebm.
Omssm smotfbk, pkbm`ks fofjfen`motm jkojmftuer e Tmenfbebm Yfrtuen (TY) jk`k uè rmenfbebm
sfùnebe, jkostruàbe jk` lerbwerm
lerbwerm m skitwerm suifjfmotm`motm pkbmrksks pere jrfer uè mxpmrfáojfe
skitwerm suifjfmotm`motm
f`mrsfve rmenfste (useobk, pkr mxm`pnk, jepejmtms ku újunks bm rmenfbebm vfrtuen m skitwerm
trfbf`mosfkoen).

Ifhure :.2 ‚ ]sk bm újunks bm rmenfbebm vfrtuen jk` sfùnebkr bm vkneotm bm jerrk
Tksmodnu` m Jrkss epkote` trás jerejtmràstfjes mssmojfefs bm quenqumr sfstmè bm rmenfbebm

vfrtuen, jk`k bmsjrftk e smhufr.
5. F`mrsêk ‚ jrfebe jk` k movknvf`motk bk usuårfk m` tmjoknkhfes m bfspksftfvks vfrtuefs, jk`k
újunks vfrtuefs,
mnm`motk hmrebkrnuves jk` smoskrms
bm mstàùnks bm `kvf`motk,
smoskrfefs ku smoskrmsL@Bs,
55 sk` surrkuob 54
pere e jepteèêk
54 m quenqumr kutrk
bm mstàùnk m treos`fssêk
bm f`punsks. Mssms rmjursks pmr`ftm` qum k usuårfk fotmreae jk` u` e`dfmotm vfrtuen jk`k sm
ikssm u` e`dfmotm rmen.
4. Fotmreèêk m` tm`pk rmen ‚ hmrebe pmnk immbdejc f`mbfetk ek usuårfk skdrm smus `kvf`motks,
pksfèýms m smoseèýms, qum sêk jeptebks pmnk sfstmè jk`putejfkoen pkr `mfk bm restrmebkrms,
nuves, tmjnebks ku quenqumr kutrk bfspksftfvk bm motrebe qum sfùnm es rmeèýms bk usuårfk ok
ùobk rmen.
:. Fnusêk rmenfste ‚ prkpkrjfkoebe pkr bfspksftfvks bm seàbe, jk`k bfspksftfvks vfsuefs, eubftfvks ku
tåtmfs bm seàbe, m pmne rmobmrfzeèêk5: bm bmtenlebks jmoårfks vfrtuefs qum èofpune` e hmk`mtrfe, e
tmxture m ks `kbmnks iàsfjks bm ikrè jràvmn ek usuårfk.52
Omssm trfoò`fk, m pertfjuner`motm pmne omjmssfbebm bm rmobmrfzeèêk, mojkotre`ks e mxpnfjeèêk

pere e mxfháojfe bm `åqufoes têk pkbmrkses qum smae` jepezms bm rkber prkhreès bm rmenfbebm
vfrtuen.
quen smBm `kbkk èfs
kdtæ` mspmjàifjk
prkbutk ifoen bmm quenqumr
m` uè mxpnfjeèêk sf`pnfifjebe,
prkjmsse`motk e rmobmrfzeèêk
bfhften. Oe æ k prkjmssk
TY, fssk movknvm pmnk
`kbmnehm`
trfbf`mosfkoen (:-B) m, m` ùftks jesks, te`dæ` trete`motk bfhften bm åubfk. Msses termies jkosk`m`
mokr`ms rmjursks bks prkjmssebkrms,5= pkbmobk tkroer-sm têk pmsebes e pkotk bm fovfedfnfzerm` sue
rmenfzeèêk m` tm`pk rmen.
E mxpmrfáojfe f`mrsfve oêk prmjfse smr omjmsserfe`motm jk`pnmte m pkbm jk`pertfnler
bm mnm`motks bk ùobk rmen.
Rkbk mssm eperetk rmikrèe k kdamtfvk be TY bm prkpfjfer e f`mrsêk jk`pnmte bk usuårfk m` u`
e`dfmotm vfrtuen bm ten ikrè qum ks mnm`motks m es kjkrráojfes bk ùobk rmen smae` dnkqumebks e if`
bm prkpkrjfkoer e smoseèêk bm „`mrhunlk‐ m` uè rmenfbebm entmroetfve. Motrmteotk, e mxpmrfáojfe
f`mrsfve oêk prmjfse smr omjmsserfe`motm jk`pnmte m pkbm jk`pertfnler bm mnm`motks bk ùobk rmen,
jkoikr`m prkpkstk pmne rmenfbebm eu`motebe.
:.5.4 Tmenfbebm Eu`motebe (TE)

E Tmenfbebm Eu`motebe (TE) pkbm smr jkosfbmrebe uè mvknuèêk be TY. TY. Jk` e TE, k usuårfk oêk
èfs prmjfse smr prfvebk bes smoseèýms prkvfobes bk ùobk mxtmrfkr, m oêk lå omjmssfbebm bm rmjrfer
u` ùobk ç pertm. Ku smae, e TE oêk rmqumr e mxfstáojfe bm uè fnusêk rmenfste, ès `fsture uè
vfsêk bk ùobk iàsfjk jk` mnm`motks vfrtuefs pere hmrer, m` tm`pk rmen, uè rmenfbebm `fsturebe. Fssk
æ kdtfbk pmne supmrpksfèêk bm mnm`motks ertfifjfefs, jk`k kdamtks :-B, jkotmñbks ùntf`àbfe ku
foikrèèýms tmxtuefs, e fèhmos bk ùobk rmen, rmbuzfobk ks justks bm bmsmovknvf`motk m
eu`moteobk es pkssfdfnfbebms bm fotmreèêk jk` k usuårfk.
Bm ejkrbk jk` Ezuè, u` sfstmè bm rmenfbebm eu`motebe bmvm eprmsmoter trás jerejtmràstfjes159
5. fotmhrer mnm`motks vfrtuefs, hmrebks pkr tmjoknkhfe jk`putejfkoen, e u` e`dfmotm rmen (ku k fovmrsk,
f ovmrsk,
:. fotmhrer mnm`motks rmefs e e`dfmotms vfrtuefs)3 smr fotmretfvk m rmspkobmr m` tm`pk rmen3 prkvmr
4.
rmhfstrk, m` trás bf`mosýms, bm mnm`motks rmefs m vfrtuefs (ku smae, es pksfèýms mspejfefs bks
mnm`motks vfrtuefs bmvm` smr dm` bmifofbes m jkosfstmotms jk` k e`dfmotm rmen).
]è epnfjeèêk desteotm jkù` be TE æ e fosmrèêk bm èrjebkrms, qum pkbm` smr teotk UT jkbms
jk`k fèhmos. Ks èrjebkrms jrfe` uè ku èfs jeèbes bm foikrèèêk m` ikrètk bm tmxtk,
fèhm`, vàbmk, `kbmnk :-B, nfoc mxtmrok mtj., çs quefs pkbm` smr ejrmsjfbes foikrèèýms bm
hmknkjenfzeèêk. Msses jeèbes foikrèjfkoefs pkbm`, fojnusfvm, mxfdfr krfmoteèýms skdrm k qum k
usuårfk bmvm iezmr m` bmtmr`foebk jkotmxtk, k qum, m` tmr`ks mbujejfkoefs, rmvmne-sm fotmrmsseotm
pere e prkpksfèêk bm etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm` ku pkotks bm pertfbe pere bmseifks.
E TE oêk rmqumr e mxfstáojfe bm uè fnusêk rmenfste, ès `fsture uè vfsêk bk ùobk
iàsfjk jk` mnm`motks vfrtuefs pere hmrer, m` tm`pk rmen, uè rmenfbebm `fsturebe.
Bm ejkrbk jk` Jerknmf m Rkrf, enæ` be mxfdfèêk bm jkotmñbks e rmspmftk bm kdres bm ertm mxpkstes
m` u` ùsmu, e jkosunte bm jerejtmràstfjes bm ètmrfefs utfnfzebks oe jkostruèêk bm mbfiàjfks, jrejlås
vfrtuefs jkomjtebks e pmsskes rmefs, fostruèýms skdrm `kotehm` bm mqufpe`motks ku `kdfnfårfk, kutrks
tfpks bm jeèbe bm foikrèèýms pkbm` smr utfnfzebks oe TE, jk`k vm`ks e smhufr158
• jk`pereèýms tm`pkrefs ‚ pkr mxm`pnk, pere `kstrer jk`k u` mspeèk mre ok pessebk, vfe
prkamèêk bm iktks m vàbmks, ku pere k tm`pk iuturk bm u` m`prmmobf`motk ku rmikrè, `kstreobk
• jk`k ifjerfe equmnm mspeèk bmpkfs be jkostruèêk3 fosmrèýms tmstmùolefs ‚ pkr mxm`pnk,
esskjfer e uè kdre bm ertm, kdamtk, nfvrk ku fovmoèêk u` vàbmk ku åubfk bk ertfste, prkamtfste, eutkr
• ku fovmotkr, jk`moteobk sue kdre ku smu prkjmssk bm jrfeèêk3 vmrsýms m ebepteèýms ‚ pkr
mxm`pnk, pere mxfdfr e `msè foikrèèêk m` kutre nfohuehm` ku fbfkè pere qum pmsskes jk`
• enhu` tfpk bm nf`fteèêk ku `ms`k prmimráojfe tmole` kutrk jeoen bm ejmssk3 prkamèýms m` refks
\ ‚ pkr mxm`pnk, pere prkamter skdrm k jkrpk bm u` suamftk sues jerejtmràstfjes fotmroes, jk`k
tmjfbks, kssks, vesks m úrhêks fotmroks, jk`k ejkotmjm m` enhuos ùsmus qum `kstre` es
`ñ`fes „pkr bmotrk‐.

Ifhure :.= ‚ TE `kstre espmjtks be eoetk`fe luèoe m` :-B

E TE tm` sfbk usebe ok je`pk be `mbfjfoe pere vårfks ifos ‚ jk`k euxànfk ek trete`motk
bm pejfmotms, trmfoe`motk bm prkifssfkoefs ‚ m te`dæ` oe årme mbujejfkoen pere, pkr
mxm`pnk, k mstubk be eoetk`fe luèoe pkr `mfk bm vfsuenfzeèêk bm fèhmos :-B bm
pertms fotmroes bk jkrpk luèok. Jk` fssk, bf`fouf-sm e omjmssfbebm bk usk bm jebåvmrms ok
mstubk bm eoetk`fe. Wmne ebkèêk bk skitwerm ETRkknCft,
skitwerm ETR kknCft, bmsmovknvfbk oe ]ofvmrsfbebm bk Aepêk
m èotfbk etuen`motm pmnes ]ofvmrsfbebms bm Xeslfohtko (Mstebks ]ofbks) m bm Jeotmrdury
(Okve Qmnäobfe), æ pkssàvmn vfsuenfzer èrjebkrms m fèhmos jknkrfbes bm úrhêks bk jkrpk, dm`
jk`k smu iuojfkoe`motk.
Ikotm1 TK@EOK, Z. @. Y. Tmenfbebm eu`motebe epnfjebe e `mbfjfoe.

`mbfjfoe. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttps1//mbfsjfpnfoes.usp.dr/pnuhfoifnm.plp/:478<58/`kb[rmskurjm/jkotmot/5/Tmenfbebm%47Eu`motebe%47Epnfjebe%
Ejmssk m`1 5<. imv. 475<.
475<.
Yf`ks qum teotk e TY queotk e TE ebkte` rmjursks bm e`dfmotms vfrtuefs f`mrsfvks pere prk`kvmr
mxpmrfáojfes bm eprmobfzehm` fotmretfves m jk` supkrtm bm u` ku èfs rmjursks tmjoknúhfjks m
`fbfåtfjks. @es, eifoen, quen æ e irkotmfre qum bfstfohum msses bues årmes;
:.5.: Tmenfbebm m vfrtuenfbebm
Oe vmrbebm,bm
vfrtuenfbebm oêk mxfstm uè
@fnhre` nfole ràhfbe
& Cfslfok motrm TY m TE,
pere mstedmnmjmr uèmmsjene
pkbm`ks rmjkrrmr
jkotàoue ek u`
motrm bmtkten`motm
jkotfouu` bm
jkotfouu`
e`dfmotm rmenfbebm-
rmen m u` e`dfmotm tkten`motm vfrtuen. 5< Æ k qum `kstre e Ifhure :.9.

Ifhure :.9 ‚ Jkotfouu` rmenfbebm‚vfrtuenfbebm smhuobk @fnhre` & Cfslfok 56
Jkotfouu` rmenfbebm‚vfrtuenfbebm

Oe msqumrbe bk jkotfouu`
jkotfouu`,, sftue`-sm epnfjeèýms qum oêk utfnfze` omolu` rmjursk vfrtuen ‚ ku smae,
k ùobk rmen jk`pnmte`motm oêk `kbmnebk pkr jk`putebkrms. Oe bfrmfte bf rmfte mstêk enkjebks ks e`dfmotms
tkten`motm vfrtuefs ‚ ku smae, ks sfstmès f`mrsfvks bm rmenfbebm vfrtuen tkten`motm ertfifjfefs m
`kbmnebks jk`putejfkoen`motm. Motrm ks bkfs mxtrm`ks mstêk bfspkstks ks bmèfs e`dfmotms m
epnfjeèýms, qum `fsture` mnm`motks vfrtuefs m rmefs. Mnms edreohm` bmsbm e rmenfbebm eu`motebe, qum
prkpfjfe e fosmrèêk bm mnm`motks vfrtuefs m` e`dfmotms rmefs, etæ e vfrtuenfbebm eu`motebe, qum sm
jerejtmrfze pmne fosmrèêk bm mnm`motks rmefs m` ùobks vfrtuefs, jk`k uè pmsske fotmrehfobk jk`
u` skitwerm prkamtebk m` jevmroe bfhften :-B.
skitwerm prkamtebk
Oe pråtfje, e jnessfifjeèêk bm vfrtuenfbebm eu`motebe æ pkujk m`prmhebe, m ks sfstmès qum
`msjne` k rmen m k vfrtuen, m` quenqumr prkpkrèêk, jkstuè` smr jftebks sf`pnms`motm jk`k
„rmenfbebm eu`motebe‐ ku, jk`k prmimrm` enhuos eutkrms, „rmenfbebm `fsturebe‐.47
Desfje`motm, quenqumr sfstmè bm TY ku TE pkbm smr jnessfifjebk jk`k f`mrsfvk
f`mrsfvk,, sm`f-f`mrsfvk ku
sm`f-f`mrsfvk ku
f`mrsfvk. Ks sfstmès f`mrsfvks jrfe` e smoseèêk bm mxpnkrer tkbk u` ùobk vfrtuen, moqueotk ks
oêk f`mrsfvk.
sm`f-f`mrsfvks (qum utfnfze`, pkr mxm`pnk, vårfes tmnes bm prkamèêk m` vmz bm újunks) ku ks oêk
f`mrsfvks (qum utfnfze`, pkr mxm`pnk, tmnes bm jk`putebkr) jrfe` enhu` hreu bm rmenfs`k, ès sm` u`
smotf`motk têk bmstejebk bm „mster nå‐. E nfste e smhufr eprmsmote jetmhkrfes bm tmjoknkhfes vfrtuefs qum
prkbuzm` bfimrmotms pmrjmpèýms f`mrsfves.45
• Zfùnebkrms bm jedfom ‚ usebks pere rmjrfer m sfùner uè jedfom rmen, jk`k u` jkjcpft (k
mspeèk kobmtá`
sfùnebkrms ifjees
k pfnktk
aeomnesoks evfýms, oks
sudstftuàbes pkrjerrks bm jkrrfbe
`koftkrms m m` enhuès
bm jk`putebkr m`derjeèýms),
bm ente mssms
rmsknuèêk m pkbm`
smr mqufpebks jk` sk` surrkuob . M efobe æ pkssàvmn ebfjfkoer `kvf`motks pere èfkr rmenfs`k,
jk`k eèêk bm rmspkste eks jkotrknms bk usuårfk.

Ifhure :.8 ‚ Zfùnebkr bm jedfom bm evfêk jk`mrjfen
• Tmenfbebm prkamtebe ‚ jkosfstm m` u` eveter (rmprmsmoteèêk qum pkssfdfnfte ek usuårfk sm

jkùofjer, `kstrer m`kèýms m jkotrkner m jrfer kdamtks jk`k sm mnm mstfvmssm rmen`motm prmsmotm
oequmnm e`dfmotm vfrtuen trfbf`mosfkoen) qum sm `kvm m` tm`pk rmen m æ vfsuenfzebk m` uè tmne
e`pne.

Ifhure :.< ‚ Eveter utfnfzebk m` u` e`dfmotm vfrtuen f`mrsfvk
• Tmenfbebm eu`motebe ‚ rmqumr enhu` bfspksftfvk `úvmn pere sm vfsuenfzer rmjursks eu`motebks
qum sm skdrmpým` ek e`dfmotm rmen.

Ifhure :.6 ‚ Tmenfbebm eu`motebe qum `kstre smrvfèks bfspkoàvmfs oe jfbebm bm Ireociurt
• Rmnmprmsmoèe ‚ pkbm smr usebe pere foinumojfer ku kpmrer enhk rmen, ès m` u` nkjen bfimrmotm,
jk`k u` nedkretúrfk, uè usfoe oujnmer mtj.

Ifhure :.57 ‚Mohmolmfrk jkotrkne rkdò m` fobñstrfe eutk`ktfve jk` u` tednmt

• Tmenfbebm vfrtuen oe tmne bm u` jk`putebkr ‚ mxfdfèêk be fotmreèêk bk usuårfk jk` k ùobk
vfrtuen nf`ftebe çs pkssfdfnfbebms bm u` `kusm bm jk`putebkr bm `mse ku bm u` akystfjc , sm` k
`kusm bm
usk bm lerbwerm ku skitwerm
lerbwerm ku èfs skifstfjebks.
skitwerm èfs

Ifhure :.55 ‚Akhebkrms bm vfbmk he`m use`
he`m use` jkotrknms rm`ktks jk` akystfjc
jk` akystfjc

• Zfstmès ejkpnebks vfsuen`motm ‚ esskjfebks prfojfpen`motm ç evfeèêk `fnfter, pksfjfkoe` es
tmnes bm mxfdfèêk ek oàvmn bks knlks bk usuårfk m jkomjte` k `kvf`motk be jedmèe bmnm jk` e
fèhm` etfvebe. K sfstmè fojnuf smoskrms pere restrmer k `kvf`motk bks knlks bk usuårfk qum sêk
jepezms bm bmtmr`foer k qum mnm mstå knleobk.

Ifhure :.54 ‚@koftkre`motk bk `kvf`motk bks knlks pkr smoskrms
E vfsuenfzeèêk
`úvmfs, jk`k ks bm TY m TE, heolku
sèrtplkoms,
sèrtplkoms qum tá` èfs rmjmotm`motmsuifjfmotm`motm
prkjmssebkrms u` enfebk f`pkrteotm1 ks bfspksftfvks
pkbmrksks pere rkber
epnfjeèýms f`mrsfves. E sf`dfksm motrm TY,
TY, TE m tmnmikofe jmnuner æ pkssàvmn hreèes ek bmsmovknvf`motk
bm rmjursks jk`petàvmfs jk` justks ejmssàvmfs.
Enæ` bfssk, jefxes deretes jk` nmotms pere fosmrfr sèrtplkoms qum prkpfjfe` fnusêk bm útfje (jk`k
sèrtplkoms qum
Hkkhnm Jerbdkerb) m ikoms bm kuvfbk bm defxk justk mstêk ikromjmobk e usuårfks k lerbwerm ebfjfkoen
lerbwerm ebfjfkoen
omjmssårfk pere tmr uè mxpmrfáojfe f`mrsfve e u` justk ejmssàvmn.

Ifhure :.5: ‚
Hkkhnm Jerbdkerb
K prkhreè bm rmenfbebm eu`motebe Hkkhnm Mxpmbftfkos æ usebk m` eunes bm Lfstúrfe,

Hmkhreife m Jfáojfes m` enhuès msjknes mstebuefs bk Mstebk bm Zêk Weunk. E tmjoknkhfe
be Hkkhnm sm tkroku bfspkoàvmn e mstubeotms be rmbm pñdnfje pkr smr uè sknuèêk
ejmssàvmn qum prmvá e fosmrèêk bm quenqumr sèrtplkom
sèrtplkom qum rkbm smu epnfjetfvk bm TE m`
újunks bm pepmnêk. Jk` fssk, k justk be tmjoknkhfe sm tkroe ejmssàvmn m pkssfdfnfte qum
mstubeotms mxpmrf`motm` sftueèýms f`mrsfves, pkr mxm`pnk, vfsfter k iuobk bk èr pere kdsmrver
u` hreobm tuderêk-dreojk. Oes msjknes pñdnfjes qum ebktere` k prkhreè bm TE, æ k prkimsskr
qum` bmifom quefs jkotmñbks bfspkoàvmfs bmvm` smr vfsuenfzebks pmnks mstubeotms, bm ejkrbk
jk` ks tredenlebks m` sene bm eune.
Ikotm1 KZLF@E, I. V.V. E rmenfbebm vfrtuen oe sene bm eune. Æpkje

Æpkje,, 47 aeo. 4759. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//mpkje.hnkdk.jk`/fbmfes/oktfjfe/4759/75/rmenfbebm-vfrtuen-oe-sene-bmeune.lt`n?.
>lttp1//mpkje.hnkdk.jk`/fbmfes/oktfjfe/4759/75/rmenfbebm-vfrtuen-oe-sene-bmeune.lt `n?. Ejmssk m`1 5< imv. 475<.
M, pere jrfer uè smoseèêk f`mrsfve èfs prkiuobe, smoskrms mxtmroks jepture` hmstks m e pksfèêk
bk usuårfk. Mxm`pnks bfssk sêk k Nmep @ktfko m k @fjrkskit Cfomjt.

Ifhure :.52 ‚Akhebkr bk \dkx :97 utfnfze e tmjoknkhfe @fjrkskit Cfomjt
Ok moteotk, oêk epmoes lerbwerm m skitwerm

lerbwerm m sêk omjmssårfks pere e e`pne bfssm`foeèêk be TY m
skitwerm sêk
be TE, ès te`dæ` jkotmñbks qum kimrmèe` mxpmrfáojfes vfrtuefs m` smtkrms jk`k nkhàstfje,

`mbfjfoe m mbujeèêk. Epnfjeèýms èfs rmjmotms pkbm` treosikrèr e mxpmrfáojfe f`mrsfve m` enhk
efobe èfs ñtfn m` mbujeèêk, jk`k ok jesk bm sfùnebkrms pere trmfoe`motk m` prkifssýms qum
mxfhm` prmjfsêk, jk`k jfrurhfe, ku èoutmoèêk m` fosteneèýms bm entk rfsjk, jk`k rmbms mnætrfjes m
usfoes bm momrhfe oujnmer.
Ok moteotk, kdsmrvm efobe qum e jrfeèêk bm jkotmñbks m` TY m TE pkbm smr imfte pmnks prúprfks
usuårfks1 u` mxm`pnk sêk ks sèrtplkoms èfs `kbmroks, juaes jä`mres fotmhrebes pmr`ftm` ifnèr
sèrtplkoms èfs
vàbmks m fèhmos bm :97 .
k

Ifhure :.5= ‚Mohmolmfrk ifnè nkjen bm tredenlk jk` sèrtplkom
:.5.2 Zfùneèýms bm jk`putebkr
]è sfùneèêk bm jk`putebkr æ u` prkhreè qum f`fte u` imoò`mok ku uè sftueèêk jk`pnmxe bk
ùobk rmen, jk`k u` tmrrm`ktk, es kobes bm u` tsuoe`f , e bm`knfèêk bm u` mbfiàjfk ku u` fojáobfk
bm hreobms
jånjunks, qumprkpkrèýms. Oe desm
sêk mxmjutebks bmpkssfdfnfter
pere u` prkhreè bm sfùneèêk,bm
e rmprmsmoteèêk låbfimrmotms
u` `kbmnk ikrèbk ]`
sftueèýms. pkr mxm`pnk
rmhres m
dm` sf`pnms sêk ks prkhreès bm sfùneèêk ifoeojmfre, qum jenjune`, pkr mxm`pnk, queotk æ
omjmssårfk fovmstfr `mosen`motm pere enjeoèer bfimrmotms rmsuntebks ok iuturk. @es lå sfùneèýms qum,
pkr `mfk bm fotmriejm hråifje ku vfrtuen èfs jk`pnmxe, pkssfdfnfte` ek usuårfk vfsuenfzer ku
mxpmrf`moter k rmsuntebk bmssms jånjunks bm ikrè ùftk èfs jnere m, m` enhuos jesks, etæ `ms`k
fotmretfve.

Ifhure :.59 ‚Fèhm` bm sfùneèêk bm jk`putebkr skdrm jk`k u` tmrrm`ktk hmre u` tsuoe`f

Jk`k tkbks ks `kbmnks, sfùneèýms sêk rmprmsmoteèýms sf`pnfifjebes ku edstreàbes be rmenfbebm.
Jerejtmràstfjes mspmjàifjes pkbm` smr fojnuàbes, moietfzebes ku k`ftfbes pere epkfer etfvfbebms ku tfpks
bm jk`prmmosêk mspmjàifjks.
M` hmren, es sfùneèýms bm jk`putebkr oêk tá` k kdamtfvk bm prkvmr uè `kbmnehm` vfsuen
rmenfste bks sfstmès sfùnebks, jk`k ejkotmjm oe rmenfbebm vfrtuen. Enhuos bmssms sfstmès sêk
edstretks m, `ms`k pere ks qum sêk jkojrmtks, ùftes vmzms oêk sêk prkamtebes rmprmsmoteèýms
hråifjes. Uueobk mnes sêk utfnfzebes, hmren`motm rmprmsmote` epmoes es jerejtmràstfjes rmnmveotms
pere ks kdamtfvks be sfùneèêk, sm` espfrer ek rmenfs`k m eks bmtenlms en`maebks oe rmenfbebm vfrtuen.
Kutre bfimrmoèe æ qum es sfùneèýms pkr jk`putebkr oêk prmjfse` smr omjmsserfe`motm fotmretfves.
Okrèn`motm, ks sfùnebkrms bmtmr`foe` uè særfm bm perä`mtrks ok foàjfk bm uè sfùneèêk m
motêk „mxmjute`‐ e f`fteèêk be rmenfbebm sm` omoluè fotmrvmoèêk luèoe. Wkr mxm`pnk, u`
prkhreè qum sfùne ks mimftks bk equmjf`motk skner pkbm smr mxmjutebk jk` e jkoifhureèêk bm
bfimrmotms oàvmfs bm bfúxfbk
bfúxf bk bm jerdkok oe Rmrre.
Rmrre.
@es mxfstm` sfùneèýms bk tfpk fotmretfvk, qum fojnum` kpmrebkrms luèoks, jk`k æ k jesk bm u`
sfùnebkr utfnfzebk oe årme pkrtuårfe, pkr mxm`pnk. Omnes, k usuårfk fosmrm sfoefs bm jkotrknm useobk
u` akystfjc pere èomaer u` mqufpe`motk. Ks sfoefs bm jkotrknm sêk motêk prkjmssebks pmnk
prkhreè, qum rmehm eks sfoefs entmreobk e mxfdfèêk bm u` jmoårfk m` uè tmne. Uueobk e sfùneèêk
fotmretfve iez usk bm hråifjks trfbf`mosfkoefs m immbdejc smoskrfen,
smoskrfen, pkbm smr jkosfbmrebe uè ikrè bm
rmenfbebm vfrtuen.44
K Fostftutk bm Jepejfteèêk Ræjofje Wrkifssfkoen (Fojetmp) æ mspmjfenfste ok

bmsmovknvf`motk m trmfoe`motk bm prkifssfkoefs be årme pkrtuårfe m etue bmsbm 5666.
Fofjfen`motm k fostftutk kimrmjfe jepejfteèýms pråtfjes epmoes m` tmr`foefs nkjenfzebks ok
pkrtk bm Zeotks, Zêk Weunk. E pertfr bm 477=, ifr`ku uè perjmrfe jk` e ]ofvmrsfbebm bm
Yenáojfe, oe Mspeole, m jk` uè m`prmse fobfeoe pere bmsmovknvmr sfùnebkrms jepezms bm
jepejfter prkifssfkoefs qum etue` m` pkrtks oêk epmoes m` Zeotks, ès m` tkbk k Dresfn.
Etuen`motm e m`prmse etue m` kutrks 4= pkrtks bfstrfduàbks pmnk peàs.
Ikotm1 TKZZF, @. M`prmse jrfe m mxpkrte sfùnebkrms pere trmfoe`motk m` årmes pkrtuårfes. H5 H5,, 5 aun. 475=.
Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//h5.hnkdk.jk`/sp/seotks-rmhfek/oktfjfe/475=/78/m`pr
>lttp1//h5.hnkdk.jk`/sp/seotks-rmhfek/oktfjfe/475=/78/m`prmse-jrfe-m-mxpkrte-sfùnebkrms-
mse-jrfe-m-mxpkrte-sfùnebkrms-
pere-trmfoe`motk-m`-ermes-pkrtuerfes.lt`n?.
pere-trmfoe`motk-m`-ermes-p krtuerfes.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5< imv. 475<. Were èfs foikrèèýms, vmae k sftm bk
sftm bk
Hrupk Fojetmp. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.hrupkfojetmp.jk`.dr/fostftujfkoen/Bmieunt.espx?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv.
475<.
Oes sfùneèýms jk`putejfkoefs, k tm`pk pkbm smr jkotrknebk, mxpeobfbk ku jk`prf`fbk,

pmr`ftfobk rmprkbuzfr u` imoò`mok, mvmotk, prkjmssk ku sfstmè bm èomfre nmote ku ejmnmrebe, bm
`kbk qum smae pkssàvmn motmobá-nk `mnlkr m, ok jesk bes sfùneèýms fotmretfves, pretfjer

prkjmbf`motks m tkèr bmjfsýms sm` prmjfser skirmr es jkosmquáojfes rmefs bes fotmrvmoèýms
rmenfzebes.
Mspmjfifje`motm jk` ifoenfbebm mbujejfkoen, es sfùneèýms pkbm` smr usebes pere qum k enuok
mxpnkrm u` imoò`mok, prkjmssk ku prkjmbf`motk eausteobk vårfks perä`mtrks m kdsmrveobk e
rmspkste qum k `kbmnk jk`putejfkoen bå. Wkr `mfk bm fotmreèýms rmpmtfbes, jk`k smnmjfkoer uè
heè bm venkrms pere uè verfåvmn m kdsmrver es ùbeoèes rmsunteotms, mnm pkbm jlmher e uè
jk`prmmosêk bk `kbmnk.
Yenm nm`drer qum, m` uè sfùneèêk, ks enuoks mxpnkre` m fovmstfhe` verfåvmfs m jkotrkne` u`
sfstmè jkostruàbk pkr tmrjmfrks, ès oks jleèbks `fjrkùobks mnms tá` èfs kpkrtuofbebms bm
jrfeèêk m prkbuèêk, pkbmobk jkostrufr smu prúprfk sfstmè mxmjutåvmn. Ks `fjrkùobks te`dæ` tá`
rmstrfèýms, uè vmz qum epmoes es eèýms prmvfstes pmnks jrfebkrms bk prkhreè sêk pkssàvmfs, ès
mnms sêk prkamtebks pere edrfr ùftks je`folks bm mxpnkreèêk eks enuoks, m` vmz bm hufå-nks m` uè
bfrmèêk mspmjàifje.
Oe ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Nmfjmstmr æ rmenfzebk k Wrkamtk Zwfit, qum bmsmovknvm etfvfbebms bm

eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfves m` u` nedkretúrfk bm hmoætfje vfrtuen, qum mstå smobk usebk
jk`k u` e`dfmotm eutáotfjk pere qum ks mstubeotms sm ejkstu`m` e tredenler m` u`
nedkretúrfk m eprmobe` es rmhres dåsfjes bm smhureoèe pkr `mfk bk usk bm mqufpe`motks
vfrtuefs, jk`k `fjrksjúpfks m jmotràiuhes.*
* Were èfs foikrèèýms, vmae k sftm be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Nmfjmstmr. Bfspkoàvmn m`1

>www4.nm.ej.uc/bmpert`mots/hmomtfjs/hmofm/prkamjts/swfit?. Ejmssk m`1 imv. 475<.
:.5.= Akhks
Bm ejkrbk jk` Lufzfohe, k akhk æ uè etfvfbebm fomrmotm ek smr luèok, eotmrfkr ç junture, m iez pertm
be vfbe bes pmsskes m be skjfmbebm.4: E refz be penevre akhk vm` bk netf` akjus akjus m qumr bfzmr
„bfvmrtf`motk ku drfojebmfre‐. Rkbevfe, e bf`mosêk rmjrmetfve æ epmoes u` espmjtk bks akhks, qum
te`dæ` sêk jerejtmrfzebks pkr jkoterm` jk` pmnk `moks u` akhebkr, smrm` krfmotebks pkr rmhres m
`mtes e smrm` ju`prfbes, pkssfdfnfterm` e tkèbe bm bmjfsêk m pmnk usk bm imrre`motes, motrm kutrks
espmjtks bfsjutfbks e smhufr.42
Jk` ks eveoèks tmjoknúhfjks, ùftks akhks ikre` treospkstks pere mspeèks bfhftefs, kutrks ikre`
jrfebks pere smrm` akhebks jk` k epkfk bm imrre`motes tmjoknúhfjes m kutrks teotks tá` fojkrpkrebk
jebe vmz èfs rmjursks bm rmenfbebm vfrtuen (pkr mxm`pnk, e ireoqufe bm akhks jk`mrjfefs be Ifie)4= m
bm rmenfbebm eu`motebe (pkr mxm`pnk, ks akhks desmebks m` smoskrms bm `kvf`motk, jk`k k
@fjrkskit Cfomjt).49 M` ùftks akhks, es tmjoknkhfes f`mrsfves `msjne`-sm e if` bm prkpkrjfkoer eks
usuårfks mxpmrfáojfes ùntfssmoskrfefs fotmretfves, m` tm`pk rmen m jkotmxtuenfzebes. Ek `ms`k tm`pk,
mstêk èfs ejmssàvmfs vfe sèrtplkoms
sèrtplkoms,, tednmts m bfspksftfvks bm vfbmk he`m,
tednmts m he`m, k qum iejfnfte sue ebkèêk
m` verfebks jkotmxtks, fojnusfvm k mbujejfkoen.
Ks akhks mxprmsse` uè jerejtmràstfje luèoe foete, qum æ k prezmr m e `ktfveèêk pmne
mxpmrf`moteèêk, pmne vfváojfe, pmne fèhfoeèêk, pmnk bmsmak bm sm treospkrter pere
kutrks tm`pks m mspeèks.
Ks akhks mxprmsse` uè jerejtmràstfje luèoe foete, qum æ k prezmr m e `ktfveèêk pmne
mxpmrf`moteèêk, pmne vfváojfe, pmne fèhfoeèêk, pmnk bmsmak bm sm treospkrter pere kutrks tm`pks m
mspeèks. K prezmr m` akher tm` sfbk mxpnfjebk m` tmr`ks bm u` „mstebk bm inuxk‐ ok quen uè pmsske
sm pmrjmdm jepez bm sknujfkoer u` bmseifk qum nlm æ eprmsmotebk, fovmstm tm`pk m momrhfe pere iezá-
nk, m mspmre uè hretfifjeèêk pmssken ku skjfen ek rmsknvá-nk.48
@fleny Jsfcszmot`flenyf, prkimsskr bm Wsfjknkhfe jkolmjfbk pkr smus mstubks skdrm e imnfjfbebm m e
jrfetfvfbebm, erhu`mote qum k inuxk æ uè jkobfèêk `moten bm fotmose jkojmotreèêk fobuzfbe pkr `mtes
dm` bmifofbes, oàvmfs ebmquebks bm bmseifk m immbdejc jnerk
jnerk m jkosfstmotm.4< Enjeoèer u` mstebk bm

inuxk movknvm `ktfveèêk fotràosmje, msikrèk m etmoèêk sustmotebe, pere qum termies eotms jkosfbmrebes
bfiàjmfs sm tkrom` iåjmfs m tubk k qum sm ieèe smae jkosfbmrebk ente`motm prezmrksk.
Jk`k vm`ks, k qum jerejtmrfze u` akhk æ k ietk bm smr u` sfstmè bk quen akhebkrms pertfjfpe` bm
ikrè etfve. K akhk prkpým bmseifks ertfifjfefs, `ms`k tmobk irkotmfres m rmimráojfes be vfbe rmen3 enæ`
bfssk, sm`prm lå jkoinftks e smrm` rmsknvfbks, k qum pkbm kjkrrmr bm ikrè fobfvfbuen m jk`pmtftfve ku
m` hrupk, bm ikrè jknedkretfve. Fhuen`motm f`pkrteotm æ k ietk bm tkbk akhk tmr rmhres, smobk pkssàvmn
queotfifjer m, m` ùftks jesks, eutkètfzer, k rmsuntebk bm smhufr msses rmhres.46
Bm ejkrbk jk` Cepp, nfste`ks e smhufr es jerejtmràstfjes bks akhks.:7
K akhk prkpým bmseifks ertfifjfefs, `ms`k tmobk irkotmfres m rmimráojfes be vfbe rmen3
enæ` bfssk, sm`prm lå jkoinftks e smrm` rmsknvfbks, k qum pkbm kjkrrmr bm ikrè
fobfvfbuen m jk`pmtftfve ku m` hrupk, bm ikrè jknedkretfve.
• Tmhres ‚ tkbk akhk tm` rmhres f`pnàjftes ku mxpnàjftes m, ùftes vmzms, k qum movknvm k akhebkr æ
teotk supmrer ks bmseifks prkpkstks pmnes rmhres jk`k qumdrer es prúprfes rmhres.
• Jkoinftk, jk`pmtfèêk, jkkpmreèêk ‚ tkbk akhk æ desmebk m` bmseifks, m ks pertfjfpeotms pkbm`
jk`pmtfr ku jknedkrer motrm sf pere supmrå-nks.
• Tmjk`pmose m immbdejc ‚ k akhebkr sm`prm mspmre enhu` tfpk bm sjkrm sjkrm ku pkotueèêk. Lå
bfvmrsks tfpks bm „rmjk`pmoses‐ m bm ikrès bm rmikrèk ku bm immbdejc qum tá` jk`k kdamtfvk
mstfùner k akhebkr e jkotfouer sue pertfjfpeèêk.
• Oàvmfs bm bfifjunbebm ‚ ks akhebkrms sêk mstfùnebks e `mnlkrer sue etueèêk jk` bfvmrsks oàvmfs
• bm bfifjunbebm.
Oerretfves ‚ e oerretfve æ u` mnm`motk `ktfvebkr m bm moheae`motk pere ùftks akhebkrms qum
hkste` bm sm fbmotfifjer jk` bmtmr`foebk tfpk bm pmrskoehm` ku mormbk.
• Ikrès bm queotfifjeèêk m sjkrm ‚ oêk lå akhk sm` enhu` tfpk bm queotfifjeèêk3 jebe eèêk
bmsm`pmolebe ok akhk pkbm tmr smu venkr bm pkotueèêk pere akhebkrms bfimrmotms, bmpmobmobk bk
hreu bm bfifjunbebm m be bmifofèêk oe rmhre bk akhk.
• Bfimrmotms trfnles ku pmrjursks ‚ kutrk mnm`motk be he`fifjeèêk æ pmr`ftfr e jebe u` e msjknle
bk je`folk pere rmsknvmr ks bmseifks.
• Immbdejc ‚ immbdejcs
immbdejcs råpfbks hmre` u` `kvf`motk jkotàouk bks akhebkrms, èotmobk k
fotmrmssm pmnks bmseifks sm`, ok moteotk, prkvkjer eosfmbebm.
K ùobk bks akhks æ bfvmrsfifjebk m jk`pnmxk. Be verfmbebm bm akhks bfspkoàvmfs lkam m bm

fotmrmssm bfrmtk pere e mbujeèêk, ks akhks særfks (smrfkus he`ms) bmsteje`-sm pkr jk`dfoerm`
oerretfve m sfùneèêk pere mstfùner k bmsmovknvf`motk bm jkolmjf`motks ku ledfnfbebms mspmjàifjes,
rmjkrrmobk e mxpmrfáojfes nmvms, sf`pnms m bfvmrtfbes pere jkostrufr enhu` oàvmn bm jk`prmmosêk bm
túpfjks bfvmrsks ku bm u` mspmjàifjk. Rrete` bm tm`åtfjes rmnmveotms (jk`k ætfje, jfbebeofe, señbm,
venkrms mtj.) vfseobk bmsmovknvmr e eprmobfzehm` bm okvks jkolmjf`motks, ku smae, oêk sm nf`fte` ek
purk motrmtmof`motk.:5
Ks akhks særfks (smrfkus he`ms) bmsteje`-sm pkr jk`dfoerm` oerretfve m sfùneèêk
pere mstfùner k bmsmovknvf`motk bm jkolmjf`motks ku ledfnfbebms mspmjàifjes,
rmjkrrmobk e mxpmrfáojfes nmvms, sf`pnms m bfvmrtfbes pere jkostrufr enhu` oàvmn bm
jk`prmmosêk bm túpfjks bfvmrsks ku bm u` mspmjàifjk.
Jkotubk, k kdamtfvk ifoen bmssms akhks oêk æ `mre`motm e bfvmrsêk bks akhebkrms, ès e
eprmobfzehm` skdrm u` jkotmñbk mspmjàifjk m/ku e rmsknuèêk bm u` prkdnmè jk`pnmxk.
Refs akhks jk`dfoe` mnm`motks nñbfjks e mnm`motks særfks m trezm`, smhuobk Zevf m ]ndrfjlt,:4
dmomiàjfks mspmjàifjks pere k prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm`1 mimftk `ktfvebkr (bfvmrsêk m motrmtmof`motk)
m iejfnftebkr bk eprmobfzebk (tkèbe bm bmjfsêk m mxpksfèêk e bmseifks jrmsjmotms)3 bmsmovknvf`motk
bm ledfnfbebms jkhoftfves (mnedkreèêk bm mstretæhfes m ertfjuneèêk motrm mnm`motks bk akhk)3
eprmobfzehm` pkr bmsjkdmrte (mxpnkreèêk, jknedkreèêk m mxpmrf`moteèêk)3 mxpmrfáojfe bm okves
fbmotfbebms (f`mrsêk m` kutrks ùobks m jkotmxtks)3 skjfenfzeèêk (jkkpmreèêk m jk`pmtftfvfbebm ok
ùobk vfrtuen)3 jkkrbmoeèêk `ktkre (ledfnfbebms mspejfefs)3 m jk`pkrte`motk mxpmrt (jkolmjf`motk

bk tmè edkrbebk ok akhk). Zevf m ]ndrfjlt mxpnfje` efobe qum æ bfiàjfn qum u` ñofjk akhk pkssfdfnftm k
bmsmovknvf`motk bm tkbes msses pktmojfenfbebms, ès æ jkù` qum mxpnkrm` m/ku bmsmovknve` pmnks
`moks enhuès bmnes.
K @fomjreit æ u` ùobk vfrtuen edmrtk (ejmssàvmn hretufte`motm oe wmd

wmd)) qum pkbm smr
mxpnkrebk m treosikrèbk bm ikrè eutòokè pmnk akhebkr, qum tm` e smu bfspkr
pmbresimrre`motes m rmjursks
pere jkostrufr perepå`kbfifjå-nk
jeses, uè pere jever(pkr mxm`pnk,
durejks, motrmu` èjlebk
kutrks). pere
Æ u` akhkjkrter årvkrms,
oêk nfomer ok
quen k akhebkr bmvm mnedkrer sues prúprfes oerretfves bm ikrè fobfvfbuen ku jk` kutres pmsskes.
Ikf ebktebk jk`k smrfkus he`m pkr
he`m pkr enuoks bk 6k eok bk Jknæhfk Deobmfreotms, m` Zêk Weunk,
jk` k kdamtfvk bm rmjrfer k prf`mfrk præbfk be msjkne, jkostruàbk m` 56:7. Were fssk, mnms
pmsqufsere` skdrm k jkotmxtk lfstúrfjk be jepften peunfste oe æpkje m` qum e msjkne ikf
jkostruàbe. Es foikrèèýms lfstúrfjes ikre` fosmrfbes ok e`dfmotm vfrtuen pere qum ikssm`
vfsuenfzebes pmnks vfsfteotms bk akhk. Zmhuobk ks mstubeotms, k prkjmssk bm pmsqufse, jrfeèêk,
jknedkreèêk m eprmobfzehm` ikf bfvmrtfbk m morfqumjmbkr.
Ikotm1 WMRTÚ, H. Enuoks use` “@fomjreit‖ pere rmjkoter lfstúrfe bm msjkne. H5

H5,, 4< èfk 475:. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//h5.hnkdk.jk`/tmjoknkhfe/he`ms/oktfjfe/475:/7=/enuoksuse`-`fomjreit-pere-rmjkoter-lfstkrfe-bm-
msjkne.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5< imv. 475<.

Ifhure :.58 ‚@fomjreit smobk usebk pere ifos mbujejfkoefs oe @enåsfe
Kutrk ikrètk qum venm `moèêk ok msjkpk bes `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves sêk ks akhks pmrsuesfvks,
qum jkostrkm` erhu`motks skdrm jk`k ks sfstmès iuojfkoe` ok ùobk rmen, nmveobk k akhebkr e
`kbfifjer sue kpfofêk ikre bk akhk. Zêk uè ikrè okve bm akher qum e`pnfe e mxpmrfáojfe bks vfbmk
he`ms m akhks bfhftefs pere k ùobk iàsfjk. E jk`puteèêk pmrvesfve, desmebe ok jkojmftk „sm`prm
he`ms
etfvk‐ (enweys
(enweys ko),
ko), pmr`ftm qum akhks smae` mxmjutebks m` bfspksftfvks lmtmrkháomks, ifqum`
bfspkoàvmfs smtm bfes pkr smèoe, 42 lkres pkr bfe.
Ks akhks pmrvesfvks rm`mtm` ç eprmobfzehm` udàque ( u-nmerofoh ),

), qum edkrbe`ks ok
Jepàtunk 4,
4, ek mxpnkrer es `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs ok je`pk mbujejfkoen.

M` hmren, ks akhks pmrsuesfvks tá` jk`k mfxk jmotren uè oerretfve jmotren ireh`motebe motrm
bfvmrses pneteikrès m bfspksftfvks. Zue mstruture movknvm m-èfns
m-èfns,, `àbfes skjfefs, Z@Z, sftms
sftms,, tmnmikofe
`úvmn, motrm kutrks, m etæ k mspeèk urdeok pere bfstrfdufr mofhès m bmseifks.
Feo Dkhkst,:: prkimsskr bm Mstubks bm @àbfe m Jk`puteèêk Fotmretfve ok Hmkrhfe Fostftutm ki
Rmjloknkhy, erhu`mote qum ks akhks pmrsuesfvks, hreèes ç sue mstruture rmtúrfje jkotuobmotm m pkr
mstedmnmjmrm` rmhres qum krfmote` es fotmreèýms motrm ks pertfjfpeotms, tá` u` pkbmr ñofjk bm
pmrsuesêk qum untrepesse kutres ikrès bm pmrsuesêk jk`putejfkoen. Wkr fssk, tmobm` e epkfer
mstrutures skjfefs m junturefs mxfstmotms, ès te`dæ` pkbm` foinumojfer, m` nkohk prezk, ùbeoèes
skjfefs pktmojfen`motm sfhofifjetfves. Dkhkst mspmjfifje efobe qum mxfstm` trás hreobms årmes qum aå
ikre` f`pejtebes pmnk pkbmr pmrsuesfvk bks akhks1 e pknàtfje, e pudnfjfbebm m e eprmobfzehm`.
Mxfstm` efobe ks Tknm Wneyfoh He`ms (TWH ‚ akhks bm bmsm`pmolk bm pepæfs), oks quefs k
akhebkr essu`m k pepmn bm u` pmrskoehm` m` u` e`dfmotm, fotmrehm jk` kutrks akhebkrms m,
bmpmobmobk bm sues eèýms m msjknles, ks etrfdutks be oerretfve `kbfifje`-sm, jkostftufobk uè
lfstúrfe bfoä`fje. Es sftueèýms jrfebes sm`prm smhum` rmhres mstedmnmjfbes pkr u` `mstrm (nàbmr bk
akhk), ès jk`k e prkpkste æ edmrte ç fotmreèêk, pkbm`-sm mxpmrf`moter ikrès bfimrmotms bm nfber
jk` msses rmhres, bm prkpkr okvks je`folks m okves sknuèýms.
M` Tknm Wneyfoh He`ms (TWH ‚ akhks bm bmsm`pmolk bm pepæfs), k akhebkr essu`m k
pepmn bm u` pmrskoehm` m` u` e`dfmotm, fotmrehm jk` kutrks akhebkrms m,
bmpmobmobk bm sues eèýms m msjknles, ks etrfdutks be oerretfve `kbfifje`-sm,
jkostftufobk uè lfstúrfe bfoä`fje.
Ks TWH pkbm` smr jnessfifjebks, smhuobk Zjl`ft,:2 m` jfojk tfpks, jk`k smhum.
5. TWH bm `mse ‚ kjkrrm queobk akhebkrms sm rmñom` prmsmojfen`motm pere akher (m` tkrok bm uè
`mse) useobk ètmrfefs jk`k nåpfs m pepmn pere rmhfstrer es jerejtmràstfjes èfs f`pkrteotms bm
pmrskoehmos m be oerretfve m` pneofnles ku ifjles.
4. Nfvm-ejtfko ‚ movknvm u` hreobm oñ`mrk bm pmsskes, qum èrje` u` nkjen bm mojkotrk prmsmojfen
m enf prmpere` u` jmoårfk mspmjàifjk, use` rkupes vfojunebes ek tmè bk akhk m sm jkùofje` pkr
`mfk be iene.
:. TWH sknk ‚ smhum u` rktmfrk rmhfstrebk m` u` nfvrk ok quen ks akhebkrms sêk eprmsmotebks e uè
sftueèêk-prkdnmè m bfvmrsks pmrjursks qum pkbm` nmvå-nks e ifos bfimrmotms ok akhk.
2. TWH mnmtròofjk ‚ æ uè treospksfèêk bk TWH bm `mse pere k jk`putebkr3 omnm uè pmsske
jkotrkne tkbes es akhebes (smu pmrskoehm` m k bks kutrks), tkèobk bmjfsýms m rmsknvmobk
prkdnmès m` u` e`dfmotm sfùnebk.
=. @untfpneymr konfom rknm pneyfoh he`m ‚ akhk m` qum u` hreobm oñ`mrk bm pertfjfpeotms fotmrehm
oe fotmromt m` u` jmoårfk ejmssàvmn m` e`dfmotms vfrtuefs f`mrsfvks.

‚Akhebkr bm TWH nfvm-ejtfko

Ifhure :.5< ‚Akhebkr jerejtmrfzebk jk`k u` humrrmfrk
nfvm-ejtfko jerejtmrfzebk
Bfimrmotms tfpks bm TWH sêk ebktebks m` jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs jk`k `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves
qum prkpfjfe` k moheae`motk `moten m/ku iàsfjk bks akhebkrms. E oerretfve, ks pmrskoehmos, ks
jmoårfks, e pkssfdfnfbebm bm tkèbe bm bmjfsêk pkbm` smr moheaebkrms pere ks enuoks, ès sú bmvm`
smr usebks pkr mbujebkrms sm mstfvmrm` ertfjunebks e kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm` dm` bmifofbks. Fssk
oêk æ termie iåjfn m bmèobe qum k prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste rmenfzm u` pneomae`motk prævfk m krfmotm
ks pertfjfpeotms, m` `k`motks mspmjàifjks, e rminmtfr skdrm k qum mstêk eprmobmobk moqueotk akhe`.
Oe vmrbebm, k usk bm akhks bfhftefs oe mbujeèêk pkbm smr bmseifebkr. Zmhuobk u` rmnetúrfk
prmperebk pkr Cfrrfmùfr m @jIerneom,:= tefs bmseifks mstêk rmnejfkoebks çs mxpmjtetfves bks enuoks m
prkifssfkoefs ie`fnferfzebks jk` he`ms
he`ms jk`mrjfefs èfs skifstfjebks. Enæ` bfssk, ùftes vmzms ks
akhks mbujejfkoefs ejede` prkpkobk etfvfbebms rmpmtftfves, jeosetfves ku sf`pnms bmèfs, m fssk
bmsmstfùne ks mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs (pktmojfefs akhebkrms). Ks eutkrms bmsteje` te`dæ` qum æ
prmjfsk jkosfbmrer e rmnmväojfe bm akhks mbujejfkoefs, jk`pereobk smu jkotmñbk çs tm`åtfjes
edkrbebes m` jursks prmsmojfefs, e bfstäojfe m jkrpkretfvks.
K usk bm akhks bfhftefs oe mbujeèêk pkbm smr bmseifebkr. Refs
Refs bmseifks mstêk
rmnejfkoebks çs mxpmjtetfves bks enuoks m prkifssfkoefs ie`fnferfzebks jk` he`ms
jk`mrjfefs èfs skifstfjebks.
@ms`k jkosfbmreobk tkbks mssms bmseifks, oêk lå bñvfbe bm qum ks akhks sêk moheaebkrms. Wkr
fssk, oks ñntf`ks eoks, mnm`motks be nfohuehm` bks akhks jk`mèere` e smr epnfjebks m` jkotmxtks
mxtmroks eks akhks prkprfe`motm bftks. Bmsse pråtfje, m`mrhfu k jkojmftk bm he`fifjeèêk, qum
mxpnkrerm`ks e smhufr.
:.5.9 He`fifjeèêk
K tmr`k he`fifjetfko (trebuzfbk pere k pkrtuhuás pkr he`fifjeèêk ku, èfs rere`motm, nubfifjeèêk) ikf
utfnfzebk pmne prf`mfre vmz m` 4774 pmnk prkhreèbkr drftäofjk Ofjc Wmnnfoh, ès k tmè sú bmspmrtku
etmoèêk eoks bmpkfs, jk` e pudnfjeèêk bk nfvrk E rmenfbebm m` akhk1 pkr qum ks he`ms oks tkroe`
`mnlkrms m jk`k mnms pkbm` ùber k ùobk, ùobk, bm Aeom @jHkofhen.:9 Bmsbm motêk, k tmè sm

bfssm`foku prfojfpen`motm ok ùobk krheofzejfkoen, qum tm` utfnfzebk e he`fifjeèêk jk`k mstretæhfe
bm ùbeoèe bm jk`pkrte`motk bks jknedkrebkrms m hereotfe be mifjfáojfe m` smus rmsuntebks. :8
He`fifjeèêk oêk æ k `ms`k qum user ku jrfer akhks jk` jkotmxtk skjfen ku mbujejfkoen. E fbmfe
oêk æ tredenler akhks imjlebks, qum sêk prkbutks m rmjursks junturefs m` sf `ms`ks, ès sf`
fojkrpkrer ks mnm`motks be nfohuehm` bks akhks m` jkotmxtks mxtmroks e mnms. :< Mssms mnm`motks
vfse` moheaer m `ktfver ks akhebkrms e jk`pmtfr, ùber bm oàvmn, vmojmr bmseifks m supmrer-sm.
K Wkcæ`ko Hk æ u` akhk bfhften jk`mrjfen, neoèebk m` 4759, qum utfnfze pmrskoehmos bm

u` bmsmolk eofèbk bm mokr`m sujmssk oe bæjebe bm 5667. Fojmotfve ks akhebkrms e
prkjurer pkcæ`kos (pmrskoehmos) ek je`foler m` jmoårfks rmefs useobk e jä`mre m k
sfstmè bm HWZ bm u` jmnuner. K akhk æ ejmssàvmn m` quenqumr sèrtplkom
sèrtplkom,, bmsbm qum k usuårfk
defxm k epnfjetfvk. K Wkcæ`ko Hk prmvá e fotmreèêk motrm ks akhebkrms. Motêk, ç `mbfbe qum u`
akhebkr vmojm ks bmseifks prkpkstks m` bmtmr`foebk oàvmn, smus pkcæ`kos mvknum` (ifje` èfs
ikrtms, råpfbks m jk` pkbmrms mspmjfefs), m jk` fssk æ pkssàvmn ùber bm oàvmn. Essf`, k akhebkr
æ motrmtfbk ek user bebks bk ùobk rmen pere jrfer u` e`dfmotm bm ieotesfe ertfjuneobk
foikrèèýms bm nkjenfzeèêk m jk`pmtfobk jk` kutrks usuårfks.
Ikotm1 XMNNM, B. “WKCÆ@KO hk‖ æ `åqufoe bm jknmte bm bebks, enmrte mspmjfenfste. H5, 6 ehk. 4759.
Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//h5.hnkdk.jk`/tmjoknkhfe/he`ms/oktfjfe/4759/7</pkcm`ko-hk-
>lttp1//h5.hnkdk.jk`/tmjoknkhfe/he`ms/oktfjfe/4759/7</pkcm`ko-hk-m-èqufoe-bm-jknmte-bm-
m-èqufoe-bm-jknmte-bm-
bebks-enmrte-mspmjfenfste.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5< imv. 475<.
Zmhufobk e tmobáojfe fofjfebe oe mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve, oks ñntf`ks eoks e he`fifjeèêk te`dæ`
tm` sfbk ebktebe oe mbujeèêk prmsmojfen, làdrfbe m e bfstäojfe. Yfse eu`moter k moheae`motk m e
eutkok`fe bm mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs, k smosk bm rmspkosedfnfbebm pmne prúprfe eprmobfzehm` m e
equfsfèêk bm jkolmjf`motks. Jk` fssk, tm` pkr kdamtfvk mstfùner k pmose`motk jrfetfvk, k pktmojfen
bm fokveèêk m ledfnfbebms bm nfbmreoèe, jknedkreèêk m jkkpmreèêk bm eprmobfzms.
Ok Jepàtunk 5 eprmsmote`ks
5 eprmsmote`ks enhuès jk`pmtáojfes (jk`k jrfetfvfbebm, nfbmreoèe,
jknedkreèêk) jkosfbmrebes iuobe`motefs ok sæjunk \\F m qum sêk bmsmovknvfbes pkr
`mtkbknkhfes etfves.
Oe pråtfje, Ifnetrk:6 fobfje qum he`fifjer sfhofifje fojnufr ok bmsfho fostrujfkoen bm u` jursk ku
jepejfteèêk tkbks ks smhufotms mnm`motks (ku enhuos bmnms)1 rmhres, oàvmfs prkhrmssfvks bm bfifjunbebm,
jkoinftk/jk`pmtfèêk/jkkpmreèêk, pkotueèêk, rmjk`pmose m immbdejc , oerretfve bm iuobk,
pmrskoenfzeèêk bm pmrjursks, reoqume`motk m inuxk bm immbdejc.
Mxfstm` bkfs tfpks bm he`fifjeèêk ebktebks oe mbujeèêk1 e mstruturen m e bm jkotmñbk.
Mxfstm` bkfs tfpks bm he`fifjeèêk ebktebks oe mbujeèêk1 e mstruturen m e bm jkotmñbk. E
He`fifjeèêk mstruturen jkote jk` e epnfjeèêk bm mnm`motks bm akhk
a khk ok prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm` jk`
k kdamtfvk bm `ktfver ks mstubeotms e sm moheaerm` oes etfvfbebms prkpkstes. Essf`, k jkotmñbk e smr
edkrbebk oêk æ entmrebk ku f`pejtebk pmne prkpkste bm he`fifjeèêk, uè vmz qum epmoes e mstruture
m` tkrok bk jkotmñbk e smr eprmobfbk æ he`fifjebe. Mssm tfpk bm he`fifjeèêk æ desmebk oe
pmrspmjtfve jk`pkrte`motenfste bm eprmobfzehm` (qum rmikrèe jk`pkrte`motks mspmjàifjks pere etfohfr
kdamtfvks bmsmaebks). M` hmren, movknvm ks pertfjfpeotms kimrmjmobk immbdejc m m`dnmès queobk
ehm` be ikrè mspmrebe ku prmvfste (pkr mxm`pnk, rmenfze` es etfvfbebms prkpkstes pere uè uofbebm
bm mstubks).27

IEÈE IÅJFN
---- He`fifjeèêk
---- He`fifjeèêk mstruturen ----
E mnedkreèêk bm uè prkpkste bm He`fifjeèêk mstruturen pkbm smr rmenfzebe oe mbujeèêk
prmsmojfen, làdrfbe m e bfstäojfe jk` k epkfk bm u` e`dfmotm vfrtuen bm eprmobfzehm` (uè vmz
qum ùftks bmnms tá` imrre`motes mspmjàifjes pere mstm if`) ku, entmroetfve`motm, jk` k epkfk bm
pneofnles ku tedmnes bm jkotrknm. Rmobk-sm bmifofbk e imrre`mote bm epkfk, æ prmjfsk ebkter ks
pessks e smhufr.
Mnedkrm u` rktmfrk sf`pnms pere bmifofr ks jrftærfks m jkobfèýms omjmssårfes ç jkoqufste bm

pkotks m rmjk`pmoses ek nkohk bk jursk. Mssms jrftærfks m jkobfèýms rmimrm`-sm ç
jkojnusêk bm etfvfbebms jkosfbmrebes f`pkrteotms
f `pkrteotms pere k eveoèk. K rktmfrk te`dæ` pkbm
fobfjer k ok`m bks m`dnmès e smrm` jkoqufstebks m bks immbdejcs qum k eprmobfz
immbdejcs qum
rmjmdmrå ek jkojnufr jebe etfvfbebm prmvfste. Zmhum u` mxm`pnk bm rktmfrk bm he`fifjeèêk
mnedkrebk pere u` jursk krheofzebk m` jfojk uofbebms bm mstubks1

Fosfre es jkobfèýms m k immbdejc bmsjrftks

bmsjrftks ok rktmfrk bk EYE
EYE ebktebk ku prkvfbmojfm kutres
ikrès bm jkùofjer msses jkoqufstes eks enuoks (pkr mxm`pnk, pkr `mfk bm `mosehmos bm
m-èfn ku
ku fosteotäomes, ku `ms`k jk` k euxànfk bm jertýms m` pepmn). Essf`, ks
pertfjfpeotms smrêk jkotm`pnebks jk` ùbeoèes bm oàvmn ‚ okvetk, fofjfeotm, eprmobfz,
hrebuebk m `mstrm ‚ bm ejkrbk jk` sue pertfjfpeèêk oes etfvfbebms evenfetfves bk jursk.
Bmifoe sm vkjá bmsmae rmenfzer m bfvunher k reoqume`motk bm bmsm`pmolk motrm ks

pertfjfpeotms. Jedm bmstejer qum jursks juak `kbmnk pmbehúhfjk æ bm oeturmze jknedkretfve
hmren`motm oêk ebkte` mssm tfpk bm reoqume`motk.
Mstedmnmèe e prm`feèêk e smr rmjmdfbe bm ejkrbk jk` e pkotueèêk m ks m`dnmès

jkoqufstebks. Wkr mxm`pnk, ejmssk e u` jkotmñbk-dòous skdrm k jkoauotk bm jkotmñbks
edkrbebks, pertfjfpeèêk m` skrtmfk pere heoler enhu` tfpk bm sudsàbfk, jk`k pertfjfper bm
mvmotk jfmotàifjk ku jkrpkretfvk, pkotueèêk mxtre pere `ærftk ejebá`fjk, motrm kutrks.
E He`fifjeèêk bm jkotmñbk, pkr kutrk nebk, prmvá e epnfjeèêk bm mnm`motks bm akhk pere entmrer
pertm ku tkbks ks jkotmñbks m ètmrfefs bm u` jursk. Mxfstm` bfimrmotms èomfres bm he`fifjer ks
jkotmñbks, jk`k jrfer uè lfstúrfe, pmrskoehmos m sftueèýms qum mstmae` rmnejfkoebes e u` prkdnmè
ku bmseifk èfkr mxpnfjftebk oe he`fifjeèêk. Enæ` bfssk, iezmr jk` qum enuoks bmsm`pmolm` pepæfs
ok jkotmxtk bm uè lfstúrfe pkbm prk`kvmr uè pertfjfpeèêk èfs etfve. Mssm tfpk bm he`fifjeèêk æ
desmebk oe tmkrfe be eutkbmtmr`foeèêk, qum mxpnfje e `ktfveèêk luèoe pere iezmr uè etfvfbebm pkr
`mfk bm rmjursks fotmroks m eutkrrmhuneèêk jk`pkrte`moten.25
E He`fifjeèêk bm jkotmñbk æ ebktebe ok jursk bm mxtmosêk ko-nfom Ikrèèêk bm Rutkrms

ko-nfom Ikrèèêk
pere MEB, kimrtebk pmnk ]oesp Yfrtuen, e if` bm jepejfter iuturks tutkrms e etuer m` jursks
e bfstäojfe pkr `mfk bk bmsmovknvf`motk bm jk`pmtáojfes pmbehúhfjes, tmjoknúhfjes,
jkùofjejfkoefs, krheofzejfkoefs m fotmhrebes. Jkosfstm oe pertfjfpeèêk bm u` enuok „ifjtàjfk‐
qum bm`kostre uè særfm bm etftubms ek nkohk bk jursk ‚ jk`k bfifjunbebms m` eb`fofstrer k
tm`pk, jràtfjes ç `mtkbknkhfe m eks ètmrfefs bfbåtfjks, pnåhfk oe rmenfzeèêk bes etfvfbebms,
prkdnmès tæjofjks m eosfmbebm pkr supkrtm tutkrfen ‚ m fotmrehm jk` jursfstes vfe jlet , iúruos
bm bfsjussêk m m-èfn . Omssm prkjmssk, ks iuturks tutkrms prmjfse` bm`kostrer qum jkosmhum`
treospkr pere e pråtfje k qum ikf bfsjutfbk tmkrfje`motm ok qum sm rmimrm ç pksture bk tutkr bfeotm
bm sftueèýms-prkdnmè moirmotebes ok bfe e bfe prkifssfkoen.
Ikotm1 IFNERTK3 JEYENJEORF, 4759.

IEÈE IÅJFN
---- He`fifjeèêk
---- He`fifjeèêk bm jkotmñbk ----
E He`fifjeèêk bm jkotmñbk pkbm smr f`pneotebe m` jursks prmsmojfefs, e bfstäojfe m jkrpkretfvks,
jkrpkretfvks,
etæ `ms`k sm` k euxànfk bm tmjoknkhfes. Were fssk, vkjá pkbm smhufr mstms pessks.
Bmifoe k qum sm mspmre qum ks mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs eprmobe` jk` e mstretæhfe

f`mrsfve, tmobk m` `motm ks kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm` ku es jk`pmtáojfes e smrm`
bmsmovknvfbes.
Zmnmjfkom k nkjen (sene bm eune iàsfje, EYE,

EYE, rmbms skjfefs mtj.) m k pmràkbk (oe prf`mfre
uofbebm, bureotm k jursk fotmfrk, ok ñntf`k `ás bk eok nmtfvk mtj.) m` qum e mstretæhfe smrå
epnfjebe.
Wrmperm u` rktmfrk e smr bfspkofdfnfzebk pere ks enuoks bmsjrmvmobk uè sftueèêk-prkdnmè

qum rminfte ks kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm` ku es jk`pmtáojfes e smrm` bmsmovknvfbes. E
sftueèêk-prkdnmè prkpkste pkbm smr rmen ku ifjtàjfe, ès bmvm jkotm`pner es smhufotms
qumstýms1 Uum` sêk es pmsskes movknvfbes oe sftueèêk-prkdnmè;
Uum pepæfs msses pmsskes mxmrjm` ku bmvm` mxmrjmr oe sftueèêk-prkdnmè;
Uuefs bmseifks prmjfse` smr supmrebks pmnes pmsskes movknvfbes oe sftueèêk bmsjrfte;
Uum jkoauotk ku smquáojfe bm etfvfbebms smrå rmenfzebe pmnks mstubeotms m/ku
prkifssfkoefs pere nfber jk` e sftueèêk ku rmsknvmr k prkdnmè bmsjrftk;
Uuen æ e jkosmquáojfe bm jebe etfvfbebm rmenfzebe (bfsperk bm okvks jkotmñbks, okve
tmotetfve bm rmenfzeèêk be etfvfbebm, okve etfvfbebm sudsmqumotm, pkotueèêk pksftfve ku
omhetfve, etrfdufèêk bm m`dnmès...);
Jk` desm m` qum jrftærfks e he`fifjeèêk smrå jkosfbmrebe;

Wrmperm u` imjle`motk pere smr eprmsmotebk eks enuoks epús k tær`fok be he`fifjeèêk,
ertfjuneobk e sftueèêk-prkdnmè jk` ks jkojmftks, ledfnfbebms
ledfn fbebms m etftubms tredenlebks. K
imjle`motk mnedkrebk bmvm rmspkobmr ç smhufotm pmrhuote1 Jk`k e rmsknuèêk be sftueèêk-
prkdnmè pkbm eauber ks mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs e epnfjer ks jkotmñbks eprmobfbks m`
kutrks jkotmxtks;
Æ ietk qum e he`fifjeèêk pkbm smr epnfjebe bm vårfes ikrès m` jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs pere
moheaer m `ktfver enuoks e eprmobmr. Bmjmrtk, es prk`msses bm eu`motk bk movknvf`motk bm
mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs, e pkssfdfnfbebm bm èfkr fotmreèêk m mxpmrf`moteèêk, m e smoseèêk bm
prktehkofs`k prkpkrjfkoebe pmne he`fifjeèêk smbuzm` equmnms qum dusje` eprf`krer e mxpmrfáojfe
mbujejfkoen.
@es, pere evenfer k f`pejtk bmsse m bm kutres mxpmrfáojfes f`mrsfves vfvfbes ok prkjmssk
mbujejfkoen, prmjfse`ks eprkiuober oksse eoånfsm pere ederjer e fbmfe bm „eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve‐.
:.4 EWTMOBFQEHM@ F@MTZFYE

E`dfmotms f`mrsfvks, jk`k TE, TY, TY, sfùneèýms jk`putejfkoefs m akhks/he`fifjeèêk vfrtuefs m
eu`motebks, sêk uè hreobm prk`msse oe mbujeèêk, ès te`dæ` trezm` ùftks bmseifks. Motrm
mnms, mstå k ietk bm qum pkujks mstubks eprmsmote` u` `kbmnk pmbehúhfjk jnerk pere foikrèr k
m k usk bmsses tmjoknkhfes m/ku mstretæhfes. M` enhuos jesks, lå uè rmimráojfe f`pnàjfte ek
bmsfho m
bmsfho
jkostrutfvfs`k ku mxfstm` verfeèýms be edkrbehm` (pkr mxm`pnk, eprmobfzehm` desmebe m`
prkdnmès, eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen, eprmobfzehm` jknedkretfve).
Ok Jepàtunk 5,
5, vkjá mojkotre ks jkojmftks m iuobe`motks tmúrfjks be eprmobfzehm`
desmebe m` prkdnmès, be eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen m be eprmobfzehm` jknedkretfve.
Re`dæ` mstêk bfspkoàvmfs mxm`pnks m krfmoteèýms skdrm jk`k `mtkbknkhfes etfves
sêk ebktebes m` jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs.
Were motmobmr jk`k e eprmobfzehm` kjkrrm jk` k usk bm tmjoknkhfes m mstretæhfes f`mrsfves,
prmjfse`ks eotms bm tubk rmsu`fr es jerejtmràstfjes dåsfjes qum bmifom` u` e`dfmotm vfrtuen jk`k
f`mrsfvk.
Benherok m Nmm24 erhu`mote` qum e „ifbmnfbebm rmprmsmotejfkoen‐ m e „fotmreèêk bk enuok‐ sêk
jerejtmràstfjes ñofjes bks e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks trfbf`mosfkoefs.
E ifbmnfbebm rmprmsmotejfkoen rmimrm-sm
rmimrm-sm ç quenfbebm bes mxfdfèýms, qum bmvm` smr èfs rmenfstes ku
iktkrrmenfstes. K rmenfs`k oêk sm rmimrm sk`motm ç quenfbebm vfsuen be mxfdfèêk ès te`dæ` ç
jkosfstáojfe bk jk`pkrte`motk bk kdamtk, ek rmenfs`k be jkùofjeèêk m bes eèýms bfspkoàvmfs m ç
quenfbebm (teotk jk`pkrte`moten queotk vfsuen) be rmprmsmoteèêk bk usuårfk ok e`dfmotm.
E mxfstáojfe bm eveterms qum rmprmsmote` ifsfje`motm usuårfks bmotrk bk e`dfmotm
f`mrsfvk pkbm jkotrfdufr pere k smosk bm prmsmoèe m jkprmsmoèe.
Wkr kutrk nebk, e fotmreèêk bk enuok
enuok æ u` jkojmftk èfs bfoä`fjk, qum bmsjrmvm e rfqumze bm
bfimrmotms trkjes rmenfzebes jk` k sfstmè.
Enæ` bmsses bues prkprfmbebms, uè tmrjmfre, e jkostruèêk be fbmotfbebm,
fbmotfbebm, permjm smr pertfjuner bm
e`dfmotms qum supkrte` enhu` tfpk bm rmprmsmoteèêk bm usuårfk, okrèn`motm fojkrpkrebe m`

eveterms. E mxfstáojfe bm eveterms qum rmprmsmote` ifsfje`motm usuårfks bmotrk bk e`dfmotm f`mrsfvk
pkbm jkotrfdufr pere k smosk bm prmsmoèe m jkprmsmoèe.
Msses jerejtmràstfjes sm jk`dfoe` pere jrfer uè mxpmrfáojfe psfjknúhfje pertfjuner, bmsjrfte jk`k
uè smoseèêk bm „mster nå‐ ku uè smoseèêk bm prmsmoèe. M` u` jkotmxtk ùntfusuårfk, te`dæ`
pkbm levmr uè smoseèêk bm jkprmsmoèe ku e smoseèêk bm „mster auotk‐.
E hreobm qumstêk æ sm msses prkprfmbebms rmsunte` m` mxpmrfáojfes bm eprmobfzehm` rmen`motm
sfhofifjetfves. E rmspkste oêk bmjkrrm uofje`motm bks rmjursks tmjoknúhfjks prmsmotms oks e`dfmotms
f`mrsfvks, ès fojnuf te`dæ` rmqufsftks pmbehúhfjks. Omssm smotfbk, u` jkojmftk qum pkbm uofr e
pmbehkhfe m e tmjoknkhfe æ e „f`mrsêk‐ ‚ qum oêk pkr ejesk ebamtfve es `mtkbknkhfes fokv-etfves qum
bfsjutf`ks omstm jepàtunk.
@uftes sêk es vfsýms skdrm k jkojmftk bm f`mrsêk. M` prf`mfrk nuher, smhufobk e erhu`moteèêk bm
Benherok m Nmm,2: pkbm`ks bmsjrmvmr tmjofje`motm e f`mrsêk jk`k rmsuntebk be foinuáojfe `ñtue
motrm ifbmnfbebm rmprmsmotejfkoen m fotmreèêk bk enuok. M` jkotrestm, k smosk bm „prmsmoèe‐ æ k mstebk
psfjknúhfjk qum pkbm surhfr bm u` sfstmè f`mrsfvk.
Were Rurcnm, e f`mrsêk bm jeèbe èfs fobutfve m smoskrfen f`mbfete pkbm smr prkvkjebe pkr uè
særfm bm bfspksftfvks qum e`pnfe` ku moheoe` okssks smotfbks.22 @es, smhuobk Jerknmf,2= e f`mrsêk
vef enæ` bm u` jkoauotk bm mstàùnks smoskrfefs verfebks eks quefs k usuårfk æ sud`mtfbk. ]tfnfzeobk
jk`k rmimrmojfen tmúrfjk es tfpknkhfes psfjknúhfjes bm Auoh, e eutkre erhu`mote qum e f`mrsêk smrå
èfs prkiuobe queotk èfs iuoèýms psfjknúhfjes ikrm` bmèobebes, jk`k `kstre e Ifhure :.56.

Ifhure :.56 ‚Rfpknkhfes psfjknúhfjes bm Auoh epnfjebes eks e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks
Ikotm1 ebeptebe bm JETKNMF, 4754.

Bmsse pmrspmjtfve, k jkojmftk bm f`mrsêk movknvm oêk epmoes smoseèêk ku núhfje, ku smae,
mstrutures smoskrfefs m ikrès bm rmprmsmoteèêk, ès te`dæ` smotf`motk m fotufèêk. Wkr jkosmhufotm,
sm e mxpmrfáojfe mbujejfkoen sm jkojmotrer epmoes ok oàvmn smoskrfen ku jkhoftfvk (rmnejfkoebk ek
pmose`motk), smrå `moks f`mrsfve bk qum uè mxpmrfáojfe qum movknve e fotufèêk m ks smotf`motks.29
Kutrk ietkr jkotrfdufotm pere k hreu bm f`mrsêk bm uè mxpmrfáojfe bm eprmobfzehm` æ qum, queotk
èfs k enuok sm vá jk`k rmspkosåvmn pmnes eèýms bm msjknle, bm èofpuneèêk, bmjfsêk m jrfeèêk, èfs
f`mrsêk mnm smotm.28
Oe vmrbebm, msse æ uè rmimráojfe ek jkojmftk bm eháojfe, qum, ok jkotmxtk bks akhks, æ bmifofbk
pkr @urrey jk`k e prkpkste bm eèêk bk akhebkr, e jepejfbebm hretfifjeotm bm rmenfzer eèýms
sfhofifjetfves m bm vmr ks rmsuntebks bmsses eèýms m msjknles. E eháojfe mstå nfhebe ç fbmfe bm
akhedfnfbebm, jk` e prkpkste bm bmseifks, `fssýms, trfnles, ikrès bm jk`pmtfèêk m/ku jknedkreèêk.2<
E f`mrsêk mstå nfhebe ç bfvmrsêk, ok smotfbk bm qum sm rmnejfkoe e uè mxpmrfáojfe e
smr „sedkrmebe‐, qum bmspmrte „eimtk‐ ok akhebkr. E bfvmrsêk vm` be fbmfe bk
b k bfvmrsk m
bm kutre vmrsêk be rmenfbebm.
@es e f`mrsêk mstå nfhebe efobe ç bfvmrsêk, ok smotfbk bm qum sm rmnejfkoe e uè mxpmrfáojfe e smr
„sedkrmebe‐, qum bmspmrte „eimtk‐ ok akhebkr. Mspmjfifje`motm ok jkotmxtk mbujejfkoen, oêk sm trete bm
bfstrefr k enuok pere qum mnm oêk pmrjmde qum mstå eprmobmobk. Jkoikr`m Jerknmf m Rkrf,26 e bfvmrsêk
vm` be fbmfe bk bfvmrsk m bm kutre vmrsêk be rmenfbebm. Omssm smotfbk, k qum oks bfvmrtm æ equfnk qum
oks tfre bk „okssk ùobk‐ m oks treospkrte pere kutre vmrsêk oe quen pkbm`ks tubk, rmenfze`ks
okssks bmsmaks, moirmote`ks okssks `mbks, sk`ks qum` pmose`ks oêk smr.
Essf`, k bmseifk æ tkroer e eprmobfzehm` èfs bfvmrtfbe ok smotfbk bm kimrmjmr kpèýms bfvmrses,
bmseifks, fovmstfheèêk m bmsjkdmrte, m oêk u` sf`pnms jkosu`k bm foikrèèêk ku bm motrmtmof`motk.
Wmnk jkotrårfk, æ iuobe`moten qum k enuok sefde jk`k, k qum m pkr qum mstå eprmobmobk ‚ ku smae,
mxmrèe e `mtejkhofèêk ‚,=7 m hkstm bfssk pkrqum æ bfimrmotm m bmseifebkr.=5
Bm ietk, smhuobk Jerknmf m Rkrf, e f`mrsêk bmvm tmr smu jkotrepkotk oe m`mrsêk
m`mrsêk,, qum mstå bm ietk
èfs nfhebe ç iuoèêk pmose`motk. Wkr èfs f`pkrteotm qum smae `mrhunler pere vfvmojfer e
eprmobfzehm`, æ iuobe`moten vknter ç supmriàjfm pere rminmtfr m sfstmètfzer k prkjmssk qum mstå smobk
jkobuzfbk.=4
@eyms m Ikwnmr prkjure` sf`pnfifjer e jk`pnmxfbebm be eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve epkoteobk trás
mståhfks iuobe`motefs bm eprmobfzehm` ‚ jkojmftuenfzeèêk, jkostruèêk m bfånkhk ‚, qum pkbm` smr
esskjfebks e trás bfimrmotms tfpks bm f`mrsêk (jkojmftuen, termie m skjfen), m` uè fotmreèêk jk` es
prkprfmbebms tæjofjes m`mrhmotms bks e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks. Ymae`ks jebe u` bmssms mståhfks e
smhufr.=:
Wkr èfs f`pkrteotm qum smae `mrhunler pere vfvmojfer e eprmobfzehm`, æ iuobe`moten
vknter ç supmriàjfm pere rminmtfr m sfstmètfzer k prkjmssk qum mstå smobk jkobuzfbk.
5. Jkojmftuenfzeèêk ‚ u` enuok sm bmpere jk` enhu` tfpk bm mxpnfjeèêk ku bmsjrfèêk qum nlm bå e
kpkrtuofbebm bm jrfer u` okvk jkojmftk1 oe eprmobfzehm` bm ledfnfbebms, fssk mqufvenm e
bm`kostrer, bm enhu` `kbk, k qum bmvm smr eprmobfbk3 oe eprmobfzehm` jkojmftuen, æ ikrèbe
uè jk`prmmosêk fofjfen bk jkojmftk. Fssk mqufvenm çs ikrès bm fostruèêk trebfjfkoefs pere e
eprmsmoteèêk bm jkotmñbks, jk`k kjkrrm m` penmstres ku nfvrks bfbåtfjks, ès oks e`dfmotms
f`mrsfvks fojnuf rmprmsmoteèýms ùntf`àbfe bm ente ifbmnfbebm. Rmjoknkhfes jk`k TE, TY, sfùneèýms
m akhks pmr`ftm` qum k enuok smae f`mrsk omsse rmprmsmoteèêk prf`årfe bm jkojmftks m ledfnfbebms.
4. Jkostruèêk ‚ pere eprkiuober sue jk`prmmosêk, k enuok jk`mèe e mxpnkrer, èofpuner ku iezmr
pmrhuotes, ku smae, mnm rmenfze enhuè eèêk skdrm k okvk jkojmftk ku ledfnfbebm e pkotk bm ber m
rmjmdmr immbdejc . Mssm mståhfk f`pnfje u` tfpk bm fotmretfvfbebm qum e fostruèêk trebfjfkoen kimrmjm
pkr `mfk bm `ætkbks jk`k mstubks bm je`pk m nedkretúrfk, ku `ms`k be rmbeèêk bm mosefks. Equf
sêk es eèýms bk eprmobfz qum pesse` e jkotrkner k inuxk bm foikrèèýms. E f`mrsêk sm jkojmotre
ehkre oe termie, m oêk oe rmprmsmoteèêk bk jkojmftk ku ledfnfbebm. Oe f`mrsêk bm termies, mxfstm
u` hreu ùftk èfkr bm rmenfs`k m oàvmfs bm èofpuneèêk, m e eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen æ u`
etrfdutk-jlevm.
:. Bfånkhk ‚ uè vmz qum tkbe e eprmobfzehm` mstå bm enhuè ikrè sftuebe m` u` jkotmxtk skjfen
èfs e`pnk, k enuok pkbm tmster smu jkolmjf`motk m`mrhmotm pkr `mfk bm enhu` tfpk bm fotmreèêk
ku bfsjussêk jk` ks kutrks. Omsse f`mrsêk skjfen, k usk bm eveterms æ mvfbmotm, pkfs mnms pkbm`
bmsm`pmoler u` pepmn ente`motm iejfnftebkr ok bmsm`pmolk bm pepæfs (rknmpneyfoh), pkr mxm`pnk.

IEÈE IÅJFN
---- Tknmpneyfoh ----
---- Tknmpneyfoh
---- (akhk
---- (akhk bm pepæfs) ----
Mste mstretæhfe prmvá qum uè sftueèêk mspmjàifje (rmen ku lfpktætfje) smae eprmsmotebe e
mstubeotms ku prkifssfkoefs, qum tmrêk pkr `fssêk mojmoer k jesk essu`fobk pepæfs bm bfimrmotms
(pertms fotmrmssebes). Msse etfvfbebm pmr`ftm qum ks eprmobfzms utfnfzm` u` prkbutk
stecmlknbmrs (pertms
stecmlknbmrs
ku vfvmojfm` tkbes es mtepes bm u` prkjmssk ku smrvfèk be pmrspmjtfve bm kutres pmsskes3 pkr
mxm`pnk, ks jnfmotms bm uè m`prmse, ks pejfmotms bm u` lkspften, ks prkimsskrms bm uè msjkne,
ks `krebkrms bm uè jkùofbebm jermotm, prkifssfkoefs be årme auràbfje m pknàtfje. K f`pkrteotm æ
qum ks enuoks tmole` e kpkrtuofbebm bm jk`prmmobmr, bm ikrè m`påtfje m eprkiuobebe, e vfsêk,
es omjmssfbebms, mxpmjtetfves m bmèobes bm kutres pmsskes. Fssk foinumojferå sue pmrjmpèêk m
motmobf`motk be sftueèêk eprmsmotebe.
Were f`pnm`moter msse mstretæhfe m` sene bm eune ku mspeèks vfrtuefs, pmnk usk bm imrre`motes
bm wmdjkoimráojfe ku vfbmkjkoimráojfe, sfhe mstms pessks.
Wrmperm prmvfe`motm e bmsjrfèêk bm jebe pepmn e smr bmsm`pmolebk pmnks mstubeotms ku

prkifssfkoefs.
Eprmsmotm e sftueèêk-prkdnmè.
Bfstrfdue es bmsjrfèýms bm pepæfs e mstubeotms ku prkifssfkoefs vknuotårfks ku mnmftks. Æ

f`pkrteotm qum ks pertfjfpeotms motmobe` qum bmvm` ehfr
ehf r (m tmoter smotfr) jk`k sm ikssm` e
pmsske bmsjrfte.

Ejk`peolm ks pertfjfpeotms be etfvfbebm moqueotk mnms fotmrprmte`, jk`k m` uè pmèe bm

tmetrk, e sftueèêk bmsjrfte.
Ek ifoen be eprmsmoteèêk, qumstfkom ks pertfjfpeotms

pertfjfpeotms skdrm jk`k ikf sm jknkjer ok nuher bm
kutre pmsske. Enhuès pmrhuotes-jlevm qum pkbm` smr imftes omstm `k`motk1 Jk`k ikf
essu`fr k pepmn bm...;
Jk`k vkjá sm smotfu ok nuher bm...;
Uuen ikf k prkdnmè èfs bmseifebkr moirmotebk pkr...;
pkr...;
Jk`k rmsknvmrfe k prkdnmè bm...;
Uuen ikf k espmjtk èfs pksftfvk be mxpmrfáojfe bm...;
Edre mspeèksues
eprmsmotm` peref`prmssýms
qum enuoks mqum mvmotuen`motm
smotf`motks oêk tmole`
ek essfstfr pertfjfpebk
ç sftueèêk be mojmoeèêk
fotmrprmtebe pmnks jknmhes.
Were bmfxer e etfvfbebm èfs bmseifebkre m fostfheotm, æ pkssàvmn trkjer ks pepæfs ok `mfk be
mojmoeèêk, queobk ks pertfjfpeotms aå mstfvmrm` jkoikrtåvmfs jk` ks pepæfs essu`fbks
prmvfe`motm.
:.4.5 Evenfeèêk oe eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve

Jk`pnmteobk k jfjnk bm eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve, Zlutm, Telf`f m M`flkvfjl kdsmrve` qum es
edkrbehmos etuefs pere evenfeèêk okrèn`motm sêk bmsjkomjtebes bks prkjmssks bm eprmobfzehm`.
@es, jk` tmjoknkhfes bm evenfeèêk fokvebkres epnfjebes eks e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks, oêk æ prmjfsk
fotmrrk`pmr k prkjmssk bm fostruèêk okrèn m` vårfes kjesfýms bureotm k eok ku ek ifoen bk prkjmssk
pere eb`fofstrer
fovfsàvmn prkves ku
pere ks enuoks, mxe`ms
epkfeobk jmrtfifjetúrfks.
fostruèýms M` vmz
m` tm`pk rmen,bfssk, e evenfeèêk
aust-fo-tf`m pkbm
m kutrks smrbmjkotàoue
tfpks supkrtm mç
eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve.=2
Oe pmrspmjtfve bmssms eutkrms, e evenfeèêk be eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve oêk bmvm smr `mbfbe pkr
`mfk bks trebfjfkoefs tmstms skètfvks, qum ikromjm` u` fosteotäomk ùftk mstrmftk be eprmobfzehm`
bks enuoks. Fstk æ, sm ks e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks
f `mrsfvks ikromjm` okves kpkrtuofbebms bm eprmobfzehm`, mxfhm`
te`dæ` okves `mtkbknkhfes bm evenfeèêk. Mnms use` k tmr`k „evenfeèêk iurtfve‐ ( stmentl mvenuetfko)
mvenuetfko)
pere sm rmimrfr e evenfeèýms desmebes m` mvfbáojfes fojkrpkrebes oks e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks. Mssm tfpk
bm evenfeèêk jepture, `mbm m epkfe k bmsmovknvf`motk bm jk`pmtáojfes mspmjàifjes bks enuoks m`
e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks qum smrvm` jk`k vmàjunks bm eprmobfzehm`.
E evenfeèêk iurtfve pkbm smr usebe pere ebepter k e`dfmotm e if` bm ejk`kber ks
oàvmfs/omjmssfbebms etuefs bks enuoks, dm` jk`k ikromjmr immbdejc ebmquebk m kutrks tfpks bm
supkrtm ç eprmobfzehm`. Æ mssm supkrtm pmrskoenfzebk qum pmr`ftm eks enuoks èotmr k mstebk bm
inuxk bmsjrftk pkr Jsfcszmot`flenyf.==
Ç `mbfbe qum u` enuok fotmrehm jk` k e`dfmotm f`mrsfvk (pkr mxm`pnk,
mxm`pnk, uè etfvfbebm bm rmenfbebm
eu`motebe ku u` bmseifk bm he`fifjeèêk), e evenfeèêk iurtfve eoenfse eèýms m fotmreèýms mspmjàifjes
pkr `mfk bm bebks jepturebks bk erqufvk bm nkh pere mstfèr ks mstebks bk enuok m` rmneèêk çs
jk`pmtáojfes e smrm` bmsmovknvfbes. E evenfeèêk iurtfve jrfe u` `kbmnk bm mstubeotm m k etuenfze
jkotfoue`motm jkoikr`m e pmsske fotmrehm jk` k e`dfmotm f`mrsfvk. Es foikrèèýms bmssm `kbmnk,
motêk, pkbm` smr usebes jk`k desm pere ikromjmr immbdejc rmnmveotm
rmnmveotm m/ku ebepter k e`dfmotm pere
etmobmr çs omjmssfbebms bk enuok. Ok prkjmssk, jrfe-sm uè mxpmrfáojfe bm eprmobfzehm`/rmprkbuèêk
pmrskoenfzebe.
E evenfeèêk iurtfve pkbm smr usebe pere ebepter k e`dfmotm e if` bm ejk`kber ks
oàvmfs/omjmssfbebms etuefs bks enuoks, dm` jk`k ikromjmr immbdejc ebmquebk
ebmquebk m kutrks
tfpks bm supkrtm ç eprmobfzehm`.
Enæ` be evenfeèêk iurtfve prkvfbe pmnk prúprfk sfstmè, te`dæ` sm pkbm pmoser m` uè
eutkevenfeèêk f`mrsfve1 ks rmjursks bm jepture m rmetfveèêk bes etfvfbebms rmenfzebes m` e`dfmotms
f`mrsfvks pmr`ftm` qum k enuok rmenfzm e kdsmrveèêk m e rmvfsêk f`mrsfves. Wkr mxm`pnk, u` `ætkbk
bm hreveèêk :-B jepture k bmsm`pmolk bks pertfjfpeotms m` u` e`dfmotm vfrtuen f`mrsfvk m pmr`ftm
qum mnm vkntm e mxmjutå-nk pere kdsmrveèêk m rminmxêk. Bmsse ikrè, æ pkssàvmn eoenfser tkbes es eèýms
m jkovmrses qum kjkrrm` bureotm uè etfvfbebm ek vfvk. Bureotm es etfvfbebms bm rmvfsêk, msse
jkoifhureèêk bå eks enuoks e jleojm bm sm eutk-kdsmrverm`, prkpkrjfkoeobk k `ms`k oàvmn bm
f`mrsêk mxpmrf`motebk bureotm k bmsm`pmolk bk pepmn. Essf`, mnms pkbm` pmrjmdmr smu prúprfk
bmsm`pmolk bk pkotk bm vfste bm u` tmrjmfrk, m te`dæ` pkbm` eoenfser k bmsm`pmolk bm kutrks
pertfjfpeotms pmne oevmheèêk oes smssýms hrevebes.
Ok pessebk, es mxpmrfáojfes f`mrsfves mre` bfspmobfkses m bmnf`ftebes e smtkrms mspmjàifjks,
jk`k e fobñstrfe emrkmspejfen ku bm momrhfe oujnmer. Lkam, jkotubk, trás ietkrms jkotrfdum` pere e
bm`kjretfzeèêk be rmenfbebm vfrtuen m eu`motebe, bes sfùneèýms jk`putejfkoefs m bks
akhks/he`fifjeèêk vfrtuen1 k pkbmr m e jepejfbebm bm okvks bfspksftfvks `úvmfs, k eu`motk bk
fovmstf`motk ok bmsmovknvf`motk bm tmjoknkhfes vfrtuefs, essf` jk`k k ejmssk e jkotmñbks vfrtuefs
hmrebks pmnks prúprfks usuårfks m` rmbms skjfefs.
Rrás ietkrms jkotrfdum` pere e bm`kjretfzeèêk be rmenfbebm vfrtuen m eu`motebe, bes
sfùneèýms jk`putejfkoefs m bks akhks/he`fifjeèêk vfrtuen1 k pkbmr m e jepejfbebm bm
okvks bfspksftfvks `úvmfs, k eu`motk bk fovmstf`motk ok bmsmovknvf`motk bm
tmjoknkhfes vfrtuefs, essf` jk`k k ejmssk e jkotmñbks vfrtuefs hmrebks pmnks prúprfks
usuårfks m` rmbms skjfefs.
Ren bm`kjretfzeèêk tmobm e eu`moter e ejmssfdfnfbebm e msses tmjoknkhfes, qum pkbmrêk sm tkroer
têk pkpunerms jk`k es tmjoknkhfes `úvmfs. Jk` k jk`pnm`motk bm ikoms bm kuvfbk bm defxk justk,
smrå pkssàvmn rmenfzer mxpmrfáojfes f`mrsfves ek fotmrehfr jk` kdamtks, jkojmftks ku prkjmssks, jk`k
u` inuxk bm tredenlk bm eprmobfzehm` rmhuner m` quenqumr oàvmn mbujejfkoen, be msjkne prf`årfe etæ k
Mosfok Zupmrfkr, fojnufobk-sm efobe es eèýms bm mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve.
Yf`ks, pkræ`, qum mxfstm` „èomfres m èomfres‐ bm utfnfzer es tmjoknkhfes f`mrsfves. Æ pkssàvmn
uså-nes pere sf`pnms`motm ejmsser ku jkosu`fr jkotmñbks, tkroeobk k enuok uè mspæjfm bm
vfsuenfzebkr pessfvk, ku epmoes jk`k enhuæ` qum smhum uè nfste bm fostruèýms m` uè pråtfje bm
nedkretúrfk trebfjfkoen. @es es pmbres eohunerms bmssm tfpk bm `mtkbknkhfe fokv-etfve sêk e f`mrsêk m e
fotmretfvfbebm, pkr `mfk bm ejmssúrfks èfs deretks, smoskrms bm vårfes oeturmzes m tmjoknkhfes
`úvmfs. Fssk sfhofifje qum ks enuoks vfvmojferêk mxpmrfáojfes m` prf`mfre pmsske, tkèrêk bmjfsýms m
fotmrehfrêk epús kdtmr immbdejc f`mbfetk, bm `kbk qum e eprmobfzehm` sm jkojrmtfzerå epús u`
prkjmssk bm eoånfsm m rminmxêk.

Ifhure :.47 ‚Yfsêk iuturàstfje be ikrèèêk prkifssfkoen oe `mbfjfoe jk` k usk bm tmjoknkhfes m `mtkbknkhfes
f`mrsfves
Wkbm`ks bfzmr, motêk, qum ks nf`ftms bes `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves ok e`dfmotm mbujejfkoen oêk
mstêk oes tmjoknkhfes m` sf, ès m` jk`k mnes sêk usebes pere epkfer e eprmobfzehm` m k
bmsmovknvf`motk bm jk`pmtáojfes rmnmveotms pere k ùobk jebe vmz èfs jk`pnmxk bm lkam.=9
Bm ietk, ks e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks pmr`ftm` e epnfjeèêk m e pråtfje bm jk`pmtáojfes m` mspeèks
rmnetfve`motm smhurks m eutáotfjks. M, sm jkosfbmre`ks k jkojmftk bm jk`pmtáojfe jk`k e supmreèêk
be bfjktk`fe motrm tmkrfe m pråtfje,=8 mssms e`dfmotms sm `kstre` jk`k uè prkpkste bm mxpmrfáojfe
ku vfváojfe mbujejfkoen qum pkbm fr enæ` be sf`pnms rmprmsmoteèêk ku rmeèêk, pere jlmher e uè
vmrbebmfre „ëojkrpkreèêk‐ bes jk`pmtáojfes.=<
Essf`, bm ejkrbk jk` Jerknmf m Rkrf, omssm jkotmxtk f`mrsfvk, pkbm`ks pmoser e eèêk bfbåtfje oêk
epmoes jk`k u` prkjmssk fostrujfkoen bm `êk ñofje, ès te`dæ` jk`k uè prkpkste bm mxpmrfáojfe
jk` jkotmxtk m sfhofifjebk. Were fssk, ks eutkrms fovkje` Wepmrt pere edkrber trás ikrès bm oks
rmnejfkoer`ks jk` k jkolmjf`motk qum oks pmr`ftm` sfotmtfzer k pktmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes
f`mrsfves1 e mxpmrf`moteèêk, e fostruèêk m e jrfeèêk.
5. E mxpmrf`moteèêk æ oksse prf`mfre ikrè bm eprmobmr, pkfs bmsbm dmdás jk`mèe`ks e mxpnkrer m
mxpmrf`moter k ùobk jk` okssk jkrpk m smotfbks. Omsse iesm, bmjfbf`ks k qum eprmobmr m jk`k
eprmobmr bm ejkrbk jk` k enjeojm qum tm`ks. @es e mxpmrf`moteèêk iàsfje tm` nf`ftms mspejfefs m
tm`pkrefs.
4. E fostruèêk bfz
fostftufèýms rmspmftk,
ikrèfs pkrteotk,
bm mosfok, qumç treos`fssêk
smnmjfkoe` be
k junture
qum m ejuùnebe
jk`k bmvmhmreèêk epús hmreèêk
smr mosfoebk. pmnes
K rfsjk be
fostruèêk, pkræ`, æ oks ejkstuèr`ks jk` e pessfvfbebm bm rmjmdmr jkolmjf`motks
sfstmètfzebks, pmrbmobk eks pkujks oksse eutkok`fe.
:. E iesm be jrfeèêk kjkrrm, pkr jkosmquáojfe, queobk oks eprkprfe`ks bes jkostruèýms mstætfjes m
jfmotàifjes bk ùobk m jrfe`ks okvks jkojmftks m tmjoknkhfes.
Om` tkbes es sknuèýms f`mrsfves prkpkrjfkoe` eutkètfje`motm kpkrtuofbebms

vfvmojfefs. @uftes vmzms, mnes sm epkfe` epmoes m` bfstreèýms mstætfjes qum prmsmrve`
k perebfhè `mre`motm rmetfvk-fostrujfkoen, ès fhokre` tkbk k pktmojfen bm
mxpmrf`moteèêk.
Zmhuobk ks eutkrms, k pktmojfen bes tmjoknkhfes æ iezmr be fostruèêk u` prknkohe`motk be
mxpmrf`moteèêk m be jrfeèêk. Fssk rmqumr qum ks ètmrfefs bfbåtfjks m es mstretæhfes fostrujfkoefs
smae` pneomaebks jk`k e`dfmotms oks quefs ks enuoks pksse` mxpnkrer, vfvmojfer, mxpmrf`moter,
prkdnmètfzer, ikrùner
je`folks, m` vmz lfpútmsms
bm epmoes m jrfer
rmjmdá-nks ikrès bm rmsknvmr prkdnmès, jrfeobk m bmjfbfobk smus
m jkosu`f-nks.

Jkovæ` kdsmrver, jkotubk, qum om` tkbes es sknuèýms f`mrsfves prkpkrjfkoe` eutkètfje`motm
kpkrtuofbebms vfvmojfefs. @uftes vmzms, pkr uè mspæjfm bm kdsmssêk pkr pertm bm qum` es pneomae oe
eprmsmoteèêk bm jkotmñbks, mnes sm epkfe` epmoes m` bfstreèýms mstætfjes qum prmsmrve` k
perebfhè `mre`motm rmetfvk-fostrujfkoen, ès fhokre` tkbk k pktmojfen bm mxpmrf`moteèêk.
Bmsse ikrè, pere `mnlkr eprkvmfte`motk bmsses tmjoknkhfes fokvebkres, æ omjmssårfk
prkpkrjfkoer eháojfe m eutkok`fe ek eprmobfz m, jk` k usk bm mnm`motks, rmimráojfes m trfnles
prkpkstes, ber e mnm k pkbmr bm bmjfbfr, iezmr,
iezmr, mxpnkrer m jrfer sftueèýms okves bm eprmobfzehm`.

IMJLE@MORK
mstm jepàtunk, trete`ks bes `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves qum, `ms`k smobk efobe pkujk
mxpnkrebes
pkr `mfkokbkje`pk
usk bmbe mbujeèêk oejfkoen,jkovmrhmotms.
tá` k pktmojfen bm prk`kvmr e eprmobfzehm`
Oluèoe `àbfes m tmjoknkhfes
Mxpnkre`ks enhuos tmès, jk`k eháojfe, f`mrsêk m inuxk, m mxpnfjfte`ks jk`k rmjursks m
e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks pmr`ftm` qum mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs vfvmojfm` okves mxpmrfáojfes,
mspeèks m bmseifks, eprmobmobk bm ikrè f`mrsfve, mxpmrfmojfen, jkotmxtuenfzebe m sfhofifjetfve.
Eprmsmote`ks efobe
ef obe jkojmftks m mxpmrfáojfes rmnejfkoebks ek usk bm rmenfbebm vfrtuen, rmenfbebm
eu`motebe, sfùneèêk, akhks m he`fifjeèêk oe mbujeèêk.
Essf`, jkojnuà`ks k jepàtunk mnmojeobk ks trás prfojàpfks (Ifhure :.44) qum jkosfbmre`ks
iuobe`motefs pere qum e epnfjeèêk bm `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves smae rmnmveotm m fokvebkre oe
mbujeèêk prmsmojfen, e bfstäojfe m jkrpkretfve.

Ifhure :.44 ‚Wrfojàpfks mssmojfefs bes `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves

Jedm kdsmrver qum k usk bmsses `mtkbknkhfes oe mbujeèêk tm` sm tkroebk èfs vfåvmn ç
`mbfbe qum es tmjoknkhfes qum bêk supkrtm ç eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve pesse` e smr èfs
ejmssàvmfs (jk`k ks újunks bm pepmnêk bm rmenfbebm eu`motebe bk Hkkhnm Jerbdkerb). Wkr fssk, e
tmobáojfe æ qum mnes bmfxm` bm smr m`prmhebes sk`motm m` jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs prfvfnmhfebks
m pessm` e enjeoèer èfs mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs, bm verfebks smtkrms m msimres. Jk` fssk, smu
pktmojfen
smotfbk bmbfsruptfvk smrå e`pnfebk
kimrmjmr kpèýms bfvmrses)pmne
m bmpkssfdfnfbebm bm e eprmobfzehm`
prk`kvmr e fovmstfheèêk, smr èfs
e bmsjkdmrte bfvmrtfbe (ok
m k moheae`motk
m` prkpkstes bmseifebkres.
TMIMTÁOJFEZ
ENBTFJL, J. Rlm jk`pnmtm hufbm tk sfùnetfkos eob smrfkus he`ms.

he`ms. Zeo Ireojfsjk1 Wiimfiimr
Wiimfiimr,, 4776.
ETOE], N.3 QEDENE, E. Jk`k eprmobmr m mosfoer jk`pmtáojfes.
jk`pmtáojfes. Wkrtk Enmhrm1 Ert`mb, 4757.
EQ]@E, T. mt en. Tmjmot
en. Tmjmot ebveojms fo euh`motmb rmenfty. FMMM Jk`putmr Hreplfjs eob Eppnfjetfkos,
Eppnfjetfkos, v. 45, o. 9, p.
:2-28, 4775.
DKHKZR, F. Wmrsuesfvm he`ms1
he`ms1 tlm mxprmssfvm pkwmr ki vfbmkhe`ms. Je`drfbhm1 @FR Wrmss, 4778.
DTMV, W. vfrtuen rmenfty eob jk`putmr sfùnetfko. Fo1 LF@E@E, C3 REYEOF, L. (Mb.). Leobdkkc ki foikrètfko eob
mtlfjs. Lkdkcmo, OA1 Aklo Xfnmy & Zkos, 477<.
jk`putmr mtlfjs.
JETKNMF, W. He`m kut1 k usk be he`fifjeèêk pere ievkrmjmr e f`mrsêk oks bfvmrsks mspeèks mbujetfvks ok
Mosfok Zupmrfkr. Fo1 RFJ MB]JE 4754, 4754, Nfsdke. Eoefs...
Nfsdke. Eoefs... Nfsdke1
Nfsdke1 ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Nfsdke, 4754. v. 5.
[[[[[[. He`ms pmrvesfvks jk`k prkpkste bm pktmojfenfzeèêk be jkùofjeèêk jfmotàifje. Fo1 JKOHTMZZK
DTEZFNMFTK BM JFÁOJFEZ BE JK@]OFJEÈÊK, :8, 4752, Ikz bk Fhueèu. Eoefs... Ikz bk Fhueèu1 Fotmrjk`,
Eoefs... Ikz
4752.
[[[[[[3 RKTF, T. Euresè1 eu`moteobk m he`fifjeobk e rmenfbebm. Fo1 JK]RK, M.3 WKTRK, J.3 ZEORKZ, M.
(Krh.). Epp-nmerofoh
(Krh.). Epp-nmerofoh 1 mxpmrfáojfes bm pmsqufse m ikrèèêk. Zenvebkr1 Mbuide, 4759.
[[[[[[3 [[[[[[. He`fifjeèêk eu`motebe1 mxpnkreobk e rmenfbebm eu`motebe m` etfvfbebms nñbfjes bm
eprmobfzehm`. RMJJKHZ ‚ Tmvfste Bfhften bm Rmjoknkhfes Jkhoftfves
Jkhoftfves,, o. 6, aeo./auo. 4752.
JZFCZQMOR@FLENVF, @. Jrmetfvfty 1 inkw eob tlm psyjlknkhy ki bfsjkvmry eob fovmotfko. Omw Vkrc1 LerpmrJknnfos
JZFCZQMOR@FLENVF,
Wudnfslmrs, 5668.
BENHETOK, D.3 NMM, @. Xlet erm tlm nmerofoh eiikrbeojms ki :-B vfrtuen movfrko`mots; Drftfsl Akuroen ki
Rmjloknkhy, v. 25, o. 5, p. 57-:4, 4757.
Mbujetfkoen Rmjloknkhy, v.
BMBM, J. F``mrsfvm fotmriejms ikr mohehm`mot eob nmerofoh. Zjfmojm @ehezfom,
@ehezfom, v. :4:, p. 99-96, aeo. 4776.
IFNERTK, E. Wrkbuèêk bm jkotmñbks mbujejfkoefs.
mbujejfkoefs. Zêk Weunk1 Zerefve, 4759.
IFNERTK, E.3 JEYENJEORF, J. J. Ztrujturen eob jkotmot he`fifjetfko bmsfho ikr tutkr mbujetfko. Fo1 M-NMETO1
XKTNB JKOIMTMOJM KO M-NMETOFOH, 4759, Xeslfohtko. Wrkjmmbfohs… Xeslfohtko, BJ1 Esskjfetfko ikr
Wrkjmmbfohs… Xeslfohtko,
tlm Ebveojm`mot ki Jk`putfoh fo Mbujetfko (EEJM), 4759. p. 55=4-55=8. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.nmerotmjlnfd.krh/p/5827==/?.
>www.nmero tmjlnfd.krh/p/5827==/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
IK@FOVCL, @.3 NMKOH, W.3 W.3 JETRXTFHLR
JETRXTFHLR,, D. Tknmpneyfoh eob mxpmrfmotfen nmerofoh fo e prkimssfkoen jkuosmnfoh
bfsteojm jkursm. Fo1 MB@MBFE - XKTNB JKOIMTMOJM KO MB]JERFKOEN @MBFE EOB RMJLOKNKHV,
4758, Xeslfohtko. Wrkjmmbfohs… Xeslfohtko, BJ1 Esskjfetfko ikr tlm Ebveojm`mot ki Jk`putfoh fo Mbujetfko
Wrkjmmbfohs… Xeslfohtko,
(EEJM), 4758. p. 578<-5767.
IKXNMT, J. Yfrtuen rmenfty eob nmerofoh1 wlmrm‖s tlm pmbehkhy; Drftfsl Akuroen ki Mbujetfkoen Rmjloknkhy
Rmjloknkhy , v. 29,
o. 4, p. 254-244, èr. 475=.
IRB BFHFREN. Jkolmèe e IRB Bfhften. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//bfhften.itb.jk`.dr/jkolmje-rmenfbebm-eu`motebe-
jop.plp?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
HENYÊK, @. E.3 QKTQEN, M. T. Epnfjeèýms `úvmfs jk` rmenfbebm eu`motebe pere pktmojfenfzer nfvrks. Okves
mbujeèêk, v. 57, o. 5, aun. 4754.
tmjoknkhfes oe mbujeèêk,
HT]WK FOJERMW. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.hrupkfojetmp.jk`.dr/fostftujfkoen/Bmieunt.espx?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv.
475<.
L]FQFOHE, A. Lk`k nubmos1
nubmos1 k akhk jk`k mnm`motk be junture. Zêk Weunk1 Wmrspmjtfve, 5685.
AEJKDFOK, I.3 AKTHM, J. I. D. He`ms jk`k imrre`mote mstretæhfje bm dusje m `koftkre`motk bm fotmnfháojfe
jk`pmtftfve1 u` mstubk bm jesk skdrm k Wkcæ`ko Hk. Tmvfste Fotmnfháojfe Jk`pmtftfve,
Jk`pmtftfve, v. 8, o. :, p. 2=-99,
aun./smt. 4758.
A]OH, J. H. Rfpks psfjknúhfjks.
psfjknúhfjks. Wmtrúpknfs1 Ykzms, 4772.
CEWW, C. @. Rlm he`fifjetfko ki nmerofoh eob fostrujtfko1
fostrujtfko1 he`m-desmb `mtlkbs eob stretmhfms trefofoh eob
mbujetfko. Zeo Ireojfsjk1 Wimfiimr Wudnfslmrs, 4754.
CFBZ XMD HEOH. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//cfbswmdheoh.jk`.er/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
CFTTFM@]FT, A.3 @JIETNEOM, E. Nftmreturm rmvfmw fo he`ms eob nmerofoh . Drfstkn1 Iuturmned, 4772. Bfspkoàvmn
m`1 >www.oimr.ej.uc/pudnfjetfkos/I]RN48/I]RN48nftmreturmrmvfmw
>www.oimr.ej.uc/pudnfjetfkos/I]RN48/I]RN48nftmreturmrmvfmw.pbi?.
.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
@ETRÀO-H]RFÆTTMQ, A. mt en.
en. Yfrtuen tmjloknkhfms trmobs fo mbujetfko. M]TEZFE Akuroen ki @etlmètfjs,
Mbujetfko, v. 5:, o. 4, p. 296-2<9, 4758.
Zjfmojm eob Rmjloknkhy Mbujetfko,
@EVMZ, A. R.3 IKXNMT, J. A. L. Nmerofoh tmjloknkhy eob usedfnfty1 e ire`mwkrc ikr uobmrsteobfoh jkursmwerm.
Jk`putmrs, v. 55,
Fotmrejtfoh wftl Jk`putmrs, 55, o. =, p. 2<=-268, 5666.
@JHKOFHEN, A. Tmenfbebm m` akhk1 akhk1 pkr qum ks he`ms oks tkroe` `mnlkrms m jk`k mnms pkbm` ùber k
ùobk. Tfk bm Aeomfrk1 Dmst Zmnnmr, 4754.
@MNNK ZKDTFOLK, M. J. bm. E`dfmotms vfrtuefs f`mrsfvks1
f`mrsfvks1 e pmrspmjtfve bm pmsqufsebkrms m` rmneèêk ç
nfohuehm` m ç tmjoknkhfe. Bfssmrteèêk (@mstrebk), ]ITA/JNE/Wrkhreè Fotmrbfsjfpnfoer bm Wús-Hrebueèêk m`
Nfohuàstfje Epnfjebe. Tfk bm Aeomfrk, 4755.
@FNHTE@, W. mt en. Euh`motmb
en. Euh`motmb rmenfty1 e jness ki bfspneys ko tlm rmenfty vfrtuenfty jkotfouu`. Rmnmèofpunetkr eob
tmnmprmsmojm tmjloknkhfms. ZWFM , v. 4:=5, 5662.
[[[[[[3 CFZLFOK, I.I. E texkok`y ki `fxmb rmenfty vfsuen bfspneys. FMFJM Rreos. Foikrètfko Zystm`s,
Zystm`s, v. M88-B, o.
54, p. 5:45-5:46, 5662.
@]TTEV,, AA.. Le`nmt ok Lknnkbmjc . Zêk Weunk1 ]omsp, 477:.
@]TTEV
@]TRE, J. E. T.3 YENEBETMZ, @. H. W.3 @KTEMZ IFNLK, X. D. Wkssfdfnfbebms pmbehúhfjes bk @fomjreit
fojkrpkreobk akhks jk`mrjfefs oe mbujeèêk. Fo1 \FF MYFBKZKN m F\ JFNRMJ-KONFOM, 475=. Eoefs... Bfspkoàvmn
Eoefs... Bfspkoàvmn
m`1 >www.pmrfkbfjks.nmtres.ui`h.dr/fobmx.plp/eoefs[nfohuehm`[tmjoknkhfe/ertfjnm/vfmwIfnm/<=4:/828<?. Ejmssk
m`1 44 aeo. 475<.
KZLF@E, I. V. E rmenfbebm vfrtuen oe sene bm eune. Æpkje Æpkje.. 47 aeo. 4759. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//mpkje.hnkdk.jk`/fbmfes/oktfjfe/4759/75/rmenfbebm-vfrtuen-oe-senebm-eune.lt`n?.
>lttp1//mpkje.hnkdk.jk`/fbmfes/oktfjfe/4759/75/rmenfbebm-vfrtuen-oe-senebm-eune.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5< imv. 475<.
WMRTÚ, H. Enuoks use` “@fomjreit‖ pere rmjkoter lfstúrfe bm msjkne. H5 H5,, 4< èfk 475:. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//h5.hnkdk.jk`/tmjoknkhfe/he`ms/oktfjfe/475:/7=/enuoksuse`-`fomjreit-pere-rmjkoter-lfstkrfe-bm-
msjkne.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5< imv. 475<.
TK@EOK, Z. @. Y. Tmenfbebm eu`motebe epnfjebe e `mbfjfoe.
`mbfjfoe. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttps1//mbfsjfpnfoes.usp.dr/pnuhfoifnm.plp/:478<58/`kb[rmskurjm/jkotmot/5/Tmenfbebm%47Eu`motebe%47Epnfjebe%
Ejmssk m`1 5<. Imv.
Imv. 475<.
TKZMODN]@, N. A.3 JTKZZ, T. E. Rlm jlennmohm ki vfrtuen rmenfty. Fo1 METOZLEX, X X.. T.3 YFOJM, A.3 AKOMZ, L.
(Mb.). Yfsuenfzetfko & `kbmnfoh . Zeo Bfmhk, JE1 Ejebm`fj Wrmss, 5668. p. :4=-:66.
TKZZF, @. M`prmse jrfe m mxpkrte sfùnebkrms pere trmfoe`motk m` årmes pkrtuårfes. H5 H5,, 5k aun. 475=.
Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//h5.hnkdk.jk`/sp/seotks-rmhfek/oktfjfe/475=/78/m`prmse-jrfe-m-mxpkrte-sfùnebkrms-pere-
trmfoe`motk-m`-ermes-pkrtuerfes.lt`n?.
trmfoe`motk-m`-ermes-pkrtuer fes.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5< imv. 475<.
TVEO, T. @.3 BMJF, M. N. Zmni-bmtmr`foetfko tlmkry eob tlm iejfnftetfko ki fotrfosfj `ktfvetfko, skjfen bmvmnkp`mot,
eob wmnn-dmfoh. E`mrfjeo
wmnn-dmfoh. E`mrfjeo Wsyjlknkhfst , v. ==, o. 5, p. 9<-8<, 4777.
ZENMO, C.3 QF@@MT@EO, M. Tunms ki pney 1 he`m bmsfho iuobe`motens. Je`drfbhm1 @FR Wrmss, 4772.
ZEYF, T.3 ]NDTFJLR, Y. T. Akhks bfhftefs mbujejfkoefs1 dmomiàjfks m bmseifks. Tmvfste Okves Rmjoknkhfes
Mbujejfkoefs,, v. 9, o. 4, bmz. 477<.
Mbujejfkoefs
ZJE@ERF, Y. mt en. ]tfnfzeèêk
en. ]tfnfzeèêk bm e`dfmotms vfrtuefs f`mrsfvks pere k mosfok. Fo1 XKTCZLKW BM TMENFBEBM
YFTR]EN M E]@MOREBE, 475=. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.ndb.bjj.ui`h.dr/jknmjkms/wrve/475=/7:5.pbi?. Ejmssk
m`1 : aeo. 475<.
ZJL@FR, X. N. TWH m mbujeèêk1
mbujeèêk1 enhuos epkote`motks tmúrfjks. Bfssmrteèêk (@mstrebk m` Mbujeèêk) ‚
]ofvmrsfbebm Mstebuen bm Nkobrfoe, Nkobrfoe, 477<, 498p.
ZLMT@EO, X.3 JTEFH, E. D. ]obmrsteobfoh vfrtuen rmenfty 1 fotmriejm, eppnfjetfko, eob bmsfho. Zeo Ireojfsjk1
@krheo Ceuièoo, 477:.
ZL]RM, Y.3 TELF@F, Z.3 M@FLKYFJL, D. Essmss`mot ikr nmerofoh fo f``mrsfvm movfrko`mots. Fo1 NF], B. mt en.
(Mb.). Yfrtuen, euh`motmb, eob `fxmb rmenftfms fo mbujetfko, sèrt jk`putfoh eob fotmnnfhmojm.
fotmnnfhmojm. Zfohepkrm1 Zprfohmr
Oeture, 4758.
ZKETMZ, E. O. Tknm Wneyfoh He`m (TWH)1
(TWH) 1 mnedkreèêk m evenfeèêk bm mstretæhfe pmbehúhfje pere ikrèèêk
jràtfje m eutòokè bk moimr`mfrk. 475:. Bfssmrteèêk (Wús-Hrebueèêk m` Moimrèhm`) ‚ ]ofvmrsfbebm Imbmren
bm @foes Hmrefs, Dmnk Lkrfzkotm, 475:.
RLM TFYMT JFRV WTKAMJR. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//ùvm.hsm.lerverb.mbu/rfvmrjftyprkamjt/?. Ejmssk m`1 58 imv.
475<.
RKTF, T. Bmseifks pere k bmsfho bm foikrèèêk m` e`dfmotms bm rmenfbebm eu`motebe. Foikbmsfho
Foikbmsfho,, v. 5, o. 9,
4776. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//foikbmsfho.mòuvmos.jk`.dr/pudnfj/akuroens/5/Ok.5-Ykn.9-
4776/FB[v9[o5[4776[29[=8[Rkrf.pbi?.
4776/FB[v9[o5[4776[29[=8[R krf.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
RKTF, T. Bmseifks pere k bmsfho bm foikrèèêk m` e`dfmotms bm rmenfbebm eu`motebe. Foikbmsfho
Foikbmsfho,, v. 5, o. 9,
4776.
[[[[[[3 CFTOMT, J.3 ZFZJK]RRK, T. (Krh.). Iuobe`motks m tmjoknkhfe bm rmenfbebm vfrtuen m eu`motebe
eu`motebe.. Wkrtk
Enmhrm1 Zkjfmbebm Dresfnmfre bm Jk`puteèêk, 4779. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.fotmrned.pjs.pknf.usp.dr?. Ejmssk
Ej mssk m`1
5= imv. 475<.
R]TCNM, Z. K smhuobk mu, ks jk`putebkrms m k mspàrftk luèok.
luèok. Nfsdke1 Wrmsmoèe, 56<6.
]OFYMTZFRV KI NMFJMZRMT. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www4.nm.ej.uc/bmpert`mots/hmomtfjs/hmofm/prkamjts/swfit?.
Ejmssk m`1 imv. 475<.
XMNNM, B. “WKCÆ@KO hk‖ æ `åqufoe bm jknmte bm bebks, enmrte mspmjfenfste. H5 H5,, 6 ehk. 4759. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//h5.hnkdk.jk`/tmjoknkhfe/he`ms/oktfjfe/4759/7</pkcm`ko-hk-m-èqufoe-bm-jknmte-bm-bebks-enmrte-
mspmjfenfste.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5< imv. 475<.
XFNNFE@Z, E. @mmt Enple1 tlm omxt hmomretfko. Rlm Omw Vkrc Rf`ms,
Rf`ms, 5= smt. 475=. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 ?. Ejmssk m`1
5= imv. 475<.
QFJLMT@EOO, H.3 J]OOFOHLEO, J. He`fifjetfko dy bmsfho.
bmsfho. Okrtl Zmdestkpkn1 K‖Tmfnny @mbfe, 4755.
5 HENYÊK, @. E.3 QKTQEN, M. T. Epnfjeèýms `úvmfs jk` rmenfbebm eu`motebe pere pktmojfenfzer nfvrks. Okves
mbujeèêk, v. 57, o. 5, aun. 4754.
tmjoknkhfes oe mbujeèêk,
4 CFBZ XMD HEOH. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//cfbswmdheoh.jk`.er/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
: IRB BFHFREN. Jkolmèe e IRB Bfhften. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//bfhften.itb.jk`.dr/jkolmje-rmenfbebm-eu`motebe-
jop.plp?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
2 ZLMT@EO, X.3 JTEFH, E. D. ]obmrsteobfoh vfrtuen rmenfty 1 fotmriejm, eppnfjetfko, eob bmsfho. Zeo Ireojfsjk1
@krheo Ceuièoo, 477:.
= @MNNK ZKDTFOLK, M. J. bm. E`dfmotms vfrtuefs f`mrsfvks1 f`mrsfvks1 e pmrspmjtfve bm pmsqufsebkrms m` rmneèêk ç
nfohuehm` m ç tmjoknkhfe. Bfssmrteèêk (@mstrebk), ]ITA/JNE/Wrkhreè Fotmrbfsjfpnfoer bm Wús-Hrebueèêk m`
Nfohuàstfje Epnfjebe. Tfk bm Aeomfrk, 4755.
9 BMBM, J. F``mrsfvm fotmriejms ikr mohehm`mot eob nmerofoh. Zjfmojm @ehezfom,
@ehezfom, v. :4:, p. 99-96, aeo. 4776.
8 ZJE@ERF, Y. mt en.
en. ]tfnfzeèêk bm e`dfmotms vfrtuefs f`mrsfvks pere k mosfok. Fo1 XKTCZLKW BM TMENFBEBM
YFTR]EN M E]@MOREBE, 475=. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.ndb.bjj.ui`h.dr/jknmjkms/wrve/475=/7:5.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1
: aeo. 475<.
< RKTF, T. Bmseifks pere k bmsfho bm foikrèèêk m` e`dfmotms bm rmenfbebm eu`motebe. Foikbmsfho
Foikbmsfho,, v. 5, o. 9, 4776.
Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//foikbmsfho.mòuvmos.jk`.dr/pudnfj/akuroens/5/Ok.5-Ykn.9-
4776/FB[v9[o5[4776[29[=8[Rkrf.pbi?.
4776/FB[v9[o5[4776[29[=8[R krf.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
6 @KLKNV-OEHV, N. Rlmetmr, jfrjus, verfmty, tlmetmr ki tlm Deuleus S5642P. Fo1 WEJCMT, T3 AKTBEO, C. (Mb.).
@untf`mbfe1 irk` Xehomr tk vfrtuen rmenfty. X. X. Okrtko & Jk`peoy,
Jk`peoy, 4775, p. 59-49 epub RKTF, T. Bmseifks pere k
bmsfho bm foikrèèêk m` e`dfmotms bm rmenfbebm eu`motebe. FoikbmsfhoFoikbmsfho,, v. 5, o. 9, 4776.
57 LMFNFH, @. Rlm jfomè ki tlm iuturm S566=P. Fo1 WEJCMT, T3 AKTBEO, C. (mb.). @untf`mbfe1 irk` Xehomr tk vfrtuen
rmenfty. X. X. Okrtko & Jk`peoy, 4775, p. 456-4: epub RKTF, T. Bmseifks pere k bmsfho bm foikrèèêk m`
e`dfmotms bm rmenfbebm eu`motebe. Foikbmsfho
Foikbmsfho,, v. 5, o. 9, 4776.
55 Lmeb-`kuotmb bfspney (L@B) æ u` bfspksftfvk bm mxfdfèêk usebk oe jedmèe, çs vmzms jk`k pertm bm u`
jepejmtm, qum pkssuf uè pmqumoe tmne úptfje pere u` knlk (L@B `kokjuner) ku ks bkfs (L@B dfokjuner).
54 Zk` surrkuob æ uè tæjofje qum jrfe u` e`dfmotm jk` åubfk èfs rmenfste, morfqumjmobk e quenfbebm bm
rmprkbuèêk bm sk` pkr `mfk bm uè ikotm jk` jeoefs fobmpmobmotms m ebfjfkoefs bm entk-ieneotms, jrfeobk uè
smoseèêk bm sk` prkvmofmotm bm quenqumr bfrmèêk lkrfzkoten m m` :97· skdrm k kuvfotm.
5: Etk bm jk`pfner m kdtmr k prkbutk ifoen bm u` prkjmsse`motk bfhften. Wkr mxm`pnk, ok jesk bm u` vàbmk
mbujejfkoen, tkbe e smquáojfe bm fèhmos, skos m nmhmobes tmxtuefs prmjfse smr jkobmosebe m` u` vàbmk.
52 TKZMODN]@ N. A.3 JTKZZ, T. E. Rlm jlennmohm ki vfrtuen rmenfty. Fo1 METOZLEX, X. T.3 YFOJM, A.3 AKOMZ, L.
(Mb.). Yfsuenfzetfko & `kbmnfoh . Zeo Bfmhk, JE1 Ejebm`fj Wrmss, 5668. p. :4=-:66.
5= K prkjmssebkr, jkosfbmrebk k „jærmdrk bk jk`putebkr‐, æ k ftm` bm lerbwerm rmspkosåvmn pkr jenjuner m rmenfzer
lerbwerm rmspkosåvmn
es termies bmtmr`foebes pmnk usuårfk. Uueotk èfs pktmotm ikr k prkjmssebkr, èfkr smrå sue jepejfbebm bm treter
hreobm queotfbebm bm bebks sfùnteome`motm.

59 EQ]@E, T. mt en. Tmjmot
en. Tmjmot ebveojms fo euh`motmb rmenfty. FMMM Jk`putmr Hreplfjs eob Eppnfjetfkos,
Eppnfjetfkos, v. 45, o. 9, p.
:2-28, 4775.
58 Ebeptebk bm JETKNMF, W.3 RKTF, T. He`fifjeèêk eu`motebe1 mxpnkreobk e rmenfbebm eu`motebe m` etfvfbebms
nñbfjes bm eprmobfzehm`. RMJJKHZ ‚ Tmvfste Bfhften bm Rmjoknkhfes Jkhoftfves
Jkhoftfves,, o. 6, aeo./auo. 4752.
5< @FNHTE@, W. mt en. Euh`motmb
en. Euh`motmb rmenfty1 e jness ki bfspneys ko tlm rmenfty vfrtuenfty jkotfouu`. Rmnmèofpunetkr eob
tmnmprmsmojm tmjloknkhfms. ZWFM , v. 4:=5, 5662.
56 @FNHTE@, W.3 CFZLFOK, I. E texkok`y ki `fxmb rmenfty vfsuen bfspneys. FMFJM Rreos. Foikrètfko Zystm`s, Zystm`s, v. M88-
B, o. 54, p. 5:45-5:46, 5662.
47 RKTF, 4776.
45 @ETRÀO-H]RFÆT
@ETRÀO-H]RFÆTTMQ, TMQ, A. mt en. Yfrtuen
en. Yfrtuen tmjloknkhfms trmobs fo mbujetfko. M]TEZFE Akuroen ki @etlmètfjs, Zjfmojm
Mbujetfko, v. 5:, o. 4, p. 296-2<9, 4758.
eob Rmjloknkhy Mbujetfko,
44 DTMV, W. Yfrtuen rmenfty eob jk`putmr sfùnetfko. Fo1 LF@E@E, C3 REYEOF, L. (Mb.). Leobdkkc ki foikrètfko eob
mtlfjs. Lkdkcmo, OA1 Aklo Xfnmy & Zkos, 477<.
jk`putmr mtlfjs.
4: L]FQFOHE, A. Lk`k nubmos1nubmos1 k akhk jk`k mnm`motk be junture. Zêk Weunk1 Wmrspmjtfve, 5685.
42 ZEYF, T.3 ]NDTFJLR, Y. T. Akhks bfhftefs mbujejfkoefs1 dmomiàjfks m bmseifks. Tmvfste Okves Rmjoknkhfes
Mbujejfkoefs,, v. 9, o. 4, bmz. 477<.
Mbujejfkoefs
4= E ireoqufe Ifie æ uè særfm bm akhks pere Wneystetfko m \dkx Kom m WJ (motrm kutres) m` qum k he`mr essu`m essu`m k
pepmn bm tæjofjk bm u` jnudm bm iutmdkn.
49 Epmser bm k Cfomjt tmr enjeoèebk e èrje bm := `fnlýms bm uofbebms vmobfbes motrm 4757 m 4758, e vmobe bk
epermnlk etrmnebk ek vfbmk he`m \dkx
he`m \dkx ikf bmsjkotfouebe m` 4752, pkr enmheèýms jk`mrjfefs. Zue tmjoknkhfe, ok
moteotk, jkotfouerå e smr fojkrpkrebe e okvks bfspksftfvks, jk`k k LknkNmos, újunks bm rmenfbebm eu`motebe qum
vef enæ` bk Cfomjt m pmr`ftm qum k usuårfk vfsuenfzm (m fotmreae jk`) fèhmos lknkhråifjes prkamtebes ok e`dfmotm
rmen etrevæs bm sues nmotms. Ymae èfs m`1 >lttp1//www.omxkakroen.jk`.dr/mxprm
>lttp1//www.omxkakroen.jk`.dr/mxprmssk/4758/57/49/K-qum-%J:%E6-
ssk/4758/57/49/K-qum-%J:%E6-k- k-
Cfomjt-m-pkr-qum-e-@fjrkskit-mst%J:%E-5-edeobkoeobk-sue-prkbu%J:%E8%J:%E:k?. Ejmssk m`1 5< imv.
48 475<.
IFNERTK, E. Wrkbuèêk bm jkotmñbks mbujejfkoefs.
mbujejfkoefs. Zêk Weunk1 Zerefve, 4759.
4< JZFCZQMOR@FLEN
JZFCZQMOR@FLENVF, VF, @. Jrmetfvfty 1 inkw eob tlm psyjlknkhy ki bfsjkvmry eob fovmotfko. Omw Vkrc1 LerpmrJknnfos
Wudnfslmrs, 5668.
46 ZENMO, C.3 QF@@MT@EO, M. Tunms ki pney 1 he`m bmsfho iuobe`motens. Je`drfbhm1 @FR Wrmss, 4772.
:7 CEWW, C. @. Rlm he`fifjetfko ki nmerofoh eob fostrujtfko1
fostrujtfko1 he`m-desmb `mtlkbs eob stretmhfms trefofoh eob
mbujetfko. Zeo Ireojfsjk1 Wimfiimr Wudnfslmrs, 4754.
:5 @]TRE, J. E. T.3 YENEBETMZ, @. H. W.3 @KTEMZ IFNLK, X. D. Wkssfdfnfbebms pmbehúhfjes bk @fomjreit
fojkrpkreobk akhks jk`mrjfefs oe mbujeèêk. Fo1 \FF MYFBKZKN m F\ JFNRMJ-KONFOM, 475=. Eoefs... Bfspkoàvmn
Eoefs... Bfspkoàvmn
m`1 >www.pmrfkbfjks.nmtres.ui`h.dr/fobmx.plp/eoefs[nfohuehm`[tmjoknkhfe/ertfjnm/vfmwIfnm/<=4:/828<?. Ejmssk
m`1 44 aeo. 475<.
:4 ZEYF3 ]NDTFJLR, 477<.
:: DKHKZR, F. Wmrsuesfvm he`ms1
he`ms1 tlm mxprmssfvm pkwmr ki vfbmk he`ms. Je`drfbhm1 @FR Wrmss, 4778.
:2 ZJL@FR, X. N. TWH m mbujeèêk1
mbujeèêk1 enhuos epkote`motks tmúrfjks. Bfssmrteèêk (@mstrebk m` Mbujeèêk) ‚
]ofvmrsfbebm Mstebuen bm Nkobrfoe, Nkobrfoe, 477<, 498p.
:= CFTTFM@]FT, A.3 @JIETNEOM, E. Nftmreturm rmvfmw fo he`ms eob nmerofoh . Drfstkn1 Iuturmned, 4772. Bfspkoàvmn
m`1 >www.oimr.ej.uc/pudnfjetfkos/I]RN48/I]RN48nftmreturmrmvfmw
>www.oimr.ej.uc/pudnfjetfkos/I]RN48/I]RN48nftmreturmrmvfmw.pbi?.
.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
:9 @JHKOFHEN, A. Tmenfbebm m` akhk1 akhk1 pkr qum ks he`ms oks tkroe` `mnlkrms m jk`k mnms pkbm` ùber k ùobk.
Tfk bm Aeomfrk1 Dmst Zmnnmr, 4754.
:8 AEJKDFOK, I.3 AKTHM, J. I. D. He`ms jk`k imrre`mote mstretæhfje bm dusje m `koftkre`motk bm fotmnfháojfe
jk`pmtftfve1 u` mstubk bm jesk skdrm k Wkcæ`ko Hk. Tmvfste Fotmnfháojfe Jk`pmtftfve,
Jk`pmtftfve, v. 8, o. :, p. 2=-99, aun./smt.
4758.
:< JETKNMF3 RKTF, 4752.
:6 IFNERTK, 475=.
27 IFNERTK, E.3 JEYENJEORF, J. J. Ztrujturen eob jkotmot he`fifjetfko bmsfho ikr tutkr mbujetfko. Fo1 M-nmero Xkrnb
Jkoimrmojm ko M-nmerofoh, 4759, Xeslfohtko. Wrkjmmbfohs
Wrkjmmbfohs...... Xeslfohtko, BJ1 Esskjfetfko ikr tlm Ebveojm`mot ki
Jk`putfoh fo Mbujetfko (EEJM), 4759, p. 55=4-55=8. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.nmerotmjlnfd.krh/p/5827==/?. Ejmssk
m` 5= imv. 475<.
25 TVEO, T. @.3 BMJF, M. N. Zmni-bmtmr`foetfko tlmkry eob tlm iejfnftetfko ki fotrfosfj `ktfvetfko, skjfen bmvmnkp`mot,
eob wmnn-dmfoh. E`mrfjeo
wmnn-dmfoh. E`mrfjeo Wsyjlknkhfst , v. ==, o. 5, p. 9<-8<, 4777.
24 BENHETOK, D.3 NMM, @. Xlet erm tlm nmerofoh eiikrbeojms ki :-B vfrtuen movfrko`mots; Drftfsl Akuroen ki
Mbujetfkoen Rmjloknkhy , v. 25, o. 5, p. 57-:4, 4757.
2: BENHETOK3 NMM, 4757.
22 R]TCNM, Z. K smhuobk mu, ks jk`putebkrms m k mspàrftk luèok. luèok. Nfsdke1 Wrmsmoèe, 56<6.
2= JETKNMF, W. He`m kut1 k usk be he`fifjeèêk pere ievkrmjmr e f`mrsêk oks bfvmrsks mspeèks mbujetfvks ok
Mosfok Zupmrfkr. Fo1 RFJ MB]JE 4754, Nfsdke. Eoefs
Nfsdke. Eoefs...
... Nfsdke1 ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Nfsdke, 4754. v. 5. p. 4872-485=.
29 JETKNMF, 4754, p. 4872-485=.
28 JETKNMF3 RKTF, 4752.

2< @]TTEV
@]TTEV,, A. A . Le`nmt ok Lknnkbmjc . Zêk Weunk1 ]omsp, 477:.
26 JETKNMF3 RKTF, 4752.
=7 E `mtejkhofèêk æ k eutk`koftkre`motk qum u` eprmobfz
eprmobfz iez bm smu prúprfk prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm`.
=5 JETKNMF3 RKTF, 4752.
=4 JETKNMF3 RKTF, 4752.
=: @EVMZ, A. R.3 IKXNMT, J. A. L. Nmerofoh tmjloknkhy eob usedfnfty1 e ire`mwkrc ikr uobmrsteobfoh jkursmwerm.
Jk`putmrs, v. 55, o. =, p. 2<=-268, 5666.
Fotmrejtfoh wftl Jk`putmrs,
=2 ZL]RM, Y.3 TELF@F, Z.3 M@FLKYFJL, D. Essmss`mot ikr nmerofoh fo f``mrsfvm movfrko`mots. Fo1 NF], B. mt en.
(Mb.). Yfrtuen, euh`motmb, eob `fxmb rmenftfms fo mbujetfko, sèrt jk`putfoh eob fotmnnfhmojm.
fotmnnfhmojm. Zfohepkrm1 Zprfohmr
Oeture, 4758.
== JZFCZQMOR@FLEN
JZFCZQMOR@FLENVF, VF, 5668.
=9 ZL]RM3 TELF@F3 M@FLKYFJL, 4758.
=8 ETOE], N.3 QEDENE, E. Jk`k eprmobmr m mosfoer jk`pmtáojfes.
jk`pmtáojfes. Wkrtk Enmhrm1 Ert`mb, 4757.
=< JETKNMF3 RKTF, 4752.

„ K I]R]TK AÅ JLMHK] ‚ ZÚ OÊK MZRÅ BFZRTFD]ÀBK BM IKT@E

LK@KHÁOME.
XFNNFE@ HFDZKO
Eutkr bm Omurkrkèojmr , m` motrmvfste ç råbfk OWT m` :7 okv. 5666
m es `mtkbknkhfes etfves, åhmfs m f`mrsfves vfstes oks jepàtunks eotmrfkrms aå

rmprmsmote`
es jleèbes uè bksm jkosfbmråvmn
`mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes;bm fokveèêk mbujejfkoen, k qum pkbm` oks trezmr
Z

Eotms bm tubk, kdsmrvm k tmr`k equf m`prmhebk1 `mtkbknkhfes, m oêk tmjoknkhfes. Msse
msjknle prkpksften bm penevres sm austfifje pkr oksse fotmoèêk bm venkrfzer k m`prmhk bes
tmjoknkhfes pere vfedfnfzer `mtkbknkhfes bm mosfok-eprmobfzehm` fokvebkres.
Ok jesk bes `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes, e fokveèêk mstå rmnejfkoebe ek f`mosk pkbmr
jk`putejfkoen bm jknmter, treter m treosikrèr bebks rmnetfvks ç eprmobfzehm` luèoe, epkfeobk
essf` e tkèbe bm bmjfsêk pkr prkimsskrms, mspmjfenfstes, bmsfhomrs fostrujfkoefs, hmstkrms m,
jk`k vmrm`ks, pmnks prúprfks enuoks.
Zkd k huerbe-jluve bes `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes, mojkotre`ks jkojmftks jk`k `fomreèêk bm
bebks mbujejfkoefs (mbujetfkoen bete `fofoh), eoenàtfje be eprmobfzehm` (nmerofoh eoenytfjs),
eoenàtfje ejebá`fje/fostftujfkoen (ejebm`fj/fostftutfkoen eoenytfjs), eprmobfzehm` pmrskoenfzebe,
eprmobfzehm` ebeptetfve m vfsuenfzeèêk be foikrèèêk. Bmnms bmrfve` epnfjeèýms ikrtm`motm
epkfebes pkr sfstmès jk`putejfkoefs ‚ sfstmès ebeptetfvks bm eprmobfzehm`, jk`puteèêk
jkhoftfve m eprmobfzebk bm `åqufoe (èjlfom nmerofoh).
M`dkre tkbk mssm nfohueaer permèe fojk`prmmosàvmn pere ks nmfhks, mxm`pnks bm tefs epnfjeèýms
mstêk jebe vmz èfs prmsmotms m` sknuèýms mbujejfkoefs bm pkote, jk`k æ k jesk bm jursks
fotmroejfkoefs ‚ jk`k ks be Cleo Ejebm`y m bk Jkursmre ‚ m bm pneteikrès dresfnmfres ‚ jk`k
Hmmcfm, motrm kutrks.
@es, bm `kbk hmren, es `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes mstêk bfsteotms bk jktfbfeok be èfkrfe bks
mbujebkrms, m` mspmjfen bequmnms qum tá` pkuje ie`fnferfbebm jk` es tmjoknkhfes mbujejfkoefs.
Wkr fssk, bm èomfre èfs prúxfè be rmenfbebm be sene bm eune, etæ `ms`k prmsmojfen,
eprmsmote`ks trás mstretæhfes bm iåjfn epnfjeèêk ‚ Bfehoústfjk jknmtfvk, Mxtretk bm pertfjfpeèêk m
Rrfnles bmpkbm`
eoenàtfjes eprmobfzehm`
trezmr çs‚sftueèýms
qum jerrmhe` u` minevkr
bfbåtfjes (uè
e smus e`kstre)
etkrms bk prkimsskrms
‚ enuoks, qum es `mtkbknkhfes
m bmèfs
movknvfbks.
MZR]BK BM JEZK
Eoenàtfje be eprmobfzehm` oe Cleo Ejebm`y

5
Iuobebe m`vfrtuen
mbujejfkoen 4779 sm`
pmnk ifos
mbujebkr okrtm-e`mrfjeok
nujretfvks Zenèohretuftk
qum kimrmjm ejmssk Cleo, e uè
Cleodfdnfktmje
Ejebm`yjk` æ uè
jmrjepneteikrè
bm =.=77
vfbmkeunes, èfs bm :77 `fn mxmrjàjfks m u` jkoauotk bm evenfeèýms bm ledfnfbebms qum pkbm` smr
ejmssebks e quenqumr lkre, bm quenqumr nuher.
n uher. Edreohm jkotmñbks ùntf`àbfe bm @etm`åtfje, Jfáojfe m
Lfstúrfe. Ks rmqufsftks bm pertfjfpeèêk sm rmsu`m` e ejmssk ç fotmromt, u` bfspksftfvk ledfnftebk pere
wmd,, u` túpfjk bm fotmrmssm m k bmsmak bm eprmobmr.
wmd
Kimrmjm mosfok pmrskoenfzebk, pkfs rmjkolmjm quefs ledfnfbebms k enuok bk`foe m quefs efobe
prmjfse pretfjer m pmr`ftm qum mnm msjknle smus prúprfks kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm`, eveojm m` smu
prúprfk rft`k m ejk`peolm smu prkhrmssk useobk evenfeèýms pneomaebes qum vmrfifje` k bk`àofk bk
ètmrfen. Enæ` bfssk, pkssfdfnfte qum prkimsskrms (m pefs) tmole` ejmssk f`mbfetk çs foikrèèýms skdrm
k prkhrmssk bm smus enuoks (ku ifnlks), pkbmobk fbmotfifjer quefs sêk es prfojfpefs bfifjunbebms m ks
je`folks bm sujmssk.
E Cleo Ejebm`y sm desmfe ok `kbmnk bm sene bm eune fovmrtfbe (infppmb jnessrkk`), qum prkpým
entmrer k `kbmnk bm mosfok trebfjfkoen pere qum e mxpksfèêk bks jkotmñbks smae rmjmdfbe m` jese
pmnks enuoks, moqueotk ks prkimsskrms bmbfje` smu tm`pk m` sene bm eune ç tutkrfe fobfvfbuen.
]è bes jlevms pere k sujmssk be Cleo Ejebm`y æ e jknmte m mxfdfèêk bks bebks skdrm k
prkhrmssk bks enuoks m` hråifjks m rmnetúrfks vfsuefs (vmae ifhures e smhufr).

Wefomn bk eprmobfzebk ‚ bebks pere k enuok

Ifhure 2.5 ‚
Ikotm1 CLEO EJEBM@V.

EJEBM@V. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//pt.cleoejebm`y.krh/`fssfko/enhmdre-desfjs?.
>lttps1//pt.cleoejebm`y.krh/`fssfko/enhmdre-desfjs?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv.
475<.

Ç `mbfbe qum ks enuoks vfsuenfze` es vfbmkeunes m rmenfze` ks mxmrjàjfks, ks bebks sêk
bfspkofdfnfzebks te`dæ` pere ks prkimsskrms vfe rmnetúrfks hråifjks m kutres imrre`motes vfsuefs
fotmretfves. Msses imrre`motes pkssfdfnfte` qum mnms ejk`peolm` k prkhrmssk be eprmobfzehm` m
pmrskoenfzm` e eprmobfzehm` bm mstubeotms qum prmjfse` bm èfs eaube m` årmes mspmjàifjes (vmr
ifhure e smhufr).

Ifhure 2.4 ‚ Wefomn bk tutkr ‚ prkhrmssk pkr ledfnfbebm

EJEBM@V. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//ce-pmrsmus-
fèhms.s:.eèzkoews.jk`/449<:7d<i68e87j2=j<9<eie9e:b<24j29=2=55i.poh?
fèhms.s:.eèzkoews.jk`/449<:7d<i68e87j2=j<9<eie9e:b<24j29=2=55i.poh?.. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv. 475<.

Ifhure 2.: ‚ Wefomn bk tutkr ‚ Wrkhrmssk pkr enuok

EJEBM@V. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//ce-pmrsmus-
fèhms.s:.eèzkoews.jk`/i<<5m5med8d2m9888=7948:i=8j8=9bei586=<4<.poh?.
fèhms.s:.eèzkoews.jk`/i<<5m5med8d2m9888=7948:i=8j8=9bei586=<4<.poh?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv. 475<.
M\WNKZÊK BM BEBKZ
Were qum` irmqumote e wmd
wmd,, k foikhråifjk „K qum ejkotmjm m` 5 `foutk oe fotmromt‐ aå sm tkroku u`
jnåssfjk. Es pmsqufses m` `mjeofs`ks bm dusje, e pertfjfpeèêk m` rmbms skjfefs, k tråimhk bm
`mosehmos, es jk`pres ko-nfomko-nfom,, es lkres bm vàbmks pudnfjebes, es `mosehmos bm tmxtk
jk`pertfnlebes... e èfkrfe bks oñ`mrks hfre m` tkrok bks `fnlýms.

Ifhure 2.2 ‚ K qum ejkotmjm m` 5 `foutk oe fotmromt (4758)
Ikotm1 trebuzfbe bk foikhråifjk krfhfoen bm BMZAETBFOZ, A. Xlet leppmos fo e fotmromt `foutm fo 4758; Yfsuen
Jepftenfst , 4758. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//www
>lttp1//www.vfsuenjepftenfst.jk`/leppmos-fotmromt-`foutm-4758/?.
.vfsuenjepftenfst.jk`/leppmos-fotmromt-`foutm-4758/?. Ejmssk m`1 44 edr.
475<.

bm E
u`jebe eok, smrvfèk,
ku kutrk mssms bebks sm `kbfifje`,
m k bfehreè jk` e msterå
bm mxm`pnk fojnusêk bm okvks pneymrs
okvks pneymrs m
bmsetuenfzebk m verfeèýms
m` pkujks `msms,oeès
nfbmreoèe
k qum
f`pkrte pere oús equf æ e hreobm, e f`mose queotfbebm bm bebks hmrebe pkr msse `kvf`moteèêk ko-
nfom..
nfom
Motre`ks motêk oe smere bk qum æ jkù`motm jleèbk bm dfh bete (ku „mxpnksêk bm bebks‐).
@ms`k qum k tmr`k smae rezkevmn`motm eutkmxpnfjetfvk, enhuès bmifofèýms be nftmreture oks eaube` e
motmobmr `mnlkr k jkojmftk1 S...P es tmjoknkhfes qum hmrmojfe` m eoenfse` foikrèèýms m` verfmbebm,
vknu`m m vmnkjfbebm mokr`ms‐34
S...P e queotfbebm msèhebkre bm foikrèèýms jknmtebes pkr okssks prkhreès bm skitwerm m imrre`motes
eoenàtfjes qum fofjfen`motm ikre` bmifofbes pere oks eauber e tkèr `mnlkrms bmjfsýms. :
E qumstêk æ qum e mxpnksêk bm bebks oêk sm rmstrfohm ek qum jkstuè`ks fbmotfifjer jk`k wmd
wmd..
Zmae oe fobñstrfe, oks `mrjebks ifoeojmfrks, oks smrvfèks pñdnfjks, ok jk`ærjfk, oe `mbfjfoe, ok
motrmtmof`motk, e queotfbebm bm bebks hmrebks m bfspkofdfnfzebks mxjmbm e jepejfbebm luèoe bm
jkosu`f-nks m eoenfså-nks.
4 bfsjutf`ks e qumstêk bk jrmsjf`motk mxpkomojfen bk jkolmjf`motk
luèok, e mxpnksêk bm jkotmñbks prkbuzfbks m erèzmoebks m` vmnkjfbebm

vmrtfhfokse m sue rmneèêk jk` e mjkok`fe be etmoèêk m e mbujeèêk.
Bm èomfre èfs kdamtfve, @fnnmr m @krc mstedmnmjm` uè jebmfe bm venkr pere k dfh bete, ku smae,
uè særfm bm etfvfbebms qum vêk be jknmte bm bebks etæ e tkèbe bm bmjfsêk, 2 jk`k pkbm`ks vmr bm
ikrè sf`pnfifjebe oe Ifhure 2.=.

Ifhure 2.= ‚ Jebmfe bm venkr pere k dfh bete Jknmter m eokter Wrmperer Krheofzer
Ikotm1 @FNNMT3 @KTC, 475:.

@es k qum fssk tm` e vmr jk` e fokveèêk oe mbujeèêk; Ye`ks pmoser prf`mfrk m` enhuos bks
••ùftks bebks hmrebks ok jkotmxtk mbujejfkoen1 bebks bm jkojnusêk, pmrèoáojfe m mvesêk3 bebks
•bm eprkveèêk m rmprkveèêk3 bebks bm ejmssk e rmjursks bfbåtfjks, jk`k tmxtks, fèhmos, vàbmks,
•åubfks, eofèèýms, foikhråifjks3 bebks bm pertfjfpeèêk m` etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm`, jk`k
•qumstfkoårfks imjlebks, etfvfbebms edmrtes, iúruos bm bfsjussêk3 bebks bm bmsm`pmolk m` etfvfbebms
•bm eprmobfzehm` m bm evenfeèêk3 bebks bm fotmreèêk skjfen (rmnejfkoe`motk jk` jknmhes bm mstubk m
••prkimsskrms, pkr mxm`pnk)3 bebks bm evenfeèêk bm rmeèêk3 bebks bm pmsqufse bm setfsieèêk.
Bm èomfre èfs mspmjàifje, ok jkotmxtk be mbujeèêk epkfebe pkr `àbfes m tmjoknkhfes ‚ jk`k æ k
jesk be MEB ‚, æ èfs sf`pnms rmjkolmjmr jk`k m kobm mssms bebks sêk jknmtebks m erèzmoebks,
pkrqum ks e`dfmotms vfrtuefs jmotrenfze` m` u` ñofjk sfstmè es eèýms bm mosfok m eprmobfzehm`
mxmjutebes pkr mstubeotms
Oe mbujeèêk m mbujebkrms.
jkovmojfkoen, qum æ prmbk`foeotm`motm prmsmojfen, mssms rmhfstrks jkstuè` mster
èfs bfspmrsks m` tedmnes m pneofnles mnmtròofjes prmperebes pkr prkimsskrms ku hmstkrms3 m, jk`
mxjmèêk bks bebks bm jkojnusêk m bmsm`pmolk, èobetúrfks pere es eèýms rmhune`motebes m
hmren`motm erèzmoebks m` sfstmès bm hmstêk msjkner/ejebá`fje, k rmhfstrk bks bmèfs bebks
bmpmobm bm prfkrfbebms m bmjfsýms fotmroes be fostftufèêk ku bk prkimsskr rmspkosåvmn.
E mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve jkstuè rminmtfr mssms bkfs jmoårfks1 ok jesk bk m-nmerofoh, æ hmrebe
hreobm queotfbebm bm bebks skdrm eèýms bm jepejfteèêk m etuenfzeèêk3 m oêk rere`motm, jkotubk,
bebks jk`k k oñ`mrk bm pmsskes trmfoebes eouen`motm, es lkres bm trmfoe`motk kimrtebes m e
pmrjmpèêk bks trmfoeobks skdrm espmjtks verfebks bes eèýms sêk rmhfstrebks auote`motm jk` ks
bebks bes kimrtes prmsmojfefs.
E Ifhure 2.9 rmprmsmote hreifje`motm ks jkotmxtks m ks sfstmès qum hmre` bebks rmnetfvks ç
mbujeèêk.

Ifhure 2.9 ‚ Jkotmxtks m sfstmès hmrebkrms bm bebks rmnetfvks ç mbujeèêk
Ikotm1 ebeptebe bm TK@MTK, J.3 YMOR]TE, Z. Bete `fofoh fo mbujetfko. Bete @fofoh Cokw Bfsjkv,
Bfsjkv, v. :, p. 58,
475:.

Wkræ`, pere enæ` be jknmte m rmhfstrk, k qum èfs æ imftk jk` ks foñ`mrks bebks be mbujeèêk;
Ok jesk be mbujeèêk rmhune`motebe, ks prfojfpefs bebks jftebks eotmrfkr`motm sêk sud`mtfbks
eks úrhêks hkvmroe`motefs (@fofstærfk be Mbujeèêk m Zmjrmterfes be Mbujeèêk m` oàvmn mstebuen m
ùofjfpen) pere jk`pkr es mstetàstfjes bk smtkr m pkssfdfnfter e ikrùneèêk bm pknàtfjes pñdnfjes. Ok
ä`dftk fostftujfkoen, ùftks bmssms bebks sudsfbfe` e tkèbe bm bmjfsêk queotk ç kimrte bm okvks
jursks m ç ikrèèêk bm turès, m, m` enhuos jesks, e rmvfsêk bm `mtkbknkhfes, e rmikrùneèêk bm
ètmrfefs bfbåtfjks m e rmenkjeèêk m jepejfteèêk bks prkifssfkoefs movknvfbks.

IEÈE IÅJFN
---- Bfehoústfjk
---- Bfehoústfjk jknmtfvk ----
K Bfehoústfjk jknmtfvk æ uè mstretæhfe sf`pnms pere jknmter bebks, prkjmsså-nks repfbe`motm m
mxfdf-nks ou` ikrètk bm iåjfn jk`prmmosêk pmnks smrms luèoks. Wkbm smr rmenfzebe utfnfzeobk-sm
ikrùnårfks mnmtròofjks sf`pnms. Zuhmrf`ks equf k ikrùnårfk Hkkhnm Ikr`s, qum æ bm ejmssk
hretuftk pere usuårfks bk Hèfn, te`dæ` hretuftk. @es vkjá pkbm rmenfzer k bfehoústfjk useobk
epnfjetfvks mspmjfenfzebks, jk`k k @motf`mtmr, ku `ms`k uè pneofnle Mxjmn ku sf`fner bm iåjfn
èomak.=
E mstretæhfe jkosfstm oks pessks e smhufr.
Bmifoe quefs espmjtks vkjá bmsmae mxpnkrer. Wkr mxm`pnk, pmrifn bks enuoks, jkolmjf`motks
prævfks skdrm bmtmr`foebk(s) tmè(s), pmrjmpèýms e rmspmftk be `mtkbknkhfe ebktebe, bks
rmjursks bfbåtfjks, bk epkfk bkjmotm mtj.
Mnedkrm qumstýms qum pkssfdfnftm` e jknmte bm bebks. Ok jesk bm jkolmjf`motks prævfks bks
enuoks, es qumstýms pkbmrfe` smr enhk jk`k1
Epnfqum k bfehoústfjk e u` oñ`mrk rezkåvmn bm enuoks. Nm`drm-sm bm qum es rmspkstes
rmspkstes
pkbm` smr eoòofès (m` u` nfoc movfebk
movfebk eks enuoks) ku fbmotfifjebes (omssm jesk, ks
enuoks prmjfserêk iezmr u` nkhfo ok sfstmè useobk k Hèfn te`dæ`).

nkhfo ok
Mxfde ks rmsuntebks jkosknfbebks bk hrupk. Fssk pkbm smr imftk pkr `mfk bm u` rmjursk
fotmrok bk Hkkhnm Ikr`s qum `kstre eks prúprfks rmspkobmotms, m` tm`pk rmen, es rmspkstes
movfebes. M, ok jesk bm eèýms prmsmojfefs, ks rmsuntebks te`dæ` pkbm` smr mxfdfbks m`
uè tmne bm prkamèêk pere jkolmjf`motk m bfsjussêk.
Ymae u` mxm`pnk bm vfsuenfzeèêk bes foikrèèýms oe Ifhure 2.8.

Ifhure 2.8 ‚ Mxm`pnk bm vfsuenfzeèêk bm foikrèèýms kdtfbes e pertfr bks rmsuntebks bm uè epnfjeèêk bk
Bfehoústfjk bfhften
Ikotm1 mnedkrebe pmnes eutkres useobk k rmjursk Hkkhnm Ikr`s.

@es mssm æ u` jmoårfk qum etmobm e uè rmenfbebm eotmrfkr ek dfh bete, pkfs nmve èfs m` jkote e
queotfbebm bm bebks bk qum sue vmnkjfbebm m verfmbebm. Oe mre be mxpnksêk bm bebks, mssms bkfs
espmjtks prmjfse` smr fhuen`motm jkosfbmrebks.
Mssm æ k prkpúsftk be årme bm `fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs (ku MB@ ‚ bk fohnás, Mbujetfkoen
Bete @fofoh), jk`k vmrm`ks e smhufr.
2.4 @FOMTEÈÊK BM BEBKZ MB]JEJFKOEFZ (MB]JERFKOEN BERE

@FOFOH ‚ MB@)
Wkr èfs rmjmotm qum permèe e fbmfe bm dfh bete ok jkotmxtk be mbujeèêk, k prf`mfrk tredenlk
rmnejfkoebk ç `fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs ikf eprmsmotebk m` 566=, skd k tàtunk „@fofoh
smqumotfen pettmros‐ (@fomreobk pebrýms smqumojfefs).9 M, m` 477=, ikf rmenfzebk k prf`mfrk mvmotk
kifjfen utfnfzeobk k tmr`k, k Xkrcslkp ko Mbujetfkoen Bete @fofoh, m` Wfttsdurhl, Mstebks ]ofbks.
]of bks.8

K kdamtfvk prfojfpen be MB@ æ bmsmovknvmr `ætkbks pere mxpnkrer bebks mojkotrebks

m` e`dfmotms mbujejfkoefs m utfnfzå-nks pere `mnlkr motmobmr ks enuoks m k jkotmxtk
m` qum mnms eprmobm`.
M` nfoles hmrefs, k kdamtfvk prfojfpen be MB@ æ bmsmovknvmr `ætkbks pere mxpnkrer bebks
mojkotrebks m` e`dfmotms mbujejfkoefs m utfnfzå-nks pere `mnlkr motmobmr ks enuoks m k jkotmxtk m`
qum mnms eprmobm`.
Eveoèeobk u` pkujk omsse jk`prmmosêk, pkbm`ks motmobmr k prkjmssk bm epnfjeèêk be
`fomreèêk bm bebks m` jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs jk`k u` jfjnk ftmretfvk bm ikrèèêk bm lfpútmsms,
tmstms m epmrimfèke`motk,< jk`k `kstre e Ifhure 2.<.

Ifhure 2.< ‚ Wrkjmssk bm epnfjeèêk be `fomreèêk bm bebks m` jkotmxtks mbujejfkoefs
Ikotm1 TK@MTK3 YMOR]TE, 475:, p. 56.

Jedm equf uè drmvm bfstfoèêk motrm k usk be mstetàstfje m` mbujeèêk m be `fomreèêk bm bebks
mbujejfkoefs. Es mstetàstfjes bm usk rmimrmotms ek enuok, jk`k oñ`mrk tkten bm vfsftes m oñ`mrk bm
vfsftes pkr påhfoe, tm`pk bm jkomxêk m rmjursks èfs ejmssebks, sêk ùftes vmzms k pkotk bm pertfbe
pere es evenfeèýms oe mbujeèêk epkfebe pkr tmjoknkhfes. Epmser bfssk, oêk pkbm` smr jkosfbmrebes
tæjofjes bm `fomreèêk bm bebks, pkfs m` hmren es mstetàstfjes pertm` be supksfèêk bm qum uè
lfpútmsm æ ikrèbe m bmpkfs tmstebe pere jkoirkoter bebks jknmtebks. Aå e `fomreèêk bm bebks æ
jkobuzfbe pmne bmsjkdmrte, ok smotfbk bm qum e lfpútmsm æ mxtreàbe eutkètfje`motm bks bebks.
Yårfks sêk ks `ætkbks bm MB@ utfnfzebks pere rmenfzer msses etfvfbebms m jkovmrtmr ks bebks
drutks bm sfstmès mbujejfkoefs m` foikrèèýms ñtmfs, qum pkbm` f`pejter e pråtfje m e pmsqufse
mbujejfkoen.
Bm ejkrbk jk` Ierfe, ks `ætkbks bm MB@ èfs utfnfzebks sêk ks qum smhum`.6
• Wrmbfèêk ‚ prmvá k bmsm`pmolk bk mstubeotm m bmtmjte smus jk`pkrte`motks.

• Jnustmrfoh ‚ ehrupe hrupks bm bebks bm jursks ku bebks bm mstubeotms jk` desm m` sue
eprmobfzehm` m pebrýms bm fotmreèêk.
• @fomreèêk bm rmnejfkoe`motks ‚ fbmotfifje rmneèýms oks pebrýms bm jk`pkrte`motk bks
mstubeotms m bfehokstfje bfifjunbebms bm eprmobfzehm`.
• Bmstfneèêk bm bebks pere aunhe`motk luèok ‚ rmprmsmote ks bebks bm ikrè èfs
jk`prmmosàvmn useobk tæjofjes bm vfsuenfzeèêk bm foikrèèêk e if` bm iejfnfter e jk`prmmosêk
luèoe bm hreobms queotfbebms bm bebks mbujetfvks m epkfer bmjfsýms f`pkrteotms desmebes m`
bebks.
• Bmtmjèêk bm bfimrmoèes (kutnfmrs bmtmjtfko) ‚ fbmotfifje bebks sfhofifjetfve`motm bfimrmotms bks
bmèfs, fojnufobk mstubeotms jk` bfifjunbebms bm eprmobfzehm`, bmsvfks oes eèýms ku
jk`pkrte`motks bm prkimsskrms ku bks mstubeotms m frrmhunerfbebms oks prkjmssks bm
eprmobfzehm`.
• Eoånfsm bm rmbms skjfefs (Zkjfen Omtwkrc Eoenysfs ‚ ZOE) ‚ eoenfse es rmneèýms skjfefs m`
tmr`ks bm oús (rmprmsmoteobk etkrms fobfvfbuefs) m jkomxýms/nfheèýms (rmprmsmoteobk es rmneèýms
motrm ks fobfvàbuks, jk`k e`fzebm, permotmsjk, iuoèêk krheofzejfkoen mtj.), prfojfpen`motm equmnes
qum ejkotmjm` pkr `mfk bm imrre`motes bm jkùofjeèêk jk`k iúruos m jlets
jlets..
• @fomreèêk bm prkjmssk ‚ mxtref jkolmjf`motk rmnejfkoebk ç mvknuèêk m ek bmsm`pmolk bks

enuoks ek nkohk bk prkjmssk mbujejfkoen jk`k u` tkbk (pkr mxm`pnk, k pmrjursk msjkner ku
ejebá`fjk).
• @fomreèêk bm tmxtk ‚
‚ eoenfse k jkotmñbk bm iúruos, jlets
jlets,, påhfoes wmd
wmd m bkju`motks e if` bm
kdtmr foikrèèýms bm ente quenfbebm.
• Testrmfk bm jkolmjf`motk ‚ mstfè e jk`pmtáojfe bk mstubeotm m` bmtmr`foebes årmes bk
jkolmjf`motk useobk
mimtfves bks enuoks `kbmnks
ek nkohk jkhoftfvks
bm u` pmràkbk.qum jk`pere` jk`pmtáojfes omjmssårfes çs rmspkstes
Oe MB@, e bmsjkdmrte be foikrèèêk æ eutk`åtfje, m k aunhe`motk luèok æ uè

imrre`mote qum ejk`peole mssm kdamtfvk. Bm fhuen `kbk, e ebepteèêk bm quenqumr
prkpkste mbujejfkoen etrmnebe æ eutk`åtfje, ku smae, sm` e pertfjfpeèêk luèoe.
Bm ietk, oe MB@, e bmsjkdmrte be foikrèèêk æ eutk`åtfje, m k aunhe`motk luèok æ uè
imrre`mote qum ejk`peole mssm kdamtfvk. Bm fhuen `kbk, e ebepteèêk bm quenqumr prkpkste
mbujejfkoen etrmnebe æ eutk`åtfje, ku smae, sm` e pertfjfpeèêk luèoe. Wkbm`ks bfzmr qum sm trete bm
uè edkrbehm` rmbujfkofste, pkfs e áoiesm mstå m` rmbuzfr ks prkdnmès e jk`pkomotms m eoenfså-nks
fobfvfbuen`motm m m` rmneèêk jk` ks bmèfs.57 M, jk`k sue krfhm` mstå ok skitwerm mbujejfkoen m oe
skitwerm mbujejfkoen
`kbmnehm` bm enuoks, prmbk`foe oe MB@ k usk bm tæjofjes tàpfjes bm `fomreèêk bm bebks,
enhkrft`ks m tæjofjes mstetàstfjes ‚ je`pks bm jkolmjf`motk mspmjfenfzebk qum, m` dke pertm bks
jesks, mstêk ikre bk enjeojm bks mbujebkrms m hmstkrms, `ms`k bequmnms èfs movknvfbks jk` e
mbujeèêk epkfebe pkr `àbfes m tmjoknkhfes.
Oks ñntf`ks eoks, jkotubk, bmspkote uè årme èfs prúxfè be pråtfje m be pmsqufse mbujejfkoen,
qum utfnfze es tæjofjes bm MB@ jk`k u` fostru`motk èfs vkntebk ç pertfjfpeèêk bes pmsskes m ç
fotmrvmoèêk luèoe1 nmerofoh eoenytfjs (ku eoenàtfje be eprmobfzehm`).
2.: NMETOFOH EOENVRFJZ (EOENÀRFJE BE EWTMOBFQEHM@)

E årme bm Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs (NE) tmvm sue prf`mfre jkoimráojfe rmenfzebe
rmenf zebe m` 4755.
4755.55 Æ bmifofbe pmne
Zkjfmty ki Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs Tmsmerjl (ZkNET) jk`k „e `mbfèêk, jknmte, eoånfsm m rmpkrtm bm bebks
skdrm ks enuoks m smus jkotmxtks, jk` k prkpúsftk bm motmobmr e eprmobfzehm` m ks e`dfmotms m`
qum mne kjkrrm‐.54 E Mbujeusm5: bmifom NE jk`k „k usk bm bebks, eoånfsm mstetàstfje m `kbmnks
prmbftfvks pere kdtmr foikrèèýms m ehfr m` qumstýms jk`pnmxes‐, 52 moietfzeobk e mxpnfjeèêk, prmvfsêk
m eèêk, m oêk `mre`motm e jknmte bm bebks m m`fssêk bm rmnetúrfks.
E Mbujeusm bmifom NE jk`k „k usk bm bebks, eoånfsm mstetàstfje m `kbmnks prmbftfvks
pere kdtmr foikrèèýms m ehfr m` qumstýms jk`pnmxes‐, moietfzeobk e mxpnfjeèêk,
prmvfsêk m eèêk, m oêk `mre`motm e jknmte bm bebks m m`fssêk bm rmnetúrfks.
M` jk`pereèêk jk` e MB@, pkbm`ks bfzmr qum e jlevm be NE æ eneveojer k aunhe`motk luèok,
moqueotk e bmsjkdmrte eutk`åtfje æ uè imrre`mote qum epkfe mssm kdamtfvk. Zue tmobáojfe æ
lknàstfje, jk` ikrtm áoiesm oe jk`prmmosêk bks sfstmès jk`k u` tkbk, m` tkbe sue jk`pnmxfbebm. K
ikjk mstå m` jurràjunks fotmnfhmotms, oe prmbfèêk bm rmsuntebks bm eprmobfzehm` m m` fotmrvmoèýms
sfstm`åtfjes epkfebes oe foikrèèêk m ok m`pkbmre`motk bm prkimsskrms m enuoks.5=
Omssm smotfbk, bm ejkrbk jk` Dfmockwscf mt en., jftebks pkr Ierfe, e årme bm nmerofoh eoenytfjs
pmr`ftm rmspkobmr e qumstýms jk`k159
• Uueobk ks mstubeotms mstêk prkotks pere eveoèer pere k prúxf`k túpfjk bm mstubk;
• Uueobk ks mstubeotms mstêk prmstms e ifjer pere trås m` bmtmr`foebe uofbebm jurrfjuner;
•• Uueobk
Uum okteu`
uènuok mstå m`
mstubeotm rfsjktfrer
pkbmrå bm oêk
sm`jkojnufr u` jursk/uofbebm
fotmrvmoèêk jurrfjuner;
bkjmotm ku eb`fofstretfve;

• Uuen æ k `mnlkr je`folk qum u` mstubeotm pkbm smhufr ou` pmrjursk bm eprmobfzehm`
bmtmr`foebk;
• Zmrå qum u` enuok bmvm smr moje`folebk e u` jkosmnlmfrk luèok e if` bm kdtmr eaube;
K ikjk be NE mstå m` jurràjunks fotmnfhmotms, oe prmbfèêk bm rmsuntebks bm

eprmobfzehm` m m` fotmrvmoèýms sfstm`åtfjes epkfebes oe foikrèèêk m ok
m`pkbmre`motk bm prkimsskrms m enuoks.
Bm `kbk èfs mstruturebk, Bevmopkrt mt en. jftebks
en. jftebks pkr Ouoms m Jlevms krheofze` es qumstýms e
qum e NE pkbm rmspkobmr bm ejkrbk jk` es bf`mosýms bm tm`pk (pessebk, prmsmotm m iuturk) ku
fokveèêk (prkvmofmotms bm foikrèèýms aå jkolmjfbes ku prkbuzfbes pkr okvks fosfhlts ),58 jk`k
fosfhlts),
`kstre k Uuebrk 2.5.
Ikotm1 ebeptebk bm BEYMOWKTR

BEYMOWKTR33 LETTFZ3 @KTTFZKO, 4757, p. 8 epub O]OMZ3 JLEYMZ, 475=, p. :=4.

Bmsse ikrè, essf` jk`k e MB@, e NE te`dæ` vfse eoenfser bebks mbujejfkoefs pere motmobmr m
`mnlkrer k prkjmssk bm mosfok m eprmobfzehm`, sú qum bm uè èomfre ùftk èfs eojkrebe oe
fotmrvmoèêk luèoe. Epmser bfssk, e NE ebkte u` prkjmssk sf`fner ç MB@, jk`pkstk bm mtepes bm
jknmte bm bebks m præ-prkjmsse`motk, eoånfsm m eèêk, m pús-prkjmsse`motk, jk`k `kstre e Ifhure
2.6.

Ifhure 2.6 ‚
K prkjmssk bm nmerofoh eoenytfjs

Ikotms1 TK@MTK3 YMOR]TE, 4757. JLERRF, @. E. mt en. E
en. E rmimrmojm `kbmn ikr nmerofoh eoenytfjs. Fotmroetfkoen
Akuroen ki Rmjloknkhy Moleojmb Nmerofoh , v. 2, o. =/9, 4754.

Bm `kbk èfs bmtenlebk, es mtepes be NE sm jkostftum` be ikrè e smhufr.
• Jknmte bm bebks m præ-prkjmsse`motk ‚ bk pkotk bm vfste tæjofjk, k prf`mfrk pessk æ jknmter
bebks prkvmofmotms bm bfvmrsks e`dfmotms m sfstmès mbujejfkoefs. E ehrmheèêk bks bebks m k
præ-prkjmsse`motk sêk jk` irmquáojfe omjmssårfks, pkrqum ks bebks jknmtebks pkbm` smr
mxtmosks bmèfs, fojnufr foikrèèêk frrmnmveotm ku mster jkbfifjebks m` u` ikrètk bfimrmotm bk
rmqumrfbk pkr u` `ætkbk mspmjàifjk bm NE.
• Eoånfsm m eèêk ‚ k pessk smhufotm movknvm m`prmher ks `ætkbks bm NE pere eoenfser ks bebks bm
ejkrbk jk` ks kdamtfvks ifrèbks, jk`k bmsjkdrfr pebrýms kjuntks. Es tæjofjes bm vfsuenfzeèêk be
foikrèèêk sêk ñtmfs pere eauber es pmsskes e motmobmrm` èfs repfbe`motm ks rmsuntebks bm
eoånfsm jk` desm m` hreobms jkoauotks bm bebks m e tkèr bmjfsýms, fojnufobk `koftkre`motk,
eoånfsm, prmvfsêk, fotmrvmoèêk, evenfeèêk, ebepteèêk, pmrskoenfzeèêk, rmjk`mobeèêk m rminmxêk.
• Wús-prkjmsse`motk ‚ mste mtepe sm bmstfoe ç `mnlkrfe jkotàoue bk mxmrjàjfk bm eoånfsm m pkbm
movknvmr e jknmte bm okvks bebks m` ikotms bm bebks ebfjfkoefs, k rmifoe`motk bk jkoauotk bm
bebks, e fbmotfifjeèêk bm okvks fobfjebkrms, e `kbfifjeèêk bm verfåvmfs m ifntrks ku e smnmèêk bm u`
okvk `ætkbk bm eoånfsm.
K `kbmnk bm rmimráojfe bm Jlettf mt en.5< oks eaube e motmobmr `mnlkr k qum mstå movknvfbk oe NE,
jk`k `kstre e Ifhure 2.57.

Ifhure 2.57 ‚@kbmnk bm rmimráojfe be NE
Ikotm1 ebeptebe bm JLERRF mt en., 4754, p. 8.

Jk`k vf`ks eotmrfkr`motm, e NE æ uè edkrbehm` desmebe m` bebks qum prkvá` bm bfimrmotms
ikotms. Es ikotms sm bfvfbm` m` bues hreobms jetmhkrfes1 sfstmès mbujejfkoefs jmotrenfzebks (jk`k
ks Nmerofoh @eoehm`mot Zystm`s ‚ N@Zs ‚ ku Zfstmès bm Hmrmojfe`motk be Eprmobfzehm`, qum
ejuùne` hreobms rmhfstrks bm bebks bes etfvfbebms bks enuoks) m e`dfmotms bm eprmobfzehm`
ejuùne` hreobms rmhfstrks bm bebks bes etfvfbebms bks enuoks) m e`dfmotms bm eprmobfzehm`
edmrtks m bfstrfduàbks, juaks bebks prkvá` bm `ñntfpnes ikotms bm eprmobfzehm` ikrèfs m foikrèfs,
ùftes vmzms bfspkoàvmfs m` bfimrmotms ikrètks.
Bm ejkrbk jk` mssms eutkrms, e epnfjeèêk be NE pkbm smr krfmotebe e bfimrmotms pertms
fotmrmssebes, fojnufobk mstubeotms, prkimsskrms, tutkrms/`motkrms, fostftufèýms mbujejfkoefs
(eb`fofstrebkrms m hmstkrms), pmsqufsebkrms m bmsfhomrs
bmsfhomrs bm sfstmès jk` bfimrmotms pmrspmjtfves,
kdamtfvks m mxpmjtetfves. Were ks enuoks, e NE pkbm `mnlkrer sues oktes ku eaubå-nks e jkostrufr smus
e`dfmotms
bm mosfok bm ku eprmobfzehm`
epkfå-nes oe pmsskefs.
ebepteèêkWere
bes kskimrtes
prkimsskrms, pkbmçs
bm mosfok eu`moter e mifjåjfe
omjmssfbebms bksbmenuoks.
sues pråtfjes
Aå es
fostftufèýms bm mosfok m ks bmperte`motks bm mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve pkbm` user imrre`motes eoenàtfjes
pere epkfer es tkèbes bm bmjfsêk (e fbmotfifjeèêk bm enuoks m` rfsjk, e `mnlkre bks àobfjms bm
rmtmoèêk m es texes bm jkojnusêk), k bmsmovknvf`motk bm pknàtfjes bm rmjrute`motk bm mstubeotms, k
eaustm bk pneomae`motk bks jursks, e fbmotfifjeèêk be omjmssfbebm be jkotreteèêk bm pmssken m/ku e
tkèbe bm bmjfsýms ifoeojmfres.
Ks kdamtfvks pkssàvmfs bm NE fojnum` ks espmjtks e smhufr.
Es fostftufèýms bm mosfok m ks bmperte`motks bm mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve pkbm` user
imrre`motes eoenàtfjes pere epkfer es tkèbes bm bmjfsêk, k bmsmovknvf`motk bm
pknàtfjes bm rmjrute`motk bm mstubeotms, k eaustm bk pneomae`motk bks jursks, e
fbmotfifjeèêk be omjmssfbebm be jkotreteèêk bm pmssken m/ku e tkèbe bm bmjfsýms
ifoeojmfres.
• @koftkre`motk
epkfer m eoånfsm
es tkèbes ‚ movknvm`
bm bmjfsêk ejk`peoler
pmnk prkimsskr esfostftufèêk3
ku pmne etfvfbebms te`dæ`
bks enuoks
sm mrmnejfkoe`
hmrer rmnetúrfks pere
ek bmsfho
fostrujfkoen m rmimrm`-sm ç evenfeèêk bk prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm` jk` k kdamtfvk bm `mnlkrfe
jkotàoue3 enæ` bfssk, pmr`ftm` bmtmjter pebrýms m tkèr bmjfsýms skdrm k iuturk bmsfho bmsfho bes
etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm`.
• Wrmvfsêk m fotmrvmoèêk ‚ f`pnfje` bmsmovknvmr u` `kbmnk prmbftfvk qum prkjurm prmvmr k
jkolmjf`motk bks enuoks m smu bmsm`pmolk iuturk jk` desm m` sues etuefs etfvfbebms m
rmenfzeèýms, pkssfdfnfteobk uè fotmrvmoèêk prketfve pere equmnms qum prmjfsm` bm epkfk ebfjfkoen.
• Rutkrfe m `motkrfe ‚ e tutkrfe epkfe ks enuoks m` etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm`, pkr vmzms ùftk
mspmjàifjes, bm bk`àofk nf`ftebk ek jkotmxtk bm u` jursk, moqueotk e `motkrfe vef u` pkujk enæ`,
epkfeobk k enuok bureotm tkbk k prkjmssk m` qum mnm mstå vfojunebk e uè fostftufèêk (fojnufobk
krfmoteèêk ok pneomae`motk bm jerrmfre, supmrvfsêk oe jkoqufste bm `mtes m euxànfk pere moirmoter
okvks bmseifks).
• Evenfeèêk m immbdejc ‚ epkfe` e (eutk)evenfeèêk bk prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm`, ikromjmobk
immbdejc fotmnfhmotm
fotmnfhmotm
m k jkotmxtk pere enuoks m prkimsskrms jk` desm m` bebks skdrm ks fotmrmssms bk usuårfk
bm eprmobfzehm`.
• Ebepteèêk ‚ pkbm smr bmsmojebmebe pmnk prkimsskr/sfstmè bm tutkrfe ku pmne fostftufèêk
mbujejfkoen, krheofzeobk bm `kbk ebeptåvmn rmjursks bm eprmobfzehm` m etfvfbebms bm fostruèêk
bm ejkrbk jk` es omjmssfbebms bm jebe enuok.
• Wmrskoenfzeèêk m rmjk`mobeèêk ‚ eaube` ks enuoks e bmjfbfr skdrm sue prúprfe eprmobfzehm`
jk` desm m` sues prmimráojfes m m` sfstmès bm rmjk`mobeèêk qum prk`kvm` e eprmobfzehm`
eutkbfrfhfbe.
• Tminmxêk ‚ prkpfjfe e jk`pereèêk bm bebks ok `ms`k jursk, m` vårfes turès ku `ms`k motrm
fostftufèýms, pere qum sm pksse rminmtfr m tfrer jkojnusýms skdrm e mimtfvfbebm bes pråtfjes bm mosfok
m eprmobfzehm`.
M` tmr`ks hmrefs, e NE jknmte m eoenfse es „`fhenles bm pêk bfhftefs‐ qum ks enuoks bmfxe` queobk
fotmrehm` jk` vårfks sfstmès e if` bm prkjurer jkrrmneèýms motrm msses etfvfbebms m ks rmsuntebks bm
eprmobfzehm`. E NE te`dæ` jk`pere e etfvfbebm bm u` enuok jk` e bm kutrks jknmhes bm mstubk,
jk` e bm enuoks qum aå ifzmre` k jursk m/ku jk` rudrfjes bm evenfeèêk pere jrfer u` `kbmnk bm jk`k
smrå k prkvåvmn bmsm`pmolk bmnm. Bmsse ikrè, e veste queotfbebm bm bebks qum e èfkr pertm bes
fostftufèýms bm mosfok rmñom æ tretebe pere mojkotrer pebrýms bm dkes pråtfjes, fbmotfifjer ks enuoks
jk` `mokr prkdedfnfbebm bm sujmssk ejebá`fjk ku `ms`k fofjfer fotmrvmoèýms bfrmjfkoebes pere
eaubå-nks e enjeoèer `mnlkrms rmsuntebks. Bm fhuen `kbk, e NE pkbm eauber prkimsskrms m bmsfhomrs
fostrujfkoefs e fbmotfifjer uofbebms bm mstubk ku etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm` qum jeuse` èfkr
bfifjunbebm motrm ks enuoks, m e pertfr beà iezmr ùbeoèes jurrfjunerms ku entmreèýms oes etfvfbebms e
if` bm `mnlkrer e eprmobfzehm` bm tkbks mnms.
E NE jknmte m eoenfse es „`fhenles bm pêk bfhftefs‐ qum ks enuoks bmfxe` queobk
fotmrehm` jk` vårfks sfstmès e if` bm prkjurer jkrrmneèýms motrm msses etfvfbebms m
ks rmsuntebks bm eprmobfzehm`.
Yenm nm`drer, jkotubk, qum e mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve rere`motm ebkte oktes. M` vmz bfssk, es
evenfeèýms bm bmsm`pmolk m bm rmsuntebks bm omhújfks sêk es `mbfbes bm sujmssk. Lå, pkræ`, e
omjmssfbebm bm vmrfifjer àobfjms bm jkojnusêk bm jursks kdrfhetúrfks. @es, oe vmrbebm, ok ùobk
jkrpkretfvk, oêk deste `mbfr k qum ejkotmjm bureotm u` jursk ku trmfoe`motk, ku smae, ks oàvmfs 5 m 4
bk `kbmnk bm evenfeèêk bm Cfrcpetrfjc, 56 pkrqum omssm jkotmxtk e eprmobfzehm` oêk æ u` if` m` sf
`ms`k, jk`k kjkrrm oe mbujeèêk rmhune`motebe ku oe mbujeèêk jkotfouebe. E eprmobfzehm`
jkrpkretfve sú sm tkroe rmnmveotm sm eaube e enjeoèer k bmsmovknvf`motk prkifssfkoen jk`k u` tkbk m e
epnfjeèêk pråtfje ok e`dfmotm prkifssfkoen. Wkr fssk, k fotmrmssm èfkr mstå m` jk`k `mbfr k f`pejtk
bm uè sknuèêk bm eprmobfzehm` skdrm k omhújfk, ku smae, ks oàvmfs : m 2 bm Cfrcpetrfjc.
M, omssm pkotk, e mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve sm bfimrmojfe desteotm bk `mfk msjkner m ejebá`fjk,
pkrqum oêk lå omssms mspeèks u` sfstmè bm hmstêk qum pmr`fte eoenfser e epnfjeèêk mimtfve bk qum
ikf eprmobfbk.
eoenytfjs Essf`,
(eoenàtfje bmpere smr rmnmveotm
bmsm`pmolk), oes jkrpkreèýms,
e pmkpnm e NE prmjfse
eoenytfjs (eoenàtfje mstmobmr-sm
bm pmsskes ku bm pere e pmrikrèojm
rmjursks luèoks)
m `ms`k pere e årme bm Dusfomss Fotmnnfhmojm & Eoenytfjs (DFE ‚ fotmnfháojfe m eoenàtfje bm omhújfks).
Were smr rmnmveotm oes jkrpkreèýms, e NE prmjfse mstmobmr-sm pere e pmrikrèojm
eoenytfjs (eoenàtfje bm bmsm`pmolk), e pmkpnm eoenytfjs (eoenàtfje bm pmsskes ku bm
rmjursks luèoks) m `ms`k pere e årme bm Dusfomss Fotmnnfhmojm & Eoenytfjs (DFE ‚
fotmnfháojfe m eoenàtfje bm omhújfks).
Tmsu`fobk e bfsjussêk, Nkjcymr mt en. bmsteje`
en. bmsteje` bues hreobms jetmhkrfes bm epnfjeèêk eoenàtfje m`
mbujeèêk.47
5. Eoenàtfje bm pkotks bm vmrfifjeèêk (jlmjcpkfot eoenytfjs) ‚ equf tm`ks e eoånfsm bm bebks

pkotuefs qum fobfje` sm u` enuok ju`prfu ks præ-rmqufsftks pere eprmobmr m sm mstå eveoèeobk oe
smquáojfe bm uofbebms bm mstubk pneomaebes (bm `kbk sm`mnleotm ek qum ejkotmjm jk` e
irmquáojfe m` u` jurskpere
rmjursks bmsmolebks prmsmojfen). Fssk æ imftk jk`k
e eprmobfzehm`, pkr `mfk be vmrfifjeèêk
nkhfos
nkhfos ok e`dfmotmbm ejmssk
vfrtuen ebmbmtmr`foebks
u` jursk,
bkwonkebs bm u` erqufvk pere nmfture ku fosjrfèêk pkr u` hrupk m` uè etfvfbebm jknedkretfve.
bkwonkebs
M`dkre mssms smae` fobfjebkrms f`pkrteotms bm moheae`motk bks enuoks, mnms oêk hmre`,
fsknebe`motm bm kutrks bebks, fosfhlt s skdrm k prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm` ku jk`prmmosêk bm
„jk`k‐ ku „k qum‐ ks enuoks mstêk eprmobmobk.
4. Eoenàtfje bm prkjmssk (prkjmss eoenytfjs) ‚ equf
‚ equf ks bebks m es eoånfsms kimrmjm` fosfhlts bfrmtks
fosfhlts bfrmtks
e rmspmftk bk prkjmsse`motk bm foikrèèêk m be epnfjeèêk bk jkolmjf`motk pmnks enuoks. Fssk æ
imftk oes etfvfbebms qum k mstubeotm rmenfze jk`k pertm bk bmsfho fostrujfkoen prkpkstk. Wkr
mxm`pnk, e eoånfsm bm rmbms skjfefs epnfjebe ç etfvfbebm bm u` mstubeotm m` u` iúru` bm
bfsjussêk hmre uè særfm bm bebks qum pkbm kimrmjmr fosfhlt skdrm
skdrm smu oàvmn bm moheae`motk m`
u` túpfjk bm mstubk, sues rmneèýms jk` ks perms m, pkr jkosmhufotm, sue omjmssfbebm bm
mstrutures bm epkfk m smu pktmojfen bmsm`pmolk bm pepæfs m` mspeèks jknedkretfvks.
E Eoenàtfje Ejebá`fje ku Fostftujfkoen (EE/FE) tm` jk`k ikjk k usk bks bebks èjrks
krfhfoebks bks sfstmès bm foikrèèêk bes fostftufèýms bm mosfok ku bks
bmperte`motks bm mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve pere bmjfsýms eb`fofstretfves ku hmrmojfefs.
E jetmhkrfzeèêk prkpkste mvfbmojfe e prmkjupeèêk jmotren be NE jk` e eprmobfzehm` bks enuoks.

Wkbm`ks bfzmr qum sm trete bm uè eoånfsm bm oàvmn `fjrk, m` jkotrestm jk` e eoenàtfje ejebá`fje ku
fostftujfkoen, qum iez usk bm bebks jk`k oñ`mrk bm ètràjunes m àobfjm bm rmtmoèêk oêk epmoes pere
jk`prmmobmr m f`punsfkoer k sujmssk bks enuoks, ès te`dæ` pere jk`prmmobmr m f`punsfkoer k
sujmssk bks omhújfks (ok jesk bm fostftufèýms bm mosfok prfvebes ku bmperte`motks bm mbujeèêk
jkrpkretfve) ku bk smtkr mbujejfkoen (ok jesk bm fofjfetfves hkvmroe`motefs m fotmroejfkoefs).
2.2 EOENÀRFJE EJEBÁ@FJE K] FOZRFR]JFKOEN

(EJEBM@FJ/FOZRFR]RFKOEN
(EJEBM@FJ/FOZRFR]RFKOEN EOEN
EOENVRFJZ
VRFJZ ‚ EE/FE)
M` jkotrestm jk` e NE, e Eoenàtfje Ejebá`fje ku Fostftujfkoen (EE/FE) tm` jk`k ikjk k usk bks bebks
èjrks krfhfoebks bks sfstmès bm foikrèèêk bes fostftufèýms bm mosfok ku bks bmperte`motks bm
mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve pere bmjfsýms eb`fofstretfves ku hmrmojfefs.
Movknvm e jknmte, smnmèêk, krheofzeèêk, erèzmoehm` m trete`motk bm hreobms jkoauotks bm
bebks, ertfjuneobk bebks ehrupebks jk` tæjofjes mstetàstfjes m `kbmnehm` prmbftfve pere `mnlkrer e
tkèbe bm bmjfsêk m epmrimfèker k mosfok, e eprmobfzehm` m k sujmssk bk enuok.45
]è epnfjeèêk jkù` be EE/FE oes fostftufèýms bm mosfok m bmperte`motks bm mbujeèêk
jkrpkretfve æ ok smotfbk bm `mnlkrer k hmrmojfe`motk bm fosjrfèýms m ètràjunes. Iúrùnes jk`pnmxes
‚ desmebes m` pkotueèýms bm mxe`ms pebrkofzebks, bmsm`pmolk m` jursks eotmrfkrms, bebks
bm`khråifjks,
vfváojfe bmotrkjmosks
bm uèmsjknerms, ejebá`fjks
krheofzeèêk ku bmperte`motefs,
‚ bmtmr`foe` m kutressmrêk
quefs jeobfbetks foikrèèýms rmnejfkoebes
eb`ftfbks ok Mosfokç
Zupmrfkr ku m` prkhreès bm mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve. E „fotmnfháojfe‐ hmrebe pkr `mfk bm eoånfsms
mstetàstfjes bmsses bfvmrses ikotms bm bebks pkbm krfmoter k usk èfs mifjfmotm bks krèe`motks m bes
mqufpms bfspkoàvmfs.
Enæ` bk hmrmojfe`motk bm fosjrfèýms m ètràjunes, e EE/FE te`dæ` vfse epkfer e
tkèbe bm bmjfsêk rmnetfve ç sustmotedfnfbebm mjkoò`fje m ç prmsteèêk bm jkotes bks
rmjursks fovmstfbks.
Enæ` bk hmrmojfe`motk bm fosjrfèýms m ètràjunes, e EE/FE te`dæ` vfse epkfer e tkèbe bm
bmjfsêk rmnetfve ç sustmotedfnfbebm mjkoò`fje m ç prmsteèêk bm jkotes bks rmjursks fovmstfbks.44
E f`pnm`moteèêk be EE/FE m` hmren æ èfs iåjfn bk qum e be NE, teotk pmne trebfèêk bm jknmte m
trete`motk bm bebks fostftujfkoefs pkr krheofzeèýms ku sfstmès pñdnfjks queotk pmnk ietk bm qum e NE
mstå èfs ikjebe m` bebks kpmrejfkoefs, m` qumstýms fostftujfkoefs pertfjunerms m imrre`motes
bfspkoàvmfs,
fostftufèýms.4:enæ` be eusáojfe bm u` pebrêk bm rmnejfkoe`motk uofvmrsen motrm fobfvàbuks m
Were motmobmr `mnlkr k f`pejtk bmsse kutre vmrtmotm bes `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes, okve`motm
rmjkrrm`ks e uè bfstfoèêk, ès ehkre motrm MB@, NE m EE/FE, rmnejfkoeobk-es e trás ikjks m
pmrhuotes-jlevm, jk`k `kstre k Uuebrk 2.4.
Uuebrk 2.4 ‚‚ Bfimrmoèes

Bfimrmoèes motrm MB@, NE m EE/FE
Edkrbehm` Ikjk Wmrhuote-jlevm
MB@ (`fomreèêk bm bebks Bmseifk tæjofjk Jk`k pkbm`ks mxtrefr venkr

mbujejfkoefs) bmsse mxpnksêk bm bebks
mbujejfkoefs;
NE (Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs) Bmseifk mbujejfkoen Jk`k pkbm`ks `mnlkrer ku

eu`moter es kpkrtuofbebms
sujmssk pere k eprmobfz; bm
EE/FE (Ejebm`fj/Fostftujfkoen Bmseifk pknàtfjk-mjkoò`fjk Jk`k pkbm`ks `mnlkrer
Eoenytfjs) sudsteojfen`motm ks rmsuntebks

bm eprmobfzehm`, ks smrvfèks m
es pråtfjes bm omhújfk ok
ä`dftk krheofzejfkoen, oejfkoen
ku fotmroejfkoen;
Ikotm1 ebeptebe bm IMTH]ZKO, 4754, p. <.

Æ f`pkrteotm ejrmsjmoter qum e fotmrsmjèêk motrm `fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs, nmerofoh
eoenytfjs m ejebm`fj eoenytfjs jk`pým e jleèbe jfáojfe bks bebks mbujejfkoefs, jk`k vmrm`ks e
smhufr.
E jfáojfe bks bebks mbujejfkoefs pkbm smr jkosfbmrebe uè jk`dfoeèêk bm
mstetàstfje, jk`puteèêk m mbujeèêk qum desfje`motm mxpnkre bebks bk ùobk rmen e
if` bm eu`moter e jk`prmmosêk m e quenfbebm bes mxpmrfáojfes bm eprmobfzehm`.
2.= JFÁOJFE BKZ BEBKZ MB]JEJFKOEFZ

E jfáojfe bks bebks mbujejfkoefs pkbm smr jkosfbmrebe uè jk`dfoeèêk bm mstetàstfje, jk`puteèêk m
mbujeèêk qum desfje`motm mxpnkre bebks bk ùobk rmen e if` bm eu`moter e jk`prmmosêk m e
quenfbebm bes mxpmrfáojfes bm eprmobfzehm`.42
Jkoikr`m Wfmty, Lfjcmy m Dfslkp, trete-sm bm u` je`pk krfmotebk e bebks, sfstá`fjk,
treosbfsjfpnfoer m bfoä`fjk, qum jk`dfoe ledfnfbebms tæjofjes m skjfefs jk` e jk`prmmosêk prkiuobe
be pråtfje mbujejfkoen m` bfimrmotms e`dfmotms bm eprmobfzehm`.4=
Jk`k pkbm`ks vmr oe Ifhure 2.55, mxfstm uè skdrmpksfèêk oes nfoles bm pmsqufse m pråtfje
rmnejfkoebes eks bebks mbujejfkoefs.

Ifhure 2.55 ‚Bfehreè

‚Bfehreè bm rmnejfkoe`motk motrm MB@, NE m EE/FE
Ikotm1 ebeptebe bm ZFNYE

ZFNYE mt en., 4758.

E fotmrsmjèêk
f otmrsmjèêk èfkr motrm MB@, NE m EE/FE sm bmvm çs tæjofjes bm eoånfsm, qum sêk pretfje`motm
jkùos çs trás årmes. Enæ` bmsse fotmrsmjèêk hmren, lå es fotmrsmjèýms mspmjàifjes1 ok jesk be MB@
jk` e NE, bmsteje`-sm ks bebks hmrefs rmnetfvks ek prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm`3 ok jesk be NE jk` e
EE/FE, vm`ks ks bebks mspmjàifjks skdrm k prkjmssk bm mosfok3 m, ok jesk be EE/FE jk` e MB@,
tm`ks jk`k kdamtk prfojfpen ks bebks eb`fofstretfvks m hmrmojfefs.
Tminmtfobk skdrm e rmenfbebm be mbujeèêk oe Murkpe, Imrhusko mt en. en. epkote` qum, oe ñntfè
bæjebe, e jfáojfe bm bebks mbujejfkoefs tm` eaubebk fostftufèýms bm mosfok, mbujebkrms m hmstkrms e
jk`prmmobmr e eprmobfzehm` bks enuoks, jk` áoiesm m` evenfer k qum ikf eprmobfbk. @es ks eutkrms
pnmftmfe` uè ùbeoèe bm ikjk ru`k e uè eoånfsm bm bebks jkobuzfbe pmnks prúprfks enuoks, bm
`kbk qum mnms pksse`, pkr sf prúprfks, mspmjfifjer smus kdamtfvks m fotmrmssms m` rmneèêk ç
eprmobfzehm` (fotmrmssms qum vêk bmsbm k sf`pnms m purk prezmr m` eprmobmr etæ e `mte bm jkosmhufr
ente pkotueèêk qum nlms hereote u` iuturk ejebá`fjk ku prkifssfkoen, pesseobk pmnk bmsmak bm smr k
`mnlkr be turè ku be fostftufèêk). 49
5 bfsjutf`ks qum k jkomjtfvfs`k, ebktebk be pmrspmjtfve be eobrehkhfe m
be lmutehkhfe, bmèobe bk enuok entk oàvmn bm prktehkofs`k m` smu prkjmssk bm
eprmobfzehm`.
E eoånfsm bm bebks jkobuzfbe pkr mstubeotms jknkje-ks ok jkotrknm. Mnms pkbm` smnmjfkoer smus
prúprfks kdamtfvks m `mtes m, m` smhufbe, msjknlmr qum tfpk bm bebks qumrm` eoenfser pere etfohfr
mssms kdamtfvks. K Uuebrk 2.: `kstre uè imrre`mote bm eoånfsm bm bebks jkoifhurebe pmnk prúprfk
enuok. Oe pertm supmrfkr, mnm smnmjfkoe sues årmes prmimrmojfefs bm eoånfsm pmnk sfstmè3 oe foimrfkr, k
sfstmè eprmsmote u` rmnetúrfk tmxtuen e rmspmftk be irmquáojfe, be fotmreèêk skjfen m bk moheae`motk
bk enuok.
Ikotm1 trebuèêk nfvrm be fotmriejm bk sftm Nerj Wrkamjt. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//nerj-prkamjt.jk`/475=/54/55/fotmr
>lttps1//nerj-prkamjt.jk`/475=/54/55/fotmriejm/?.
iejm/?.
Ejmssk m`1 59 imv.
imv. 475<.

IEÈE IÅJFN
---- Mxtretk
---- Mxtretk bm pertfjfpeèêk ----
K Mxtretk bm pertfjfpeèêk æ uè mstretæhfe qum sfùne e eoånfsm bks bebks mbujejfkoefs, `ms`k
qum vkjá oêk bfspkole bm imrre`motes tmjoknúhfjes skifstfjebes. Wkbm smr pkste m` pråtfje
utfnfzeobk-sm uè pneofnle Mxjmn ku sf`fner bm iåjfn èomak pere e krheofzeèêk m k trete`motk bm
bebks m u` prkjmssebkr bm tmxtk sf`pnms, jk`k k Xkrb ku sf`fner, pere rmbfhfr immbdejcs
pmrskoenfzebks.
Wkbm smr epnfjebe teotk m` sftueèýms bm eprmobfzehm` prmsmojfefs queotk e bfstäojfe, oks
èfs verfebks oàvmfs bm mosfok m oe mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve. Uueotk èfs bebks ikrm` jknmtebks m
rmnejfkoebks, `mnlkr smu iuojfkoe`motk, k qum hmren`motm ejkotmjm jk` èfkr iejfnfbebm m`
sftueèýms bfbåtfjes
M` turès jkèpkfebes
u` oñ`mrkpkr tmjoknkhfes.
mnmvebk bm enuoks, pkbm rmprmsmoter uè jerhe mxjmssfve bm
tredenlk pere k prkimsskr, mvfbmojfeobk e omjmssfbebm bm epkfk tmjoknúhfjk pere sue ebkèêk.
M queotk ek trete`motk bks bebks jknmtebks, bmpmobmobk bks jkolmjf`motks mstetàstfjks bk
prkimsskr m/ku be mqufpm bm epkfk m bes imrre`motes bfspkofdfnfzebes pere k usk, pkbm smr
mstmobfbe e eoånfsms èfs jk`pnmxes.
Ok oàvmn èfs sf`pnms, e mstretæhfe jkosfstm oks pessks e smhufr.
Bmifoe jetmhkrfes bm bebks e smrm` eoenfsebks (pkr mxm`pnk, irmquáojfe m` mvmotks

prmsmojfefs ku vfrtuefs jk`k wmdjkoimráojfes ku jlets
jlets,, motrmhe bm etfvfbebms, fotmreèêk jk`
jknmhes, bmsm`pmolk m` evenfeèýms).
Krheofzm uè pneofnle pere rmhfstrer ks bebks rmimrmotms çs jetmhkrfes msjknlfbes. Ymae oe
tedmne e smhufr u` mxm`pnk pere rmhfstrk bm irmquáojfe m` mvmotks m bmsm`pmolk m`
evenfeèýms.

Ejrmsjmotm ç pneofnle kpmreèýms sf`pnms qum pksse` treter ks bebks e smrm` jknmtebks.
Ymae oe tedmne e smhufr e fojnusêk
f ojnusêk bm skè, `æbfe m pkrjmotehm`.
Enf`motm e pneofnle jk` ks bebks bks enuoks ç `mbfbe qum k jursk ku bfsjfpnfoe sm
bmsmorkner. E tedmne e smhufr `kstre ks bebks jk`pnmtks bm u` hrupk bm enuoks jk` k
rmspmjtfvk trete`motk.

Ieèe eoånfsms jk`peretfves m prmperm immbdejcs fobfvfbuefs qum `kstrm` eks enuoks smu
immbdejcs fobfvfbuefs
prkhrmssk m` u` jursk ku bfsjfpnfoe.
bfsjfpnf oe. (K tmxtk e smhufr eprmsmote u` immbdejc pmrskoenfzebk
pmrskoenfzebk
pere k Enuok :3 k tmxtk-desm pkbm smr eaustebk eks bmèfs enuoks jkosfbmreobk ks bebks
tretebks.) Wrmzebk Enuok :,
Ykjá tmvm uè irmquáojfe setfsietúrfe (8=%) m suifjfmotm pere sue eprkveèêk, m`dkre u` pkujk edefxk
be `æbfe be jnessm (86%).
Foimnfz`motm, vkjá ientku ek Mvmotk :, m fssk pkbm tmr foinumojfebk sue okte oe smhuobe evenfeèêk
(9,7), qum ifjku edefxk be `æbfe be turè (8,7).
@es vkjá sm sefu ùftk dm` oe prf`mfre evenfeèêk (6,7) m eaubku e mnmver e `æbfe hmren bk hrupk
(qum ikf bm <,7).
Ok tkten, smu bmsm`pmolk ifjku enfolebk ç `æbfe ifoen be jnessm (8,=). @uftk dk`!
Bfstrfdue k immbdejc pmrskoenfzebk
pmrskoenfzebk useobk jertýms f`prmssks ku imrre`motes bm
jkùofjeèêk, jk`k m-èfn . Essmhurm-sm bm qum k immbdejc smae
smae motrmhum e jebe enuok
fobfvfbuen`motm, prmsmrveobk e prfvejfbebm bks bebks.
2.9 YFZ]ENFQEÈÊK BM BEBKZ M FOIKT@EÈÝMZ

Es foikrèèýms kdtfbes jk` es tæjofjes bm mstetàstfje, MB@, NE m EE/FE om` sm`prm sêk bm iåjfn
fotmrprmteèêk pkr prkimsskrms, enuoks m kutres pertms movknvfbes oe mbujeèêk.
Tmprmsmoter ks rmsuntebks kdtfbks bm uè ikrè vfsuen m sf`pnms bm user pkbm iejfnfter e
fotmrprmteèêk m e eoånfsm
qum nlms pmr`ftm tmr uèbks bebks
vfsêk hmrenmbujejfkoefs pkrmprkimsskrms,
bes etfvfbebms bm jk`k mnesenuoks m eb`fofstrebkrms,
sm rmnejfkoe` jk` es bmuè vmz
kutrks
fobfvàbuks bureotm k prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm`.
Wkr msse rezêk, ks rmnetúrfks trebfjfkoefs desmebks m` tedmnes bm bebks sêk jebe vmz èfs
sudstftuàbks pkr pefoæfs (besldkerbs
(besldkerbs)) qum rmprmsmote` bfimrmotms fobfjebkrms bm bmsm`pmolk oe
ikrè bm hråifjks bm pneofnle, bfehreès bm bfspmrsêk, èpes bm jenkr m rmprmsmoteèýms :-B. Ymae u`
mxm`pnk oe Ifhure 2.54.

Ifhure 2.54 ‚tutkrms

@epe bm jenkr
pere MEBjk` es årmes èfs ejmssebes oe påhfoe fofjfen bk jursk bm mxtmosêk Ikrèèêk bm
Ikotm1 jursk Ikrèèêk bm Rutkrms pere MEB, ]oesp (4758), rmnetúrfk fotmrok.

]` pefomn mxfdm vfsuen`motm es foikrèèýms èfs f`pkrteotms pere enjeoèer u` ku èfs kdamtfvks
bm eprmobfzehm`, jkosknfbebes m krheofzebes m` uè tmne pere qum pksse` smr `koftkrebes m` u`
ñofjk knler. K pefomn bmvm smr foikrètfvk k suifjfmotm pere bmspmrter fosfhlts m, queobk pkssàvmn, pere
fosfhlts m,
epkoter enhuès eèýms bm `mnlkrfe f`mbfete. Wkr mxm`pnk, u` sm`åikrk vmr`mnlk ku vmrbm pkbm
`kstrer k stetus bm prkhrmssk bks enuoks m` u` jursk.
stetus bm
E Ifhure 2.5: `kstre enhuos pefoæfs jk` foikrèèýms vfsuefs bm fotmrmssm bm prkimsskrms, enuoks m
hmstkrms.

Ifhure 2.5: ‚Wefoæfs jk` foikrèèýms vfsuefs pere enuoks, prkimsskrms m hmstkrms
Ikotm1 ebeptebe bm FEB Nmerofoh. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.febnmerofoh.jk`/nmerofoh-

>www.febnmerofoh.jk`/nmerofoh-eoenytfjs-tkkn/?.
eoenytfjs-tkkn/?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv.
475<.

M` ñntfè fostäojfe, k kdamtfvk be vfsuenfzeèêk be foikrèèêk æ treosikrèr bebks m`
jkolmjf`motk. Fssk bmvm pmr`ftfr kdtmr foikrèèýms skdrm prkjmssks m rmnejfkoe`motks bm mosfok m
eprmobfzehm`, qum sêk e desm pere e tkèbe bm bmjfsêk ‚ fojnusfvm ok qum bfz rmspmftk e ebepter e
eprmobfzehm` ek pmrifn m çs omjmssfbebms bks enuoks.
Ok Jepàtunk 4 ifje
4 ifje mvfbmotm qum æ prmjfsk ireh`moter ks bebks pere qum pksse` smr
`mbfbks, eoenfsebks m vfsuenfzebks.
2.8 EWTMOBFQEH
EWTMOBFQEHM@
M@ EBEWRE
EBEWRERFYE
RFYE
E fbmfe bm kimrmjmr uè prkpkste bm mosfok-eprmobfzehm` èfs eifoebe çs omjmssfbebms m
mxpmjtetfves bks enuoks oêk æ okve. K jne`kr pmne pmrskoenfzeèêk aå mre vfstk m` @kotmsskrf oks fbks
bm 5677, qum mnedkrku ètmrfefs bfbåtfjks m` tkrok bm sue jrmoèe ok bmsmak oeturen bes jrfeoèes bm
mxpnkrer k ùobk m bmnfomku sue prkpkste bm ejkrbk jk` k rft`k fobfvfbuen bks pmqumoks.48 M`
tmrrmok èfs prúxf`k, Weunk Irmfrm (5645-5668), petrkok be mbujeèêk dresfnmfre, bmimobfe qum e
eprmobfzehm` sú ejkotmjm queobk k enuok æ nmvebk e jk`prmmobmr k qum kjkrrm ek smu rmbkr, e iezmr
sues prúprfes jkomxýms m e jkostrufr u` jkolmjf`motk qum ieèe smotfbk pere sue vfbe. M, pere k
psfjúnkhk dfmnk-russk Nmv Yyhktscy (5<69-56:2), k jkojmftk bm zkoe bm jkolmjf`motk prkxfèn te`dæ`
jk`pkrte e fbmfe bm pmrskoenfzer e eprmobfzehm` jkoikr`m k qum jebe enuok pkbm iezmr sm tfvmr
epkfk.4<
Ok msjkpk bes `mtkbknkhfes fokv-etfves, e pmrskoenfzeèêk lkam æ ùftk èfs krfmotebe

e bebks bk qum ç smosfdfnfbebm luèoe, jk`k kjkrrm oes edkrbehmos trebfjfkoefs.
K jkojmftk m enhuès pmrspmjtfves tmúrfjes bk (skjfk)jkostrutfvfs`k ikre` bmnfomebks

ok Jepàtunk 5.
5.
@es sm e fbmfe bm pmrskoenfzer e eprmobfzehm` oêk æ okve, pkr qum permjm enhk têk fokvebkr m`
mbujeèêk;
Ok msjkpk bes `mtkbknkhfes fokv-etfves, e pmrskoenfzeèêk lkam æ ùftk èfs krfmotebe e bebks bk
qum ç smosfdfnfbebm luèoe, jk`k kjkrrm oes edkrbehmos trebfjfkoefs. Desmfe-sm ok rmjkolmjf`motk
bm qum es pmsskes tá` mstfnks m prmimráojfes bm eprmobfzehm` bfstfotes, jk` tkqums be vfsêk
`mrjebknúhfje pús-fobustrfen bm qum tkbks tá` bfrmftk e fobfvfbuenfzer ks prkbutks m smrvfèks qum vêk
jkosu`fr.
Enæ` bes pneteikrès bm eprmobfzehm` ko-nfom
ko-nfom mstedmnmjfbes lå èfs tm`pk, jk`k æ k jesk bk
Nmerofoh @eoehm`mot Zystm` (N@Z), k rmjmotm bmsmovknvf`motk bes pneteikrès pere jursk ko-nfom
edmrtk m èssfvk (@essfvm Kpmo Konfom Jkursm ‚ @kkj) mvfbmojfku e pkssfdfnfbebm bm jknmter
bfimrmotms tfpks bm bebks skdrm ks enuoks.46
Ks @kkjs nmve` k bmsmovknvf`motk be mbujeèêk e oàvmfs èssfifjebks, m` nerhe msjene, jk`
ejmssk e jkotmñbk m bmsfho fostrujfkoen bm quenfbebm edmrtk e pmsskes bm tkbk k ùobk. Jk` teotks
bebks bfspkoàvmfs skdrm jk`k jebe pmsske eprmobm, jef pkr tmrre be fbmfe bm qum kom-sfzm-ifts-enn (uè
(uè
sknuèêk smrvm pere tkbks), kofprmsmotm oe mbujeèêk jkovmojfkoen.
Essf`, e eprmobfzehm` ebeptetfve sm epkfe oe prm`fsse bm qum es pmsskes eprmobm` bm èomfre
bfimrmotm. Were hereotfr qum ks ètmrfefs bfbåtfjks m ks smrvfèks mbujejfkoefs smae` imftks skd `mbfbe,
msse edkrbehm` tmote fotmhrer e jepejfbebm bm bfehokstfjer es omjmssfbebms mspmjàifjes bm jebe
fobfvàbuk m k bmsmovknvf`motk bm uè pmbehkhfe ebmquebe, oe quen k jkotmñbk mosfoebk ku e ikrè
jk`k mssm jkotmñbk æ mxpnkrebk sm ebepte bm ejkrbk jk` es rmspkstes bm jebe enuok.
Ks dkos prkimsskrms sm`prm sm ebeptere` eks enuoks1 bm ietk, e quenfbebm bm u` bkjmotm pkbm
smr bmtmr`foebe m` sue jepejfbebm bm fbmotfifjer oêk epmoes k queotk u` enuok mstå prúxf`k ku
bfsteotm bm u` kdamtfvk mbujejfkoen ès te`dæ` pkr qum fssk ejkotmjm m k qum pkbm smr imftk pere
essmhurer k enjeojm bmssm kdamtfvk.
E èfkr pertm be eprmobfzehm` m` sene bm eune jkovmojfkoen pkbm smr jkosfbmrebe
ebeptåvmn. K qum es tmjoknkhfes iezm` æ pkssfdfnfter qum msse jepejfbebm bkjmotm smae
epnfjebe m` hreobm msjene m pktmojfen`motm `mnlkrm sue mifjåjfe.
Omssm smotfbk, e èfkr pertm be eprmobfzehm` m` sene bm eune jkovmojfkoen pkbm smr jkosfbmrebe
ebeptåvmn. K qum es tmjoknkhfes iezm` æ pkssfdfnfter qum msse jepejfbebm bkjmotm smae epnfjebe m`
hreobm msjene m pktmojfen`motm `mnlkrm sue mifjåjfe. Zfstmès bfhftefs ebeptåvmfs `koftkre` es
jerejtmràstfjes m k prkhrmssk bk eprmobfz, m k e`dfmotm bm eprmobfzehm` æ eaustebk pere ebepter-sm
etfve`motm çs omjmssfbebms fobfvfbuefs.
Were Kxèo m Xkoh, ks sfstmès bm eprmobfzehm` ebeptåvmfs pkbm` verfer desteotm oe pråtfje m,
m`dkre mxfste` mxjmèýms, sêk hmren`motm jkostruàbks jk` desm m` trás mnm`motks prfojfpefs1
prfojfpef s1:7
5. `kbmnk bm eprmobfz ‚ k `mfk pere foimrfr m bfehokstfjer jerejtmràstfjes jk`k mstfnks bm
eprmobfzehm`, treèks bm pmrskoenfbebm, mstebks `ktfvejfkoefs m jkolmjf`motks skdrm bfimrmotms
4. túpfjks bm mstubk3 `kbmnk bm jkotmñbk ‚ e ikrè jk`k u` bk`àofk bm jkotmñbk æ mstruturebk,
jk` ks rmsuntebks bm eprmobfzehm` bmtenlebks m uè bmifofèêk bm termies qum prmjfse` smr
eprmobfbes3 enhu` smqumojfe`motk fofjfen bm jkotmñbk æ prmbmtmr`foebk, m`dkre mssm
:. smqumojfe`motk pksse ùber jk` desm ok bmsm`pmolk bk enuok3 `kbmnk fostrujfkoen ‚ k `kbk
jk`k u` sfstmè smnmjfkoe jkotmñbk mspmjàifjk pere u` enuok mspmjfifje`motm m` u` `k`motk
bmtmr`foebk3 ku smae, uè jk`dfoeèêk bes foikrèèýms bk `kbmnk bm eprmobfz m bk `kbmnk bm
jkotmñbk pere hmrer etfvfbebm ku immbdejc jk`
jk` èfkr prkdedfnfbebm bm epkfer e eprmobfzehm`.
]è vmz jepturebks, ks bebks skdrm k `kbmnk bm enuok sêk utfnfzebks pere
f`pnm`moter e prkpkste mbujejfkoen bm mspmjfenfstes m` jkotmñbk m bmsfhomrs
fostrujfkoefs, pkssfdfnfteobk fotmrvmoèýms ok e`dfmotm bm eprmobfzehm`.
]è vmz jepturebks, ks bebks skdrm k `kbmnk bm enuok sêk utfnfzebks pere f`pnm`moter e prkpkste
mbujejfkoen bm mspmjfenfstes m` jkotmñbk m bmsfhomrs
bmsfhomrs fostrujfkoefs, pkssfdfnfteobk fotmrvmoèýms ok
e`dfmotm bm eprmobfzehm`.
Were fssk, es tæjofjes bm fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen pkbm` smr ùftk ñtmfs, pkfs sêk jepezms bm
bmsmovknvmr m f`fter k prkjmssk bm rejfkjàofk luèok m e tkèbe bm bmjfsêk oe jkojmpèêk be
mstruture bm eprmobfzehm`-mosfok. Enæ` bfssk, pkbm` nfber jk` e fojmrtmze m iejfnfter k
bmsmovknvf`motk bm u` jkotmxtk qum prk`kve e eprmobfzehm` m k mosfok mifjezms. Msses
jepejfbebms bm eprmobfzehm` sêk jrujfefs pere essmhurer qum ks enuoks m k sfstmè `mnlkrm` pkr
`mfk bm u` `mjeofs`k bm eprmobfzehm` sustmotebk.
E Hmmcfm æ uè pneteikrè ko-nfom

ko-nfom bm mosfok ebeptetfvk qum hereotm heolks `æbfks bm
:7% oe pmrikrèojm
oe pmrikrèojm bks
bks enuoks. Wkr `mfk bm evenfeèýms qum use` k `ms`k pebrêk bk
Mxe`m Oejfkoen bk Mosfok @æbfk (Mom`), e stertup stertup èpmfe ks pkotks irejks bks
mstubeotms. Jk` rmjursks bm fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen sm`mnleotms eks usebks pmnk Hkkhnm m pmne
Eèzko, e pneteikrè „motmobm‐ es omjmssfbebms bk enuok m suhmrm pneoks bm mstubk, fobfjeobk
jkotmñbk bm u` ejmrvk prúprfk bm èfs bm 977 vfbmkeunes. E pneteikrè te`dæ` pmr`ftm qum
prkimsskrms m hmstkrms
enuoks ku turès pksse` ebkter
oks jkotmñbks m` qumfofjfetfves pmbehúhfjes
sm fbmotfifje` pere `mnlkrer k bmsm`pmolk bm
èfs bfifjunbebms.
Ikotm1 mnedkrebk pmnes eutkres jk` desm m` FOIKHMMCFM. Hmmcfm vef ç Dmtt bfspkste e eprmobmr,
56/7=/475=.
@uftks ejrmbfte` qum e eprmobfzehm` ebeptetfve tm` u` pktmojfen sm` prmjmbmotms pere
rm`kbmner e èomfre jk`k mosfoe`ks m eprmobm`ks. Ok moteotk, e mbujeèêk prmsmojfen jnåssfje m
`ms`k e mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe moirmote` uè msjessmz bm `ætkbks msjenåvmfs. Fssk pkrqum desmer-
sm ok jkolmjf`motk bm mspmjfenfstes bm jkotmñbk m/ku bmsfhomrs fostrujfkoefs pere krfmoter e tkèbe
bm bmjfsêk pkbm smr bm`krebk m bfspmobfksk. M, m` enhuos jesks, pkbm smr f`pkssàvmn edkrber es
verfebes jerejtmràstfjes bks eprmobfzms. Wkr msse rezêk, enhuos bmimoskrms be eprmobfzehm`
ebeptetfve e jkosfbmre` uè sknuèêk pere k „trfäohunk bm imrrk‐ bks bmseifks mbujejfkoefs1 justk
justk,,
m quenfbebm
ejmssk m
ejmssk quenfbebm..
Wkr jmrtk,
bfstäojfe ku ks sfstmès
jk`k bm eprmobfzehm`
rmjursks jk`pnm`moterms ebeptetfve
m` u`pkbm` smr utfnfzebks
jkotmxtk `fstk bmjk`k jursks tkten`motm
eprmobfzehm` e
( dnmobmb
nmerofoh )).. Omstm ñntf`k jesk, ks prkimsskrms etue` jk`k `motkrms m use` ks bebks bk sfstmè pere
bmtmr`foer queobk uè fotmrvmoèêk fostrujfkoen æ eprkprfebe.
Enæ` bfssk, pmoseobk èfs bmtfbe`motm ok Mosfok Zupmrfkr, enhuos N@Zs jk`mèe` e fojkrpkrer
jepejfbebms mspmjàifjes bm eprmobfzehm` ebeptåvmn, ek `ms`k tm`pk qum hreobms mbftkres
ikromjmbkres bm jkotmñbks ko-nfom
ko-nfom tá` ebktebk enhuè ikrè bm sfstmè ebeptåvmn jk`k pertm bm
sues sknuèýms mbujejfkoefs, prfojfpen`motm pere k Mosfok Zupmrfkr.
Ym`ks lkam qum e eprmobfzehm` ebeptetfve æ èfs jkù` oe mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve, pkssfvmn`motm
pkrqum k msjkpk be eprmobfzehm` tmobm e smr èfs mstrmftk m ikjebk, k qum tkroe èfs iåjfn pksfjfkoer
k jkotmñbk m` u` quebrk ebeptåvmn. Kutrks ietkrms fojnum` e inmxfdfnfbebm bks prezks pere eprmobmr m
e mifjfáojfe m` tm`pk rmprmsmotebe pmnk `kbmnk bm eutkmstubk.
Mssms espmjtks vá` smobk jkohrmhebks oes jleèbes trfnles bm eprmobfzehm` ‚ qum oebe èfs
sêk qum je`folks entmroetfvks m inmxàvmfs pere k bmsmovknvf`motk pmssken m prkifssfkoen. :5 Oe nftmreture
skdrm k tmè, es trfnles bm eprmobfzehm` rmjmdm` bfimrmotms ok`ms ‚ rktes, pmrjursks, treamtúrfes ku
akroebes bm eprmobfzehm` (ku bm bmsmovknvf`motk,
bmsmovknvf `motk, jkolmjf`motk, oevmheèêk). Tmsu`fbe`motm, jebe
pmsske pmrjkrrm uè trfnle bfimrmotm be jursebe pkr kutres, `ms`k qum mxmrèe` iuoèýms fbáotfjes m`
uè m`prmse ku krheofzeèêk.
E ]ofvmrsfbebm Jkrpkretfve be :@ ok Dresfn krheofze sues eèýms mbujejfkoefs jk` desm

ok jkojmftk bm trfnles bm eprmobfzehm`. Were jebe ejebm`fe (bm vmobes, bm èrcmtfoh , bm
nfbmreoèe, bm ifoeoèes, bm nedkretúrfk...) lå trfnles bmifofbes pere bfimrmotms oàvmfs bm
bmsm`pmolk. Jebe trfnle movknvm trmfoe`motks prmsmojfefs oe ètrfz m oes rmhfýms, jkotmñbk
ùntf`àbfe, smssýms sàojrkoes, tf`ms bm prkamtks, tmstms bm jkolmjf`motk, dfdnfkhreifes, ertfhks,
tmxtks, vàbmks, smssýms bm jkejlfoh fobfvfbuen
fobfvfbuen m bm mqufpms, en`kèks jkrpkretfvks, jkomxýms bm
èrcmtfoh , iúruos, wkrcslkps
wkrcslkps,, eprmsmoteèýms bm jesms m kutrks rmjursks bm oeturmze foikrètfve
jesms m
m/ku rminmxfve. Wmnes rmhres be ejebm`fe, lå enhuos trmfoe`motks dåsfjks kdrfhetúrfks m kutrks
iejuntetfvks, ç msjknle bk iuojfkoårfk. Ek ifoen be je`folebe, k pertfjfpeotm rmjmdm u` jmrtfifjebk
jk` k smnk be uofvmrsfbebm jkrpkretfve.
Ikotm1 mnedkrebk pmnes eutkres jk` desm m`

>lttp1//sknutfkos.:`.jk`.dr/wps/pkrten/:@/pt[DT/]ofvmrsfbebmJ
>lttp1//sknutfkos.:`.jk`.dr/wps/pkrten/:@/pt[DT/]ofvmrsfbebmJkrpkretfve/Lk`m/]ofvmrsfbebm/?.
krpkretfve/Lk`m/]ofvmrsfbebm/?. Ejmssk m` =
auo. 4758.
E bmifofèêk bm quen trfnle pmrjkrrmr pkbm kjkrrmr oe iesm bm bmsfho bk jursk, bureotm e fbmotfifjeèêk
bmsfho bk
bks bebks bk mstubeotm ‚ jerejtmrfzeobk uè pmrskoenfzeèêk be eprmobfzehm` ‚ ku pkbm ifjer ç
msjknle bk enuok ‚ jerejtmrfzeobk motêk uè justk`fzeèêk be eprmobfzehm`.

IEÈE IÅJFN
---- Rrfnles
---- Rrfnles bm eprmobfzehm` ----
E mstretæhfe Rrfnles bm eprmobfzehm` pkbm jkotm`pner u` prkhreè bm ikrèèêk jk`pnmtk, juaes
perebes jkrrmspkobm` e jursks, trmfoe`motks, nmftures, pertfjfpeèêk m` mvmotks m rmenfzeèêk bm
kutres sftueèýms bm mstubk ku pråtfje, qum verfe` bm eprmobfz pere eprmobfz. Ku pkbm sm
jkojmotrer ok pmrjursk fotmrok bm u` jursk ku bfsjfpnfoe m kimrmjmr etfvfbebms bfimrmojfebes,
etrfduàbes jkoikr`m jerejtmràstfjes bks enuoks, jk`k pmrifn bm`khråifjk, mxpmrfáojfe eotmrfkr ku
jkolmjf`motks prævfks skdrm k tmè, ku ç nfvrm msjknle bk eprmobfz.
M` u` ikrètk bm sf`pnms epnfjeèêk, e mstretæhfe pkbm smr ebktebe smhufobk-sm mstms pessks.
Krheofzm, m` uè ètrfz bm bmsfho fostrujfkoen,

f ostrujfkoen, es uofbebms qum vêk jk`pkr u` jursk ku
bfsjfpnfoe, jk`k `kstrebk e smhufr1
Jk`mèeobk pmne jknuoe Wepæfs, fbmotfifqum ks bfimrmotms pmrifs bm enuoks jk` qum vkjá
prmtmobm tredenler ok jursk jk`k u` tkbk ku m` jebe uofbebm mspmjàifje. Ykjá pkbm
e. smperer ks pmrifs bm ejkrbk jk`1 oàvmfs bfstfotks bm jkolmjf`motk skdrm bmtmr`foebk tmè,
d. fbmotfifjebks m` præ-tmstm (pkr mxm`pnk, fofjfeotm, eprmobfz m `mstrm)3 iefxe mtårfe, háomrk ku
b.
j. kutrk bebk bm`khråifjk foikrèbk ok pmrifn3 inuáojfe bfhften ku m` fbfkè mstreohmfrk3
fotmrmssm bmjnerebk pmnk enuok jk` rmspmftk eks kdamtfvks bk jursk (pkr mxm`pnk, bk`àofk bm
m. jkotmñbks, fotmreèêk skjfen m epnfjeèêk pråtfje)3 krfhm` ku ifnfeèêk (pkr mxm`pnk, pere u`
pñdnfjk jkrpkretfvk, oàvmn iuojfkoen ku smtkr e qum pmrtmojm3 pere k pñdnfjk bm pús-
i. hrebueèêk, ikrèèêk uofvmrsftårfe...)3 ...
Zue ètrfz ifjerfe permjfbe jk` k mxm`pnk e smhufr, qum `kstre e ]ofbebm 5 jkù` e tkbks
ks pertfjfpeotms m es uofbebms smhufotms bms`m`drebes pkr pmrifs1

Tmhre hmren, ks kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm` sêk ks `ms`ks, oêk f`pkrte k pmrifn bks enuoks.
@es es etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm` prkpkstes (m sue rmspmjtfve bureèêk), essf` jk`k ks
jkotmñbks, es imrre`motes m ks fostru`motks bm evenfeèêk, ùberêk jkoikr`m ks pmrifs
fbmotfifjebks.
K kdamtfvk be eprmobfzehm` ebeptetfve æ eauster uè prkpkste hmren bm eprmobfzehm` pere etmobmr
çs omjmssfbebms fobfvfbuefs bm enuoks. Durhks, Rettmrsenn m Ckpmr fbmotfifje` bfimrmotms tfpks bm
ebepteèêk ok jkotmxtk be mbujeèêk epkfebe pmnes tmjoknkhfes, motrm ks quefs jfte`ks enhuos èfs
rmprmsmotetfvks.:4
• Ebepteèêk be fotmriejm ‚ te`dæ` bmok`foebe „oevmheèêk ebeptetfve‐, mstå rmnejfkoebe ç
usedfnfbebm m ç ebeptedfnfbebm3 desmebe m` kpèýms bm `mou, iejfnfbebms bm oevmheèêk m
vfsuenfzeèêk, jkosfstm oe pkssfdfnfbebm bm rmpksfjfkoer ks mnm`motks m kpèýms be fotmriejm m
rmbmifofr es prkprfmbebms (jkr, teèolk, sk`dres) be tmne.
• Ebepteèêk bk inuxk bm eprmobfzehm` ‚ k prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm` æ ebeptebk bfoe`fje`motm
pere smqumojfer kdamtks m/ku etfvfbebms bm eprmobfzehm` bm bfimrmotms èomfres. K pmrjursk bm
eprmobfzehm` æ bfoä`fjk m pmrskoenfzebk pere jebe enuok, m e jebe vmz qum u` jursk æ fofjfebk, k
enuok pkbm smhufr u` ftfområrfk
f tfområrfk bfimrmotm, bm ejkrbk jk` smu bmsm`pmolk eotmrfkr.
• Ebepteèêk bk jkotmñbk ‚ k jkotmñbk bks rmjursks m bes etfvfbebms ùbe bfoe`fje`motm, jk`
desm m` eprmsmoteèêk ebeptetfve. ]` mxm`pnk æ jnessfifjer m` trás oàvmfs bm prkiuobfbebm e
foikrèèêk jkotfbe m` uè etfvfbebm bm mstubk, jebe u` bmnms desmebk m` uè særfm bm ietkrms,
ks quefs bmtmr`foerêk e mxfdfèêk bk oàvmn pmrtfomotm oe iesm bm mxmjuèêk.
• Ehrupe`motk bm usuårfks ebeptetfvk ‚ pmr`ftm e jrfeèêk bm hrupks bm enuoks m supkrtm
jknedkretfvk pere e rmenfzeèêk bm termies mspmjàifjes. Wkr mxm`pnk, jk` desm ok rmsuntebk bm u`
pkkn bm
bm qumstýms, sêk ikrèbks bkfs hrupks, u` jk` fofjfeotms m kutrk jk` enuoks eveoèebks.
Wmrjursks fobfvfbuenfzebks, e rft`k verfåvmn, sêk veoteaksks pkrqum pmr`ftm` qum k

mosfok m e fotmrvmoèêk sm epnfqum` e enuoks jk` èfkr omjmssfbebm.
]` bmseifk f`pkrteotm e rmssenter æ e prkifjfáojfe bk prkimsskr m be fostftufèêk oe ebkèêk m
f`pnm`moteèêk bm sfstmès ebeptetfvks bm eprmobfzehm`. Wmrjursks fobfvfbuenfzebks, e rft`k verfåvmn,
sêk veoteaksks pkrqum pmr`ftm` qum k mosfok m e fotmrvmoèêk sm epnfqum` e enuoks jk` èfkr
omjmssfbebm. Ok moteotk, ks prkimsskrms mstêk ejkstuèbks e tmr tkbks ks enuoks bm u` `ms`k jursk
prkhrmbfobk ek `ms`k rft`k. Entmrer uè mstretæhfe fostrujfkoen pere ks rmjursks ebeptetfvks mxfhm
ùbeoèe bm perebfhès bm jfjnks rmpmtftfvks bm tmotetfve m mrrk.
K Omhújfk jmrtk ‚ Rrfnles bm eutketmobf`motk æ u` prkhreè bmsmovknvfbk pmnk Zmdrem

pere m`prmmobmbkrms qum bmsmae` fofjfer u` pmqumok omhújfk ku qumrm` enjeoèer k
sujmssk pkr `mfk be `mnlkrfe jkotàoue m bk eu`motk be jk`pmtftfvfbebm. Epús prmmojlmr
u` drmvm qumstfkoårfk fofjfen, k eprmobfz rmjmdm u` bfehoústfjk qum fbmotfifje e trfnle bm
eprmobfzehm` mspmjàifje pere smu pmrifn. E fotmriejm m ks túpfjks bm jkotmñbk edkrbebks sm
`kbfifje` bm ejkrbk jk` k pmrifn fbmotfifjebk. Oêk lå smquáojfe prmbmifofbe, epmoes suhmrfbe, m
e ikrè bm mxpnkrer k jkotmñbk æ msjknlfbe pmnk eprmobfz. E jebe fotmreèêk, e fotmriejm fobfje
quefs túpfjks aå ikre` vfsuenfzebks m e pkrjmotehm` aå ju`prfbe m` jebe trfnle. Lå pkr trås uè
mstruture bm he`fifjeèêk qum vfse etrefr m moheaer ks pertfjfpeotms. Es jkoqufstes sêk rmhfstrebes
ok Mxtretk bm pkotks bk pertfjfpeotm, m ks pkotks ejuùnebks bêk bfrmftk ç pertfjfpeèêk m`
okvks jursks, penmstres m jkosuntkrfe ok prúprfk Zmdrem. E vmrsêk ebeptetfve ikf neoèebe m`
4752 m aå etfohfu e jmotmoes bm `fnlerms bm pmsskes.
Ikotm1 mnedkrebk pmnes eutkres jk` desm oes foikrèèýms bfspkoàvmfs m`1 >lttps1//etmobf`motk.smdrem-
sj.jk`.dr/jursks/trfnles/?.
M` enhuos jesks, bmpmobmr bm u` bmsfhomr fostrujfkoen ku bk mspmjfenfste m` jkotmñbk pere

krfmoter e ebepteèêk bk sfstmè mbujejfkoen æ enhk bm`krebk m jerk. Enæ` bfssk, pkbm etæ smr
f`pkssàvmn edkrber es jerejtmràstfjes verfebes bks enuoks, bmvfbk ek jkolmjf`motk fojk`pnmtk skdrm k
qum jkostftuf uè fostruèêk mifjez. Omssm smotfbk, e Fotmnfháojfe Ertfifjfen (FE) æ uè imrre`mote venfkse,
pkfs tm` e jepejfbebm bm bmsmovknvmr m rmpnfjer k prkjmssk bmjfsúrfk ebktebk pkr pmsskes.
2.< FORMNFHÁOJFE ETRFIFJFEN (FE)

Wkbm smr bfiàjfn bmifofr k qum æ fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen pkr bfimrmotms rezýms. ]è bmnes æ qum mne ùbe
jkosteotm`motm. Kutrk `ktfvk æ e oeturmze fotmrbfsjfpnfoer bk je`pk1 eotrkpúnkhks, dfúnkhks, jfmotfstes
be jk`puteèêk, nfohufstes, ifnúskiks, psfjúnkhks m omurkjfmotfstes trezm` sue prúprfe pmrspmjtfve m
tmr`foknkhfe pere k je`pk.
Wkbm`ks bmifofr e FE jk`k sfstmès bm foikrèèêk prkamtebks pere fotmrehfr jk` k
ùobk pkr `mfk bm jepejfbebms m jk`pkrte`motks fotmnfhmotms qum oús
jkosfbmreràe`ks mssmojfen`motm luèoks.
Wkbm`ks bmifofr e FE jk`k sfstmès bm foikrèèêk
f oikrèèêk prkamtebks pere fotmrehfr jk` k ùobk pkr `mfk
bm jepejfbebms (pkr mxm`pnk, pmrjmpèêk vfsuen m rmjkolmjf`motk bm iene) m jk`pkrte`motks
fotmnfhmotms (pkr mxm`pnk, evenfer e foikrèèêk bfspkoàvmn m, m` smhufbe, tkèr es eèýms èfs
ebmquebes pere etfohfr u` kdamtfvk bmjnerebk) qum oús jkosfbmreràe`ks mssmojfen`motm luèoks.::
Mxfstm` vårfes èomfres bm sm epnfjer e FE oe mbujeèêk. Wkr mxm`pnk, m` enhuos sfstmès
ebeptetfvks, k ikjk prfojfpen æ mxe`foer m evenfer es jerejtmràstfjes m k oàvmn hmren bm jkolmjf`motk bks
enuoks jk`k desm pere e pmbehkhfe rmjk`mobebe. Es edkrbehmos bm FE te`dæ` sêk usebes pere
iejfnfter e jkojnusêk bk prkjmssk bm bfehoústfjk pere qum k jkotmñbk bk jursk pksse smr eaustebk pere
etmobmr çs omjmssfbebms bm jebe enuok, m enhuos bmnms sêk usebks pere eprmobmr jk` ks
jk`pkrte`motks bks enuoks e if` bm eauster e prkpkste bm bmsfho fostrujfkoen krfhfoen.
Bm ietk, pkbm levmr ùftes ikotms bm fojmrtmze m` e`dfmotms bm eprmobfzehm`, rmsunteotms be
eoånfsm bm verfåvmfs mstubeotfs, jk`k evenfeèýms ku oàvmn bm moheae`motk. Ræjofjes bm FE ‚ jk`k
núhfje bfiuse, årvkrm bm bmjfsêk, rmbms deymsfeoes m rmbms omurefs, motrm kutres pkbm` nfber jk` e
f`prmssêk, e fojmrtmze m e vmrbebm perjfen. Msses edkrbehmos fokvebkres sêk jepezms bm bmsmovknvmr
m f`fter k prkjmssk bm tkèbe bm bmjfsêk luèoe.
Bm èomfre èfs sf`pnms, lå bkfs `kbmnks bm sfstmès bm eprmobfzehm` ebeptåvmn, jk`k smhum.
5. Zfstmès desmebk m` rmhres ‚ irmqumotm`motm sêk jkostruàbks jk` uè særfm bm iuoèýms fi-tlmo
(sm-motêk). Desfje`motm, æ imfte uè pmrhuote ek enuok3 sm mnm ejmrte, smhum pere e prúxfè
etfvfbebm smnmjfkoebe3 bk jkotrårfk, rmjmdm enhu` jkotmñbk ebfjfkoen bm epkfk (uè bfje, u`
jkotmñbk rmpmtfbk ku u` okvk jkotmñbk qum mxpnfje k ètmrfen bm uè ikrè bfimrmotm).
Zfstmès
4. bk enuok, kdesmebks m` bk
bmsm`pmolk enhkrft`ks utfnfze`
jkotmñbk‚ku e`dks.iuoèýms ètm`åtfjes
Ok oàvmn pere eoenfser
èfs skifstfjebk, movknvm`k bmsm`pmolk
jepejfbebms
bm èjlfom nmerofoh (eprmobfzebk bm `åqufoe), m` qum k sfstmè eprmobm jebe vmz èfs skdrm k
enuok m k jkotmñbk. Omssm jesk, k sfstmè pkbm user MB@ m NE pere nfber jk` hreobms bebks,
m`prmheobk enhkrft`ks jk`pnmxks e if` bm prmvmr es jleojms bm bmtmr`foebk enuok smr dm`-
sujmbfbk m` u` jkotmñbk mspmjàifjk.:2
Ræjofjes bm FE ‚ jk`k núhfje bfiuse, årvkrm bm bmjfsêk, rmbms deymsfeoes m rmbms

omurefs, motrm kutres ‚ pkbm` nfber jk` e f`prmssêk, e fojmrtmze m e vmrbebm perjfen.
Ks sfstmès ebeptetfvks bm ñntfè hmreèêk sêk fotmosfvks m` bebks. Mnms prmjfse` bm hreobms
queotfbebms bm bebks ‚ skdrm eèýms bk usuårfk, foikrèèýms bm jk`pkrte`motk m fotmreèýms jk`k
jkotmñbk ‚ pere èpmer ebmquebe`motm k pmrjursk bm eprmobfzehm` fbmen pere mnm.
2.6 JK@W]REÈÊK JKHOFRFY

JKHOFR FYE
E
E queotfbebm bm bebks m foikrèèýms ejuùnebks ok ùobk jrmsjm bm ikrè mxpkomojfen,
prfojfpen`motm ok qum bfz rmspmftk e bebks oêk mstruturebks. E omjmssfbebm bm mxpnkrer msse okve
èsse bm bebks pere bmne mxtrefr e foikrèèêk, be quen oesjm k jkolmjf`motk, mxfdm uè okve
edkrbehm` pere e jkhofèêk.
Bm ietk, pkr èfs fotmnfhmotm qum u` smr luèok smae, oksse jkoifhureèêk dfknúhfje oêk ikf
prkhreèbe pere prkjmsser e mokr`m, vmnkz m verfebe mxpnksêk bm bebks qum oks jmrje. Essf`, ç
`mbfbe qum es tmobáojfes bm eutkèèêk m e`pnfeèêk sm jkoifrèrm` m sm eprkiuoberm`, pmsskes qum
mxmrjm` tredenlks rmpmtftfvks smrêk fomvftevmn`motm sudstftuàbes pkr rkdòs, moqueotk fobfvàbuks jk`
entk hreu bm mbujeèêk qum etue` m` etfvfbebms fotmnmjtuefs jkosmhufrêk tredenler k usk bm sfstmès
eutkètfzebks qum ks eauberêk e e`pnfer m `mnlkrer smus tredenlks jk`pnmxks.:=
Bmsbm 4774,
Wrkimsskre e ]ofvmrsfbebm
Mnmctre Imbmren
pere k mosfok bk mTfk
bm iàsfje bm Hreobm
rmbms bmbkjk`putebkrms.*
Zun bfspkofdfnfze k jlettmrdkt
Rrete-sm bm u`
tutkr vfrtuen qum pmrèomjm 42 lkres pkr bfe ç bfspksfèêk bks enuoks m tm` jk`k prfojfpen
kdamtfvk smr u` fostru`motk bm jk`pnm`moteèêk bk eprmobfzebk m` jursks e bfstäojfe. Were
mssm tredenlk, jkkrbmoku-sm u` msikrèk motrm ks prkimsskrms m tutkrms pere e `kbmnehm` fofjfen
bk jkolmjf`motk, dusjeobk foikrèr k qum k rkdò bmvmrfe bk`foer, quefs pmrhuotes mre` èfs
irmqumotms m quefs essuotks hmreve` èfs bñvfbes motrm ks enuoks. Ikf u` bks prf`mfrks
bmsmovknvfbks ok Dresfn m jkotfoue m` pnmok iuojfkoe`motk.**
jlettmrdkts bmsmovknvfbks
jlettmrdkts
* K tmr`k dkt æ e edrmvfeèêk be penevre rkdkt (rkdò, m` fohnás), qum æ u` ehmotm qum tredenle pere u`
usuårfk ku sfstmè sfùneobk e etfvfbebm luèoe. Jlettmrdkt (ku
(ku jletdkt ) æ uè bes jetmhkrfes bm dkt juae
juae
iuoèêk sfùner æ jkovmrses jk` k usuårfk bm smu e`dfmotm.
** Were kdtmr èfs foikrèèýms e rmspmftk, jkosuntm1 WTKIMZZKTE MNMCRTE. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//pmote:.uirhs.dr14774/?. Ejmssk m`1 5< imv. 475<.
Wkr mxm`pnk, oe årme bm señbm, u` `æbfjk mxpmrfmotm pkbm mxe`foer u` pejfmotm, iezmr u`
bfehoústfjk m prmsjrmvmr u` trete`motk jk` desm oe eoånfsm bes jmotmoes bm jesks qum mxe`foku
bureotm sue jerrmfre. @es k qum ejkotmjmrå sm mssm `æbfjk tfvmr u` essfstmotm fotmnfhmotm jepez bm
verrmr tkbe e nftmreture `æbfje rmjmotm m eoenfser tkbks ks mosefks bm brkhes m` jursk, e pkotk bm
hmrer bfehoústfjks ku trete`motks entmroetfvks qum k mspmjfenfste luèok, k `æbfjk, pkbm ejmfter ku
rmamfter; E fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen pmr`ftfrå qum k smr luèok enerhum smu pmose`motk m, jk` fssk,
kdtmole u` oàvmn bm bmsm`pmolk supmrfkr ek qum jkosmhufrfe sm` eaube tmjoknúhfje.
E fotmnfháojfe
kdtmole ertfifjfen
u` oàvmn pmr`ftfrå qum
bm bmsm`pmolk k smr luèok
supmrfkr enerhum smu sm`
ek qum jkosmhufrfe pmose`motk m, jk` fssk,
eaube tmjoknúhfje.
Fèhfom ehkre uè sftueèêk m` qum vkjá mstmae smnmjfkoeobk prkimsskrms pere k prúxf`k eok
nmtfvk. Wkr `mfk bm u` mbften bm jkovkjeèêk, ks jeobfbetks prmmojlmre` u` ikrùnårfk mnmtròofjk ek
quen vkjá ehkre tm` ejmssk ok ikrètk bm pneofnle mnmtròofje. Ykjá vá uè jknuoe jk` k ok`m bks
jeobfbetks m, ek nebk, je`pks jk`k „Fbebm‐, „Mstebk jfvfn‐, „Mobmrmèk‐, „Ikrèèêk‐ m „Mxpmrfáojfe‐. Ks
jeobfbetks te`dæ` ikre` jkovfbebks e movfer uè hreveèêk m` vàbmk oe quen sm eprmsmote`,
ikromjmobk es `msès foikrèèýms jkotfbes ok ikrùnårfk.
Renvmz, ç prf`mfre vfste, permèe mxfstfr pkuje bfimrmoèe motrm ks bkfs tfpks bm foikrèèêk. Eoenfseobk
èfs bm pmrtk, jkotubk, vkjá pmrjmdmrå qum k vàbmk jkotæ` uè særfm bm kutres foikrèèýms qum ks
bebks krheofzebks m` uè pneofnle oêk sêk jepezms bm rmhfstrer. Wkr mxm`pnk, ok vàbmk æ pkssàvmn e
mxprmssêk iejfen m jkrpkren bks jeobfbetks ek eprmsmoter jebe foikrèèêk. Essf`, pkbm`-sm fbmotfifjer
f bmotfifjer
treèks bm pmrskoenfbebm jk`k tf`fbmz ku mxtrkvmrsêk, m m`kèýms jk`k rmjmfk ku eofèèêk bfeotm be
motrmvfste hrevebe. ]è pneofnle fojnuf epmoes bebks „drutks‐, oêk pmr`ftm iezmr mssms tfpks bm
foimráojfe.
@es lå efobe uè bfimrmoèe tæjofje motrm ks bkfs tfpks bm foikrèèêk. E pneofnle bmrfvebe bk
ikrùnårfk mnmtròofjk pkbm smr nfbe m fotmrprmtebe pkr uè `åqufoe. K jkotmñbk bk vàbmk, pkr sue vmz,
oêk pkbmrfe. Fssk ejkotmjm pkrqum, oe pneofnle, ks bebks sêk mstruturebks, ku smae, sêk krheofzebks
m` uè mstruture qum ks tkroe fbmotfifjåvmfs. E ikrè èfs uofvmrsen bm bebks mstruturebks sêk ks
deojks bm bebks jk`k Ztrujturmb Uumry Neohuehm (ZUN), ku Nfohuehm` bm Jkosunte Mstruturebe, m
Ejjmss (sfstmè bm hmrmojfe`motk bm deojk bm bebks be @fjrkskit), qum pmr`ftm` smnmjfkoer
iejfn`motm pmbeèks bm foikrèèêk krheofzebks m` nfoles m jknuoes.
Bm `kbk kpkstk, ks bebks bk vàbmk oêk sêk mstruturebks, ku smae, oêk tá` uè mstruture
fbmotfifjåvmn. Enæ` bks vàbmks, te`dæ` ks tmxtks, es fèhmos m ks åubfks oêk sêk bebks mstruturebks
m, pkrteotk, oêk pkbm` smr iejfn`motm fbmotfifjebks pkr uè `åqufoe. :9 M fèhfom`ks efobe e
bfvmrsfbebm bm bebks jknmtebks vfe fotmromt bes jkfses,:8 smoskrms m hmknkjenfzebkrms.
Zmoskrms m hmknkjenfzebkrms sêk edkrbebks queobk trete`ks bm u-nmerofoh smosàvmn ek

jkotmxtk ok Jepàtunk :,
:, qum tredenle es `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves.
Æ eà qum motre m` jmoe e jk`puteèêk jkhoftfve, qum nfbe auste`motm jk` bebks oêk mstruturebks.
Enhuos mxm`pnks bm jk`k e jk`puteèêk jkhoftfve iuojfkoe pkbm` smr kdsmrvebks ok ie`ksk sfstmè
be FD@ detfzebk bm Xetsko. Wkr `mfk bmnm, æ pkssàvmn bmtmjter m`kèýms m` vàbmks (jk` desm m`
mxprmssýms iejfefs) ku erqufvks bm åubfk (jk` desm ok tk` bm vkz), m etæ `ms`k m` tmxtks.
Kutrks hfheotms be tmjoknkhfe, jk`k e @fjrkskit m k Hkkhnm, vá` epnfjeobk rmjursks bm
jk`puteèêk jkhoftfve m` årmes jk`pnmxes, jk`k e señbm, pere fbmotfifjer m treter bkmoèes jk` èfs
prmjfsêk, repfbmz m mifjfáojfe. Jk`k mnms iezm` fssk; Epús eoenfser `fnlýms bm mxe`ms bm pejfmotms
jk` jäojmr (qum fojnum` fèhmos, hreveèýms m kutrks bebks jk`pnmxks), ks sfstmès jkosmhum`
bmtmjter pebrýms qum sfoenfze` e bkmoèe m` kutrks pejfmotms ‚ ùftes vmzms jk` prmjfsêk supmrfkr ç
bm `æbfjks.
Ehkre ve`ks pmoser ok je`pk be mbujeèêk, m` qum e jk`puteèêk jkhoftfve te`dæ` prkpým
ùbeoèes sfhofifjetfves (pere enhuos, fokveèýms bfsruptfves qum vêk entmrer tkbe e jkoifhureèêk bks
sfstmès mbujejfkoefs
jk`puteèêk etuefs). Desmebes
jkhoftfve kimrmjm` oes omjmssfbebms
jkotmñbk, pneomae`motk bm jebefotmnfhmotms
m etfvfbebms enuok, espere
sknuèýms bm
treos`ftfr
jkolmjf`motk bm ikrè mimtfve m pmrskoenfzebe.
K epnfjetfvk FD@ Xetsko pere mbujebkrms, pkr mxm`pnk, pkssfdfnfte eks prkimsskrms u` okvk oàvmn
bm moheae`motk m uè vfsêk bmtenlebe be pertfjfpeèêk bm jebe mstubeotm, fojnufobk bebks skdrm
fotmrmssms, rmenfzeèýms, bmsm`pmolk ejebá`fjk, essfbufbebm, jk`pkrte`motk m etfvfbebms
eprmobfbes. Jk` fssk æ pkssàvmn fbmotfifjer quefs enuoks mstêk sm msikrèeobk, bk`foeobk ku tmobk
bfifjunbebms m` bmtmr`foebk essuotk.
K epnfjetfvk
okvk oàvmn bmFD@ Xetsko pere
moheae`motk mbujebkrms,
m uè pkr mxm`pnk,
vfsêk bmtenlebe pkssfdfnftebm
be pertfjfpeèêk eks prkimsskrms
jebe mstubeotm,u`
fojnufobk bebks skdrm fotmrmssms, rmenfzeèýms, bmsm`pmolk ejebá`fjk, essfbufbebm,
jk`pkrte`motk m etfvfbebms eprmobfbes.
Ok bmjkrrmr bm u` jursk ku bfsjfpnfoe, k Xetsko pere mbujebkrms kimrmjm bebks ejebá`fjks,
skjfefs m jk`pkrte`motefs bks enuoks. Jk` msses foikrèèýms, ks prkimsskrms pkbm` bmsmovknvmr
uè edkrbehm` pmrskoenfzebe m prk`kvmr k moheae`motk sfhofifjetfvk bks mstubeotms jk` k
jkolmjf`motk. Es foikrèèýms kdsmrvebes te`dæ` sêk fosmrfbes ok sfstmè m sm tkroe` ñtmfs pere
kutrks prkimsskrms.
Wrmvá-sm qum, ou` iuturk prúxf`k, k Xetsko eauberå ks enuoks e motmobmr m e jkrrfhfr sues nejuoes
bm jkolmjf`motk, kimrmjmobk rmjursks bm tutkrfe fotmnfhmotm jepezms bm fotmrehfr utfnfzeobk bfånkhks
fotmretfvks, rmjkolmjf`motk vfsuen m bm iene m jk`prmmosêk be nfohuehm` oeturen bes rmspkstes bebes
ek sfstmè.
Essf`, es pneteikrès bm jk`puteèêk jkhoftfve sm bfimrmojfe` be jk`puteèêk trebfjfkoen pkr sue
jepejfbebm
bm `åqufoe),bmqum
eprmobfzebk.
motmobm` eMnes utfnfze`luèoe
nfohuehm` enhkrft`ks eveoèebks
oeturen, bm èjlfom
jk`k tmxtks nmerofoh
m fèhmos, (ku eprmobfzebk
jkoikr`m vmrm`ks e
smhufr.
2.57 @EJLFOM NMETOFOH (@N)

@ejlfom nmerofoh æ u` sudjkoauotk be fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen qum prkpkrjfkoe eks jk`putebkrms e
jepejfbebm bm èofpuner u` jkoauotk bm bebks m beà mxtrefr rmspkstes e pmrhuotes mspmjàifjes, be
`msè ikrè qum u` smr luèok ierfe.
Desmfe-sm oe fbmfe bm qum mxfstm` enhkrft`ks hmoærfjks qum pkbm` bfzmr enhk fotmrmsseotm skdrm
u` jkoauotk bm bebks sm` e omjmssfbebm bm sm msjrmvmr júbfhks mspmjàifjks pere u` prkdnmè
mspmjàifjk. M` vmz bfssk, u` enhkrft`k hmoærfjk æ enf`motebk jk` bebks m jkostrúf sue prúprfe núhfje
jk` desm omssms bebks.
Ku smae,
Essf`, k @N
m` vmz bmuse enhkrft`ks
prkhreèr pere bm
rktfoes jknmter bebks m eprmobmr
„oe
skitwerm „oe
skitwerm jk` mnms æe bmtmr`foer
`êk‐, e `åqufoe ku prmbfzmr
„trmfoebe‐ jk` enhk.
uè hreobm
queotfbebm bm bebks m enhkrft`ks qum bêk e mne e ledfnfbebm bm eprmobmr e mxmjuter enhuè termie.:<
@ejlfom nmerofoh use enhkrft`ks pere jknmter bebks m eprmobmr jk` mnms e bmtmr`foer
ku prmbfzmr enhk.
]` mxm`pnk sêk ks enhkrft`ks bm jnessfifjeèêk.:6 Mnms krheofze` ks bebks m` hrupks bfimrmotms.
Bfhe`ks qum vkjá smae u` jkrrmtkr bm f`úvmfs m qumfre msjrmvmr u` pmqumok epnfjetfvk pere mstfèr k
venkr bm uè jese jk` desm ok teèolk, oñ`mrk bm jò`kbks, vfzfoleoèe m venkr pmnk quen jeses
sf`fnerms ikre` vmobfbes. Motêk, bureotm u` pmràkbk, vkjá eokte tkbks mssms bebks m` uè tedmne
jk`k e Redmne 2.5.


]seobk mssms bebks, k enhkrft`k tmote bmsjkdrfr qum tfpk bm rmjursk ètm`åtfjk prmjfse smr
ebktebk pere sm prmvmr ks prmèks bm kutres jeses oe `msè rmhfêk.
Kutrk mxm`pnk æ tmr k hederftk bm u` mxmrjàjfk bm ètm`åtfje, ès sm` ks sà`dknks erft`ætfjks
bes kpmreèýms1
Uumstýms bm ètm`åtfje ‚ Hederftk

42=0: 9 4 4 0 57
= 4 < 0 4 :5504
4 4 5 0 : = : 2 0 55
2 4 4 0 9 5<508
K jk`putebkr fbmotfifje k rmnejfkoe`motk motrm ks oñ`mrks, ku smae, es kpmreèýms ètm`åtfjes

utfnfzebes pere rmsknvmr mssm jkoauotk bm prkdnmès, m essf` æ jepez bm rmsknvmr quenqumr kutrk
prkdnmè bk `ms`k tfpk.
Bm ejkrbk jk` k Lkrfzko Tmpkrt,27 es tmjoknkhfes ebeptetfves, ledfnftebes pmne jk`puteèêk
jkhoftfve m pmnk èjlfom nmerofoh, pkbm` sm ebepter e u` enuok m` tm`pk rmen, kimrmjmobk eks
prkimsskrms m enuoks sudsàbfks pere e tkèbe bm bmjfsêk, vfseobk e hrupks bm mstubeotms m` rfsjk m
evenfeobk ietkrms qum eimte` e jkojnusêk m k sujmssk bmnms.
E Zefot Weun, Msjkne bm Omhújfks smbfebe m` Zêk Weunk m jkosfbmrebe uè bes `mnlkrms
msjknes bm omhújfks bk ùobk m` reocfohs
reocfohs jk`k Ifoeojfen Rf`ms Mxmjutfvm Mbujetfko,
E`ærfjeMjkok`fe m Rkp ki @fob TL, neoèku k NFR ‚ uè pneteikrè qum kimrmjm
jkotmñbks mxjnusfvks, ejmssebks vfe epnfjetfvk pere jmnuner, tednmt ku
ku bmsctkp
bmsctkp.. E fofjfetfve utfnfze
k Weun, u` tutkr qum use e tmjoknkhfe bm FE FD@ Xetsko pere mosfoer skdrm omhújfks. Weun iez
usk bm jk`puteèêk jkhoftfve pere kimrmjmr uè ikrè fokvebkre bm mosfoer e quenqumr lkre m
m` quenqumr nuher. K tutkr, bmsmovknvfbk pmne mqufpm be FD@ Xetsko ok Dresfn, ikf „trmfoebk‐ pkr
u` hrupk bm prkimsskrms bk Jmotrk bm Wmsqufse m` Fotmnfháojfe Ertfifjfen be Zefot Weun pere
motmobmr qum tfpk bm jkotmñbk jkotådfn k enuok qumr ejmsser m, jk` desm m` bebks jk`k tmxtks
bk usuårfk, æ jepez bm epkoter e `mnlkr mstretæhfe bm eprmobfzebk. Jk`pnm`moter`motm, k
enuok tm` u` pmrifn pere e rmbm skjfen qum iuojfkoe jk`k jkùofbebm jknedkretfve oe quen pkbm
eprmobmr m` rmbm. K `kbmnk bm omhújfk æ desmebk m` essfoeture `mosen pere ejmssk eks
jkotmñbks.
Ikotm1 mnedkrebk pmnes eutkres jk` desm m` FD@. Zefot Weun use FE pere neoèer pneteikrè bm mosfok bm
omhújfks. Ieneobk bm RF, okvm`drk 48, 4758.
K qum æ mxjnusfvk oks sfstmès ebeptetfvks desmebks m` @N æ e jepejfbebm bm bmtmjter jk`k u`

enuok eprmobm m ikromjmr immbdejc prmjfsk
prmjfsk m kpkrtuok jk` vfstes e `mnlkrer smu bmsm`pmolk.
Mste`ks nkohm bm usuirufr bk pnmok pktmojfen bk èjlfom nmerofoh oe mbujeèêk, ès pkbm`ks
ejk`peoler sue mvknuèêk oes årmes bm jk`ærjfk m omhújfks. Ks essfstmotms vfrtuefs, pkr mxm`pnk,
fotmrprmte` ks foputs vmrdefs bebks pmnks usuårfks pere rmspkobmr bm èomfre qum sfùnm e jkovmrse
foputs vmrdefs
motrm bues pmsskes. Eveterms jk`mrjfefs, jk`k Zfrf m Jkrteoe, aå mstêk fojkrpkrebks e vårfks `kbmnks
bm sèrtplkom
sèrtplkom.
jnfmotms .25 M k ]dmr
m` smhureoèe rmjmotm`motm
ek rmbkr tmstku uè
bm Zêk Ireojfsjk, irkte bm eutk`úvmfs eutkbfrfhfbks, treospkrteobk
oe Jenfiúrofe.
K smtkr mbujejfkoen, pertfjuner`motm, æ pkr trebfèêk èfs nmotk oe fojkrpkreèêk bm fokveèýms
queobk jk`perebk çs krheofzeèýms m` hmren. Beà e bfifjunbebm m` fojkrpkrer es `mtkbknkhfes
eoenàtfjes m` nerhe msjene, pmnk `moks ok qum teohm çs eèýms trebfjfkoefs, jk`k ks jursks
rmhune`motebks, fojnusfvm ok Mosfok Zupmrfkr.
E pneteikrè bm jursks ko-nfom

ko-nfom mb\ (èotfbe pmnk @FR m pmne ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Lerverb)
utfnfze k epnfjetfvk Eutkètmb Mssey Zjkrfoh (EMZ ‚ Wkotueèêk eutkètfzebe bm mosefks)
pere evenfer ks tredenlks bks enuoks. E if` bm jenfdrer k sfstmè, u` prkimsskr evenfe
fofjfen`motm 577 tredenlks bm enuoks skdrm u` túpfjk pertfjuner useobk u` jkoauotk bmifofbk bm
jrftærfks, jk`k oñ`mrk `æbfk bm penevres, irmquáojfe bm penevres fojkùos, pkotueèêk etrfduàbe
e tredenlks jk` vkjedunårfks sf`fnerms, motrm kutrks. Jk` desm omssms jrftærfks, ks enhkrft`ks
bm èjlfom nmerofoh eprmobm` e iezmr evenfeèýms bm `fnlerms bm tredenlks m` u` jurtk mspeèk
bm tm`pk, m ks mstubeotms pkbm` rmjmdmr immbdejc f`mbfete`motm m bm èomfre jkosfstmotm
jk` e pkotueèêk qum smrfe etrfduàbe pkr evenfebkrms luèoks.
Ikotm1 DEOBF-TEK, Zlkde3 BMYMTZ, Jlrfstkplmr A. Bmvmnkpfoh @KKJs tk oerrkw tlm jknnmhm rmebfomss hep1
jlennmohms eob rmjk``mobetfkos ikr e wrftfoh jkursm. J]OV Ejebm`fj Xkrcs, 475=.
Xkrcs, 475=.
lttp1//ejebm`fjwkrcs.juoy.mbu/d`[puds/42.
lttp1//ejebm`fjwkrcs.juoy.mbu/d`[puds/42. Ejmssk m`1 57 imv. 475<.
Enæ` bfssk, tm`ks bm jkosfbmrer k tm`kr bm enhuos jk` rmneèêk ç FE jk`k u` tkbk, fojnufobk e
pkbmrkse jk`puteèêk jkhoftfve m k prk`fsskr èjlfom nmerofoh, uè vmz qum smus eveoèks pkbm` smr
èfs vmnkzms bk qum e jepejfbebm bes pmsskes m` hmren ‚ m oêk epmoes bks mbujebkrms ‚ bm
jk`prmmobmr e bfoä`fje m es jkosmquáojfes bmsses fokveèýms.

IMJLE@MORK
s kpkrtuofbebms kimrmjfbes pmnes `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes ske` pere enhuos jk`k prk`msse
bm uè rmvknuèêk ok je`pk mbujejfkoen ‚ uè rmvknuèêk qum oks pmr`fte ifoen-`motm
E
motmobmr jk`k sm bå e eprmobfzehm` bm ietk pkr `mfk be eoånfsm bks bebks bm pertfjfpeèêk m
bmsm`pmolk bks enuoks. ]è rmvknuèêk qum pkssfdfnftm eks mbujebkrms kimrmjmr okves prkpkstes
mbujejfkoefs, èfs jkobfzmotms jk` k pmrifn bm jebe enuok, jk` smus fotmrmssms, smus bmsmaks,
sues omjmssfbebms.
@es, pere kutrks, msses pkssfdfnfbebms fokvebkres prmouojfe` uè mre m` qum ks
mqufpe`motks, ks sfstmès m e fotmnfháojfe jk`putejfkoen e`meèe` sudstftufr ks prkimsskrms,
tkroeobk e etfvfbebm bm eprmobmr enhk essæptfjk, pebrkofzebk, fsmotk bm pmrskoenfbebm, venkrms m
fbmotfbebm.
Ok nf`ftm bmsses pktmojfenfbebms, mstêk ks enhkrft`ks bm FE m bm `åqufoe. Zmhuobk Hedrfmn,24
mssms sfstmès jk`putejfkoefs, pkr èfs eveoèebks qum smae`, oêk sêk dkos pere nfber jk`
e`dfhufbebms m oueojms, bmvfbk ç bfifjunbebm bm aunher m tkèr dkes bmjfsýms omsses årmes. M
mssms sêk auste`motm ks pkotks jerejtmràstfjks be mbujeèêk, u` imoò`mok ùntfiejmtebk, qum
bmpmobm bm verfåvmfs têk bfstfotes queotk jk`pnmxes m têk bfoä`fjes queotk e vfbe luèoe.
Wkr kutrk
luèoks pkr nebk, bk pkotk
`åqufoes, bm èfs
queotk vfste ebkmjkok`fe
tredenlk sm
m bes prmvfsýms
tkroe bfhften m skdrm e sudstftufèêk
eutkètfzebe, bks smrms
èfs omjmssårfe
tmobm e smr e etueèêk bm pmsskes jepezms bm nfber jk` `åqufoes useobk ledfnfbebms bm
pmose`motk jràtfjk m mxmrjmobk sue pnmoe etfvfbebm fotmnmjtuen. Enæ` bfssk, es `åqufoes oêk
pkssum` m`kèêk, m`petfe m ætfje ‚ espmjtks mssmojfefs pere e sustmotedfnfbebm m k dm`-mster bm
quenqumr skjfmbebm, pere ks quefs ks enuoks sêk ikrèbks.
Wkrteotk, e núhfje æ qum, etæ qum es jepejfbebms luèoes jftebes pksse` smr rmpnfjebes m`
rkdòs, pesse` e smr etrfdutks jebe vmz èfs venkrfzebks m` quenqumr prkifssfkoen. M, pkr msse
rezêk, es hreobms m`prmses bm tmjoknkhfe m`prmhe` jebe vmz èfs pmsskes qum tmole`
jerejtmràstfjes oêk tmjoknúhfjes, ès luèoes!
Omssm okvk jkotmxtk, k smr qum tmobm e tmr venkr m sujmssk æ k luèok-bfhften, equmnm qum sm
bmsmovknvm m sm mbuje jkotfoue`motm pere sm tkroer k `mnlkr luèok pkssàvmn, e`pnfebk ek
`åxf`k pmnes tmjoknkhfes bfspkoàvmfs.
Essf`, pkbm`ks rmsu`fr es `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes m` trás hreobms prfojàpfks, jkoikr`m e
Ifhure 2.54.

Ifhure 2.54 ‚Wrfojàpfks

‚Wrfojàpfks mssmojfefs bes `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes

Mssms prfojàpfks epkote` pere uè ikrè mspmjàifje bm mojerer e mbujeèêk, pere uè mspæjfm
eoenàtfje, qum ùftk sm eprkxfè be pråtfje rminmxfve bmimobfbe pkr Mbher Zjlùo. 2:
bm `motenfbebm eoenàtfje,
K prfojàpfk uofifjebkr æ e fbmfe bm rminmtfr pere
rminmtfr pere e eèêk,
e eèêk, oe eèêk m skdrm e eèêk
oe eèêk e eèêk mbujejfkoen, ès
equf jk` k epkfk bm pkbmrkses imrre`motes tmjoknúhfjes. Jk`k fssk sm trebuz oe pråtfje
mbujejfkoen; Ok oàvmn èjrk, es `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes ikje` ks bebks jknmtebks e rmspmftk be
mxpmrfáojfe bm eprmobfzehm` bk enuok m vfse` `mnlkrer e rmtmoèêk m k prkhrmssk oks mstubks. Ok
oàvmn `fjrk, sêk usebes pere bfrmjfkoer fotmrvmoèýms bm jurtk, `æbfk m nkohk prezk ok ä`dftk bks
enuoks, bks jursks m bes evenfeèýms.
Mssm æ k iuturk qum aå sm iez prmsmotm. Uum ks mbujebkrms pksse` bm ietk pertfjfper bmsse
rmvknuèêk, oêk epmoes jk`k jkosu`fbkrms ès jk`k tkèbkrms bm bmjfsêk foikrèbks.
TMIMTÁOJFEZ
EHTEXEN, T.3 ZTFCEOR

EHTEXEN, ZTFCEOR,, T. @fofoh smqumotfen pettmros. Fo1 FORMTOERFKOEN
FORMTOERFKOEN JKOIMTMOJM KO BERE
BERE
MOHFOMMTFOH, 55., 566=, Refpmf. Eoefs…
Refpmf. Eoefs… R
Refpmf1
efpmf1 FMMM Jk`putmr Zkjfmty Wrmss, 566=. p. :-52.
EN@KLE@@EBF, C. mt en. E
en. E survmy ki ertfifjfen fotmnnfhmojm tmjlofqums m`pnkymb ikr ebeptfvm mbujetfkoen systm`s
wftlfo m-nmerofoh pnetikr`s. AEFZJT , v. 8, o. 5, p. 28-92, 4758.
ETTKXEV
ETTKXE V, W
W.. mt en.
en. Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs fo Lfhlmr Mbujetfko.
Mbujetfko . Tmsmerjl rmpkrt. Nkufsvfnnm, JK1 Mjer, 4759.
DECMT, T. Z. Dfh bete eob mbujetfko.

mbujetfko. 4. mb. Omw Vkrc1 Rmejlmrs Jknnmhm3 Jknu`dfe ]ofvmrsfty, 475=. Bfspkoàvmn
m`1 >www.jknu`dfe.mbu/~rsd4594/dfhbetembujetfko.lt`n?.
>www.jknu`dfe.mbu/~rsd4594/dfhbetembujetfko.lt`n?. Ejmssk m`1 5=. imv. 475<.
DECMT, T. Z. A.3 FOYMOREBK, W. Z. Mbujetfkoen bete `fofoh eob nmerofoh eoenytfjs. Fo1 NET]ZZKO, A. E.3
XLFRM, D. (Mb.). Nmerofoh eoenytfjs1
eoenytfjs1 irk` rmsmerjl tk prejtfjm. Omw Vkrc1
Vkrc1 Zprfohmr, 4752. p. 95-8=.
DEOBF-TEK, Zlkde3 BMYMTZ, Jlrfstkplmr A. Bmvmnkpfoh @KKJs tk oerrkw tlm jknnmhm rmebfomss hep1
jlennmohms eob rmjk``mobetfkos ikr e wrftfoh jkursm. J]OV Ejebm`fj Xkrcs,
Xkrcs, 475=. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//ejebm`fjwkrcs.juoy.mbu/d`[puds/42?. Ejmssk m`1 57 imv. 475<.
>lttp1//ejebm`fjwkrcs.juoy.mbu/d`[puds/42?.
DMJCMT, Z. E. mt en.
en. O@J lkrfzko rmpkrt 1 4758 lfhlmr mbujetfko mbftfko. Eustfo, Rmxes1 Rlm Omw @mbfe
Jkoskrtfu`, 4758.
DFMOCKXZCF, @.3 IMOH, @.3 @MEOZ, D. Moleojfoh tmejlfoh eob nmerofoh tlrkuhl mbujetfkoen bete `fofoh eob
eoenytfjs1 eo fssum drfmi. Xeslfohtko, B.J.1 Kiifjm ki Mbujetfkoen Rmjloknkhy/].Z. Bmpert`mot ki
nmerofoh eoenytfjs1
Mbujetfko, 4754.
D]THKZ, B.3 RERRMTZENN,
RERRMTZENN, J.3 CKWMT, T. Lkw tk rmprmsmot ebeptetfko fo mNmerofoh wftl F@Z Nmerofoh Bmsfho.
Wepmr sud`mtfbk, 4779e. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//bspejm.ku.on/dftstrme`/5<47/8<9/5/D]THKZmten[ZkifeMxtmosfkoRkFNM[v:[457<79.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 47
imv. 475<.
[[[[[[. Tmprmsmotfoh ebeptfvm mNmerofoh stretmhfms fo F@Z Nmerofoh Bmsfho. Fo1 RMOJK@WMRMOJM
JKOIMTMOJM, 4779d. Zkife, Dunherfe. Wrkjmmbfohs… Zkife, 4779d.
Wrkjmmbfohs… Zkife,
JE@WDMNN, A. W.3 BMDNKFZ, W. D.3 KDNFOHMT, B. H. Ejebm`fj eoenytfjs1 e omw tkkn, e omw mre. MB]JE]ZM
Tmvfmw , aun./ehk. 4778. Bfspkoàvmn m` >lttp1//omt.mbujeusm.mbu/fr/nfdrery/pbi/mr`7824.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv.
475<.
JLERRF, @. E. mt en. en. E rmimrmojm `kbmn ikr nmerofoh eoenytfjs. Fotmroetfkoen Akuroen ki Rmjloknkhy Moleojmb
Nmerofoh , v. 2, o. =/9, p. :5<-::5, 4754.
JNKX, B. Rlm nmerofoh eoenytfjs jyjnm1 jnksfoh tlm nkkp miimjtfvmny. Fo1 NEC 4754 ‚ FORMTOERFKOEN
JKOIMTMOJM KO NMETOFOH EOENVRFJZ EOB COKXNMBHM, 4., 4754, Yeojkuvmr. Wrkjmmbfohs…
Yeojkuvmr1 EJ@ Wrmss, 4754.
BEYMOWKTR, R., L.3 LETTFZ, A. H.3 @KTFZKO, T. Eoenytfjs
T. Eoenytfjs et wkrc 1 sèrtmr bmjfsfkos dmttmr rmsunts. Dkstko1
Lerverb Dusfomss Wrmss, 4757.
BMZAETBFOZ, A. Xlet leppmos fo e fotmromt `foutm fo 4758; Yfsuen Jepftenfst , 4758. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//www.vfsuenjepftenfst.jk`/leppmos-fotmromt-`foutm-4758/?.
>lttp1//www.vfsuenjepftenfst.jk`/leppmos-fotmromt-`foutm-4758/?. Ejmssk m`1 44 edr. 475<.
BVJCLKII, E. N. mt en.
en. Zuppkrtfoh ejtfko rmsmerjl wftl nmerofoh eoenytfjs. Fo1 NEC 475: ‚ FORMTOERFKOEN
JKOIMTMOJM KO NMETOFOH EOENVRFJZ EOB COKXNMBHM, :., 475:, Nmuvmo. Wrkjmmbfohs… Wrkjmmbfohs… Nmuvmo1
EJ@ Wrmss, 475:. p. 447-446.
IETFE, Z. @. Z. @. N. bm. Mbujetfkoen bete `fofoh m nmerofoh eoenytfjs oe `mnlkrfe bk mosfok konfom.
konfom . Bfssmrteèêk
(@mstrebk m` Mstetàstfje, @etm`åtfje m Jk`puteèêk) ‚ ]ofvmrsfbebm Edmrte bm Wkrtuhen, 4752.
IMTH]ZKO, T. mt en. en. Fookvetfoh pmbehkhy 4758 1 Kpmo ]ofvmrsfty fookvetfko rmpkrt 9. @fntko Cmyoms1 Rlm Kpmo
]ofvmrsfty, 4758.
[[[[[[. Nmerofoh eoenytfjs1 brfvmrs, bmvmnkp`mots eob jlennmohms. Fotmroetfkoen Akuroen ki Rmjloknkhy Moleojmb
Nmerofoh , v. 2, o. =/9, p. :72-:58, 4754.
IFNERTK, E. Nmerofoh bmsfho jk`k iuobe`moteèêk tmúrfjk-pråtfje pere k bmsfho fostrujfkoen jkotmxtuenfzebk.
jkotmxtuenfzebk.
Rmsm (Bkutkrebk) ‚ Iejunbebm bm Mbujeèêk be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm Zêk Weunk, Zêk Weunk, 477<.
HEDTFMN, @. Jk`k oêk smr sudstftuàbk pkr u` rkdò, rkdò, 52 bmz. 4758. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.nfocmbfo.jk`/punsm/jk`k-o%J:%E:k-smr-sudstftu%J:%EBbk-pkr-u`-rkd%J:%D2-
>www.nfocmbfo.jk`/punsm/jk`k-o%J:%E:k-smr-sudstftu%J:%EBbk-pkr-u`-rkd%J:%D2-èrtle-hedrfmn-plb/?.
èrtle-hedrfmn-plb/?.
475<.
[[[[[[. MbujGT 1 e (r)mvknuèêk bfhften oe mbujeèêk. Zêk Weunk1 Zerefve, 475:.
HMFRHMV, E. @ejlfom Nmerofoh fs Iuo! Rlm wkrnb‖s mesfmst fotrkbujtfko tk @ejlfom Nmerofoh. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttps1//`mbfu`.jk`/Gehmfthmy/èjlfom-nmerofoh-fsiuo-<7me:mj:j285?.
>lttps1//`mbfu`.jk`/Gehmfthmy/èjlfom-nmerofoh-fsiuo-<7me:mj:j285 ?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv. 475<.
FEB NMETOFOH. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.febnmerofoh.jk`/nmerofoh-eoenytfjs-tkkn/?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv. 475<.
FOZRFR]RK WKTYFT. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//pkrvfr.krh/mspmjfefs/pmrskoenfzejek/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
CLEO EJEBM@V. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//pt.cleoejebm`y.krh/`fssfko/enhmdre--desfjs?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv.
475<.
[[[[[[. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//ce-pmrsmus-

fèhms.s:.eèzkoews.jk`/449<:7d<i68e87j2=j<9<eie9e:b<24j29=2=55i.poh?.
fèhms.s:.eèzkoews.jk`/449<:7d<i68e87j2=j<9<eie9e:b<24j29=2=55i.poh?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv. 475<.
[[[[[[. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//ce-pmrsmus-
fèhms.s:.eèzkoews.jk`/i<<5m5med8d2m9888=7948:i=8j8=9bei586=<4<.poh?.
fèhms.s:.eèzkoews.jk`/i<<5m5med8d2m9888=7948:i=8j8=9bei586=<4<.poh?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv. 475<.
CFTCWERTFJC, B. N. Mvenuetfko ki trefofoh. Fo1 JTEFH, T. N. (Mb.). Rrefofoh eob bmvmnkp`mot leobdkkc . 4. mb.
Omw Vkrc1 @jHrew-Lfnn, 5689.
NETJ WTKAMJR.
WTKAMJR. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttps1//nerj-prkamjt.jk`/475=/54/5
>lttps1//nerj-prkamjt.jk`/475=/54/55/fotmriejm/?.
5/fotmriejm/?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv. 475<.
NM DKRMTI, H. Bmsmovknvmobk e jk`pmtáojfe bks prkifssfkoefs.
prkifssfkoefs . Wkrtk Enmhrm1 Ert`mb, 477:.
NMKOLETBR, @. B. mt en. Mnmctre1
en. Mnmctre1 u` jlettmrdkt pere
pere usk m` e`dfmotm mbujejfkoen. TMOKRM ‚ Tmvfste Okves
Mbujeèêk, Wkrtk Enmhrm, v. 5, o. 4, 4772.
Rmjoknkhfes oe Mbujeèêk,
NKJCVMT, N.3 LMERLJKRM, M.3 BEXZKO, Z. Foikr`foh pmbehkhfjen ejtfko1 enfhofoh nmerofoh eoenytfjs wftl
nmerofoh bmsfho. E`mrfjeo
bmsfho. E`mrfjeo Dmlevfkren Zjfmotfst , v. =8, o. 57, p. 52:6-52=6, 475:.
N]JCFO, T. mt en.
en. Fotmnnfhmojm uonmeslmb1 eo
uonmeslmb1 eo erhu`mot ikr EF fo mbujetfko. Nkobko1 Wmersko, 4759.
@FNNMT, L. H.3 @KTC, W.
W. Irk` bete tk bmjfsfkos1 e venum jlefo ikr dfh bete. FR Wrkimssfkoen , v. 5=, o. 5, p. =8-=6,
475:.
@KFZZE, D.3 HEZWETFOF, F.3 CM@JQFOZCF, E. Mbujetfkoen bete `fofoh vmrsus nmerofoh eoenytfjs1 mste`ks
rmfovmoteobk e rkbe; ]` èpme`motk sfstm`åtfjk. Fo1 ZF@WÚZFK DTEZFNMFTK BM FOIKT@ÅRFJE OE
MB]JEÈÊK ‚ ZDFM, 49., 475=, @ejmfú. Eoefs...
@ejmfú. Eoefs... @ejmfú1
@ejmfú1 ZDJ, 475=.
@KORMZZKTF wes tlm krfhfoen pmrskoenfzmb nmerofoh. Okw, 577 ymers netmr, wfnbinkwmr fs rmfovmotfoh tlm `kbmn.
@fnnfko, 5< auo. 4758. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.tlm82`fnnfko.krh/ertfjnm/`kotmsskrf-wes-tlm-krfhfoen-
Rlm 82 @fnnfko,
pmrskoenfzmb-nmerofoh-okw-wfnbinkwmr-fs-rmfovmotfoh-tlm-`kbmn/?.
pmrskoenfzmb-nmerofoh-okw-wfnbinkwmr-fs-rmfovmotfoh-tl m-`kbmn/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
O]OMZ, A. D. J.3 JLEYMZ, A. D. Rmjoknkhfes bfhftefs oe mbujeèêk supmrfkr1 e eoenàtfje be eprmobfzehm` m e
bfbåtfje. Fo1 JEYENJEORM,
JEYENJEORM, @. @. mt en. (Krh.).
en. (Krh.). Bfbåtfje m pråtfje bm mosfok1
mosfok 1 bfånkhks skdrm e msjkne, e ikrèèêk
bm prkimsskrms m e skjfmbebm. Ikrtenmze1 Mb]MJM, v. 2, p. :28-:=<, 475=.
K\@EO, Z.3 XKOH, X. Xlftm pepmr . Ebeptfvm nmerofoh systm`s. SZ.n.P1 BY\/BmYry Mbujetfko Hrkup eob
Fotmhretmb Mbujetfko Zknutfkos, imv. 4752.
WFMRV, W. A.3 LFJCMV, B. R.3 DFZLKW, @. A. Mbujetfkoen bete sjfmojms ‚ ire`foh m`mrhmot prejtfjms ikr eoenytfjs
ki nmerofoh, krheofzetfkos, eob systm`s. Fo1 NEC 4752 ‚ FORMTOERFKOEN JKOIMTMOJM KO NMETOFOH
EOENVRFJZ
EOENVR FJZ EOB COKXNMBHM, 2., 4752, Fobfeoepknfs.
Fobfeoepknfs. Wrkjmmbfohs… Fobfeoepknfs1 EJ@ Wrmss, 4752.
Wrkjmmbfohs… Fobfeoepknfs1
W]HNFMZM, N. Ebeptfvm nmerofoh systm`s1 survfvfoh tlm stkr`. Xly FR @ettmrs tk Lfhlmr Mbujetfko1
Mbujetfko 1 Mbujeusm
Tmvfmw lk`m pehm, kut. 4759.
TK@MTK, J.3 YMOR]TE, Z. Bete `fofoh fo mbujetfko. Bete @fofoh Cokw Bfsjkv,
Bfsjkv, v. :, p. 4-48, 475:.
[[[[[[. Mbujetfkoen bete `fofoh1 e rmvfmw ki tlm stetm ki tlm ert. FMMM Rreosejtfkos ko Zystm`s, @eo, eob
Jydmromtfjs,, v. 27, o. 9, p. 975-95<, 4757.
Jydmromtfjs
ZJLÙO, B. E. Mbujeobk k prkifssfkoen rminmxfvk1
rminmxfvk1 u` okvk bmsfho pere k mosfok m e eprmobfzehm`. Wkrtk Enmhrm1
Ert`mb, 4777.
ZMJ]TERK, A. J.. Konmerofoh 1 jk`k e mbujeèêk bfsruptfve rmfovmote e eprmobfzehm`. Zêk Weunk1 Zefot Weun
Mbftkre, 4758.
ZLETWNMZ, @. mt en.
en. Fookvetfoh pmbehkhy 47521
47521 kpmo uofvmrsfty fookvetfko rmpkrt :. @fntko Cmyoms1 Rlm Kpmo
]ofvmrsfty, 4752.
ZFM@MOZ, H.3 DECMT, T. Z. A. B. Nmerofoh eoenytfjs eob mbujetfkoen bete `fofoh1 tkwerbs jk`ùofjetfko eob
jknnedkretfko. Fo1 NEC 4754 ‚ FORMTOERFKOEN JKOIMTMOJM KO NMETOFOH EOENVRFJZ EOB
COKXNMBHM, 4., 4754, Yeojkuvmr. Wrkjmmbfohs… Yeojkuvmr1 EJ@ Wrmss, 4754.
Wrkjmmbfohs… Yeojkuvmr1
ZFNYE, N. E. mt en. Jfáojfe
en. Jfáojfe bm bebks mbujejfkoefs1 bmifofèýms m jkovmrháojfes motrm es årmes bm pmsqufse. Fo1
JKOHTMZZK DTEZFNMFTK BM FOIKT@ÅRFJE OE MB]JEÈÊK ‚ XJDFM 4758, 9., Xkrcslkps Xkrcslkps,, 4758, Tmjfim.
Tmjfim1 ZDJ, 4758.
Eoefs... Tmjfim1
Eoefs...
ZKJFMRV IKT NMETOFOH EOENVRFJZ TMZMETJL (ZkNET). Edkut ZkNET. Bfspkoàvmn
ZkNET. m`1
>www.sknermsmerjl.krh/`fssfko/edkut/?.
>www.sknermsmerjl.krh/`fssfko/edkut/?. Ejmssk m`1 5< imv. 475<.
RKQ@EO, T. Nmerofoh ko bmèob 1 lkw tlm mvknutfko ki tlm Xmd fs slepfoh tlm iuturm ki nmerofoh. Dentf`krm, @B1
EZRB Wrmss, 4754.
XENZL, Cmnny. Mxpnkrfoh tlm Cleo Ejebm`y‖s ]sm ki Nmerofoh Bete eob Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs. M`mrhfoh Mb Rmjl,
Rmjl,
edr. 4754.
XMNNMT, @. Yfrtuen nmerofoh movfrko`mots1
movfrko`mots1 usfoh, jlkksfoh eob bmvmnkpfoh ykur YNM. Omw Vkrc1 Tkutnmbhm,
4778.
XKTNB EJEBM@V KI ZJFMOJM. Mohfommrfoh eob Rmjloknkhy Fotmroetfkoen Akuroen ki Luèoftfms eob Zkjfen
Zjfmojms,, v. 2, o. 57, 4758.
Zjfmojms
5 E Cleo Ejebm`y tm` sfbk sustmotebe

sus tmotebe pkr fovmstf`motks ifneotrúpfjks
if neotrúpfjks bm bkebkrms jk`k e Hetms Ikuobetfko m e
Hkkhnm pere jkdrfr smu krèe`motk eouen bm `fnlýms bm búnerms. Ok Dresfn, rmjmdm iuobks be Iuobeèêk Nmèoo m,
e pertfr bm 4752, pessku e tmr smus jkotmñbks trebuzfbks pere k pkrtuhuás. Msse iuobeèêk te`dæ` kimrmjm u`
prkhreè hretuftk qum nmve e Cleo Ejebm`y e msjknes pñdnfjes, ikrèobk prkimsskrms pere qum usm` e
pneteikrè jk` smus enuoks m jk`pertfnlm` mssm jkolmjf`motk jk` kutrks mbujebkrms.
4 HEDTFMN, @. MbujGT 1 e (r)mvknuèêk bfhften oe mbujeèêk. Zêk Weunk1 Zerefve, 475:. p. :5.
: RKQ@EO, T. Nmerofoh ko bmèob 1 lkw tlm mvknutfko ki tlm Xmd fs slepfoh tlm iuturm ki nmerofoh. Dentf`krm, @B1
EZRB Wrmss, 4754. p. 2=.
2 @FNNMT, L. H.3 @KTC, W. Irk` bete tk bmjfsfkos1 e venum jlefo ikr dfh bete. FR Wrkimssfkoen , v. 5=, o. 5, p. =8-=6,
475:.
= Hkkhnm Ikr`s m @motf`mtmr bfspkoàvmfs, rmspmjtfve`motm, m`1 >www.hkkhnm.jk`/ikr`s/edkut/? m
>www.`motf`mtmr.jk`/?.
>www.`mo tf`mtmr.jk`/?. Ejmssks m`1 5< imv. 475<.
9 EHTEX
EHTEXEN, EN, T.3 ZTFCEOR,
ZTFCEOR, T. @fofoh smqumotfen pettmros. Fo1 FORMTOERFKOEN
FORMTOERFKOEN JKOIMTMOJM KO BER BERE
E
MOHFOMMTFOH, 55., 566=, Refpmf. Eoefs
Refpmf. Eoefs...
... Refpmf1
Refpmf1 FMMM Jk`putmr Zkjfmty Wrmss, 566=. p. :-52.
8 D.DECMT,
(Mb.). T. Z. A.3 FOYMOREBK,
Nmerofoh eoenytfjs1 irk`W.
eoenytfjs1 W.rmsmerjl
Z. Mbujetfkoen bete `fofoh
tk prejtfjm. eobZprfohmr,
Omw Vkrc1 nmerofoh, eoenytfjs.
Zprfohmr Fo1 NET]ZZKO, A. E.3 XLFRM,
4752. p. 95-8=.
< TK@MTK, J.3 YMOR]TE, Z. Mbujetfkoen bete `fofoh1 e rmvfmw ki tlm stetm ki tlm ert. FMMM Rreosejtfkos ko
Jydmromtfjs , v. 27, o. 9, p. 975-95<, 4757.
Zystm`s, @eo, eob Jydmromtfjs,
6 IETFE, Z. @. Z. @. N. bm. Mbujetfkoen bete `fofoh m nmerofoh eoenytfjs oe `mnlkrfe bk mosfok konfom. konfom. Bfssmrteèêk
(@mstrebk m` Mstetàstfje, @etm`åtfje m Jk`puteèêk) ‚ ]ofvmrsfbebm Edmrte bm Wkrtuhen, 4752.
57 ZFM@MOZ, H.3 DECMT, T. Z. A. B. Nmerofoh eoenytfjs eob mbujetfkoen bete `fofoh1 tkwerbs jk`ùofjetfko eob
jknnedkretfko. Fo1 NEC 4754 ‚ FORMTOERFKOEN JKOIMTMOJM KO NMETOFOH EOENVRFJZ EOB COKXNMBHM,
4754, 4., Yeojkuvmr. Wrkjmmbfohs… Yeojkuvmr1 EJ@ Wrmss, 4754. p. 4.
Wrkjmmbfohs… Yeojkuvmr1
55 DECMT3 FOYMOREBK, 4752, p. 95-8=.
54 E Zkjfmty ikr Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs Tmsmerjl (ZkNET) æ uè rmbm fotmrbfsjfpnfoer bm pmsqufsebkrms qum mxpnkre` k
pepmn m k f`pejtk be eoenàtfje ok mosfok, eprmobfzehm`, trmfoe`motk m bmsmovknvf`motk. E rmbm etue oe
krheofzeèêk be Jkoimráojfe Fotmroejfkoen skdrm Eoånfsm bm Eprmobfzehm` m Jkolmjf`motk (NEC) m ok Nmerofoh
Eoenytfjs Zu``mr Fostftutm (Nesf), enæ` bm jepfteomer bfvmrses fofjfetfves pere epkfer pmsqufses jknedkretfves m
edmrtes, prk`kvmr e pudnfjeèêk m e bfssm`foeèêk bm pmsqufses, m essmsskrer m jkosunter hkvmroks. @efs
foikrèèýms pkbm` smr mojkotrebes m`1 ZKJFMRV IKT NMETOFOH EOENVRFJZ TMZMETJL (ZkNET). Edkut
Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.sknermsmerjl.krh/`fssfko/edkut/?. Ejmssk m`1 5< imv. 475<.
ZkNET. Bfspkoàvmn
ZkNET.
5: Mbujeusm æ uè esskjfeèêk bm tmjoknkhfe pere k Mosfok Zupmrfkr m sm bmjnere jk`k e èfkr jkùofbebm bm
nàbmrms m prkifssfkoefs bm tmjoknkhfe be foikrèèêk jk`prk`mtfbks jk` k eveoèk be mbujeèêk supmrfkr. @efs
foikrèèýms mstêk bfspkoàvmfs m`1 MB]JE]ZM. Edkut
MB]JE]ZM. Edkut MB]JE]ZM. Bfspkoàvmn
MB]JE]ZM. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.mbujeusm.mbu/edkut?.
Ejmssk m`1 5< imv. 475<.475<.
52 ETTKXE
ETTKXEV V, W
W.. mt en.
en. Nmerofoh eoenytfjs fo lfhlmr mbujetfko.
mbujetfko . Tmsmerjl rmpkrt. Nkufsvfnnm, JK1 Mjer, 4759. p. 8.
5= ZFM@MOZ3 DECMT, 4754, p. 4.
59 DFMOCKXZCF, @.3 IMOH, @.3 @MEOZ, D. Moleojfoh tmejlfoh eob nmerofoh tlrkuhl mbujetfkoen bete `fofoh eob
eoenytfjs1 eo fssum drfmi. Xeslfohtko, B.J.1 Kiifjm ki Mbujetfkoen Rmjloknkhy/]Z Bmpert`mot ki Mbujetfko,
nmerofoh eoenytfjs1
4754, epub IETFE, 4752.
58 BEYMOWKTR, R. L.3 LET@Z, A. H.3 @KTTFZKO, T. Eoenytfjs et wkrc1 sèrtmr bmjfsfkos dmttmr rmsunts. Dkstko1
Lerverb Dusfomss Wrmss, 4757 epub O]OMZ, A. D. J.3 JLEYMZ, A. D. Rmjoknkhfes bfhftefs oe mbujeèêk supmrfkr1 e
eoenàtfje be eprmobfzehm` m e bfbåtfje. Fo1 JEY JEYENJEORM,
ENJEORM, @. @. mt en. (Krh.).
en. (Krh.). Bfbåtfje m pråtfje bm mosfok1
mosfok1 bfånkhks
skdrm e msjkne, e ikrèèêk bm prkimsskrms m e skjfmbebm. Ikrtenmze1 Mb]MJM, v. 2, p. :28-:=<, 475=.
5< JLER
JLERRF RF mt en., 4754.
56 K `kbmnk bm evenfeèêk bm Cfrcpetrfjc eprmsmote quetrk oàvmfs bm rmsuntebk pere vmrfifjer e mimtfvfbebm bm uè eèêk
bm eprmobfzehm`1 5) Evenfeèêk bm rmeèêk ‚ evenfe smotf`motks, kpfofýms, rmeèýms, etftubms, oàvmn bm setfsieèêk bks
enuoks e rmspmftk be eèêk bm eprmobfzehm`3 4) Evenfeèêk be eprmobfzehm` prkprfe`motm bfte ‚ vmrfifje e
queotfbebm m k oàvmn bks jkolmjf`motks ebqufrfbks pmnks pertfjfpeotms3 :) Evenfeèêk bm ùbeoèe bm
jk`pkrte`motk ku bmsm`pmolk ok jerhk ‚ evmrfhue sm e pmsske mstå epnfjeobk m` smu tredenlk k qum ikf
eprmobfbk3 2) Evenfeèêk bks rmsuntebks pere e krheofzeèêk ‚ jkosfbmre ks mimftks be eprmobfzehm` skdrm tkbe e
krheofzeèêk (m` tmr`ks bm prkbutfvfbebm, nujretfvfbebm, quenfbebm oks smrvfèks, setfsieèêk bks jnfmotms, be
pkpuneèêk mtj., rmtkrok skdrm k fovmstf`motk (Tmturo ko Fovmst`mot ‚ TKF) m rmtkrok skdrm es mxpmjtetfves.
CFTCWERTFJC,
CFTCWE RTFJC, B. N. Mvenuetfko ki trefofoh. Fo1 JTEFH, T. N. (Mb.). Rrefofoh eob bmvmnkp`mot leobdkkc . 4. mb. Omw
Vkrc1 @jHrew-Lfnn, 5689.
47 NKJCVMT, N.3 LMERLJKRM, M.3 BEXZKO, Z. Foikr`foh pmbehkhfjen ejtfko1 enfhofoh nmerofoh eoenytfjs wftl
nmerofoh bmsfho. E`mrfjeo
bmsfho. E`mrfjeo Dmlevfkren Zjfmotfst , v. =8, o. 57, p. 52:6-52=6, 475:.
45 JE@WDMNN, A. W.3 BMDNKFZ, W. D.3 KDNFOHMT, B. H. Ejebm`fj eoenytfjs1 e omw tkkn, e omw mre. MB]JE]ZM
Tmvfmw , aun./ehk. 4778. Bfspkoàvmn m` >lttp1//omt.mbujeusm.mbu/fr/nfdrery/pbi/mr`7824.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv.
475<.
44 JE@WDMNN3 BMDNKFZ3 KDNFOHMT, 4778.
4: W]HNFMZM, N. Ebeptfvm nmerofoh systm`s1 survfvfoh tlm stkr`. Xly FR @ettmrs tk Lfhlmr Mbujetfko1 Mbujetfko1 Mbujeusm
Tmvfmw lk`m pehm, kut. 4759.
42 ZFNYE, N. E. mt en.
en. Jfáojfe bm bebks mbujejfkoefs1 bmifofèýms m jkovmrháojfes motrm es årmes bm pmsqufse. Fo1
JKOHTMZZK DTEZFNMFTK BM FOIKT@ÅRFJE OE MB]JEÈÊK ‚ XJDFM 4758, 9., Xkrcslkps Xkrcslkps,, 4758, Tmjfim.
Tmjfim1 ZDJ, 4758.
Eoefs... Tmjfim1
Eoefs...
4= WFMRV, W. A.3 LFJCMV, B. R.3 DFZLKW, @. A. Mbujetfkoen bete sjfmojms ‚ ire`foh m`mrhmot prejtfjms ikr eoenytfjs ki
nmerofoh, krheofzetfkos, eob systm`s. Fo1 NEC 4752 ‚ FORMTOERFKOEN JKOIMTMOJM KO NMETOFOH
EOENVRFJZ
EOENVR FJZ EOB COKXNMBHM, 2., 4752, Fobfeoepknfs.
Fobfeoepknfs. Wrkjmmbfohs… Fobfeoepknfs1 EJ@ Wrmss, 4752.
Wrkjmmbfohs… Fobfeoepknfs1
49 IMTH]ZKO, T. mt en. en. Fookvetfoh pmbehkhy 4758 1 kpmo uofvmrsfty fookvetfko rmpkrt 9.
48 @KORMZZKTF wes tlm krfhfoen pmrskoenfzmb nmerofoh. Okw, 577 ymers netmr, wfnbinkwmr fs rmfovmotfoh tlm `kbmn.
@fnnfko, 5< auo. 4758. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.tlm82`fnnfko.krh/ertfjnm/`kotmsskrf-wes-tlm-krfhfoen-
Rlm 82 @fnnfko,
pmrskoenfzmb-nmerofoh-okw-wfnbinkwmr-fs--rmfovmotfoh-
pmrskoenfzmb-nmerofoh-okw-wfnbinkwmr-fs--rmfovmotfoh-tlm-`kbmn/?.
tlm-`kbmn/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
4< FOZRFR]RK WKTYFT. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >lttp1//pkrvfr.krh/mspmjfefs/pmrskoenfzejek/?. Ejmssk m`1 5= imv. 475<.
46 K tmr`k @kkj ikf usebk pmne prf`mfre vmz m` 477<, m` u` jursk prkamtebk pkr Hmkrhm Zfm`mos, Ztmplmo Bkwoms
m Bevm Jkr`fmr, qum jkotku jk` 4.477 enuoks ètrfjunebks m` uè vmrsêk ko-nfom ko-nfom kimrmjfbe hretufte`motm.
Enhuos eoks bmpkfs, m`prmses jk`k ]bejfty m Jkursmre mstedmnmjmre` perjmrfes jk` f`pkrteotms f `pkrteotms uofvmrsfbebms
pere kimrter mosfok bm quenfbebm e u` hreobm oñ`mrk bm ètrfjunebks. Wkstmrfkr`motm, k @essejlusmtts Fostftutm
ki Rmjloknkhy (@FR) m e Lerverb ]ofvmrsfty, oks Mstebks ]ofbks, bmsmovknvmre` e pneteikrè mb\, qum iuojfkoe
jk` e `msè núhfje bm edmrture bm jursks.
:7 K\@EO, Z.3 XKOH, X. Xlftm pepmr . Ebeptfvm nmerofoh systm`s. SZ.n.P1 BY\/BmYry Mbujetfko Hrkup eob
Fotmhretmb Mbujetfko Zknutfkos, imv. 4752.
:5 NM DKRMTI, H. Bmsmovknvmobk e jk`pmtáojfe bks prkifssfkoefs.
prkifssfkoefs . Wkrtk Enmhrm1 Ert`mb, 477:.
:4 D]THKZ, B.3 RERRMTZENN, J.3 CKWMT, T. Lkw tk rmprmsmot ebeptetfko fo mNmerofoh wftl F@Z Nmerofoh Bmsfho.
Wepmr sud`mtfbk, 4779e. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttp1//bspejm.ku.on/dftstrme`/5<47/8<9/5/D]THKZmten[ZkifeMxtmosfkoR
>lttp1//bspejm.ku.on/dftstrme`/5<47/8<9/5/D]THK Zmten[ZkifeMxtmosfkoRkFNM[v:[457<79.pbi?.
kFNM[v:[457<79.pbi?. Ejmssk m`1 47 imv.
475<. [[[[[[. Tmprmsmotfoh ebeptfvm mNmerofoh stretmhfms fo F@Z Nmerofoh Bmsfho. Fo1 RMOJK@WMRMOJM
JKOIMTMOJM, 4779d. Zkife, Dunherfe. Wrkjmmbfohs… Zkife, 4779d.
Wrkjmmbfohs… Zkife,
:: N]JCFO, T. mt en. en. Fotmnnfhmojm uonmeslmb1 eo
uonmeslmb1 eo erhu`mot ikr EF fo mbujetfko. Nkobko1 Wmersko, 4759.
:2 Enhkrft`k æ u` jkoauotk bm rmhres m prkjmbf`motks núhfjks qum nmve` ç sknuèêk bm u` prkdnmè m` u` oñ`mrk
ifoftk bm mtepes. ]` prkhreè bm jk`putebkr pkbm smr vfstk jk`k u` enhkrft`k mnedkrebk. Oe FE, u` enhkrft`k
hmren`motm æ u` pmqumok prkjmbf`motk qum rmsknvm u` prkdnmè rmjkrrmotm. Enhkrft`ks èfs jk`pnmxks
jkosfbmre`
pmnm etæ `ms`k
m rmjursks oàvmfs bm mxjfteèêk,
bm rmjkolmjf`motk irustreèêk
bm mxprmssêk iejfen,kue tæbfk,
if` bmpkr `mfkebepteèêk
prkvmr bm sfstmès
m` ejkpnebks e smoskrms
jkoikr`fbebm jk` mssms bm
qumsftks.
:= HEDTFMN, @. Jk`k oêk smr sudstftuàbk pkr u` rkdò, rkdò, 52 bmz. 4758. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>www.nfocmbfo.jk`/punsm/jk`k-o%J:%E:k-smr-sudstftu%J:%EBbk
>www.nfocmbfo.jk`/punsm/jk`k-o %J:%E:k-smr-sudstftu%J:%EBbk-pkr-u`-rkd%J:%D2-
-pkr-u`-rkd%J:%D2-èrtle-hedrfmn-plb/?.
èrtle-hedrfmn-plb/?.
475<.
:9 RKQ@EO, T. 4754. p. 8<-86.
:8 Fotmromt bes jkfses1 rmbm bm kdamtks iàsfjks, vmàjunks, præbfks m kutrks bfspksftfvks mqufpebks jk` jlfps
jlfps,, smoskrms
m eotmoes, motrm kutrks, qum pkssuf tmjoknkhfe jepez bm jknmter m treos`ftfr bebks vfe wf-if , dnumtkktl
dnumtkktl m rmbms
`úvmfs bm qufote hmreèêk (=H).
:< ZMJ]TERK, A. J. Konmerofoh 1 jk`k e mbujeèêk bfsruptfve rmfovmote e eprmobfzehm`. Zêk Weunk1 Zefot Weun
Mbftkre, 4758.
:6 Ks bkfs mxm`pnks bmste smèêk sêk desmebks oe Wertm 5 bm uè særfm bm ertfhks bm1 HMFRHMV, E. @ejlfom
Nmerofoh fs Iuo! Rlm wkrnb‖s mesfmst fotrkbujtfko tk @ejlfom Nmerofoh. Bfspkoàvmn m`1
>lttps1//`mbfu`.jk`/Gehmfthmy/èjlfom-nmerofoh-fs-iuo-<7me:mj:j285?.
>lttps1//`mbfu`.jk`/Gehmfthmy/èjlfom-nmerofoh-fs-iuo-<7me :mj:j285?. Ejmssk m`1 59 imv. 475<.
27 DMJCMT, Z. E. mt en. en. O@J lkrfzko rmpkrt 1 4758 lfhlmr mbujetfko mbftfko. Eustfo, Rmxes1 Rlm Omw @mbfe
Jkoskrtfu`, 4758.
25 M`
smae u`
m` smotfbk
senes bmèfs jkù`,iúruos
detm-pepk, eveterbmæ bfsjussêk,
uè fèhm` bfhften
rmbms qum ku
skjfefs rmprmsmote uè pmsske
he`ms33 omssm
he`ms m` u`
jesk, mxfstm uè`dfmotm vfrtuen,
ehmotm luèok
pkr trås bes eèýms bk eveter. Ok ä`dftk bes `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes, k eveter æ u` ehmotm vfrtuen prkhreèbk
pere fotmrehfr jk` pmsskes rmefs, pkbmobk smr bktebk bm rmhres bm eoånfsm bm jk`pkrte`motk ku bm enhkrft`ks
fotmnfhmotms.
24 HEDTFMN, 4758.
2: ZJLÙO, B. E. Mbujeobk k prkifssfkoen rminmxfvk1
rminmxfvk1 u` okvk bmsfho pere k mosfok m e eprmobfzehm`. Wkrtk Enmhrm1
Ert`mb, 4777.

K iuturk æ ehkre... m nkhk èfs te`dæ`
Omstm nfvrk, jk`pertfnle`ks jk` vkjá, jerk nmftkr, u` rfjk m foqufmteotm

peokreè bm `mtkbknkhfes fokv-etfves jk` pktmojfen bm treosikrèr e ikrè bm
eprmobmr`ks. Zkd k huerbe-jluve bmsses `mtkbknkhfes, bmsteje`ks bfimrmotms
pmrspmjtfves, mstretæhfes, tæjofjes m tmjoknkhfes qum, bm enhuè ikrè, tá`
trezfbk fokveèýms fojrm`motefs m bfsruptfves pere e `fnmoer ertm bm mbujer.
Bfeotm bm teotes foikrèèýms okves, bm teotks fosfhlts
fosfhlts,, efobe rmste`
enhuès pmrhuotes...
Wkr qum mnmhm`ks mssms quetrk hrupks bm `mtkbknkhfes jk`k
fokv-etfves; Wkrqum mnes mstêk oe dkje bks pmsqufsebkrms, bks
pretfjeotms, bks eifjfkoebks pkr tmjoknkhfes, pkr fokveèýms, pkr
mbujeèêk!
Wkr qum æ têk f`pkrteotm fokver m` mbujeèêk; M`dkre e mbujeèêk oks
permèe têk ie`fnfer ‚ eifoen, tkbks oús pesse`ks pkr enhu` tfpk bm mxpmrfáojfe
mbujejfkoen oe vfbe ‚, æ be sue jk`pnmxfbebm qum m`mrhm e omjmssfbebm bm
fokver. E mbujeèêk æ jk`pnmxe pkr movknvmr oêk epmoes espmjtks jkhoftfvks,
ès te`dæ` psfjknúhfjks, `mtkbknúhfjks, skjfefs, rmnejfkoefs, e`dfmotefs m
m`kjfkoefs, motrm teotks kutrks. Were moirmoter msse jk`pnmxfbebm, qum æ
jrmsjmotm, sú `ms`k uè ikrè okve bm iezmr mbujeèêk ‚ uè ikrè
pmrskoenfzebe, rmnmveotm m moheaebkre m qum smae ejmssàvmn e tkbks equmnms qum
qumrm`/prmjfse` eprmobmr.
Wkr qum mnmhm`ks mssms quetrk hrupks bm `mtkbknkhfes jk`k fokv-etfves;
Wkrqum mnes mstêk oe dkje bks pmsqufsebkrms, bks pretfjeotms, bks eifjfkoebks
pkr tmjoknkhfes, pkr fokveèýms, pkr mbujeèêk! Mstêk prmsmotms oks jkohrmssks,
oes rmvfstes jfmotàifjes, oks dnkhs
dnkhs mspmjfenfzebks, m` pkstehmos bm rmbms
skjfefs, m` nfvrks neoèebks lå pkujk... Zú qum mnes permjm` inkrmsjmr m`
`kvf`motks qum jkrrm` perenmnks, jebe vmz èfs mspmjfenfzebks m
eutkrrmimrmotms. Mssms ùobks bfstfotks jkote` jebe quen jk` sue prúprfe
dfdnfkhreife, ok`mojneture, ehmobe bm pmsqufse m rkebèp bm f`pnm`moteèêk.
rkebèp bm
Msses
oe mre `mtkbknkhfes
bfhften, rmpnmte bmfokv-etfves te`dæ`
foikrèèýms, rmspkobm`
bfstreèýms, eks bmseifks
mxpmrfáojfes bm mosfoer
m prk`msses bm
pmrskoenfzeèêk, jkomxêk m treosikrèèêk. Æ fssk k qum pkbm`ks jkosteter oks

prfojàpfks qum m`dese` jebe uè bmsses `mtkbknkhfes.

Msjknlm`ks te`dæ` mssms quetrk hrupks bm `mtkbknkhfes

mspmjàifjes pkrqum mnes trezm` u` skprk bm fokveèêk e mnm`motks
bfstfotks bk `mte`kbmnk mbujejfkoen, equmnm qum prkjure
bmsjrmvmr es vårfes mxpnfjeèýms skdrm k qum sfhofifje eprmobmr m
mosfoer.
Msjknlm`ks te`dæ` mssms quetrk hrupks bm `mtkbknkhfes mspmjàifjes
pkrqum mnes trezm` u` skprk bm fokveèêk e mnm`motks bfstfotks bk `mte`kbmnk
mbujejfkoen, equmnm qum prkjure bmsjrmvmr es vårfes mxpnfjeèýms skdrm k qum
sfhofifje eprmobmr m mosfoer.
Bm ikrè èfs jkojrmte, pmoseobk ouè ètrfz bm pneomae`motk tàpfje (ku
ouè ètrfz bm bmsfho fostrujfkoen, jk`k tm`ks usebk m` kutres pudnfjeèýms),
pkbm`ks rmnejfkoer es `mtkbknkhfes etfves eks pepæfs m çs etfvfbebms qum es
pmsskes rmenfze`, ku smae, e qum` iez k quá ok prkjmssk bm mosfok m
eprmobfzehm`. Aå es `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs fokve` ok qum sm rmimrm ç bureèêk
bes etfvfbebms m ç hreounerfbebm bks jkotmñbks. Es `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves, pkr
sue vmz, bêk
eoenàtfjes okvkikhk
jmotre` smotfbk çs imrre`motes mbujejfkoefs. M es `mtkbknkhfes
oe evenfeèêk.
Æ mvfbmotm qum ks nf`ftms oêk sêk ràhfbks essf`1 f`mrhf`ks m` jkotmñbks, m

e `motenfbebm åhfn te`dæ` mstå rmnejfkoebe e `àbfes m tmjoknkhfes3 e eoenàtfje
be eprmobfzehm` enjeoèe oêk sú bebks be evenfeèêk skètfve m mstå
eèburmjmobk prkhrmssfve`motm pere nfber jk` bebks oêk mstruturebks, jk`k
ks prkbuzfbks m` sftueèýms bm pertfjfpeèêk etfve m jknedkretfve.
@es æ k prktehkofs`k bks enuoks qum mstå prmsmotm oks quetrk hrupks bm
`mtkbknkhfe, m tenvmz smae mssm k `åxf`k bmok`foebkr jkù` motrm mnms.
Eprmobfzehm` etfve m jknedkretfve,
jknedkretfve, `fjrkeprmobfzehm` m eprmobfzehm`
eprmobfzehm` aust-
fo-tf`m, eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen m f`mrsfve, eprmobfzehm` ebeptetfve m
pmrskoenfzebe ‚ okves ikrès bm eprmobmr m qum k nmftkr æ jepez bm
jkrrmnejfkoer eks quetrk hrupks bm `mtkbknkhfes fokv-etfves equf mxpnkrebes, m,
prfojfpen`motm, okves ikrès bm eprmobmr m mosfoer qum jknkje` k enuok ok
jmotrk, ok jkotrknm.
Msses vårfes mxprmssýms be „jmotrenfbebm ok enuok‐ bmseife` mbujebkrms m

mspmjfenfstes e pmoser m` ikrès tkten-`motm okves bm pneomaer, `mbfer m
evenfer e eprmobfzehm`. M, jk`k vf`ks oks ùftks jesks m `fofjesks
smnmjfkoebks, fssk oêk æ jkfse pere k iuturk.
K iuturk æ ehkre ‚ ès æ te`dæ` nkhk èfs, queobk msses fokveèýms aå
tfvmrm` sfbk essf`fnebes, m okves prkvkjeèýms m`mrhfrm`.
Were ifoenfzer, ç oksse pmrhuote oe fotrkbuèêk bmstm nfvrk skdrm k qum
bmvm`ks mspmrer bk iuturk, rmspkobm`ks essmrtfve`motm1 oêk prmjfse`ks
mspmrer3 pkbm`ks jkostrufr. Ç fobeheèêk bm jk`k prmperer jfbebêks m
prkifssfkoefs pere qum pksse` vfvmr m prkbuzfr m` jkoifhureèýms skjfefs,
`mrjebks bm tredenlk m `kbmnks bm omhújfk qum pkssfvmn`motm oêk mxfstm`
lkam, rmtkroe`ks jk` mxpmjtetfve1 pkssfvmn`motm es sknuèýms mbujejfkoefs qum
jkrrmspkobm` e msse bmèobe te`dæ` oêk mxfstm` efobe ‚ mstêk m`
hmsteèêk ejmnmrebe. M, ek qumstfkoe`motk e rmspmftk bm quefs `mtkbknkhfes bm
mosfok m eprmobfzehm` pkbm` `kbmner lkam mssm iuturk, mstm nfvrk æ okssk
èofimstk, qum jmrte`motm oêk sm mshkte omstes påhfoes om` m` oksse vfsêk
pertfjuner skdrm es fokveèýms, qum sm skdrmpým` m` rft`k ejmnmrebk.
K iuturk æ ehkre ‚ ès æ te`dæ` nkhk èfs, queobk msses
fokveèýms aå tfvmrm` sfbk essf`fnebes, m okves prkvkjeèýms
m`mrhfrm`.
Bm tkbes es fokveèýms qum vf`ks equf, uè jkfse pkbm`ks eifrèr1 e
fovmotfvfbebm luèoe vef ùftk enæ` bk qum pkbm`ks fèhfoer, m e `mnlkr
jkfse bm etuer m` mbujeèêk æ qum sk`ks ek `ms`k tm`pk suamftks m kdamtks
be jepejfbebm foifofte bm fokver!

Hnkssårfk
Ebeptedfnfbebm (m` fohnás, ebeptedfnfty) ‚ pkssfdfnfbebm bm ks

enuoks pmrskoenfzerm` pkr sf prúprfks u` jursk ku uofbebm bm
mstubk.
E`dfmotm vfrtuen f`mrsfvk ‚ mspeèk oevmhåvmn m fotmretfvk
m`desebk m` u` sfstmè jk`putejfkoen qum pmr`ftm e f`mrsêk
m` ùobks vfrtuefs ku kutrks e`dfmotms.
Eoenàtfje Ejebá`fje/Fostftujfkoen (Ejebm`fj/Fostftutfkoen
Eoenytfjs ‚ EE/FE) ‚ je`pk qum movknvm e jknmte, smnmèêk,
krheofzeèêk, erèzmoehm` m m`fssêk bm rmnetúrfks bm uè
hreobm queotfbebm bm bebks ejebá`fjks/fostftujfkoefs,
ertfjuneobk bebks ehrupebks jk` tæjofjes mstetàstfjes m
`kbmnks prmbftfvks, qum pkbm` smr usebks pere evenfer k
prkhrmssk oe eprmobfzehm`, prmvmr k bmsm`pmolk iuturk m
fbmotfifjer pktmojfefs prkdnmès.
Eobrehkhfe ‚ pmrspmjtfve
hrmhks eobrks,
eobrks, mbujejfkoen
qum sfhofifje juakm ok`m
„ebuntk‐, vm`
ehkhus,
ehkhus, bkssfhofifje
qum tmr`ks
„mbujer, hufer, jkobuzfr‐. Æ bfrmjfkoebe ç mbujeèêk bm ebuntks,
pertfjuner`motm ebuntks fosmrfbks ok jkotmxtk bm tredenlk,
nmveobk m` jkosfbmreèêk espmjtks jk`k mxpmrfáojfes,
`ktfveèýms m omjmssfbebm bm eprmobmr.
Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès (EDW) ku Wrkdnm`-desmb
Nmerofoh (WDN) ‚ edkrbehm` qum utfnfze sftueèýms-prkdnmè
jk`k pkotk bm pertfbe pere e jkostruèêk bm okvks
jkolmjf`motks. Æ ebktebe pkr hrupks bm enuoks qum tredenle`
bm ikrè fobfvfbuen m jknmtfve pere jrfer sknuèýms pere u`
prkdnmè mstubebk.
Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès m pkr Wrkamtks (EDWW) ‚

jk`dfoeèêk be eprmobfzehm` desmebe m` prkamtks jk` e
eprmobfzehm` desmebe m` prkdnmès. Omne, ks eprmobfzms
mstube` u` prkdnmè rmen moqueotk bmsmovknvm`, bm ikrè
jknedkretfve, u` prkamtk qum vfse prkpkr uè sknuèêk pere k
prkdnmè fovmstfhebk.
Eprmobfzehm` bm supmriàjfm (suriejm nmerofoh) ‚ eprmobfzehm`
qum kjkrrm queobk, motrm kutres jkfses, ks enuoks ikjenfze`
pmbeèks bm foikrèèêk bm ikrè etk`fste (`m`krfzeobk
bmtenlms), mstêk èfs prmkjupebks jk` „rmspkstes jmrtes‐ m
jkdmrture jk`pnmte bk jkotmñbk bk qum jk` es fotmr-rmneèýms
motrm ks mnm`motks ku ietks3 msqumjm` repfbe`motm ks ietks ku
jkojmftks `m`krfzebks m oêk sêk jepezms bm vmr uè rmneèêk
jnere motrm sue eprmobfzehm` m smu iuturk.
Eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe (bmmp nmerofoh) ‚ eprmobfzehm` qum
kjkrrm queobk ks enuoks tá` ente `ktfveèêk fotràosmje, use`
jepejfbebms bm ente krbm`, prkjure` jk`prmmobmr
prkiuobe`motm k jkotmñbk mstubebk, fotmhre` okvks jkojmftks
e jkolmjf`motks m mxpmrfáojfes eotmrfkrms, dusje` k jkotmxtk m
k „smotfbk‐ bk jkotmñbk mstubebk (vfsêk lknàstfje) m rmtá` pkr
èfs tm`pk equfnk qum ikf eprmobfbk.
Eveter ‚ pmrskoehm` jk` rmjkolmjf`motk hråifjk qum, pkr sue
eperáojfe m eèýms, pmr`ftm fbmotfifjeèêk pmnk usuårfk.
Dfhmstruturebks
bete (mxpnksêk bebks) ‚ f`mosk
m oêkbmmstruturebks qum sêkvknu`m
jrfebksbmm`bebks
ente
vmnkjfbebm m eprmsmotebks m` hreobm verfmbebm bm ikrètks.
Jesk m`påtfjk ‚ mstretæhfe m` qum enuoks bmvm` nmr m bfsjutfr
uè sftueèêk (rmen ku lfpktætfje) pere dusjer, jk` desm m`
enhuos jrftærfks m krfmoteèýms bk prkimsskr, jkojmdmr uè
sknuèêk qum smae jmotrebe ok smr luèok.
Jfáojfe bks bebks mbujejfkoefs ‚ je`pk krfmotebk e bebks,
sfstá`fjk, treosbfsjfpnfoer m bfoä`fjk, qum jk`dfoe ledfnfbebms
tæjofjes m skjfefs jk` e jk`prmmosêk prkiuobe be pråtfje
mbujejfkoen m` bfimrmotms e`dfmotms bm eprmobfzehm`.
Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk ‚ mstretæhfe qum pkssfdfnfte e pmsskes bm fbebms
m/ku jerejtmràstfjes verfebes (bm háomrk, inuáojfe bfhften, pebrêk
skjfkmjkoò`fjk, ikrèèêk ejebá`fje, jkolmjf`motk skdrm

bmtmr`foebk tmè m tm`pk bm mxpmrfáojfe prkifssfkoen) sm
rmnejfkoerm`, jk`pertfnlerm` pmrspmjtfves m, omssm prkjmssk,
eprmobmrm` uès jk` es kutres.
Jkhoftfvfs`k ‚ tmkrfe qum ederje edkrbehmos bm eprmobfzehm`
vkntebes e motmobmr k prkjmssk `moten (jkhoftfvk) bk eprmobfz m
ks jk`pkrte`motks qum ebvá` bm sue fotmreèêk jk` k `mfk.
Jk`puteèêk jkhoftfve ‚ jk`puteèêk vkntebe ç hmreèêk bm
jkolmjf`motk jk` desm oe fotmrprmteèêk m mxtreèêk bm
sfhofifjebk bm bebks, prfèrfe`motm oêk mstruturebks, qum
bfifjfn`motm smrfe` tretebks pkr sfstmès prkhre`åvmfs
trebfjfkoefs.
Jkomjtfvfs`k ‚ tmkrfe jenjebe oes jkomxýms qum suamftks
eutòok`ks iezm` ek dusjer okvks jkolmjf`motks m rmenfzer
bmsjkdmrtes fobfvfbuefs m/ku jkostruèýms jknedkretfves,
hmren`motm m` mspeèks oêk ikrèfs bm eprmobfzehm` (jk`k
oes rmbms skjfefs, pkr mxm`pnk).
Jkostrutfvfs`k ‚ tmkrfe qum moietfze k pepmn etfvk bks smrms
luèoks pere qum e eprmobfzehm` kjkrre, bmstejeobk e
rmnmväojfe bk nfvrm-erdàtrfk, bes jkobfèýms bm vfbe m bes
fotmreèýms omssm prkjmssk.
Bmsfho Rlfocfoh (BR) ‚ edkrbehm` luèofste bm fokveèêk m
jrfetfvfbebm jk`pkste bm u` `kbk bm pmoser, u` prkjmssk m
mstretæhfes
Bmsfho mspmjàifjes.
tlfocmrs ‚ pmsskes movknvfbes bfrmte`motm oes mtepes m
ebkèêk bm mstretæhfes bureotm u` prkamtk bmsmovknvfbk skd e
pmrspmjtfve bk bmsfho tlfocfoh.
Bfehoústfjk jknmtfvk ‚ mstretæhfe sf`pnms pere jknmter, prkjmsser m
mxfdfr bebks m` u` ikrètk bm iåjfn jk`prmmosêk pmnks smrms
luèoks.
Bfsjursk bm mnmvebkr (mnmvetkr pftjl) ‚ eprmsmoteèêk råpfbe bm
uè fbmfe ku kpkrtuofbebm bm omhújfk e u` pkssàvmn fovmstfbkr
ku perjmfrk3 ebeptebe pere e mbujeèêk, æ usebe ok nuher bks
trebfjfkoefs sm`foårfks.
Bk ft ykursmni (BFV, ku ieèe vkjá `ms`k) ‚ jkostruèêk, rmikrè
m/ku treosikrèèêk bm enhk sm` e eaube bm mspmjfenfstes.
BR mxprmss ‚ vmrsêk råpfbe m sf`pnfifjebe bes mtepes bk bmsfho

tlfocfoh qum pkbm` smr iejfn`motm fojkrpkrebes e jkotmxtks
mbujejfkoefs prmsmojfefs m bfhftefs.
Mjkok`fe be etmoèêk ‚ edkrbehm` pere k hmrmojfe`motk be
foikrèèêk juae jerejtmràstfje prfojfpen æ e bfspute bk tm`pk bes
pmsskes, qum tá` etmoèêk ifofte m, pkr vmzms, bfvfbfbe motrm
bfvmrsks mstàùnks pmrjmdfbks m bfimrmotms etfvfbebms rmenfzebes.
Mxtretk bm pertfjfpeèêk ‚ mstretæhfe qum sfùne e eoånfsm bks
bebks mbujejfkoefs sm` e utfnfzeèêk bm imrre`motes
tmjoknúhfjes skifstfjebes3 rmñom bebks bm pertfjfpeèêk m`
pneofnles mnmtròofjes ku prkjmssebkrms bm tmxtk jkùos.
Ied Ned ‚ edrmvfeèêk bk tmr`k m` fohnás iedrfjetfko nedkretkry
(nedkretúrfk bm iedrfjeèêk), qum bmsjrmvm u` mspeèk pere
prktktfpehm` bm kdamtks iàsfjks jk` mqufpe`motks mspmjàifjks,
jk`k `åqufoes bm jkrtm e nesmr , f`prmsskres :-B m `åqufoes bm
jkrtm bm vfofn.
Inuxk ‚ jkobfèêk `moten bm fotmose jkojmotreèêk fobuzfbe pkr
`mtes dm` bmifofbes, oàvmfs ebmquebks bm bmseifk m immbdejc
jnerk m jkosfstmotm.
He`fifjeèêk ‚ fojnusêk, m` kutrks jkotmxtks, bm mnm`motks be
nfohuehm` bks akhks, jk`k rmhres, bmseifks, oàvmfs, oerretfve bm
iuobk, reoqume`motk mtj.
He`fifjeèêk bm jkotmñbk ‚ epnfjeèêk bm mnm`motks bm akhk pere
entmrer
prmvá enhuos jkotmñbks
e jrfeèêk m ètmrfefspmrskoehmos
bm oerretfves, edkrbebks m` m u` jursk3
sftueèýms
rmnejfkoebes e u` bmseifk èfkr
èfkr,, mxpnfjftebk oe he`fifjeèêk.
He`fifjeèêk mstruturen ‚ epnfjeèêk bm mnm`motks bm akhk ek
prkjmssk bm eprmobfzehm` pere `ktfver ks pertfjfpeotms,
kimrmjmobk immbdejc m m`dnmès queobk mnms ehm` be ikrè
mspmrebe ku prmvfste.
Lmutehkhfe ‚ pmrspmjtfve mbujejfkoen juak ok`m vm` bks tmr`ks
hrmhks lmute
lmute,, qum sfhofifje „prúprfk‐, m ehkhus,
ehkhus, qum sfhofifje
„mbujer, hufer, jkobuzfr‐. Tmimrm-sm çs bmèobes be mre bfhften,
m` qum es foikrèèýms bfspkoàvmfs sêk eduobeotms m ks
fobfvàbuks ebuntks tá` eutkok`fe pere bmjfbfr m evenfer k qum,
jk`k m queobk qumrm` eprmobmr.
F`mrsêk ‚ smoseèêk bm prmsmoèe iàsfje ku `moten m` u` e`dfmotm

mspmjàifjk.
Fostruèêk pkr perms ‚ mstretæhfe pkr `mfk be quen mstubeotms
jk`prmmobm`, epnfje` m mxpnfje` e smus jknmhes jkojmftks
edkrbebks oks jkotmñbks bm u` jursk3 pertm bk prmssupkstk bm
qum æ `ktfvebkr pere ks enuoks eprmobmrm` u` tmè m
mnedkrerm` pmrhuotes mstruturebes e smrm` rmspkobfbes pkr
smus perms.
Fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen ‚ årme be jfáojfe juak kdamtfvk æ utfnfzer
`åqufoes pere mxmjuter termies luèoes bm ikrè eutòokè,
fojnufobk e rkdútfje, k eprmobfzebk bm `åqufoe, k
prkjmsse`motk bm nfohuehm` oeturen, k rmjkolmjf`motk bm vkz m
jk`puteèêk omuren, motrm kutrks.
Akhk ‚ etfvfbebm rmenfzebe pkr uè ku èfs pmsskes smhufobk
rmhres mspmjàifjes m vfseobk enjeoèer u` kdamtfvk.
Akhks pmrsuesfvks ‚ akhks jk` mstruture rmtúrfje jkotuobmotm m
pkbmr ñofjk bm pmrsuesêk qum nmve` k akhebkr e `kbfifjer sue
kpfofêk ikre bk akhk.
Akhks særfks (smrfkus he`ms) ‚ akhks jk` ifoenfbebm mbujejfkoen
qum trete` bm tm`åtfjes rmnmveotms (jk`k ætfje, jfbebeofe,
señbm, venkrms mtj.), vfseobk bmsmovknvmr e eprmobfzehm` bm
okvks jkolmjf`motks, sm` sm nf`fterm` ek purk motrmtmof`motk.
Aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh (eprmobfzehm` ok `k`motk mxetk) ‚
mstretæhfe bm eprmobfzehm`
sêk motrmhums m` qum
m bfspkofdfnfzebks eks jkotmñbks m imrre`motes
enuoks ç `mbfbe qum sm
iezm` omjmssårfks pere rmsknvmr prkdnmès bk ùobk rmen.
Nmerofoh eoenytfjs (NE ‚ eoenàtfje be eprmobfzehm`) ‚ je`pk
usebk pere `mbfèêk, jknmte, eoånfsm m bfvunheèêk bm bebks
skdrm ks enuoks m smus jkotmxtks, jk` k prkpúsftk bm
jk`prmmobmr m ktf`fzer e eprmobfzehm` m ks e`dfmotms m` qum
mne kjkrrm.
@ejlfom nmerofoh (eprmobfzebk bm `åqufoe) ‚ ledfnfbebm bks
sfstmès jk`putebkrfzebks bm `mnlkrer smu motmobf`motk m
bmsm`pmolk pkr `mfk bm `kbmnks ètm`åtfjks m bmsjkdmrte bm
pebrýms bm bebks, qum sêk usebks pere iezmr prmbfèêk sm` qum
tmole` sfbk prmvfe`motm jkoifhurebks pere fssk.
@motenfbebm åhfn ‚ `kbk bm pmoser eojkrebk oe fbmfe bm qum e

pråtfje tm` èfs venkr qum e tmkrfe, qum e epnfjeèêk bm
ledfnfbebms venm èfs qum e `m`krfzeèêk bm ietks, qum e
jknedkreèêk æ èfs f`pkrteotm qum e jkojkrráojfe, m qum e
eprmobfzehm` ç msjknle bk enuok ‚ pmrskoenfzebe m
jkjkostruàbe ‚ æ èfs mifjez qum e eprmobfzehm` nf`ftebe m
jkotrknebe mxtmroe`motm, pebrkofzebe ku bfrmjfkoebe pmnk
prkimsskr.
@fjrkeprmobfzehm` ‚ mstretæhfe qum eprmsmote jkotmñbk m`
pmqumoks „pmbeèks‐, jk` entk oàvmn bm fotmreèêk m immbdejc
fosteotäomk epús jebe eèêk bk usuårfk, m qum sm eauste teotk ç
eprmobfzehm` `úvmn (`-nmerofoh) queotk ç eprmobfzehm`
udàque (u-nmerofoh).
@fjrkùobk ‚ e`dfmotm bfhften fotmretfvk qum pkssfdfnfte eks
usuårfks mxpnkrer m jrfer, ku `kbfifjer u` sfstmè mxmjutåvmn,
ikromjmobk rmspkstes bfoä`fjes jk` desm m` u` `kbmnk
jk`putejfkoen sudaejmotm.
@fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs (mbujejfkoen bete `fofoh) ‚
bmsmovknvf`motk m usk bm `ætkbks pere eoenfser m fotmrprmter e
mxpnksêk bm bebks prkvmofmotm bm sfstmès bm eprmobfzehm`
desmebks m` jk`putebkr m bm sfstmès eb`fofstretfvks m bm
hmrmojfe`motk bm msjknes, uofvmrsfbebms ku bmperte`motks bm
mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve.
@foutm pepmr
rmqumr ‚ tæjofje
pkuje qum ku
tmjoknkhfe kjupe epmoes mu`pkssfdfnfte
prmpereèêk `foutk bksu` enuoks,
fosfhlt
f`mbfetk bm jk`k u` hrupk mstå je`foleobk.
@-nmerofoh (`kdfnm nmerofoh ku eprmobfzehm` `úvmn) ‚
eprmobfzehm` epkfebe pmnk usk bm tmjoknkhfes `úvmfs m sm` ifk,
juae jerejtmràstfje prfojfpen æ e `kdfnfbebm bks eprmobfzms, qum
fotmrehm` motrm sf, jk` mbujebkrms m jk` jkotmñbks ku
imrre`motes pkr `mfk bm jmnunerms, tednmts
tednmts,, neptkps
neptkps mtj.
@kbmnk làdrfbk (ku dnmobmb nmerofoh) ‚ `kbmnk mbujejfkoen
jk`pkstk bm `k`motks prmsmojfefs m kutrks m` qum es
etfvfbebms sêk rmenfzebes jk` k supkrtm
s upkrtm bm tmjoknkhfes.
@kvf`motk ècmr ‚ pmrspmjtfve etfve bm eprmobfzehm` jmotrebe
ok jkojmftk bm eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen m m`desebe oe
pkssfdfnfbebm bm ks eprmobfzms iedrfjerm` kdamtks, prktútfpks m

sknuèýms pere prkdnmès.
Wmjle Cujle ‚ ikrètk bm eprmsmoteèêk åhfn m jrfetfve qum smhum
u` pebrêk vfsuen m tm`pkren, jkosfstfobk m` 47 snfbms snfbms bm 47
smhuobks jebe.
Wmbehkhfe ‚ pmrspmjtfve mbujejfkoen juak ok`m vm` bks tmr`ks
pefbús,, qum sfhofifje „jrfeoèes‐, m ehkhus,
hrmhks pefbús
hrmhks ehkhus, qum sfhofifje
„mbujer, hufer, jkobuzfr‐. Hmren`motm mstå vfojunebe ç mbujeèêk
trebfjfkoen bm jrfeoèes m ebknmsjmotms m tm` sfbk ebktebe m`
bfimrmotms edkrbehmos mbujejfkoefs, m` jkotmxtks oks quefs k
prkimsskr essu`m èfkr rmspkosedfnfbebm m` krfmoter es
mxpmrfáojfes bm eprmobfzehm` vfvfbes pkr mstubeotms.
Wrktútfpk ‚ rmprmsmoteèêk vfsuen oe ikrè bm bmsmolks, msqumès,
msdkèks, `kbmnks trfbf`mosfkoefs bm defxe rmsknuèêk, vàbmks
m/ku tmetrk qum rmprmsmote` pertms bm u` prkbutk ku mtepes bm
u` prkjmssk ku mxpmrfáojfe.
Tmenfbebm Eu`motebe (TE) ‚ `fsture bm mnm`motks bk ùobk rmen
jk` jkotmñbks sfotætfjks fotmretfvks, hmrebks m` tm`pk rmen
jk` desm m` bebks bfhftefs vfrtuefs.
Tmenfbebm Yfrtuen (TY) ‚ e`dfmotm `kbmnebk pkr jk`putebkr qum
sfùne e prmsmoèe bk enuok m` nkjefs bk ùobk rmen ku bm u`
ùobk fèhfoårfk.
Tknmpneyfoh (akhk bm pepæfs) ‚ mstretæhfe oe quen uè sftueèêk
mspmjàifje (rmen
prkifssfkoefs, qumkutmrêk
lfpktætfje) æ eprmsmotebe
pkr `fssêk mojmoer k ejesk
mstubeotms
essu`fobkku
pepæfs bm bfimrmotms stecmlknbmrs
stecmlknbmrs..
Tknm Wneyfoh He`m (TWH) ‚ akhk bm bmsm`pmolk bm pepæfs ok
quen k akhebkr essu`m k pepmn bm u` pmrskoehm` m` u`
e`dfmotm, fotmrehm jk` kutrks akhebkrms m, bmpmobmobk bm sues
eèýms m msjknles, `kbfifje ks etrfdutks be oerretfve, jkostftufobk
uè lfstúrfe bfoä`fje.
Zene bm eune fovmrtfbe (infppmb nmerofoh) ‚ `mtkbknkhfe etfve oe
quen k enuok mstube jkotmñbks mspmjàifjks eotms be eune
prmsmojfen m nmve pere e sene bm eune bñvfbes m rminmxýms ejmrje
bk tmè edkrbebk3 mxmrjàjfks m prkamtks qum eotms mre`
rmenfzebks jk`k „termies‐ bm jese sêk imftks m` sene bm eune, m`

hrupks m skd e krfmoteèêk bk prkimsskr ku bk mspmjfenfste.
Zmosfdfnfbebm ek jkotmxtk ‚ jepejfbebm bm ks skitwermsskitwerms sm
ebepterm` ç sftueèêk iàsfje m tm`pkren oe quen mnms sm
mojkotre`.
Zfùneèêk ‚ e`dfmotm bfhften fotmretfvk qum pmr`ftm eks usuårfks
èofpuner verfåvmfs ku perä`mtrks mspmjàifjks m ikromjm
rmspkstes bfoä`fjes jk` desm m` u` `kbmnk jk`putejfkoen
sudaejmotm.
Zfstmè ebeptetfvk bm eprmobfzehm` ‚ e`dfmotm bfhften qum
ebepte edkrbehmos m ètmrfefs bm mosfok m eprmobfzehm` çs
jepejfbebms m omjmssfbebms fobfvfbuefs bks enuoks.
Rrfnles bm eprmobfzehm` ‚ je`folks entmroetfvks m inmxàvmfs pere k
bmsmovknvf`motk pmssken m prkifssfkoen, qum verfe` jkoikr`m e
msjknle ku k pmrifn bm jebe eprmobfz.
]-nmerofoh (udfquftkus nmerofoh ku eprmobfzehm` udàque) ‚
eprmobfzehm` epkfebe pkr tmjoknkhfes be foikrèèêk ku
jkùofjeèêk `úvmfs m sm` ifk, smoskrms m `mjeofs`ks bm
nkjenfzeèêk, qum jknedkre` pere fotmhrer ks eprmobfzms ek smu
jkotmxtk iàsfjk m tm`pkren.

Àobfjm rm`fssfvk
(Zkjfk)jkostrutfvfs`k, 5, 4, :, 2. Ymr te`dæ` Jkos

(Zkjfk)jkostrutfvfs`k, Jkosttrutfvfs`k „@fjrktubk‐,
prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtkbknk
`mtkbknkhfes åhmfs, 5, 4, :
:-B, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8,
8, <, 6, 57, 55, 54
jevmroe bfhften, 5
rmprmsmoteèýms pere vfsuenfzeèêk bm bebks m foikr foikr èèýms,
èèýms, 5
E
E bfstäojfe, mbujeèêk.
mbujeèêk. Ymr Mbujeèêk
Mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe EDW. Ymr EpEprmobfzehm`
Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkamtks, 5, 4, :, 2
EDWW.. Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
EDWW Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès m pkr Wrkamtks
Ejebm`fj/fostftutfkoen
Ejebm`fj/fostf tutfkoen eoenytfjs (eoenàtfje ejebá`fj
ejebá`fje/fostftujfkoen),
e/fostftujfkoen), 5
Ikjk, 5, 4
pmrhuote-jlevm, 5
vmrsus N
Nm
mer ofoh Eoe
Eoenytfj
tfjs, 5, 4
Eèêk-rminmxêk, prfojàpfk
prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtk
`mtkb bknkhfes etfves, 5
Ejjmss (sfstmè
(sfstmè bm hmrmoj
hmrmojfe`mo
`motk bm deojk bm bebks be @fjrkskit), 5
Ejmssk m eoånfsm
eoånfsm bm foikrèèýms, jk`pmtáojfe
jk`pmtáojfe bk sæjunk \\
\\F,
F, 5
Ebeptedfnfbebm, 5, 4, :, 2
jk`pmtáojfe bk sæjunk \\F, 5, 4
jk`k venkr be `motenfbebm åhfn, 5
Ebepteèêk be eprmobfzehm`
eprmobfzehm` ehrupe`motk bm usuårfk, 5
be fotmriejm, 5
bk jkotmñbk, 5
bk inuxk bm eprmobfzehm`, 5
m Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs, 5, 4, :
tfpks, 5
Eháojfe, 5, 4
m` `mtkbknkhfes
prkpkste bm eèêk f`mrsfves,
bk akhebkr,55
Ehfnm @eofimstk. Ymr @eofimstk

@eofimstk pere k bmsmovknvf`motk åhfn bm skitwerm Ehfnm-
Rmejlfoh/Nmerofoh @mtlkbknkhy (ERN@). Ymr @mtkbknkhfe
@mtkbknkhfe bm Mosfok-
Eprmobfzehm` Åhfn Ehfnfbebm
`motenfbebm
Ehrupe`motk åhfn, 5, 4, ebepteèêk
bm usuårfks, :, 2, =, 9, 8,bm,
< 5
Eaubes bm tredenlk ( akd-efbs
akd-efbs), imrre`mote pere eprmobfzehm` ok tm`pk mxetk,
5
Enhkrft`ks
bm jnessfifjeèêk, 5
sfstmès ebeptetfvks desmebks m`, 5
Enuok
eoånfsm bm bebks jkobuzfbe pmnk, 5, 4
jk`k bmsfhomr , 5
jk`k bmsfho tlfocmr , 5
fobmpmobáojfe bk, 5
fotmreèêk m` e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks, 5
trfbf`mosfkoefs, 5
prktehkofs`k bk, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <
suamftk etfvk, 5, 4
Enweys ko („sm`prm etfvk‐), 5
E`dfmotms f`mrsfvks
f`mrsfvks jkostruèêk be fbmo fbmotfbebm,
tfbebm, 5
jkprmsmoèe, smosk bm, 5
justks bm prkbuèêk m èoutmoèêk, 5
ifbmnfbebm rmprmsmotejfkoen m`, 5, 4
he`fifjeèêk, 5
akhks, 5, 4
fotmreèêk bk enuok m`, 5, 4
prmsmoèe, smosk bm, 5, 4
rmenfbebm eu`motebe, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
rmenfbebm vfrtuen, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57, 55,
55, 54
sfùneèýms, 5, 4, :, 2
tfpknkhfes psfjknúhfjes bm Auoh epnfjebes, 5
E`dfmotms vfrtuefs bm eprmobfzehm` (E (EYYE), 5, 4, :, 2. Ymr te`dæ` Nmerofoh
@eoehm`mot Zystm`s (N@Zs) edmrtks m bfstrfduàbks, 5
f`mrsfvks. Ymr E`dfmotms
E`dfmotms f`mrsfvks Eoånfsm bm bebks jkobuzfbe pmnks
enuoks, 5, 4
Eoånfsm bm rmbms skjfefs
skjfefs (Zkjfen Omtwkrc
Omtwkrc Eoenysfs ‚ ZOE ZOE),
), `ætkbk bm
`fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs), 5
Eoenàtfje
ejebá`fje/fostftujfkoen. Ymr Ejebm`fj/fostftutfkoen
Ejebm`fj/fostftutfkoen eoenytfjs be
eprmobfzehm`. Ymr Nmerofoh eoenytfjs bm bmsm`pmolk, 5
bm pmsskes ku bm rmjursks luèoks, 5
bm pkotks bm vmrfifjeèêk, 5
bm prkjmssk,
Eobrehkhfe, 5 2
5, 4, :,
Epnfjeèêk, jk`k venkr be pmbehkhfe åhfn, 5
Eprmobmr m epnfjer ledfnfbebms,
ledfnfbebms, jk`k venkr be pmbehkhfe
pmbehkhfe åhfn, 5
Eprmobmr iezmobk, 5, 4, :, 2. Ymr te`dæ` Eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen
Eprmobfz. Ymr Enuok
Enuok Eprmobfzebk bm `åqufoe. Ymr @ejlfom nmerofoh (@N)
(@N)
Eprmobfzehm` ebeptetfve,
ebeptetfve, 5, 4, :
ebeptåvmn. Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
Eprmobfzehm` ebeptetfve3 Zfstmès ebeptetfvks bm
eprmobfzehm` åhfn, 5, 4, :. Ymr te`dæ` @mtkbknkhfes åhmfs e`dfmotms
vfrtuefs bm (EYE), 5, 4, :, 2
etfve, 5, 4, :, 2
etfve pkssfdfnftebe pkr tmjoknkhfe, 5. Ymr te`dæ` Rmen (Rmjloknkhy-
Moednmb Ejtfvm Nmerofoh) eutk`koftkre`motk be, 5. Ymr te`dæ`
@mtejkhofèêk Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès (EDW), 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6
Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès m pkr Wrkamtks (EDWW), 5, 4, :, 2
Desmebe m` Wrkamtks (EDW), 5
jmotrebe ok enuok, 5, 4, :
jkjkostruàbe, 5, 4
jknedkretfve, 5, 4, :, 2, =
jkùofbebms bm, 5, 4
jrfeèêk, ikrè bm, 5, 4, :, 2, =
bm supmriàjfm (suriejm nmerofoh ), ), 5, 4
mspeèebe (spejmb nmerofoh ), ), 5
mspeèks oêk ikrèfs bm, 5, 4
mstfnks m prmimráojfes bm, 5
mxpmrfáojfe bm, prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves, 5, 4, :
mxpmrfmojfen, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57
mxpmrf`moteèêk, ikrè bm, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8
ikrès bm eprmobmr, 5, 4, :, 2, =
f`mrsfve. Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
Eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve fobfvfbuen, 5, 4
foikrèn, 5
fostruèêk, ikrè bm, 5, 4, :, 2
ècmr , 5, 4, :, 2
`mbfebe pkr tmjoknkhfes, 5
`fjrkeprmobfzehm`, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
`fjrketfvfbebms, 5, 4, :, 2
`fjrkjmrtfifjeèýms,, 5, 4
`fjrkjmrtfifjeèýms
`fjrkjkotmñbks, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8
`fjrk`k`motks, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
`úvmn (`-nmerofoh), 5, 4, :
oe mre bfhften, 5, 4
ok tm`pk
kdamtks bm,mxetk
5, 4,(aust-fo-tf`m
: nmerofoh), 5, 4, :
pessfve, 5
pmrskoenfzebe, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8
pneteikrès bm. Ymr Nmerofoh
Nmerofoh @eoehm`mot Zystm` (N@Z) prkiuobe (bmmp
nmerofoh), 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
sfhofifjetfve, 5, 4, :, 2
skd bmèobe (ko-bmèob nmerofoh ) 5
tfpks bm ebepteèêk be, 5
trfnles bm, 5, 4, :, 2, =
udàque (u-nmerofoh), 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <
Eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve,
f`mrsfve, 5
eutkevenfeèêk, 5
evenfeèêk be, 5
jkojmftuenfzeèêk,, mståhfk, 5
jkojmftuenfzeèêk
jkostruèêk, mståhfk, 5
bfånkhk, 5
mståhfks, 5
Erbufok, 5
Ertmietks, 5, 4, :, 2, =
ETRkknCft,
ETR kknCft, skitwerm, 5
Årvkrm bm bmjfsêk, tæjofje
tæjofje bm fotmnfháojfe
fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen, 5
Etmoèêk
bfvfbfbe, 5, 4
mjkok`fe, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <
fnusúrfe, imoò`mok, 5
`kmbe prf`årfe be mbujeèêk, 5
Etfvfbebm
pråtfje, 5
tmkrfe be (RE), 5
Eutkevenfeèêk, 5, 4, 4, :, 2, =. Ymr te`dæ` Evenfeèêk f`mrsfve, 5
Eutkètmb Mssey ZjkrfohZjkrfoh (EMZ), 5
Eutk`úvmfs eutkbfrfhfbks,
eutkbfrfhfbks, 5
Eutkok`fe, 5, 4, :, 2, =, =, 9, 8, <. Ymr te`dæ` Wrktehkofs`k bk enuok
Evenfeèêk, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57
Evenfeèêk, 57,, 55,
55, 54, 5:. Ymr te`dæ` Eutkevenfeèêk
be eprmobfzehm`, 5, 4
bm ùbeoèe bm jk`pkrte`motk ku bmsm`pmolk ok jerhk, 5
bm rmeèêk, 5, 4
bm rmsuntebks pere e krheofzeèêk, 5
m Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs, 5, 4, :, 2
iurtfve (stmentl mvenuetfko), 5
f`mrsfve,
`kbmnk bm5 Cfrcpetrfjc, 5
pkr perms, 5, 4
Eveter,, tmjoknkhfe f`mrsfve,
Eveter f`mrsfve, 5, 4, :, 2, =
D
Dfh bete, 5
jebmfe bm venkr, 5
Dnmobmb nmerofoh . Ymr @kbmnk
@kbmnk làdrfbk Dnkhs, 5, 4, :, 2
Dfh bete, 5, 4, :, 2
Drefostkr`foh (jluve
(jluve bm fbmfes), 5, 4, :, 2
Dusfomss Fotmnnfhmojm
omhújfks & Eoenytfjs
Dusfomss @kbmn (DFE).
Jeoves. Fotmnfháojfe
Fotmnfháojfe
Ymr
Ymr Jeoves,
Jeoves, m eoenàtfje
tæjofje åhfn J bm
Jeoves, tæjofje åhfn, 5
Jerhe jkhoftfve, tmkrfe, 5, 4, :, 2
Jesk m`påtfjk, mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :, 2
Jevmroe bfhften 5B, 4
Jlettmrdkt, 5
Jlmjcpkfot eoenytfjs. Ymr Eoenàtfje
Eoenàtfje bm pkotks bm vmrfifjeèêk Jfáojfe bks
bebks mbujejfkoefs, 5
bfehreè bm rmnejfkoe`motk motrm `fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs,
nmerofoh eoenytfjs m eoenàtfje ejebá`fje/fostftujfkoen,
ejebá`fje/fostftujfkoen, 5
Jkejlfohh,rmvmrsk,
Jnustmrfo `ætkbkmstretæhfe,
bm `fomreèêk5 bm bebks mbujejfkoefs, 5
Júbfhks UT, 5, 4
Jkhoftfvfs`k, 5, 4, :
Jknedkreèêk, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57, 55,
55, 54, 5:, 52, 5=, 59
jk`k venkr be pmbehkhfe åhfn, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <
prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes etfves, 5
Jk`pmtáojfes bk sæjunk \\F, m `mtkbknkhfes etfves, 5
ejmssk m eoånfsm bm foikrèèýms, 5
ebeptedfnfbebm, 5
ehfnfbebm, 5 5
jknedkreèêk,
jkùofjeèêk kren, 5
jurfksfbebm, 5
m`prmmobmbkrfs`k, 5
msjrfte mifjez, 5
fèhfoeèêk, 5
fofjfetfve, 5 foinuáojfe, 5
nfbmreoèe pkr
pmose`motk jràtfjk, 5
sknuèêk bm prkdnmès, 5
Jk`pmtfèêk, m` akhks, 5, 4
Jk`puteèêk, 5
jkhoftfve, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
pmrvesfve, 5
udàque, 5, 4. Ymr te`dæ` Eprmobfzehm` udàque Jkùofjeèêk, kren,
jk`pmtáojfe bk sæjunk \\F, 5
tmxtuen uof`kben, 5
Jkùofbebms bm eprmobfzehm`, 5, 4
Jkojmftuenfzeèêk,, mståhfk be eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve, 5
Jkojmftuenfzeèêk
Jkomjtfvfs`k, 5, 4, :, 2, =
Jkomxêk jkotàoue, prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs, 5, 4, :
Jkoinftk, m` akhks, 5, 4
Jkostruèêk
be fbmotfbebm, m` e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks trfbf`mosfkoefs, 5
mståhfk bm eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve, 5
Jkostrutfvfs`k, 5, 4, :, 2. Ymr te`dæ` (Zkjfk) jkostrutfvfs`k Jkotmñbk
ebepteèêk bk, 5
he`fifjeèêk bm, 5, 4, :, 2
„pmbeèks‐ bm, 5, 4
pmrskoenfzebk, 5
Jkotmxtk
jk`putejfkoen, 5
bm tm`pk/tm`pkren, 5
bk usuårfk, 5
iàsfjk, 5
smosfdfnfbebm ek, 5, 4. Ymr te`dæ` Eprmobfzehm` udàque Jkotretks
skjfefs, tæjofje åhfn, 5
Jkkpmreèêk, m` akhks, 5, 4, :
Jkprmsmoèe, smosk bm, m` e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks trfbf`mosfkoefs,
trfbf`mosfkoefs, 5
Jkrpkretfve, mbujeèêk. Ymr Mbujeèêk
Mbujeèêk jkrpkretfve Jkrteoe, eveter jk`mrjfen,
5
Jrfeèêk, ikrè bm eprmobmr, 5
Jurfksfbebm, jk`pmtáojfe bk sæjunk \\F, 5
Jursks e bfstäojfe, 5, 4, :, 2
B
Bebks mbujejfkoefs, 5
eb`fofstretfvks m hmrmojfefs, 5, 4
eoånfsm m eèêk, 5, 4
drutks, 5, 4, :, 2
jfáojfe bks, 5, 4
jknmte, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6
mstruturebks, 5, 4
`fomreèêk bm. Ymr @fomreèêk
@fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs3 @mtkbknkhfes
eoenàtfjes `kbfifjebks, 5
oêk mstruturebks, 5, 4, :
pús-prkjmsse`motk, 5, 4
præ-prkjmsse`motk, 5, 4, :
rmnetfvks
rmnetfvks ç
ekeprmobfzehm`,
mosfok, 5 5
sfstmès hmrebkrms, 5
tfpks bm, 5
tkèbe bm bmjfsêk e pertfr, 5, 4, :, 2
Besldkerbs. Ymr Wefoæfs
Wefoæfs bm jkotrknm Bmjnereèýms bm `fssêk bk jursk,
tæjofje åhfn, 5
Bmmp nmerofoh . Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
Eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe Bm`kostreèêk, jk`k venkr be
pmbehkhfe åhfn, 5
Bmsm`pmolk bm pepæfs. Ymr Tknm
Tknm pneyfoh Bmsfho fostrujfkoen, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9,
8, <, 6, 57
ètrfz
Bmsfho bm, 5,
tlfocmr, 4 jk`k, 5
enuok
Bmsfho tlfocfoh, 5, 4. Ymr te`dæ` BR Mxprmss, mstretæhfe Bmsfhomrs, enuoks
jk`k, 5, 4
Bmstfneèêk bm bebks pere aunhe`motk luèok, `ætkbk bm `fomreèêk bm
bebks mbujejfkoefs, 5
Bmtmjèêk bm bfimrmoèes (kutnfmrs bmtmjtfko), `ætkbk bm `fomreèêk bm bebks
mbujejfkoefs, 5
Bfehoústfjk jknmtfvk, mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :
Bfånkhk, mståhfk be eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve, 5
Bfsjursk bm mnmvebkr, mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :, 2
Bfspksftfvks `úvmfs, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57, 55. Ymr te`dæ` R
`úvmfs,
`úvmfs Bfvmrsêk Rmjoknkhf
mjoknkhfes
es
m` akhks, 5, 4
m` mbujeèêk, 5, 4, :, 2
prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves, 5, 4
Bktjk`, hmreèêk. Ymr Okves
Okves hmreèýms Bk ft ykursmni (BFV, ku ieèe vkjá
`ms`k), 5, 4
BR mxprmss, mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :, 2
M
MEB. Ymr Mbujeèêk
Mbujeèêk e bfstäojfe Mjkok`fe be etmoèêk, 5, 4, :, 2, =
prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs, 5, 4
Mbujeèêk
e bfstäojfe, 5, 4, :, 2
jkrpkretfve, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57, 55, 54, 5:, 52, 5=, 59, 58, 5<, 56,
47, 45
ok ikrètk Nmhk, 5
pkr tkbe e vfbe (nfimnkoh nmerofoh ),), 5, 4
prmsmojfen,
Mbujetfkoen bete5,`fofoh
4, :, 2, =, 9, 8,Ymr
(MB@).
(MB@). <, @fomreèêk
6, 57, 55
55 bm bebks mbujejfkoefs M-
@fomreèêk
nmerofoh, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
Mnmvetkr pftjl. Ymr Bfsjursk
Bfsjursk bm mnmvebkr, mstretæhfe M`petfe, èpe be, 5, 4
M`prmmobmbkrfs`k, jk`pmtáojfe bk sæjunk \\F, 5
Moheae`motk, prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves, 5
Mosfok
m`permnlebk, tæjofje åhfn, 5
iuobe`moten, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
prmsjrftfvk, 5
supmrfkr,, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57
supmrfkr
Mosfok Zupmrfkr, @eofimstk
Mosfok-eprmobfzehm` Åhfn,
dmomiàjfks5bks akhks pere k prkjmssk bm, 5
dmomiàjfks
bmsfho tlfocfoh jk`k mstretæhfe bm, 5
@eofimstk Åhfn pere, 5
@mtkbknkhfe bm Mosfok-Eprmobfzehm` Åhfn, 5
Msjknes åhmfs èofimstk bes, 5
prfojàpfks bes, 5
Msjknle bk enuok, jk`k venkr be pmbehkhfe åhfn, 5
Msjrfte mifjez, jk`pmtáojfe bk sæjunk \\F, 5
Mstetàstfje
vmrsus `fomreèêk bm bebks, 5
Mstfnk m prmimráojfes bm eprmobfzehm`, 5
Mxpmrfáojfe
bm eprmobfzehm`, prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves, 5, 4
f`mrsfve, 5, 4, :, 2, =. Ymr te`dæ` @mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves

Mxpmrf`moteèêk, ikrè bm eprmobmr, 5
Mxpnksêk
bm bebks. Ymr Dfh
Dfh bete foikrèjfkoen, 5, 4
Mxtretk
m\trm`mbmWrkhre``foh.
pertfjfpeèêk, Ymr
mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :,mxtrmè
Wrkhreèèêk
Wrkhreèèêk 2 I
Ied Neds, 5
ejebá`fjks, 5
prkifssfkoefs, 5
pñdnfjks, 5
Iedrfjeèêk bfhften. Ymr Ied
Ied Neds Iedrfjetfko nedkretkry. Ymr Ied
Ied Neds Ieèe
Iåjfn, mstretæhfes, 5
Jesk m`påtfjk, 5, 4
Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk, 5, 4
Bfehoústfjk jknmtfvk, 5
Bfsjursk
BR bm mnmvebkr
mxprmss, 5, 4 (Mnmvetkr pftjl), 5-4
Mxtretk bm pertfjfpeèêk, 5, 4
He`fifjeèêk mstruturen, 5, 4
He`fifjeèêk bm jkotmñbk, 5, 4
@foutm pepmr, 5, 4
Wmjle Cujle, 5, 4
Tknmypneyfoh (akhk bm pepæfs), 5, 4
Rrfnles bm eprmobfzehm`, 5, 4
Immbdejc
m Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs, 5, 4
m` akhks, 5, 4, :, 2
Imrre`motes ùntf`kbefs, 5
Ifbmnfbebm rmprmsmotejfkoen, m` e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks trfbf`mosfkoefs, 5, 4
Infppmb nmerofoh. Ymr Zene
Zene bm eune fovmrtfbe Inuxk
m` `mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves, 5, 4, :
mstebk bm, 5, 4, :
Ikrès bm eprmobmr jrfeèêk, 5
mxpmrf`moteèêk, 5
fostruèêk, 5
Iúruos, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8
He`ms. Ymr Akhks
He`ms
H Akhks He`fifjeèêk, 5, 4, :, 2, =
bm jkotmñbk, mstretæhfe, 5, 4
mstruturen, mstretæhfe, 5, 4
Hmknkjenfzebkrms,, 5
Hmknkjenfzebkrms
Hmreèêk V. Ymr Okves
Okves hmreèýms Hèfn, 5, 4
Hkkhnm, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, Jerbdkerb, 5, 4, :
Mxpmbftfkos, prkhreè,
Ikr`s, skitwerm, 5, 4 5
L
Lmutehkhfe, 5, 4, :, 2
@kbmnk làdrfbk F
Làdrfbk. Ymr @kbmnk
FE. Ymr Fotmnfháojfe
Fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen FD@ Xetsko, 5
pere mbujebkrms, 5
fHmreèêk. Ymr Okves
Okves hmreèýms Fnusêk rmenfste, 5, 4
oe rmenfbebm vfrtuen, 5, 4
Fèhfoeèêk, 5, 4, :
jk`pmtáojfe
F`mrsêk, 5, 4, :, 2,bk=,sæjunk
9, 8, <,\\F, 5, 45
6, 57, 55,
5, 54, 5:, 52, 5=
m bfvmrsêk, 5, 4
oe rmenfbebm vfrtuen, 5
skjfen, 5
vmrsus m`mrsêk, 5
Fobmpmobáojfe bk enuok. Ymr Eutkok`fe
Eutkok`fe Foikrèèêk, vfsuenfzeèêk be, 5, 4, :,
2, Fofjfetfve, jk`pmtáojfe bk sæjunk \\F, 5, 4
Fokveèêk
bmsfho tlfocfoh jk`k edkrbehm` bm, 5, 4
bfsruptfve, 5, 4, :, 2, =
fojrm`moten, 5, 4, :,jfkoen
Fostftutfkoen
ejebá`fje/fostftujfkoen
ejebá`fje/fostftu eoenytfjs. Ymr Eoenàtfje
Fostruèêk Eoenàtfje
ikrè bm eprmobmr, 5
pkr perms, 5, 4, :
Fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen. Ymr Fotmnfháojfe
Fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen (FE) m eoenàtfje bm omhújfks, 5
luèok-jk`putejfkoen, prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes, 5
`mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes, 5, 4, :, 2
Fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen (FE), 5
årvkrm bm bmjfsêk, 5
núhfje bfiuse, 5
rmbms deymsfeoes, 5
rmbms omurefs,
sfstmès 5
ebeptetfvks, 5, 4
tæjofjes, 5
Fotmreèêk m` tm`pk rmen oe rmenfbebm vfrtuen, 5

Fotmretfvfbebm, 5, 4, :, 2, =
Fotmriejm, ebepteèêk be, 5
Fotmromt bes Jkfses, 5, 4
Fovmstfheèêk bfrfhfbe pkr mstubeotms, jk`k venkr be pmbehkhfe åhfn, 5
A
Akd-efbs. Ymr Eaubes
Eaubes bm tredenlk Akhks, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <
:-B, 5, eháojfe ku prkpkste bm eèêk bk akhebkr, 5
dmomiàjfks pere k prkjmssk bm mosfok-eprmobfzehm`, 5
jk`pmtfèêk, 5, 4, :
jkoinftk, 5, 4
jkkpmreèêk, 5, 4, :
bfhftefs, 5, 4, :, 2
bfvmrsêk, 5
m rmenfbebm vfrtuen, 5, 4
immbdejc, 5, 4, :
akhedfnfbebm, 5
oerretfves, 5, 4
oàvmfs bm bfifjunbebm, 5
pmrvesfvks, 5
queotfifjeèêk m sjkrm, 5
rmjk`pmoses, 5, 4
rmhres, m` akhks, 5, 4, :, 2, =
TWH (Tknm Wneyfoh He`m), 5, 4, :
særfks (smrfkus he`ms), 5, 4
Auoh,fotufèêk,
tfpknkhfes
5 psfjknúhfjes epnfjebes e e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks, 5
pmose`motk, 5
smoseèêk, 5
smotf`motk, 5
Eprmobfzehm` ok tm`pk mxetk C
Aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh . Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
Ceodeo, tæjofje åhfn, 5
N
Nedkretúrfks bm iedrfjeèêk. Ymr Ied
Ied Neds rm`ktks, 5
vfrtuefs, 5
Nmep @ktfko, 5
Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs (eoenàtfje be eprmobfzehm`), 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
ebepteèêk be eprmobfzehm` m, 5, 4, :
eoånfsm m eèêk, 5, 4
evenfeèêk m, 5, 4, :
jknmte bm bebks, 5, 4, :
bmsjkdmrte luèoe, 5
immbdejc
ikjk, 5 m, 5, 4
fotmrsmèêk jk` `fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs, 5, 4, :
fotmrvmoèêk luèoe, 5
aunhe`motk luèok, 5
`motkrfe m, 5, 4
`kbmnk bm rmimráojfe, 5, 4
`koftkre`motk m eoånfsm m, 5, 4, :
kdamtfvks, 5
pmrhuote-jlevm, 5
pmrskoenfzeèêk m, 5, 4, :
pús-prkjmsse`motk,
præ-prkjmsse`motk, 5, 5, 44
prmvfsêk m, 5, 4, :
prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes, 5, 4
prkjmssk, 5
rmjk`mobeèêk m, 5, 4, :
tutkrfe m, 5, 4, :
vmrsus eoenàtfje ejebá`fje/fostftujfkoen, 5
Nmerofoh dy bkfoh . Ymr Eprmobmr
Eprmobmr iezmobk Nmerofoh @eoehm`mot Zystm`s
(N@Zs), 5
Nfbmreoèe pkr foinuáojfe, jk`pmtáojfe bk sæjunk \\F, 5, 4
Nfimnkoh nmerofoh . Ymr Mbujeèêk
Mbujeèêk pkr tkbe e vfbe Nfvrks bfbåtfjks, jk`
rmenfbebm eu`motebe, 5
N@Zs. Ymr Nmerofoh
Nmerofoh @eoehm`mot Zystm`s Núhfje bfiuse, tæjofje bm
fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen, 5
@
@ejlfom nmerofoh (@N),
(@N), 5, 4, :, 2
@ejrks, imrre`motes pere e eprmobfzehm` ok tm`pk mxetk, 5
@ecmr
eprmobfzehm`, 5, 4
mspeèk, 5
`kvf`motk,
pmsske, 5 5, 4, :
@eofimstk
hfn ok Mosfok Zupmrfkr, 5

Åhfn pere k Mosfok m e Eprmobfzehm`,
Eprmobfzehm`, 5
be Wmbehkhfe Åhfn, 5, 4
bes Msjknes Åhmfs, 5, 4
@epepere k bmsmovknvf`motk åhfn bm skitwerm, 5

be m`petfe, tæjofje, 5
bm jenkr pere vfsuenfzeèêk bm bebks m foikrèèýms, 5, 4
@essfvm Kpmo Konfom Jkursm. Ymr @kkjs
@kkjs @mbfeèêk, 5, 4
@mnlkrfe jkotàoue, jk`k venkr be pmbehkhfe åhfn, 5
@motenfbebm åhfn ok ùobk be mbujeèêk, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6
@motf`mtmr,, skitwerm, 5
@motf`mtmr
@motkrfe
m Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs, 5, 4
@mtejkhofèêk, 5, 4, :, 2
@mtkbknkhfe
@mtlkbknkhy bm ‚Mosfok-Eprmobfzehm`
ERN@), 5 Åhfn (Ehfnm-R
(Ehfnm-Rmejlfoh/Nmerofoh
mejlfoh/Nmerofoh
@mtkbknkhfes åhmfs, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
„`fjrktubk‐, prfojàpfk mssmojfen, 5, 4, :
Ehfnm-Rmejlfoh/Nmerofoh
Ehfnm-Rmejlfoh/Nmerofoh @mtlkbk
@mtlkbknkhy
nkhy (ERN@),
(ERN@), 5
eaubes bm tredenlk ( akd-efbs
akd-efbs), imrre`motes, 5
eprmobfzehm` åhfn, 5, 4, :
eprmobfzehm` bm supmriàjfm, 5, 4
eprmobfzehm` `úvmn (`-nmerofoh), 5, 4, :, 2, =
eprmobfzehm` ok tm`pk mxetk (aust-fo-tf`m nmerofoh), 5, 4
eprmobfzehm` prkiuobe, 5, 4, :, 2
eprmobfzehm` skd bmèobe (ko-bmèob nmerofoh ), ), 5
eprmobfzehm` udàque (u-nmerofoh), 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57, 55
jerhe jkhoftfve m, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
Jeoves, tæjofje, 5
Jkomxêk jkotàoue, prfojàpfk mssmojfen, 5, 4, :
Jkotretks skjfefs, tæjofje, 5
Bmjnereèýms bm `fssêk bk jursk, tæjofje,86-<7
Bfsjursk bm mnmvebkr, mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :
bfspksftfvks `úvmfs, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8
m es okves hmreèýms, 5, 4
mjkok`fe be etmoèêk, prfojàpfk mssmojfen, 5, 4, :
mosfok m`permnlebk, tæjofje, 5
msjknes åhmfs, 5, 4
mstretæhfes Ieèe Iåjfn, 5
mxpnksêk foikrèjfkoen, 5
imrre`motes ùntf`kbefs, 5
Ceodeo, tæjofje, 5
èjrks, imrre`motes, 5
èofimstks, 5, 4, :
`motenfbebm åhfn, 5, 45, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57
`fjrkeprmobfzehm`,
@foutm pepmr, mstretæhfe,
mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :, 2
`kdfnfbebm tmjoknúhfje, prfojàpfk mssmojfen, 5
ùntftermie, msqumè, 5
okves hmreèýms, 5, 4
Wmjle Cujle, mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :, 2
pmbehkhfe åhfn, 5, 4
prfojàpfks mssmojfefs, 5, 4, :
Tmnä`pehks bm venkr, tæjofje, 5
Tmtrkspmjtfve, tæjofje, 5
Zjru`, tæjofje,55
Zprfot, tæjofje,
Zteob-up, tæjofje, 5
tm`pnetms, imrre`motes, 5
tmkrfe be jerhe jkhoftfve, 5, 4, :, 2
venkrms be pmbehkhfe åhfn, 5, 4
vmnkjfbebm, 5, 4, :
vfsuenfzeèêk be foikrèèêk, 5
@mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes, 5, 4, :, 2, =
ebepteèêk be eprmobfzehm`, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
ebeptetfvfbebm, prfojfpen mssmojfen, 5
eoenàtfje ejebá`fje/fostftujfkoen (ejebm`fj /fostftutfkoen eoenytfjs), 5, 4, :
eoenàtfje be eprmobfzehm` (nmerofoh eoenytfjs), prfojfpen mssmojfen, 5
eprmobfzebk bm `åqufoe (èjlfom nmerofoh ), ), 5, 4, :, 2, =
eprmobfzehm` ebeptetfve, 5, 4
eprmobfzehm` pmrskoenfzebe, 5, 4
jfáojfe bks bebks mbujejfkoefs, 5, 4, :
jk`puteèêk jkhoftfve, 5, 4
Bfehoústfjk jknmtfvk, mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :
mxpnksêk bm bebks, 5
Mxtretk bm pertfjfpeèêk, mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :
mstretæhfes Ieèe Iåjfn, 5, 4, :
fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen (FE), 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <
fotmnfháojfe luèok-jk`putejfkoen, prfojfpen mssmojfen, 5, 4
`mtkbknkhfes vmrsus tmjoknkhfes, 5
`fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs ( Mbujetfkoen Bete @fofoh ), ), 5, 4, :, 2
pmrskoenfzeèêk, prfojfpen mssmojfen,

mssmojfen, 5, 4, :, 2, =
sfstmès ebeptetfvks bm eprmobfzehm`, 5, 4
tmjoknkhfes ebeptetfves, 5
tkèbe
sfstmèsbmjk`putejfkoefs
bmjfsêk, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <,5,6,
fotmnfhmotms, 4 57, 55
Rrfnles bm eprmobfzehm`,
eprmobfzehm`, mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :, 2, =
vmrsus tmjoknkhfes eoenàtfjes, 5
vfsuenfzeèêk bm bebks m foikrèèýms, 5
@mtkbknkhfes etfves, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
(skjfk)jkostrutfvfs`k,
(skjfk)jkostrutfvfs`k, 5, 4, :
edkrbehmos qum iuobe`mote` e ebkèêk bm, 5
eèêk-rminmxêk, prfojàpfk mssmojfen, 5, 4, :
enuoks jk`k bmsfhomrs, 5, 4, :
eobrehkhfe, 5, 4
eprmobmr iezmobk
Eprmobfzehm` (nmerofoh
Desmebe m`dy
m` bkfoh), 5,(EDW),
Wrkdnmès 4, : 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` m` Wrkdnmès m pkr Wrkamtks (EDWW), 5, 4, :, 2
Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` m` Wrkamtks (EDW), 5, 4
eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen, 5, 4, :
eprmobfzehm` sfhofifjetfve, 5
ertfjuneèêk motrm tmkrfe m pråtfje, 5, 4
Jesk m`påtfjk, mstretæhfe, 5, 4
Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk, mstretæhfe, 5
Jkhoftfvfs`k, 5, 4, :, 2
jknedkreèêk, prfojàpfk mssmojfen, 5, 4
jk`pmtáojfes bk sæjunk \\F m, 5
jkomjtfvfs`k, 5, 4, :, 2
jkostrutfvfs`k, 5, 4, :, 2
jkotmxtks bm epnfjeèêk, 5
jkotrepkotk ek mosfok treos`fssfvk, 5
BR mxprmss, mstretæhfe, 5, 4
bmsfho tlfocfoh, 5, 4, :, 2, =
mstubk bm jesk, 5
mstretæhfes Ieèe Iåjfn, 5, 4, :
Ied Neds, 5, 4, :, 2
lmutehkhfe, 5, 4, :
fostruèêk pkr perms, 5, 4, :, 2, =
`kvf`motk ècmr , 5, 4, :
pmbehkhfe, 5, 4, :, 2, =
prktehkofs`k bk enuok, prfojàpfk mssmojfen, 5, 4

prktútfpks, 5, 4, :, 2, =
sene bm eune fovmrtfbe, 5, 4 (skjfk)jkostrutfvfs`k, :, 2, =
Rmjloknkhy-Moednmb Ejtfvm Nmerofoh (Rmen), 5
Rmkrfe be Etfvfbebm
vfæs luèofste, 5, 4(RE), 5
@mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves,
f`mrsfves, 5, 4, :, 2
eháojfe, 5, 4, :, 2, =
e`dfmotms f`mrsfvks, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57
eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve, 5, 4
evenfeèêk oe eprmobfzehm` f`mrsfve, 5
eveter,, tmjoknkhfe, 5, 4, :, 2
eveter
jevmroe bfhften 5B, 4
bfvmrsêk, prfojàpfk, 5, 4, :
moheae`motk, prfojàpfk mssmojfen, 5, 4, :
mxpmrfáojfeIeèe
mstretæhfes bm eprmobfzehm`,
Iåjfn, 5, 4, : prfojàpfk mssmojfen, 5, 4, :
mxpmrfáojfe bm eprmobfzehm`, 5, 4, :, 2, =
mxpmrfáojfe f`mrsfve, 5, 4, :, 2, =
inuxk, 5, 4, :, 2, =
he`fifjeèêk, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57
He`fifjeèêk bm jkotmñbk, mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :, 2, =
He`fifjeèêk mstruturen, mstretæhfe,=, 5, 4, :, 2
F`mrsêk, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57, 55, 54, 5:, 52, 5=, 59
Akhks, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57, 55, 54
`fjrkùobks, 5
`àbfes m tmjoknkhfes, 5, 4
rmenfbebm eu`motebe, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57, 55,
55, 54, 5:, 52, 5=, 59
rmenfbebm `fsturebe, 5, 4
rmenfbebm m vfrtuenfbebm, 5
rmenfbebm prkamtebe, 5
rmenfbebm vfrtuen oe tmne bm u` jk`putebkr, 5
Tknmypneyfoh (akhk
(akhk bm pepæfs), mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :
Zmoskrms, 5, 4, :, 2, =
Zfùneèýms, 5, 4, :, 2, =
sfùnebkrms bm jedfom, tmjoknkhfe, 5
sfstmès ejkpnebks vfsuen`motm, 5
tmjoknkhfes f`mrsfves, prfojàpfk mssmojfen, 5, 4, :
tmnmprmsmoèe, tmjoknkhfe, 5
@mtkbknkhfes fokv-etfves åhmfs, 5. Ymr te`dæ` @mtkbknkhfes åhmfs eoenàtfjes,

5. Ymr te`dæ` @mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes etfves, 5. Ymr te`dæ` @mtkbknkhfes
etfves f`mrsfves, 5. Ymr te`dæ` @mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves
@fjrkeprmobfzehm`, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
@fjrketfvfbebms, 5, 5,
@fjrkjmrtfifjeèýms,
@fjrkjmrtfifjeèým s, 4, 4.
:, Ymr
2 te`dæ` Oeokjmrtfifjeèýms @fjrkjkotmñbks, 5, 4,
:, 2, =, 9, 8
jerejtmràstfjes, 5
@fjrk`k`motks, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
@fjrkskit Cfomjt, 5, 4
@àbfes skjfefs. Ymr Tmbms
Tmbms skjfefs @fnnmoofens, hmreèêk. Ymr Okves
Okves hmreèýms
@fomjreit, ùobk vfrtuen, 5, 4
@fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs (Mbujetfkoen Bete @fofoh - MB@), 5, 4, :, 2
e`dfmotm mbujejfkoen, 5
enhkrft`ks, 5
eoånfsm bm rmbms
bebks drutks, 5 skjfefs, 5
bebks `kbfifjebks, 5
bmsjkdmrte be foikrèèêk, 5
bmstfneèêk bm bebks pere aunhe`motk luèok, 5
bmtmjèêk bm bfimrmoèes, 5
ikjk, 5
ikrùneèêk bm lfpútmsms, 5, 4
fotmrprmteèêk m evenfeèêk, 5
aunhe`motk luèok, 5
`ætkbks bm, 5
`fomreèêk bm rmnejfkoe`motks, 5
`fomreèêk bm prkjmssk, 5
`fomreèêk bm tmxtk, 5
`kbmnks m pebrýms, 5
pmrhuote-jlevm, 5
prmbfèêk, 5
præ-prkjmsse`motk, 5
prkjmssk bm epnfjeèêk, 5, 4
restrmfk bm jkolmjf`motk, 5
tmstms, 5, 4
vmrsus mstetàstfje, 5
@fomreèêk
bm bebks mbujejfkoefs. Ymr @fomreèêk
@fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs
(Mbujetfkoen Bete @fofoh ‚ MB@), 5, 4, :, 2
bm prkjmssk, 5
bm rmnejfkoe`motks, 5
bm tmxtk, 5
@foutm pepmr,
pepmr, mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :, 2
@-nmerofoh (`kdfnm nmerofoh). Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
Eprmobfzehm` `úvmn @kdfnm nmerofoh. Ymr
Eprmobfzehm` `úvmn @kdfnm tehs. Ymr Júbfhks
@kdfnfbebm Júbfhks UT
jkojmftuen, 5
iàsfje, 5
skjfkfotmrejfkoen, 5
tmjoknúhfje, prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes åhmfs, 5, 4, :
tm`pkren, 5
@kbmnk làdrfbk, 5, 4, :
@kkjs (@essfvm Kpmo Konfom Jkursm), 5, 4, :
@ktfveèêk, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6
@úvmn/`úvmfs eprmobfzehm`,
eprmobfzehm`, 5, 4, :, 2, =
bfspksftfvks, 5, 4,
tmjoknkhfes, 5, 4, :,
:, 2,
2, ==, 9, 8, <, 6, 57, 55, 54, 5:
@kvf`motk ècmr. Ymr @ecmr
@untftermie, msqumè, 5
O
Oeokjmrtfifjeèýms, 5, 4
Oerretfves, m` akhks, 5, 4
Oetfvks bfhftefs. Ymr Okves
Okves hmreèýms Omhújfk jmrtk ‚ Rrfnles bm
eutketmobf`motk, prkhreè, 5
Omt, hmreèêk. Ymr Okves
Okves hmreèýms Oàvmfs bm bfifjunbebm, m` akhks, 5
Okves hmreèýms, 5, 4
K
Kdamtks bm eprmobfzehm`, 5, 4, Újunks bm rmenfbebm vfrtuen, 5
Eprmobfzehm` skd bmèobe W
Ko-bmèob nmerofoh . Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
Wefoæfs bm jkotrknm (besldkerbs) pere vfsuenfzeèêk bm bebks m foikrèèýms, 5
Werms
evenfeèêk pkr, 5, 4
fostruèêk pkr. Ymr Fostruèêk
Fostruèêk pkr perms WDN
(Wrkdnm`-Desmb Nmerofoh). Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnmès
(EDW) (Wrkamjt desmb Nmerofoh). Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m`
Wrkamtks (EDW) Wmjle Cujle, mstretæhfe, 5, 4, :, 2
Wmbehkhfe
åhfn, @eofimstk bm, 5, 4
åhfn, venkrms be, 5

mxtrmè, 5, 4
Wmmr tk pmmr fostrujtfko. Ymr Fostruèêk
Fostruèêk pkr perms Wmose`motk
jràtfjk, jk`pmtáojfe bk sæjunk \\F, 5
bmbmbmsfho. Ymr Bmsfho
rmjursks luèoks),
Bmsfho tlfocfoh
5 Wmkpnm eoenytfjs (eoenàtfje bm pmsskes ku
Wmrikrèojm eoenytfjs (eoenàtfje bm bmsm`pmolk), 5
Wmrskoenfzeèêk m Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes eoenàtfjes, 5, 4, :
Wneofnles mnmtròofjes, 5, 4, :
Wkcæ`ko Hk, akhk, 5
pús-@fnnmofens. Ymr Okves
Okves hmreèýms Wråtfje
ertfjuneèêk jk` tmkrfe, 5
etfvfbebm, 5
Wrmbfèêk, `ætkbk bm `fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs, 5, 4
Wrmsmoèe,
Wrmsmojfen,smosk bm, m`
mbujeèêk. e`dfmotms
Mbujeèêkf`mrsfvks
Mbujeèêk
Ymr trfbf`mosfkoefs
trfbf`mosfkoefs,
prmsmojfen Wrkdnmès , 5
Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` m` (EDW), 5, 4, :, 2
Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` m` Wrkdnmès m pkr Wrkamtks (EDWW), 5, 4, :
jk`pnmxks, 5, 4
sftueèýms-prkdnmè, 5, 4
sknuèêk bm, jk`pmtáojfe bk sæjunk \\F, 5
Wrkjmss eoenytfjs. Ymr Eoenàtfje
Eoenàtfje bm prkjmssk Wrkimsskre Mnmctre, jlettmrdkt , 5
Wrkhreèèêk mxtrmè (\W ‚ m\trm`m Wrkhre``foh), 5
Wrkamjt-desmb Nmerofoh (WDN). Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkamtks (EDW)
Wrkamtks
Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` m` (EDW), 5
Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` m` Wrkdnmès m pkr Wrkamtks (EDWW), 5, 4, :, 2
bmsmovknvf`motk bm, 5, 4
Wrktehkofs`k bk enuok, prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes etfves, 5, 4
Wrktútfpks, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
U
UT jkbm. Ymr Júbfhks
Júbfhks UT
Uueotfifjeèêk m sjkrm, m` akhks, 5
T
Testrmfk bm jkolmjf`motk, `ætkbk bm `fomreèêk bm bebks mbujejfkoefs, 5
Tmenfbebm
-vfrtuenfbebm, jkotfouu`, 5, 4
eu`motebe, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57, 5 55,

5, 54, 5:, 52, 5=, 59, 58, 5<
`fsturebe, 5, 4 újunks bm rmenfbebm eu`motebe, :
prkamtebe, 5
vfrtuen, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6,57, 55, 54, 5:, 52, 5=
Tmjk`mobeèêk
Tmjk`pmose, m` m Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs,
akhks, 5, 4, : 5, 4, :
Tmbms
deymsfeoes, tæjofje bm fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen, 5
omurefs, tæjofje bm fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen, 5
skjfefs, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57, 55,
55, 54, 5:, 52, 5=, 59
skjfefs, eoånfsm bm (Zkjfen Omtwkrc Eoenysfs), 5, 4, :
Tminmxêk
m Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs, 5, 4, :
Tmhres
m` akhks, 5, 4, :, 2
Tmnä`pehks bm venkr,
Tmprmsmoteèýms tæjofje
5-B pere åhfn, 5 bm bebks m foikrèèýms, 4
vfsuenfzeèêk
Tmsuntebks be eprmobfzehm`, jk`k venkr be pmbehkhfe åhfn, 5
Tmtrkspmjtfve, tæjofje åhfn, 5
Tknm Wneyfoh He`m. Ymr TWH
TWH
TWH (Tknm Wneyfoh He`m), akhk bm bmsm`pmolk bm pepæfs, 5, 4, :
Z
Zene bm eune fovmrtfbe (infppmb nmerofoh), 5, 4, :
Zjru`, tæjofje åhfn, 5, 4
Zmjkob Nfim, ùobk vfrtuen, 5
Zmosfdfnfbebm
Zmoskrms ek jkotmxtk, 5, 4. Ymr te`dæ` Eprmobfzehm` udàque luèoe, 5
bm `kvf`motk, 5, 4
Zmrfkus he`ms. Ymr Akhks
Akhks særfks Zfùneèýms
fotmretfves, 5
Zfùnebkrms bm jedfom, 5
Zfrf, eveter jk`mrjfen, 5
Zfstmès
ejkpnebks vfsuen`motm, tmjoknkhfe f`mrsfve, 5
ebeptetfvks bm eprmobfzehm`, 5, 4, :,2, =
desmebks m` enhkrft`ks, 5
desmebks m` èjlfom
jk`putejfkoefs nmerofoh,
fotmnfhmotms, 5 5, 4, :
bm hmrmojfe`motk be eprmobfzehm`. Ymr Nmerofoh

Nmerofoh @eoehm`mot Zystm`s
mbujejfkoefs jmotrenfzebks (N@Zs), 5
m fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen, 5, 4
f`mrsfvks, 5, 4
oêk f`mrsfvks, 55
sm`f-f`mrsfvks,
Zèrtplkoms, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8
Zkjfen Omtwkrc Eoenysfs ‚ ZOE. Ymr Eoånfsm
Eoånfsm bm rmbms skjfefs Zknuèêk bm
prkdnmès jk`pmtáojfe bk sæjunk \\F, 5
bmsfho tlfocfoh jk`k `mtkbknkhfe bm, 5, 4
Zpejmb nmerofoh . Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
Eprmobfzehm` mspeèebe Zprfot, tæjofje åhfn, 5
ZUN (Ztrujturmb Uumry Neohuehm), 5
Zteob-up, tæjofje åhfn, 5
Ztertups, 5, 4, :, 2
Ztrujturmb Uumry Neohuehm. Ymr ZUN
ZUN
Zuriejm 5, 4, :, 2. Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
Rednmts, nmerofoh Eprmobfzehm` bm supmriàjfm R
Rmen. Ymr Rmjloknkhy-Moednmb
Rmjloknkhy-Moednmb Ejtfvm Nmerofoh Rmjloknkhy-Moednmb Ejtfvm
Nmerofoh (Rmen), 5
Ræjofjes bm fotmnfháojfe ertfifjfen, 5
Rmjoknkhfes
ebeptetfves, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8
eoenàtfjes vmrsus `mtkbknkhfes, 5
f`mrsfves, prfojàpfk mssmojfen bes `mtkbknkhfes, 5, 4, :
f`mrsfves, 5, 4, :, 2, =
`úvmfs, 5, 4, :, 2, =
Rmnmikofe `úvmn. Ymr Bfspksftfvks
Bfspksftfvks `úvmfs Rmnmprmsmoèe, tmjoknkhfe f`mrsfve, 5
Rm`pnetms, imrre`motes pere e eprmobfzehm` ok tm`pk mxetk, 5
Rm`pk
msjessmz bm, 5
ifxk, 5
inufbk, 5, 4
hmrmojfe`motk bm, 5
Rmkrfe
be etfvfbebm (RE), 5
be jerhe jkhoftfve, 5, 4, :, 2
Rmstms jkotàouks, eprmobmr pkr `mfk bm, 5
Rlm Ehfnm Zjlkkns @eofimstk. Ymr @eofimstk
@eofimstk bes Msjknes Åhmfs Rrfnles
Rrfnles bm
eprmobfzehm`, 5, 4, :
mstretæhfe, 5
Rutkrfe
m Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs, 5, 4, :, 2
fotmnfhmotm, 5, 4
]
]dfquftkus nmerofoh. Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
Eprmobfzehm` udàque ]-nmerofoh (udfquftkus
nmerofoh). Ymr Eprmobfzehm`
Eprmobfzehm` udàque smosàvmn ek jkotmxtk, 5, 4, :
Y
Ymnkjfbebm, omjmssfbebm bm, 5
Yfrtuenfbebm m rmenfbebm, 5
Yfsuenfzeèêk
Yfsuenfz eèêk bm bebks m foikrèèýms, 5
èpes bm jenkr, 5
pefoæfs bm jkotrknm (besldkerbs), 5
rmprmsmoteèýms 5-B, 4
tedmnes bm bebks, 5
X
Xmd 5.7, 4
Xfcfs, 5, 4
Xkrb, 5, 4
\
\dkx :97, 5
\W (m\trm`m Wrkhre``foh). Ymr Wrkhreèèêk
Wrkhreèèêk mxtrmè

Àobfjm bm eutkrms m pmsskes
E
Edrmu, A. T. W.,
W., 5
Ehrewen, T., 5, 4
Enbrfjl, J., 5
En`mfbe, @. M. D., 5
En`kle`èbf, C., C., 5
Envms, I.,
I., 5, 4
Eèren, Z. I.,
I., 5
Eobmrsko, A. T., 5, 5, 4
Eohmnk, R.,
R., 5, 4
Eppmn, J., 5, 4, :
Ereñak, ]. I.,
I., 5, 4, :
Eroeu, N., 5, 4
Errkwey,, W.,
Errkwey W., 5, 4
Eusudmn, B. W.,W., 5, 4
Ezuè, T., 5, 4
D
Dehlmrfeo, I., 5, 4, :
Decmr,, T. Z. A. B., 5, 4, :, 2, =
Decmr
Denbmz, E. N. Z., 5, 4
Deobf-Tek, Z., 5, 4
Derdkse, A., 5, 4, :, 2
Detms, E. X. (Rkoy), 5, 4, :, 2, =
Dmjc, C., 5
Dmjcmr, Z. E., 5
Dmnnkof, @. N., 5, 4
Dfmockwscf, @., 5, 4
Dfslkp, @. A., 5, 4
Dfttmojkurt, A. W., 5
Dnfcstmfo, W., 5, 4, :
Dkhkst, F.,597, 5
Dkowmnn, J. J., 5, 4
Dreosikrb, A. B., 5, 4
Drmy, W.,Z.,
Drfhhs, 5, 5,
44
Drkwo, B. M., 5
Drkwo, R., 5, 4
Drujc, W. E., 5, 4, :, 2
Durhks, B., 5, 4
J
Je`pdmnn, A. W., 5, 4
Jeùs, E., 5
Jernsko, D., 5, 4
Jerknmf, W., 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8
Jerr, O., 5, 4, :, 2, =
Jertwrfhlt, D., 5
Jestmnn, Z., 5, 4, :
Jeterjf, R., 5, 4
Jevenjeotf, J. J., 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6
Jlesm, X. H., 5, 4, :
Jlettf, @. E., 5, 4, :, 2
Jlevms, A. D., 5, 4
Jlfo, J., 5
Jluo, E. L. X., 5, 4
Jnkw, B., B.,
Jkr`fmr, 5 5
Jrefh, E. D., 5, 4, :, 2
Jrkss, W., 5, 4, Jrkss, T. E., :, 2, =
Jsfcszmot`flenyf,
Jsfcszmot`flen yf, @., 5, 4, :, 2
Juoofohleo, J., 5
B
B‖Zkuze, @. A., 5, 4, :
Benherok, D., 5, 4, :
Beofmns, L., 5, 4
Bevmopkrt, R, L., 5, 4, :
Bewsko, Z., 5, 4
Bmdnkfs, W. D., 5, 4
Bmjf, M. N., 5, 4
Bmbm, J., 5, 4, :
Bmmnèo, E., 5, 4, :
Bmnlfa, E., 5, 4
Bmvmrs, J. 5,
Bmwmy, A., A.,4,5,:4
Bfmsmn, E., 5, 4
Bkwoms, Z., 5
Brepmr, Z. X., 5, 4
Byjclkii, E. N., 5
Bytle`, @., 5
M
Mbwerbs, T. N., 5, 4
Mfsko, A., 5, 4
M`flkvfjl, D.,58<, 5, 4
Mohmns, I., 5
Mohmstrù`, V.,42, 5, 4, :
Myjlmoom, I., 5, 4
I
Ierfe, Z. @. Z. @. N., 5, 4, :
Imoh, @., 5, 4
Imrhusko, T., 5, 4, :, 2, =
Ifnetrk, E., 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57, 55, 54, 5:, 52, 5=, 59, 58
Ik`foycl, @., 5
Ikoteoe, B., 5
Ikwnmr, J., 5, 4
Ikwnmr, @., 5
Ireocnfo, D., 5
Irmfrm, W., 5, 4, :, 2
Irfmsmo, O., 5, 4
Iunnmr, T. D., 5, 4, :
H
Hedrfmn, @., 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8
Hedrfmnnf, Z., 5, 4
Henvêk, @. E., 5, 4
Herdfo, @., 5, 4, :
Hesperfof, F., 5
Hmfthmy, E., 5, 4
Hmokvmve, Z., 5, 4
Hmrenbfof, E. I. Z., 5
Humrrmrk, E. M., 5, 4, :
L
Lerrfs, A. H., 5, 4
Lesm, Z., 5, 4
Lmetljktm, M., 5, 4
Lmfnfh, @., 5
Lfjcmy, B. R., 5, 4
Lkmdmrfhs, D., 5, 4, :
Lkwm, O., 5, 4
Luh, R., 5, 4, :, 2, =
Lufzfohe, A., 5, 4
Lweoh, H., 5, 4, :, 2, =
F
Fovmotebk, W. Z., 5, 4, :
A
Aejkdfok, I., 5, 4
Amosko, A., 5, 4, :
Aklosko, N., 5, 4
Akoessmo, B. L., 5, 4
Akoms, A.
L.,D.,
5, 5,
44
Akrbeo, C., 5
Akrhm, J. I. D., 5, 4
Auoh, J. H., 5, 4
C
Ceèt, Y., 5, 4
Cepp, C. @., 5, 4
Cm`jzfoscf, E., 5
Cmoyko, J., 5, 4
Cmrrms,
Cfèof, @., 5 4
Z., 5,
Cfrcpetrfjc, B. N., 5, 4
Cfromr, J., 5
Cfrrfmùfr, A., 5, 4
Cfslfok, I., 5, 4, :
Cneus`mfmr, A. C., 5, 4
Cnmfo, E., 5@. Z., 5, 4
Cokwnms,
Cknd, B. E., 5, 4, :, 2
Ckpmr, T., 5, 4
Crmldfmn, R. J., 5, 4
Crmss, H. T., 5, 4
N
Neole`, T. E., 5, 4
Nm Dktmri, H., 5, 4
Nmen, J. M. Z., 5, 4
Nmm, @., 5, 4, :
Nmmom, E., 5, 4
Nmkoh, W., 5
Nmkolerbt, @. B., 5
Nf`, J. W., 5, 4
Nfè, A. Z. bm, 5, 4
Nfobomr, @., 5, 4, :, 2
Nfttk, I. @., 5, 4, :
Nfu, H., 5, 4, :, 2, =
Nkjcymr, N., 5, 4
Núpmz-Hkõf, F., 5, 4
Nkyknne, X. W. B. J., 5
Nujcfo, T., 5, 4
@
@ertào-Hutfærrmz, A., 5, 4
@ertfos, Z. O., 5, 4
@eyms, A. R., 5, 4
@ezur, M., 5, 4, :
@jJnurm, T. B., 5, 4
@jIerneom, E., 5, 4
@jHkofhen, A., 5, 4
@meos, D., 5, 4
@mnnk Zkdrfolk, M. J., 5, 4
@fnhre`, W., 5, 4, :
@fnftmnnk, E. N., 5
@fnnmr, H. E., 5, 4
@fnnmr, L. H., 5, 4, :
@klkny-Oehy, N., 5
@kfsse, D., 5@., 5, 4
@kotmsskrf,
@krems Ifnlk, X. D., 5, 4
@kreo, A., 5
@krmfre, E. I., 5, 4
@krfsko, T., 5
@krc, W., 5, 4, :
@urrey, A., 5, 4
@urte, J. E. T., 5, 4
O
Oesjf`motk, A. @. I. bk, 5, 4
Omfnn, E., 5, 4
Omvms, L., 5, 4
Ofcknfj, A., 5, 4, :
Okhumre, F., 5, 4, :
Ouoms, A. D. J., 5, 4
K
K²@ennmy, J., 5, 4
Kslfè, I. V., 5, 4
Kstmrwenbmr, E., 5
Kxèo, Z., 5, 4
W
Wepmrt, Z., 5, 4
Weune, L. I., 5, 4
Wmle, Z., 5
Wmnnfoh, O., 5
Wmtrú, H., 5, 4, :
Wfmty, W. A., 5, 4
Wfkvmseo, Z. B., 5, 4
Wkrtk, J., 5
Wrebk, R., 5, 4
Wrmoscy, @., 5, 4, :, 2, =
Wrmtf, K., 5
Wuhnfmsm, N., 5, 4
T
Telf`f, Z., 5, 4, :
Teèswe`y, Z. E., 5, 4
Tmmb, W., 5, 4
Tmfdstmfo, B., 5, 4
Tfmn, @., 5, 4, :
Tkbrfhums, W., 5, 4, :
Tkèok, Z. @. Y., 5, 4
Tk`mrk, J., 5, 4, :, 2, =
Tksmo, N. B., 5, 4
Tksmodnu`, N. A.,5:6, 5, 4
Tkssf, @., 5, 4
Tkynm, C., 5, 4, :
Tyeo, T. @., 5, 4
Z
Zejjkn, E. Q., 5, 4, :, 2
Zenmo, C., 5, 4
Zeobmrs, C., 5, 4
Zeotks, M., 5
Zeotks, Y. E. bks, 5, 4
Zevf, T., 5, 4, :, 2
Zjeètf, Y., 5, 4
Zjlfnft, X. O., 5, 4
Zjlnm``mr,, M., 5, 4, :, 2
Zjlnm``mr
Zjl`fbt, M., 5
Zjl`ft, X. N., 5, 4
Zjlùo, B. E., 5, 4
Zmjuretk, A. J., 5, 4, :, 2, =
Zlerpnms, @., 5
Zlmrèo, X., 5, 4
Zlutm, Y., 5, 4, :
Zfm`mos, H., 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9
Zfnve, A. J. \., 5, 4
Zfnve, N. E., 5, 4, :
Zf`ko, L., 5, 4, :, 2, =
Zfohnmy, @. C., 5, 4
Zfsjkuttk, T., 5
Zkerms, E. O., 5
Zkuze, @. F. I., 5, 4, :
Zrfceot, T., 5, 4
Ztreuss, X., 5, 4
Zwmnnmr, A., 5, 4, :
R
Repsjktt, B., 5, 4
Rettmrsenn, J., 5, 4
Rlkès, B., 5
Rlkrohetm, X., 5, 4, :
Rkrf, T., 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6, 57
Rkzèo, T., 5, 4, :
Rsef, J.-J., 5, 4
Rurcnm, Z., 5, 4
]
]ndrfjlt, Y. T., 5, 4, :, 2, Y
Yeneberms, @. H. W., 5, 4
Yenmotm, Y. E., 5
Yeo Nmmuwmo, R., 5, 4
Yeo Zknfohmo, T., 5, 4
Ymoture, Z., 5, 4, :, 2, =
Yfojm, A., 5, 4
Yyhktscy, N., 5, 4, :, 2, =
X
Xehomr, R., 5, 4, :
Xensl, C., 5
Xmfsmr, @., 5, 4
Xmnnmr, @., 5, 4
Xlftm, D., 5, 4, :
Xfaoeobs, X., 5, 4
Xfnnfe`s, E., 5
Xfob, A., 5, 4
Xkoh, X., 5, 4
Xkoh, X., 5, 4
V
Veoh, Z. A. L., 5, 4
Q
Qedene, E., 5, 4
Qfjlmrèoo, H., 5
Qf``mrèo, M., 5, 4
Qkrzen, M. T., 5, 4

Àobfjm bm fostftufèýms
:@, ]ofvmrsfbebm
]ofvmrsfbebm Jkrpkretfve, 5
E
EDMB (Esskjfeèêk
(Esskjfeèêk Dresfnmfre bm Mbujeè
Mbujeèêk
êk e Bfstäojfe), 5, 4, :
:,, 2, =, 9
Eppnm, 5
Esskjfeèêk Dresfnmfre
Dresfnmfre bm Mbujeèêk e B
Bfstäojfe.
fstäojfe. Ymr EDMB
EDMB
J
Jmotrk ]ofvmrsftårfk Ebvmotfste bm Zêk Weunk (]oesp). Ymr ]oesp
]oesp JMRN
(Jmotmr ikr Moleojmb Rmejlfoh & Nmerofoh), 5, 4
Jlernms Zjlwed & Jk, 5
Jknæhfk Deobmf
Deobmfreotms, 5
JFEMB (Jkohrmssk Fotmroejfkoen Edmb bm Mbujeèê
Mbujeèêk k e Bfstäojfe), 5, 4, :, 2, =,
9
Jk`putmrXkrnb, 5, 4
Jkohrmssk5,Fotmroejfkoen
Jkursmre, 4 Edmb bm Mbujeèêk e Bfstäojfe. Y
Ymr
mr JFEMB
B
B.Zjlkkn, 5, 4
M
Mbftkre
IRB, 5, 4
@kbmroe/Tfjl`kob, 5
Zerefve/Zk`ks, 5
Mbujeusm, 5
MbuZjru`, 5, 4, :
Mbutkpfe, 5, 4
mb\, 5, 4, :, 2
Mresùs+1 @fole jfbebm m` júbfhks UT, , 5, 4
I
Ied Ned Nfvrm ZW, 5, 4
Ifie, 5
H
Hmmcfm, 5, 4
Hmkrhfe Fostftutm ki Rmjloknkhy, 5
Hkkhnm, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8, <, 6
L
Lerverb, ]ofvmrsfbebm bm, Zjlkkn ki Mbujetfko, 5, 4
Lkrfzko Tmpkrt , 5
F
FEB Nmerofoh, 5, 4
FD@, 5, 4, :, 2
FJe`pus, 5, 4
FBMK, 5, 4, :
FMMM Yfrtuen Tmenfty Eoouen, 5
Fotmroetfkoen Zy`pksfu`, 5
Fojetmp (Fostftutk bm Jepejfteèêk Ræjofje Wrkifssfkoen), 5
Fojkbm (Fookvetfko Jk`pmtmojfms Bmvmnkp`mot), 5, 4
Fostftutk bm Jepejfteèêk Ræjofje Wrkifssfkoen. Ymr Fojetmp
Fojetmp Fostftutk Wkrvfr, 5, 4
C
Cleo Ejebm`y, 5, 4, :, 2, =, 9, 8
Cfbs Xmd Heoh, 5, 4
Cnmfo Bytle`, msjrftúrfk bm erquftmture m bmsfho (Rúqufk), 5
N
Nerj Wrkamjt, 5, 4
Nmhk @ecmrspejm, 5
Nmfjmstmr,, ]ofvmrsfbebm bm @eestrfjtl, ]ofvmrsfbebm bm (Lkneobe), 5, 4
Nmfjmstmr
@
@essejlusmtts Fostftutm ki Rmjloknkhy (@FR), 5, 4, :

@j@estmr,, ]ofvmrsfbebm bm, Iejunbebm bm @mbfjfoe (Jeoebå), 5
@j@estmr
@fjrkskit, 5, 4, :
@fofstærfk be Mbujeèêk, 5
@FR. Ymr @essejlusmtts
@essejlusmtts Fostftutm ki Rmjloknkhy @yjfqj, prkamtk, 5, 4
O
Ofotmobk, 5
Okve Msjkne, 5
K
Kjmeo Yfmw,
Yfmw, msjkne prf`årfe (M]E), 5
KpmoNmero Wrkamjt, ]C Kpmo ]ofvmrsfty (]cku) T
Rurcu Z
Tmsmerjl Letjlmry (Tmle). Ymr Rurcu
Zefot Weun, Msjkne bm omhújfks, 5
Zêk Wmtmrsdurhk, Wknftæjofje bm, 5
Zmdrem, 5
Zmjrmterfes be Mbujeèêk, 5
Zkjfmbebm Dresfnmfre bm Jk`puteèêk, 5, 4
Zkjfmbebm Mspeolkne bm @fjrkdfknkhfe, 5
Zkjfmty ki Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs Tmsmerjl. Ymr ZkNET
ZkNET
ZkNET (Zkjfmty ki Nmerofoh Eoenytfjs Tmsmerjl), 5, 4
Zteoikrb, ]ofvmrsfbebm, Hrebuetm Zjlkkn ki Mbujetfko, 5, 4, :, 2
Zu``mrlfnn Zjlkkn, 5
Zuosmt Zjlkkn, 5
Zwfit, prkamtk, 5
Zy`pksfu` ko Yfrtuen eob Euh`motmb Tmenfty (ZYT), 5
R
Rmejlfoh Rlet @ecms Zmosm (mosfok jk` sfhofifjebk), 5
Rurcu, ]ofvmrsfbebm
]ofvmrsfbebm bm (Ifonäobfe), fojudebkre bm pmsqufse Tmsmerjl
Letjlmry (Tmle), 5
]
]eftmj (]ofvmrsfbebm Edmrte m Fotmhrebe bm @foes Hmrefs), nedkretúrfk vfrtuen,
5, 4
]dmr, 5 5
]bejfty,
]ITHZ, 5
]C Kpmo ]ofvmrsfty (]cku), 5, 4, :

KpmoNmero Wrkamjt, 5, 4, :, 2, =
]oesp (Jmotrk ]ofvmrsftårfk Ebvmotfste bm Zêk Weunk), 5, 4, :
]ofvmrsfbebm Edmrte m Fotmhrebe bm @foes Hmrefs. Ymr ]eftmj
]eftmj ]ofvmrsfbebm bm
Jeotmrdury bm
]ofvmrsfbebm (Okve Qmnäobfe),
Xeslfohtko 5
(M]E), 5
]ofvmrsfbebm bk Aepêk, 5
]ofvmrsfbebm Imbmren bk Tfk Hreobm bk Zun. Ymr ]ITHZ
]ITHZ ]ofvmrsfbebm Yfrtuen
bk Mstebk bm Zêk Weunk. Ymr ]ofvmsp
]ofvmsp ]ofvmsp, 5, 4, :
Y
Yenáojfe, ]ofvmrsfbebm bm (Mspeole), 5
X
XletsEpp, 5
Xkkbdury,, ]ofvmrsfbebm (Jenfiúrofe), 5
Xkkbdury
Xkrnb Ejebm`y ki Zjfmojm, 5
Xkrcslkp ko Mbujetfkoen Bete @fofoh, 5

Bfrmtkrfe mxmjutfve Inåvfe Envms Drevfo

Bfrmtkrfe mbftkrfen Tmoete Wesjuen @þnnmr
Hmráojfe mbftkrfen Tfte bm Jåssfe Z. Wukèk
Equfsfèýms Imroeobk Envms (jkkrb.)
Aunfe B‖Ennmvk
Mbfèêk Eoe Neure Yenmrfk
Yenmrfk
Omtk Dejl

Rlfehk Irehe
Wrkbuèêk mbftkrfen Ennfom Herjfe Dunnere
Dunnere
Eèobe @. Nkykne
Beofmne Okhumfre Zmjkobk

Zmrvfèks mbftkrfefs Aunfeoe Dkajzuc Imr`fok
Wrmpereèêk Mnefom Ierms

Tmvfsêk Eoe @erfe Ifkrfof
Uumof Xfotmrs
Bfehreèèêk m jepe Omhrftk Wrkbuèêk Mbftkrfen
Fèhmos be jepe © Zluttmrstjc/ Omstkr Tfzlofec3
© Rlfocstkjc/ fZtkjc/ fNmxx3

© Rlfocstkjc/ fZtkjc/ ]dmrFèhms3

© Rlfocstkjc/ fZtkjc/ Hkrkbmockii
F`prmssêk m ejede`motk Okokok
FZDO 68<-<=-=:5:5-:=-<
BEBKZ FORMTOEJFKOEFZ BM JER
JERENKHEÈÊK OE W]DNFJEÈÊK (JFW)
ENFOM HTEQFMNM DMOFRMQ JTD-5/:546
Ifnetrk, Eobrme
I266`
5.mb. @mtkbknkhfes FFo okv-etfves oe
oe mbmbujeèêk prprmsmojfen, e
bfstäojfe m jkrpkretfve / Eobrme Ifnetrk, Jerknfoe Jkste
Jevenjeotf. ‚ 5.mb. ‚ Zêk Weunk1 Zerefve Mbujeèêk, 475<.
Fojnuf dfdnfkhreife.
FZDO1 68<-<=-=:5:5-:=-<.

5. @mtkbknkhfe. 4. Mbujeèêk. :. Hmstêk. F. Jevenjeotf,

Jerknfoe Jkste. FF. Ràtunk.
JBB 775.2
JB] 775.2.5
Àobfjm pere jetånkhk sfstm`åtfjk1 5. @mtkbknkhfe1 mbujeèêk © Eobrme Ifnetrk,

Jerknfoe Jkste Jevenjeotf 475< Zerefve Mbujeèêk Rkbks
Rkbks ks bfrmftks
rmsmrvebks.
5e mbfèêk
Omoluè pertm bmste pudnfjeèêk pkbmrå smr rmprkbuzfbe pkr quenqumr `mfk
ku ikrè sm` e prævfe eutkrfzeèêk be Zerefve Mbujeèêk. E vfkneèêk bks
bfrmftks eutkrefs æ jrf`m mstedmnmjfbk oe nmf o· 6.957/6< m puofbk pmnk ertfhk
5<2 bk Júbfhk Wmoen.

MBFR
MBFRET
ET 94:<
94:<5:
5: JN 9=58
9=5846
46 JE
JEM
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Mbfèêk bfhften1 ehkstk 475<
Erqufvk mWud prkbuzfbk pmne Zf`pnàssf`k Nfvrks

Metodologias Inovativas Na Educação Presencial e A Distancia

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Eks eb`fråvmfs Ehoenbk Aksæ bm Nf`e, Jæser E. E.

E msjrfte bmstm nfvrk ikf rmenfzebe e quetrk

Herdfo, Ofnsko Aksæ @ejlebk, Weunk Jkrrmfe, Lmnmo

Ehrebmèk mspmjfen`motm e Bmus, pkr tubk qum

Eobrme Ifnetrk æ `mstre m bkutkre pmne Iejunbebm

jkrpkretfve (4758) m Jk`k prmperer jkotmñbks pere

Æ fobfsjutàvmn, queobk jkosfbmre`ks ks jkosfstmotm`motm pæssf`ks

bm mosfok, bmsjkolmjm e tmr`foknkhfe m es prfojfpefs jkrrmotms bm

pkbm smr pknàtfjes

Kdrfhetkrfe`motm, ks `ætkbks usebks oe sene bm eune prmsmojfen ku

5.: Ertfjuneèýms jkojmftuefs

K iuturk æ ehkre... m nkhk `efs te`dæ`

Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnm`es m pkr Wrkamtks (EDWW), eprmobfzehm`

rmnejfkoebe ek jesk. ]` mxm`pnk m` mbujeèêk sêk ks @kkjs, qum mstmobmre` ks

Yfsêk hmren bes

sfhofifjetfve (`mtkbknkhfes f`mrsfves), tubk fssk m`denebk pmnes pkssfdfnfbebms bm

5 Ou`e trebuèêk nfvrm, eoenàtfje (ku eoånfsm) be eprmobfzehm`.

„ ]@ HTE@E BM EÈÊK MU]FYENM E ]@E RKOMNEBE BM RMKTFE.

um k `uobk `ubku repfbe`motm oús sedm`ks. Æ sú vmr jk`k es tmjoknkhfes tá`

bmsbm e ebkèêk bm E`dfmotms Yfrtuefs bm Eprmobfzehm` (EYEs) pere k supkrtm be mbujeèêk

Eprmobfzehm` desmebe m` prkdnm`es m prkamtks oe ]ofvmsp

Jnudm Msjkne Yfne Enpfoe (nkjen fovmstfhebk)

Jkotmxtk Enhuos usuårfks bks dmdmbkurks bm

Wrktútfpk be E sknuèêk jrfebe pmnk hrupk æ u` pefomn

Ikotm1 HETDFO mt en., 4758.

JK@WMRÁOJFEZ BK ZÆJ]NK \\F M @MRKBKNKHFEZ ERFYEZ

Ikotm1 ebeptebe bm XEHOMT, 4757.

Mstubeotms m prkifssfkoefs bmfxe` k pepmn pessfvk m bm `mrks rmjmptkrms bm

5.4 EDKTBEHMOZ RMÚTFJEZ U]M I]OBE@MORE@ E EBKÈÊK BM

E edkrbehm` jkhoftfvfste prmkjupe-sm m` motmobmr k prkjmssk `moten (jkhoftfvk) bk eprmobfz m ks

5.4.5.5 Eprmobfzehm` sfhofifjetfve

Oe smèêk Ieèe iåjfn bk Jepàtunk 2,

M` jkotmxtks jkostrutfvfstes bm eprmobfzehm`, pkr `mfk bm termies pkujk mstruturebes, ks

5.4.4.5 Rmkrfe be Etfvfbebm (RE)

@kbmnk bm eèêk `mbfebe bm Yyhktscy

5.4.4.4 Eprmobfzehm` mxpmrfmojfen

Ikotm1 ebeptebe bm CKND, 56<23 IFNERTK, E. Wrkbuèêk bm jkotmñbks mbujejfkoefs.

K @essejlusmtts Fostftutm ki Rmjloknkhy (@FR) ebkte u`e `mtkbknkhfe etfve bmok`foebe

5.: ETRFJ]NEÈÝMZ JKOJMFR]EFZ M WTFOJÀWFKZ BEZ

5.2 EDKTBEHMOZ ERFYEZ

5.2.5 Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkdnm`es (EDW)

Msse edkrbehm` ikf ebktebe fofjfen`motm oe Iejunbebm bm @mbfjfoe be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm @j@estmr,

Ikotm1 ebeptebe bm @EEZRTFJLR ]OFYMTZFRV.

prkimsskr ku mspmjfenfste m ks mstubeotms bmvm` sfotmtfzer ks rmsuntebks bes pmsqufses, es sknuèýms

E Iejunbebm bm @mbfjfoe be ]ofvmrsfbebm bm @eestrfjlt, oe Lkneobe, ikf iuobebe oe

bm mbfèêk jknedkretfve qum pmr`fte` e fojnusêk bm rmjursks hråifjks. K `epe be m`petfe æ

Evenfm e pertfjfpeèêk bm jebe hrupk oe etfvfbebm

5.2.4 Eprmobfzehm` Desmebe m` Wrkamtks (EDW)

5.2.: @kvf`motk `ecmr

Myjlmoom m Omvms2: mxpnfje` qum ks Ied Neds pertfjfpe` bm u` prkhre`e bm jknedkreèêk hnkden m

jkostruèêk, e rmikr`e m e treosikr`eèêk bm enhk sm` e eaube bm mspmjfenfstes, æ ievkrmjfbe m

Ikotm1 MB]RKWFE. Bfspkoàvmn m`1 >www.mbutkpfe.krh/ertfjnm/`ecmrspejm-dufnt-mnm`motery-stubmots?.

K nedkretúrfk vfrtuen be ]ofvmrsfbebm Edmrte m Fotmhrebe bm @foes Hmrefs (]eftmj) æ

5.2.2 Fostruèêk pkr perms

Ifhure 5.57 ‚Inuxk pere e ebkèêk be mstretæhfe fostruèêk pkr perms

Mxpnfqum k kdamtfvk pere usk bk Jkejlfoh rmvmrsk smhuobk kdamtfvks bm eprmobfzehm`

Krheofzm u` jrkokhre`e bm etfvfbebms e smrm` bmsmovknvfbes pmnes bupnes, bmstejeobk

Ejk`peolm es etfvfbebms bmsmovknvfbes pkr jebe `m`drk

Ok ifoen bk prkjmssk, sknfjftm qum es bupnes bfsjute` ku mnedkrm` u` rmnetúrfk rminmxfvk,

Evenfm k moheae`motk m k jk`prk`mtf`motk

K jursk nfvrm ko-nfom

Ikotm1 JEYENJEORF mt en., 4758.

5.2.= Enuoks jk`k bmsfhomrs