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LEE LI YING
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my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and
quality for the award of the degree of
Master of Electrical-(OHFWURQLF 7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ´
Signature : ____________________
LEE LI YING
11 MAY, 2007
4
DECLARATION
Signature : _____________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the author would like to express her gratitude to her supervisor,
Professor Dr. Tharek Abdul Rahman who has supervised the overall project, gave
support and sharing some of his thorough knowledge in communication systems, and
for his guidance and valuable experience in system simulations. Without his
invaluable support, insightful suggestions, and continual encouragement to now the
author would have never written this project report.
Besides that, the author would like to deeply thank her course mates, for their
suggestions, comments, and great support during the project.
Finally, the author sincerely thanks her parents and family for their
encouragement, guidance and inspiration throughout her journey of education.
7
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
CONTENTS
TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objectives 2
1.3 Scopes of The Project 3
1.4 Problems Statement 4
1.5 Application of The Project 5
1.6 Overview of The Project 5
10
2.0 Introduction 7
2.1 WCDMA Concept 8
2.1.1 3G System 12
2.1.2 W-CDMA vs. TD-CDMA 13
2.2 Overview of Transmitter Structure 14
2.2.1 Channel Coding 14
2.2.2 Channels and Frame Structure 15
2.2.3 Spreading and Modulation 16
2.2.3.1 Channelization 17
2.2.3.2 Scrambling 17
2.2.3.3 QPSK Modulation 18
2.2.4 Multi path Channel Model 20
2.2.4.1 Channels 21
2.2.4.2 AWGN Channel 22
2.2.3.1 Fading Channel 22
2.2.5 Rake Receiver in WCDMA System 23
2.2.5.1 Maximal-Ratio Combining (MRC) 26
2.2.5.2 RAKE Receiver Block
Diagram 27
2.2.5.3 Channel Estimation 28
2.2.5.4 RAKE Receiver Reference
Design 29
2.2.5.5 Rake Receiver Parameter 31
2.2.6 Transport and physical channels 32
2.2.7 Variable-length spreading 33
2.2.8 Power control 33
2.2.9 Multi-user detection 34
11
3.0 Introduction 36
3.1 Development Tool 36
3.2 Simulation Set up 38
3.2.1 For BPSK and QPSK modulation 39
3.2.2 Setup Model For WCDMA system 41
3.2.3 Description of parameters 42
3.2.4 Setup Model For Rake Receiver 43
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Testing Setup 49
4.3 BER Result For BPSK and QPSK Modulation 50
4.4 BER Result For Different Channel Type 51
4.5 BER Result With and Without Rake Receiver 52
4.6 BER Result For Varying Spreading Factor 53
4.7 BER Result For Varying Number of Fingers 55
4.8 Graphical User Interface (GUI) Display 57
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion 58
5.2 Problems Encountered And Solutions 59
5.2.1 Broken characters and Selection Of 59
12
REFERENCE 62
13
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
As the final step, the simulation result can be shown through GUI interface.
Estimation of the performance of the rake receiver in WCDM system in term
spreading factors, numbers of enable fingers, and different channel condition. The
simulation result for rake receiver is quite satisfactory. Through the simulation, able
to evaluate the performace of the rake receiver in term of bit error rate.
1.2 Objectives
This project main target to study WCDMA concept and performance study of
rake receiver in WCDMA system in terms of bit error rate through simulation by
using MATLAB Simulink version 7.0 and to prove that rake receiver is an important
parameter for WCDMA performance.
The aim of the project is to study the influence of the number of Rake fingers,
type of channel, and spreading factors on the rake receiver bit-error-rate
performance.
The first scope of this project is performance study of WCDMA concept from
the transmitter front to the receiver end, how signal is propagated in a wireless
channel and how it may affect the WCDMA system.
Then, to estimate the performance of rake receiver in terms of bit error rate in
WCDMA network through simulation program. Consider rake receiver important
design parameters such as number of users, number of interferers, spreading factor,
and number of fingers.
Besides that, the scope of this project is limited to develop a simulator that
can simulate multipath Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channels, as well as
multipath Rayleigh fading channels.
19
There are few important design parameters that can decide the performance
of the rake receiver in WCDMA system. In this project, main concentration on
number of fingers, number of spreading factors and channel type.
To carried out this project, the knowledge requirements are basic knowledge of
mobile communications and WCDMA system and usage of Matlab Simulink
software. In this project, a comparison between channel model and WCDMA rake
receiver important parameters which determine the system performance is presented
and considered.
20
The main application area for this project would be cellular phone system. By
carrying out this project, it is intended that to find the best parameter controlling the
rake receiver in order to get the best performance through simulation method.
This thesis has been written in five main chapters. The five chapters in this
thesis cover what is typically considered to be the core material for study the
performance of rake receiver from simulation.
project setup, which includes the development tools used are covered at the
beginning of the chapter.
Chapter four is dedicated to simulation results. This includes the setup for the
undertaken experiments. The results of the simulation and findings are tabulated and
shown in this chapter. Selected tests and their results are also presented.
Finally, the final chapter summarizes the material presented in this thesis and
draws the significant findings together in a series of conclusions. Besides that, this
chapter also gives a full discussion on the problems encountered and solutions taken.
The chapter also concludes with realistic extensions to the project where more
challenging problems that require some creativity in their solution for future
development. Hence, solutions are suggested in the end of the chapter.
22
CHAPTER II
2.0 Introduction
However, the current second generation (2G) systems have some major
shortcomings. These 2G systems will not provide the data rates necessary for new
multimedia services. As a result, third generation (3G) systems are being
standardized under the umbrella of the International Telecommunication Union
(ITU). The three main contributors to the IMT-2000 project are the ETSI with
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), the Association of Radio Industries and
Businesses (ARIB) in Japan with W-CDMA, and the Telecommunication Industry
Association (TIA) in the US with Cdma2000. These 3G systems must provide the
necessary quality for multimedia communications. Hence, the ITU requirements
have been defined as follows: 384 kbps for full-area coverage (144 kbps for fast-
moving vehicles between 120 km/h and 500 km/h), and 2 Mbps for local coverage.
An efficient switching technique for Internet access must be packet-oriented.
23
WCDMA is used for the frequency division duplex (FDD) mode, while TD-
CDMA is used for the time division duplex (TDD) mode of UMTS. This article deals
with the W-CDMA proposals from ARIB and ETSI, which are very similar. It does
not address the TD-CDMA component of the ETSI and ARIB proposals or the TIA
proposals, although some elements, like the propagation channels, are definitely
applicable to all systems. Moreover, most general issues in the receiver apply to the
TIA W-CDMA proposal as well.
Frequency band:1920 MHz -1980 MHz and 2110 MHz - 2170 MHz (Frequency
Division Duplex) UL and DL
Minimum frequency band required: ~ 2x5MHz
Carrier Spacing: 4.4MHz - 5.2 MHz
Maximum number of (voice) channels on 2x5MHz: ~196 (spreading factor 256
UL, AMR 7.95kbps) / ~98 (spreading factor 128 UL, AMR 12.2kbps)
Voice coding: AMR codecs (4.75 kHz - 12.2 kHz, GSM EFR=12.2 kHz) and SID
(1.8 kHz)
Channel coding: Convolutional coding, Turbo code for high rate data
Duplexer needed (190MHz separation), Asymmetric connection supported
Tx/Rx isolation: MS: 55dB, BS: 80dB
Receiver: Rake
Receiver sensitivity: Node B: -121dBm, Mobile -117dBm at BER of 10-3
Data type: Packet and circuit switch
Modulation: QPSK
Pulse shaping: Root raised cosine, roll-off = 0.22
Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps
Maximum user data rate (Physical channel): ~ 2.3Mbps (spreading factor 4,
parallel codes (3 DL / 6 UL), 1/2 rate coding), but interference limited.
Channel bit rate: 5.76Mbps
Frame length: 10ms (38400 chips)
Number of chips / slot: 2560 chips
Power control period: Time slot = 1500 Hz rate
Power control step size: 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 dB (Variable)
Power control range: Uplink 80dB, Downlink 30dB
Mobile peak power: Power class 1: +33 dBm (+1dB/-3dB) = 2W; class 2 +27 dBm,
class 3 +24 dBm, class 4 +21 dBm
Number of unique base station identification codes: 512 / frequency
Physical layer spreading factors: 4 ... 256 UL, 4 ... 512 DL
25
From table 1, can be concluded that the faster chip rate of 3,84 Mchips/s
implies that WCDMA receiver can provide greater multipath resolution. 5MHz
bandwidth provides wider bandwidth implies greater frequency diversity Rake
Receiver. In WCDMA, data rates Up to 384 kbps for circuit switched data and Up to
2 Mbps for packet switched data. Spreading factor for Downlink is from 4 to 512 and
for Uplink is from 4 to 256. Coherent detection is available on both uplink and
downlink direction by using pilot bits in transmission. HSDPA 3GPP R5 using new
modulation (QPSK+16QAM) and coding schemes to give higher data rates for
packet switched data in WCDMA.
2.1.1 3G system
First, the channel is not orthogonal to the other signals on the downlink and
LQFUHDVHVWKHOHYHORILQWHUIHUHQFH6HFRQGWKHPRELOHGRHVQ¶WQHHGWRNQRZZKLFK
scrambling code is used in a particular cell to listen to that channel. Therefore, this
channel is used while looking for a cell (for example, when turning on the UMTS
device). The information on this channel quickly identifies which scrambling code is
used, allowing it to gain access to BCCH information (from the primary CCPCH).
The data is shaped for transmission, using a root-raised cosine with 22% excess
bandwidth.
2.2.3.1 Channelization
The length of the channelization code is adjusted so that the final chip rate is
3.84 Mcps/sec. The codes are Orthogonal Walsh Codes, generated from a Walsh-
Hadamard transform. The cross-correlation is low for zero delay, but not for other
delays. This also accounts for the auto-correlation properties, which decreases the
performance of a Rake receiver in a multi-path environment.
2.2.3.2 Scrambling
The function of the scrambling codes is to separate different cells from each
other. The codes are constructed from so called Gold codes, and are applied after the
channelization code. Besides the cell-separating properties the scrambling codes also
have the effect of randomizing the multi-path interference, caused by the poor
autocorrelation and cross correlation properties of the channelization codes.
33
where gT (t) is the function that determines the spectral characteristics of the
transmitted signal. When M = 4 and gT (t) is rectangular the modulation method is
referred to as quadrature phase shift keing (QPSK). In baseband representation, the
four signal alternatives are represented as complex symbols chosen from the set.
For a PSK modulation scheme the number of bits to represent one symbol is
shown as follows:
N = log2 M (3)
N: number of bits per Symbol
M: number of levels
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) has M=4 phase symbols, Thus from
the above equation it can be worked, that QPSK uses two bits to represent one
symbol Table 2.4 shows how each of the possible bit pairs is mapped to a phase
angle. "I" is the "inphase" component of the waveform, and "Q" represents the
quadrature component, the constellation diagram is shown in Figure 2.3
34
Multi path can occur in radio channel in various ways such as, reflection and
diffraction from buildings, and scattering from trees presented in Figure 2.4.
There are two effects resulting from multipath propagation that affect the
transmitted signal:
2. For a certain time delay in the multi path delay profile there are usually many
paths nearly equal in length along which the radio signal travels. For example, paths
with a length difference of half a wavelength (at 2 GHz this is approximately 7 cm)
arrive at virtually the same instant when compared to the duration of a single chip
(which is 78 m at 3.84 Mcps). As a result, signal cancellation, called fast-fading,
takes place as the receiver moves across even short distances. The statistics of a fast-
fading radio signal are usually well described by the Rayleigh distribution that model
real-world mobile communication effects
2.2.4.1 Channels
The Channels library includes Rayleigh and Rician fading blocks that can
simulate real-world phenomena in mobile communications. These phenomena
include multipath scattering effects in the Rayleigh case, as well as Doppler
shifts that arise from relative motion between the transmitter and receiver.
If a signal can use more than one reflected path, then a single instance of the
Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channel block can model all of them
simultaneously. The number of paths that the block uses is the length of either
the Delay vector or the Gain vector parameter, whichever length is larger. (If
both of these parameters are vectors, then they must have the same length; if
exactly one of these parameters is a scalar, then the block expands it into a
vector whose size matches that of the other vector parameter. The relative motion
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38
In a TDMA system, the receiver tries to compensate for the echoes in the
propagation channel with equalization techniques when the delay spread is large
enough. The receiver effectively removes the energy contained in echoes. In a
&'0$V\VWHPLW¶VSRVVLEOHWRXVHthe energy contained in each echo to improve the
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the receiver. This improvement is due to the fact that
the spreading codes (on the downlink) yield a reasonably good orthogonality
between the signal and a delayed version of itself. On the uplink, the orthogonality is
achieved through the use of different scrambling codes for each mobile. Each mobile
can then use any OVSF code from the tree. A special receiver, called a rake receiver,
has been devised for this purpose, which combines the energy contained in each of
the echoes. In the W-CDMA system, pilot bits are transmitted on the dedicated
channels, allowing channel estimation and coherent combining (maximum-ratio
combining) of the different paths. A typical rake receiver for W-CDMA can contain
three to six rake fingers.
Due to reflections from obstacles a radio channel can consist of many copies
of originally transmitted signals having different amplitudes, phases, and delays. If
the signal components arrive more than duration of one chip apart from each other, a
RAKE receiver can be used to resolve and combine them. The RAKE receiver uses a
multi path diversity principle. It is like a rake that rakes the energy from the multi
path propagated signal components.
39
The word "RAKE" is not an acronym and, in fact, is not always capitalized as
it is in this writing. RAKE derives its name from its inventors Price and Green in
1958. When a wideband signal is received over a multi path channel, the multiple
delays appear at the receiver. By attaching a "handle" to the plot of the multi path
returns, a picture of an ordinary garden rake is created. It is from this picture that the
RAKE receiver gets its name
A RAKE receiver is used for wideband code division multiple access systems
(WCDMA). In a WCDMA system all the users transmit in the same band
simultaneously. Each transmitted bit is spread by the transmitter by means of a
multiplication with a pseudo random code. The length of this code is called the
spreading factor. Larger spreading factors give a better resistance against interference
(interference of multiple users, multiple channels, multiple paths). The receiver de-
40
spreads the received signal by multiplication with exactly the same PN-code. The
results of all multiplications are added. This process of multiplication
and addition is called correlation. A RAKE receiver has multiple fingers to correlate
the received signals from different paths with different delays, and combines the
results of the different paths to construct one output signal.
This basic principle of a RAKE receiver is shown in Figure 2.5. Bit decisions
based only a single correlation may produce a large bit error rate as the multi path
component processed in that correlator can be corrupted by fading. In a RAKE
receiver, if the output from one correlator is corrupted by fading, the others may not
be, and the corrupted signal may be discounted through the weighting process.
41
After de-spreading the received symbol from transmitter via radio channel the
symbols from allocated fingers are maximal-ratio-combined to construct the
³FRPELQHG´V\PERO7KHRXWSXWV\PEROVIURPGLIIHUHQWILQJHUVDUH multiplied with
complex conjugate of the channel estimate and the result of multiplication is summed
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42
Mobile receivers had 3 RAKE-receiver fingers and base station receivers had
4 or 5 depending on the equipment manufacturer. There are two primary methods
used to combine the RAKE-receiver finger outputs. One method weights each output
equally and is, therefore, called equal-gain combining. The second method uses the
data to estimate weights, which maximize the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of the
combined output. This technique is known as maximal-ratio combining as shown in
Figure 3.
The reference design has the following features (one instance of the rake engine):
- 61.44Mhz operating frequency
- Interpolation of 2 times over-sampled input data to 1/16 of a chip resolution
- Handles 16 control channels and 16 data fingers
- Simultaneous generation of 16 scrambling codes at chip rate
- Simultaneous generation of 16 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)
codes
- De-scrambling and despreading of input signals with 16 different delays
- Channel correction (de-rotation and scaling) of de-scrambled and de-spread signals
- Combining of multiple de-scrambled, de-spread and channel-corrected signals from
a variable number of fingers
-Independent early-late gate based symbol timing tracking based on each of 16
control channel signals
-Time slicing hardware to support 16 rake fingers per "engine"
-Time slicing exploits distributed RAM capability (16x1 bits per LUT) for the
context switching between 16 fingers.
45
The drawback of the larger bandwidth, however, is that the energy contained
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The outer receiver performs channel decoding. For low-quality services, Viterbi
decoder (soft-decision input) is used. For high-quality services, a more complex
decoder is required to perform turbo-decoding. A turbo decoder might consist of two
concatenated decoders, each providing soft-information and so-called intrinsic
information. Two main classes of algorithms are available for these purposes: soft-
output Viterbi algorithms (SOVA), and the maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm,
which is more complex but yields better performance. The choice of the algorithm is,
of course, not specified in the standard and is left to the manufacturer.
7KHLQQHUUHFHLYHU¶VWDVNLVWRSURYLGHWKHEHVWHVWLPDWHIRUWKHRXWHUUHFHLYHU
It has to deal with the following signal impairments:
The presence of multi-path components
The presence of multi-user interference (both inter- and intracell)
The fading of each transmission path
46
The near-far effect due to the relative position of all the mobiles and the basestation
bandwidth, which is wider than the information bandwidth. Spread factor is defined
as:
With this kind of plots, it is easy to identify the most suitable set of
parameters. Depending on the requirements of the given application(s) the most
suitable set of parameters can be chosen.
One of the key factors in dealing with variable-rate users is the ability to
spread data with different spreading factors. Orthogonal variable spreading factor
(OVSF) codes are used in W-CDMA. 4 These codes maintain mutual orthogonality
regardless of which codes are used, provided they are chosen according to certain
rules in the code generation tree. Spreading factors between 4 and 256 (and up to 512
in the ARIB proposal) are being considered. The chip rate is 4.096 Mchip/s. Since
the data rate (before spreading) is equal to the chip rate divided by the spreading
factor, spreading factors of 4 to 256 imply data rates from 1.024 Mbps down to 16
kbps. On the downlink, the data is split onto the I and Q channels, so the bit rate
transmitted for a given spreading factor is twice as high (2.048 Mbps down to 32
kbps). Higher bit rates can be achieved by using multi-code transmission, which is
the allocation of two or more codes to the same user.
depending on the ratio between this estimate and the target SIR, also called signal-to-
noise and interference ratio (SINR).
The simplest way to despread a CDMA signal is to correlate the received signal
with the known spreading sequence. The results will be good as long as the influence
of other users can be neglected. It is customary to choose the spreading codes so that
the cross-correlation between different codes is low (like the OVSF codes). This is
not a requirement for CDMA systems, but it conveniently allows for simple
receivers.
The signal quality can be improved when the knowledge of the cross-
correlation between the different spreading codes is taken into account (instead of
assuming that the correlations are zero). This leads to a new, more complex class of
DS-CDMA receivers, called multi-user receivers. Numerous types of multi-user
receivers exist. One example is the decorrelating receiver, which, in essence,
multiplies the received despread vector with the inverse of the cross-correlation
matrix of the spreading sequences. 5 However, this approach is computationally
expensive and often only considered for the base station. The most simplistic
50
CHAPTER III
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
3.0 Introduction
In this chapter, simulation model of WCDMA system and rake receiver and
the development tool utilized are explained in detail. In this project, Matlab Simulink
version 7.0 program were used to build complete model of WCDMA model from
transmitter to receiver end and to investigate WCDMA system performance with and
without rake receiver. Then, to evaluate rake receiver performance under different
type of design parameters by using Bit Error Rate through simulation.
Figure 3.2 shows the available block in the Simulink Library to be used for Rake
receiver simulation.
A personal computer equipped with MATLAB Simulink was used as a
platform for simulation. Simulink has many inbuilt models and allows user to play
with a number of parameters conveniently. The WCDMA toolbox complies with the
3GPP standards for all physical layer functions
In this project, the existing WCDMA models have been modified to suit the
requirements. A near real time scenario with multiple users and multiple data rate has
been simulated. These channels are suited for carrying both voice and data traffic.
Below figures describes the basic functional blocks that have been used for the
simulations.
54
1) Compute Bit Error Rate (BER) when Eb/No Vary from 0~12dB Using
BPSK and QPSK modulation.
2) Compute Bit Error Rate (BER) when Eb/No Vary from 0~12dB Under
AWGN and Multi path Rayleigh Fading channel.
3) Compute Bit Error Rate (BER) when Eb/No Vary from 0~12dB With
Presence and Absence of Rake Receiver at WCDMA User Equipment
Receiver Side.
4) Compute Bit Error Rate (BER) when Eb/No Vary from 0~12dB with
different spreading factors and number of fingers. ( under AWGN and
Multi path Rayleigh Fading channel and QPSK modulation)
Simulation models for BPSK and QPSK are shown in Figure 3.3 and 3.4
Transmission under AWGN channel being monitored.
Modulate the input signal using the binary phase shift keying method. Due to
frame based input, the input is a column vector. The width of the input frame equals
the product of the number of symbols and the sample per symbol value.
Modulate the input signal using the quarter nary phase shift keying method.
The input is in integers and binary mapped into symbols. Due to frame based integer
input, the input is a column vector.
56
The AWGN Channel block adds white Gaussian noise to a real or complex
input signal. When the input signal is real, this block adds real Gaussian noise and
produces a real output signal. When the input signal is complex, this block adds
complex Gaussian noise and produces a complex output signal. This block inherits
its sample time from the input signal.
Parameter Description
Number of enable fingers Integer from 1 to 4 that sets the number of enable
fingers
Speed of Terminal (in Value of the speed of the UE (User Equipment) in Km/h
Km/h)
58
where S is the received signal power, R is the transmission rate, I is the interference
level, N is the white noise and W is the channel bandwidth.
Figure 3.7 shows the simulation block of rake receiver at the WCDMA
receiver side. Simulation was done by comparing WCDMA system performance
with presence and absence of rake receiver at the receiver communication block.
Figure 3.7: WCDMA User Equipment Receiver Antenna with Rake Receiver
59
The detailed information of each block in rake receiver Figure 3.8 is described as
follows:
Figure 3.9 shows the rake receiver block used for the simulation. Number of
fingers and spreading factor were adjusted in the Rake Receiver WCDMA PCPICH
Correlator.
Each fingers down samples and de-correlates pilot bits and data using the
corresponding channelization code and Gold Code Sequence. Pilot bits are then send
to the channel estimator whose output is then used to de-rotate the received data
signal. The demodulated data processed by each rake fingers finally coherently
combined before sending it to the physical channel de-mapping
61
To simulate the system, need to simulate the receiver. In Figure 3.10 shows
an overview of the rake receiver block. Below are the short explanations for each
different component.
Interferer 1
C SF
2
Interferer 2
C SF
3
Interferer N
C SF
4 Receiver
MAI
Bit Error
Desired Rate
User
1) Number of users
2) Spreading factor
3) Type of channel
4) Numbers of fingers
5) Number of Interferers
62
In this project, only focus on spreading factor, number of fingers and type of
channels. Two important parameters of the rake receiver with regard to the quality of
the output are the number of fingers and the spreading factor. These parameters are
changed in the simulation to investigate the effect on the quality. All the possible
combinations with the following parameters will be simulated: spreading factor =
{8,16,32,64} and number of fingers = {1,2,3,4} with Eb/No varies from 0 to 15dB.
The ranges have been limited to create an understandable plot. For each frame, the
number of errors in the received frame is counted. This is converted to a BER for
each individual frame. The result is plotted in Figure 3.11.
With this kind of plots, it is easy to identify the most suitable set of
parameters. Depending on the requirements of the given application(s) the most
suitable set of parameters can be chosen.
For the whole system, a lot of different parameters values have to be chosen.
In most cases, the values that are suggested by the UMTS standard. can simulate a
realistic wireless environment, including multiple fingers, multiple spreading factors,
and different type of channel.
Table 3.2 shows the simulation parameters for the setup model. By changing the
parameters, able to find the best combination to get higher performance of the rake
receiver in WCDMA system.
64
CHAPTER IV
SIMULATION RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
The principal aim of this project was to study the bit error rate performance
simulation for rake receiver of WCDMA system. In this section simulation results for
the rake receiver in WCDMA system at different channel conditions (AWGN and
Rayleigh Fading) are presented. Simulation results include BER versus Eb/N0 and
BER versus Spreading factor, modulation techniques, and number of fingers
Experiments were run over the proposed system with condition when
different spreading factor, type of channel and the number of Rake fingers were used.
Moreover, simulations were run under different modulation techniques.
65
4.3 Bit Error Rate Performance for BPSK and QPSK Modulation
The Figure 4.1 results show that using QPSK the transmission can tolerate a
Eb/No of >10-12 dB. The bit error rate BER gets rapidly worse as the Eb/No drops
below 6 dB. However, using BPSK allows the BER to be improved in a noisy
channel, at the expense of transmission data capacity. Using BPSK the WCDMA
transmission can tolerate a SNR of >6-8 dB. As expected, bit error rate for QPSK in
WCDMA transmission is much higher as compare to BPSK. However, processing
time of BPSK is much longer than when QPSK modulation is used.
66
Figure 4.2: BER versus Eb/N0 plot for three physical channel configurations
The bit error rate at downlink with presence and absence of a Rake Receiver
in WCDMA system a shown in Figure 4.3. As expected the system is interference
limited when no rake receiver present at receiver side. We observed that without any
rake receiver techniques, the BER approaches to more than 10% even though Eb/No
68
varied from 0 to 15 dB. This is not an acceptable performance. However the BER
can be pushed back to an acceptable limit with rake receiver techniques.
The expected outputs are shown for the case when the spreading factor
change ( spreading factor= 4,8,32,64,128,256) .The bit-error-rate performance of the
different spreading factor is evaluated for a range of signal-to-noise ratios by means
of simulations. The simulation results indicate that the spreading factor size should
69
be chosen based on the required bit-error-rate. From the simulation results, can be
seen that as spreading factor size increase, the BER rate improve.. It is observed that
Eb /No remains constant when the spreading factor is only 4. The simulation result
Therefore, it can be concluded that the rake receiver in WCDMA system can
performed well with the combination of the parameter as shown in Table 4.1
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusions
This project is successful based on the results obtained from the project
simualtions that had been carried out. The simulation results showed bit error rate
when number of fingers varying as well as type of channel and spreading factor size.
The rake receiver works well for the simulation model with higher spreading factor =
256, 4 enabled fingers and under multipath channel condition.
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Difficulties arise when need to identify each of the control parameter of each
of the communication block used for the simulation. Suitable sample period need to
be choose correctly to ensure that bit error rate plot is understandable.
Tedious task to find the rake receiver critical parameters as there are many
consideration had to be taken into account such as bandwidth size, available fingers
in the Simulink model and maximum number of spreading factor suitable for the
built rake receiver model. Simulation error came out if varied the critical parameters
wrongly.
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The simulation works well only for low data rates. When reach higher data
rate, the bit error rate maintain constant higher.
The promising results of this project led to expanding the project limits and
widening the scope of the simulation to include the following possible approaches
for future development. In this research, many important issues have not been dealt
with, or have been considered with simplified assumptions. Hence, there are some
areas in which the work of this thesis can be extended. Some topics for future
research following the direction of this thesis are issued here:
For future work, simulation can include Rake Receiver Performance under
conditions when user transmit at different power, received signals at the base station
have different power level and the receiver has perfect channel estimation or perfect
carrier and timing synchronization. It is also valuable to perform system simulations
that can investigate the system performance, also taking into account the fact that the
symbol rate is decreased. The following issues are directly related to the system
model, which can be further developed:
Other parameters that are not considered here are also relevant. More
investigations in parameters like the speed of the terminal and higher data rate are
required to achieve a more complete model. Investigates the application of
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as a modulation technique for
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higher data rates also can take into consideration to improve present result. The
analog part of the receiver should be included in the model because this part is
responsible for a considerable part of the energy consumption of a 3G phone. The
cost of the implementation of decisions should be included in the model. For
example, for a change in the spreading factor a negotiation with the base station is
required. Additional quality constraints like a minimal throughput should also be
taken into account.
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REFERENCES
6. Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, WCDMA For UMTS Radio Access For Third
Generation Mobile Communication, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004