Rengan A Than

A PROJECT REPORT
on
DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING BY LIMIT STATE AND

WORKING STRESS METHODS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
by
RENGANATHAN. K
MAY-2011
1
ABSTRACT
In General, steel structures are being used for Industrial buildings since it has lot of
advantages over reinforced concrete structures. The working stress method of design had
been followed worldwide for designing of steel structures. It was the traditional method
and it’s conceptual basis is simple. The method basically assumes that structural material
behaves in a linear elastic manner. The first attainment of yield stress of steel was
generally taken to be the onset of failure as it represents the point from which the actual
behaviour will deviate from the analysis results.
An improved design philosophy to make allowances for the shortcomings in the
Working Stress Method was developed in the late 1970’s and has been extensively
incorporated in design standards and codes. The probability of operating conditions not
reaching failure conditions forms the basis of Limit State Method (LSM). The Limit
State is the condition in which a structure would be considered to have failed to fulfill
the purpose for which it was built.
An attempt has been made in this project to design an industrial building which is
served as a steel fabrication unit for construction works and it’s designed by using two
design methods (limit state & working stress method) and finding out the saving of steel
material by comparing the results. The major components of the industrial building such
as Roof truss, column, gantry girder, purlin, beam, bracing & base plate are considered
for analysis & design.
2
CONTENTS Page No.
iii
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
ABBRIVATIONS & SYMBOLS x
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 01
1.1 GENERAL 01
1.2 SCOPE OF WORK 01
1.3 DETAILS OF THE BUILDING 01
1.4 LOADS 02
1.5 METHODOLOGY 02
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 03
2.1 GENERAL 03
2.2 LITERATURES 03
2.2.1 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES 03
2.2.2 BUCKLING OF MEMBER 04
3
2.2.3 PLASTIC ANALYSIS 04
2.2.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 05
CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ROOF 06
3.1 GENERAL 06
3.2 DESIGN OF PURLIN 06
3.2.1 LOAD CALCULATION 06
3.2.2 LOAD COMBINATION & ANALYSIS 08
3.2.3 DESIGN 10
3.3 ANALYSIS OF ROOF TRUSS 12
3.3.1 LOAD CALCULATION 13
3.3.2 TRUSS ANALYSIS 13
DESIGN OF ROOF
3.4 24
TRUSS
3.5 DESIGN OF ROOF BRACINGS 27
3.5.1 DESIGN OF RAFTER BRACING 27
3.5.2 DESIGN OF EAVE BRACING 28
4
3.6 DESIGN OF BEARER BEAM 30
CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER 33
4.1 GENERAL 33
4.2 LOAD CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS 33
4.3 DESIGN 36
CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMN 42
5.1 LOAD CALCULATION 42
5.2 STAAD ANALYSIS 45
5.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN 60
5.4 DESIGN OF BASE PLATE 63
CHAPTER 6 DRAWINGS 66
CHAPTER 7 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 72
7.1 RESULTS 72
7.2 COMPARISON OF RESULTS 74
7.3 CONCLUSION 75
5
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE DESCRIPTION Page No.

3.1 EXTERNAL & INTERNAL PRESSURE CO-EFFICIENT 9
FOR ROOF
3.2 WIND LOAD DETAILS FOR ROOF TRUSS (DL+LL) 16
3.3 WIND LOAD DETAILS FOR ROOF TRUSS (DL+LL) 17
3.4 MEMBER FORCES FOR ROOF TRUSS 28
5.1 EXTERNAL PRESSURE CO-EFFICIENT (Cpe) 54
7.1 LIMIT STATE METHOD RESULTS 72
7.2 WORKING STRESS METHOD RESULTS 73
7.1 OVERALL RESULTS 74
6
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. DESCRIPTION Page No.
5.1 COLUMN WIND LOAD DIAGRAM (FOR 0 ̊) 43
5.2 COLUMN WIND LOAD DIAGRAM (FOR 90 ̊) 44
5.3 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF FRAME 50

(LSM)
5.4 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF COLUMN 50

(LSM)
5.5 AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM OF COLUMN (LSM) 51
5.6 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF FRAME 58

(WSM)
5.7 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF COLUMN 58

(WSM)
5.8 AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM OF COLUMN (WSM) 59
6.1 LAYOUT OF COLUMN 66
6.2 ROOF TRUSS DETAILS 67
6.3 LAYOUT OF ROOF TRUSS 68
6.4 LAYOUT OF RAFTER BRACING 69
6.5 LAYOUT OF EAVES BRACING DETAILS 70
6.6 TYPICAL ELEVATION 71
7
ABBRIVATIONS & SYMBOLS
A Area of cross section; surface area.

Ag Gross cross sectional area.
An Net area of cross section
B Breadth of section, width of flange.
Cpe External pressure co-efficient
Cpi Internal pressure co-efficient
D Overall depth
d Effective depth; Depth of web
E Young’s modulus
e Eccentricity
F Net wind force
Fbr Strength of lateral bracing
fb Actual bending stress
fbc Actual bending stress in compression
fbd Actual bending stress corresponding to lateral buckling
fcr Elastic buckling stress of column
fcr,b A Extreme fibre comp. Elastic buckling stress
fcd Design compressive stress of column
fu Characteristic ultimate tensile stress
fy Characteristic Yield stress
k1 Risk co-efficient
k2 Terrain factor
k3 Topography factor
L Unsupported length; span
LSM Limit state method
M Bending Moment
8
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Steel structures are normally used in industrial and manufacturing shelters which
is economic for large spans length when compared to reinforced cement concrete
(R.C.C) buildings. It’s main advantages are high strength resulting in the reduction of
dead weight, speed of erection, ductile in it’s property and effective dismantling.
Industrial buildings are mostly of one story high, and are used for manufacturing of
heavy machinery, for storage of raw materials and finished products. Modern industries
requires large column free areas to have the potential for easy change of layout several
times during the building life. The industrial buildings are constructed with adequate
headroom for the use of an overhead traveling crane.
1.2 SCOPE OF WORK

Nowadays the conventional working stress method of design has been replaced
by limit state method. So the building is designed by using above mentioned two
methods and a comparative study has to be carried out by comparing the results. The
primary items of the industrial building such as Roof truss, column, Gantry girder,
beams, roof bracings, purlin & base plate are considered for design and comparative
studies.
1.3 DETAILS OF THE BUILDING

The proposed building is located in Chennai, the size of the building is 48m x
18m in plan and the overall height is 15m. Fink truss of height 3.5m is provided for roof
at 4m spacing. Columns are provided at the spacing of 8m.Intermediate roof trusses
between columns are supported by using bearer beam. Gantry girder is provided to
support an overhead travelling crane of capacity 10 MT. Bracings are provided at rafter
level and eaves level at the end the end bays.
9
1.4 LOADS
Dead load, live load, wind load and it’s combinations are considered for the
analysis. Dead load is considered as per guidelines provided in the code IS 875-1987
(Part-1), live load is taken by considering the roof is inaccessible and it’s further reduced
based on the roof slope as per IS 875-1987(Part-2). Wind load is calculated as per IS
800-1987(Part-3). Wind load is calculated based on the for 0 & 90 degree winds.
1.5 METHODOLOGY
The structure is Analyzed manually and using Staad Pro. For roof truss analysis,
method of joints has been used and column analysis is carried out with the help staad
pro. Structure is designed by limit state & working stress method of design. IS 800-2007
& IS 800-1984 is followed for limit state method & working stress method respectively.
Structural Components to be designed:
• Purlin
• Roof truss
• Roof bracings
• Bearer beam
• Gantry girders
• Column
• Base plate
10
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
Studies are being carried out in the field of steel structures to find out the
economical & safe method of design since the late of 19th century. The conventional
methods are slowly replaced by modern day concepts of design. An attempt has been
made in this project to find out the advantages of new design method which is followed
worldwide. The following journals is taken as the refernce and the guidelines given has
been followed in this project.
2.2 LITERATURES
2.2.1 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES

“Design of steel structures” (chapter 2.4.1 ‘Analysis of trusses’) by Prof.
S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar (Indian Institute of
Technology, Madras)
“Generally truss members are assumed to be joined together so as to
transfer only the axial forces and not moments and shears from one member to
the adjacent members (they are regarded as being pinned joints). The loads are
assumed to be acting only at the nodes of the trusses. From the analysis based on
pinned joint assumption, one obtains only the axial forces in the different
members of the trusses. However, in actual design, the members of the trusses
are joined together by more than one bolt or by welding, either directly or
through larger size end gussets. Further, some of the members, particularly chord
members, may be continuous over many nodes. Generally such joints enforce not
only compatibility of translation but also compatibility of rotation of members
meeting at the joint.
11
2.2.2 BUCKLING OF MEMBER
“The behavior and design of steel structures” (chapter 3.3.4 (4th Edition)
‘Buckling of members with residual stresses’) by N.S. Trahair and
M.A. Bradford.
“The presence of residual stresses in an intermediate length steel
compression member may cause a significant reduction in its buckling resistance.
Residual stresses are established during the cooling of a hot-rolled or welded
steel member (and during plastic deformation such as cold-rolling). The
shrinking of the late-cooling regions of the member induces residual compressive
stresses in the early-cooling regions, and these are balanced by equilibrating
tensile stresses in the late-cooling regions. In hot-rolled I-section members, the
flange – web junctions are the least exposed to cooling influences, and so these
are the regions of residual tensile stress, while the more exposed flange tips are
regions of residual compressive stress. In a straight intermediate length
compression member, the residual compressive stresses cause premature yielding
under reduced axial loads, and the member buckles inelastically at a load which
is less than the elastic buckling load.”
2.2.3 PLASTIC ANALYSIS

“Plastic analysis design of steel structures” (chapter 5.2.2 [4th Edition]
‘Static Theorem (Lower Bound Theorem’) by M. Bill Wong
“This theorem states that the collapse load obtained for a structure that
satisfies all the conditions of static equilibrium and yield is either less than or
equal to the true collapse load. In other words, the collapse load, calculated from
a collapse mode other than the true one, can be described as conservative when
the structure satisfies these conditions. The true collapse load can be found by
choosing the largest value of the collapse loads obtained from all cases of
possible yield conditions in the structure. The yield conditions assumed in the
structure do not necessarily lead to a collapse mechanism for the structure. The
12
use of this theorem for calculating the collapse load of an indeterminate structure
usually considers static equilibrium
through a flexibility approach to produce free and reactant bending moment
diagrams. It is usually referred to as the statical method.”
2.2.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
“Analysis and design of steel structures” (chapter 7.1 (3rd Edition) ‘Design
requirements’) by D.A. Nethercot, and L. Gardner
The principal design requirement of a structure is that it should be effective; that
is, it should fulfil the objectives and satisfy the needs for which it was created.
The structure may provide shelter and protection against the environment by
enclosing space, as in buildings; or it may provide access for people and
materials, as in bridges; or it may store materials, as in tanks and silos; or it may
form part of a machine for transporting people or materials, as in vehicles, or for
operating on materials. The design requirement of effectiveness is paramount, as
there is little point in considering a structure which will not fulfil its purpose.
13
CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ROOF
3.1 GENERAL
Building details for design:
Over all size of building = 48.5m X 18.5m x 15m

C/C length = 48m
C/C Span = 18m
Overall Height = 15m
Height between Ground to U/S of Roof = 11.5m
Height of Roof Truss = 1/5 of Span
= 1/5 x18 = 3.6m (Say 3.5m)
Truss spacing = 1/4th to 1/5th of span

= 18/4 to 18/5
= 3.6 to 4.6 m (say 4m)
Number of bays = 48/4 = 12
Roof slope = Tan-1(3.5/9)
= 21.25°
3.2 DESIGN OF PURLIN
3.2.1 LOAD CALCULATION
Dead load:
GI Sheeting (Including fixing & services) = 0.25 KN/m2
Self Wt of Purlin = 0.15 KN/m2
Total load = 0.40 KN/m2
14
Live load:
Since the roof is inaccessible & slope is more than 10 degree,
As per IS 875-1987 (Part-2)
Reduce 0.02 KN/m for every increasing degree over 10.
Live load = 0.75 – (21.25 - 10) x 0.02
= 0.525 KN/m2
Wind load:
The building is going to be proposed in Chennai,
Basic wind speed Vb = 50 m/s
The building is considered under important category
Risk co-efficient K1 = 1.05
Building comes under Terrain 2 category & class B
Terrain Facto K2 = 1.07
The land where the building is going to be proposed is flat,
Topography Factor K3 =1
Design Wind speed VZ = Vb x K1 x K2 x K3
= 50 x 1.05 x 1.07 x 1
VZ = 56.175 m/s
Design wind pressure Pd = 0.6 Vz2
= 0.6 x 56.1752
= 1.893 KN/m2
External & Internal pressure Co-efficient (CPe & CPi):
h/w = 11.5/18.5 = 0.622
(0.5 < h/w < 1.5)
From Table 5 of IS 875-1987 (Part III)
Wind Angle for 0 degree:
For 21.25 degree, Windward side Cpe = -0.675 & Leeward side
Cpe = -0.5
15
Wind Angle for 90 degree:
For 21.25 degree, Windward side Cpe = -0.8 & Leeward side
Cpe = -0.625
Spacing between Roof Truss = 4m
Spacing between Purlin = 1.8m
A x Pd = 4 x 1.8 x 1.893
= 13.630 KN
Wind Load F = (Cpe +/- Cpi) x A x Pd
TABLE-3.1 EXTERNAL&INTERNAL PRESSURE CO-EFFICIENT FOR ROOF
Wind Cpe Cpe +/- Cpi Wind load, F
Angle Cpi Ax (KN)
WW LW WW LW Pd WW LW
0 -0.675 -0.50 -0.5 -1.175 -1.0 13.63 -16.02 -13.630

+0.5 -0.175 0 13.63 -2.39 0
90 -0.80 -0.625 -0.5 -1.30 -1.125 13.63 -17.72 -15.34

+0.5 -0.30 -0.125 13.63 -4.90 -1.717
3.2.2 LOAD COMBINATIONS & ANALYSIS
1.5(DL + LL)
Load Normal to the Roof Wz = 1.5 (0.40+0.525) cos 21.25°
= 1.293 KN/m²
Load parallel to the Roof Wy = 1.5 (0.40+0.525) sin 21.25°
= 0.503 KN/m²
Load per metre length Wz = 1.293 X 2
= 2.586 KN/m
Load per metre length Wy = 0.503 X 2
= 1.006 KN/m
16
Bending Moment:
Moment (Z direction):
Mz = Wz X L² /10 (Purlin is continuous)
= 2.586 X 4² /10
Mz = 4.14 KN.m
Moment (Y direction):
My = Wy X L² /10 (Purlin is continuous)
= 1.006 X 4² /10
My = 1.61 KN.m
Shear Force:
Force (Z direction): SFz = Wz X L/2
= 2.586 X 4/2
= 5.172 KN
Force (Y direction): SFy = Wy X L/2
= 1.006 X 4/2
= 2.012 KN
1.5(DL + WL)
Load Normal to the Roof Wz = 1.5 (0.3 cos 21.25° - 2.018)
= 2.607 KN/m²
Load parallel to the Roof Wy = 1.5 (0.3 sin 21.25°+0)
= 0.164 KN/m²
Load per metre length Wz = 2.607 X 2
= 5.214 KN/m
Load per metre length Wy = 0.164 X 2
= 0.328 KN/m
Factored Moment:
Moment (Z direction):
Mz = Wz X L² /10 (Purlin is continuous)
17
Mz = 5.214 X 4² /10 = 8.342 KN.m
Moment (Y direction):
My = Wy X L² /10 (Purlin is continuous)
= 0.328 X 4² /10
My = 0.523 KN.m
Shear Force:
Force (Z direction): SFz = Wz X L/2
= 5.214 X 4/2
= 10.428 KN
Force (Y direction): SFy = Wy X L/2
= 0.328 X 4/2
= 0.624 KN
3.2.3 DESIGN
LIMIT STATE METHOD
Assume ISMC 125 as a purlin section & check for the maximum load case
(DL+WL).
Properties of ISMC 150:
D = 125mm;
B= 65mm;
Tw = 5.0mm ;
Tf = 8.1mm ;
Izz = 416.4 x 104 mm4
Zez = 66.6 X 103 mm3 ;
Zey = 13.1 X 103 mm3
Zpz = 77.8 X 103 mm3 ;
Zpy = 40.4 X 103 mm3;
Check for Shear capacity:

As per IS 800:2007, Clause 8.4,
18
Av = 125 X 5 = 625mm²
Av X Fwy/(√3 X rmo) = 625 X 250/(√3 X 1.1 X 103)
= 82.01 KN > 10.428 KN
IIIy, In Y-direction also shear capacity is too large,
Hence safe in shear.
Moment capacity of section:
Z-Direction : Mdz = B X Zpz X Fy/ rmo
= 1 X 77.8 X 250 X 103/(1.1 X 106)
= 17.68 KN.m > 8.342 KN.m
Y-Direction : Mdy = B X Zpy X Fy/ rmo
= 1 X 40.4 X 250 X 103/(1.1 X 106)
= 9.18 KN.m > 0.523 KN.m
Hence Safe
Check for Bi-Axial Bending:
(Mz/Mdz)+(My/Mdy) <=1.0
= (8.342/17.68)+(0.523/9.18)
= 0.52 < 1.0
Hence safe.
WORKING STRESS METHOD

Load combinations
Step 1: (DL+LL)
Bending moment Mz = 2.76 kN.m
Bending moment My = 1.07 kN.m
Shear force Fz = 3.5 kN
Shear force Fy = 1.34 kN
Step 2:.(DL+WL)
Bending moment Mz = 5.56 kN.m
Bending moment My = 0.35 kN.m
Shear force Fz = 6.95 kN
19
Shear force Fy = 0.42 kN
Design of Purlin :
Assume Zs/Zy = 7
Zx required = (5560 + 7 x 350) x 103/165
= 48.545 x 103 mm3
Use MC 175 @ 191N/m – Zx = 139.5 x 103 mm3
Zy = 22.8 x 103 mm3
fbt = 5560 x 103 / (139x103) + 350x103/(22.8x103)
= 55.35 N/mm2
Hence safe.
Check for Deflection:
Wz = 3.476 X 4 = 13.904 KN
Actual Deflection = 5WL3/(384EI)
= 5x13.904x1000x40003/(384x2.1x105x416.4x104)
= 13.25 mm
Deflection limit = L/180
= 4000/180 = 22.22mm > 13.25mm
Hence safe in deflection.
3.3 ANALYSIS OF ROOF TRUSS
3.3.1 LOAD CALCULATION

Dead loads
G.I. Sheet = 0.25 kN
Self weight of Roof truss = ( Span/3 + 5) x W

= ( 18/3 + 5) x 10 = 110 N/m
Purlin self weight = 0.13 kN/m
[ (0.25 x 0.11 ) x 4 x 1.8 ) + ( 0.13 x 4 )) = 3.112 kN
Load on Panel = 1.56 kN
Live load = 0.525 x 4 x 1.8 = 3.78 kN
20
Live load on end panel = 3.78 / 2 = 1.89 kN
TABLE 3.2 WIND LOAD DETAILS FOR ROOF TRUSS (DL+LL)
Wind system Wind word side (KN) Leaword side (KN)

0o -16.02 -8.01 -13.61 -6.815
90o -17.72 -8.86 -15.34 -7.67
LOAD COMBINATIONS
Load case 1 : 1.5 (DL + LL)
1.5 (3.52 + 4.2) = 11.58 say 11.6 kN
1.5 (1.56 + 1.89) = 5.79 say 5.8 kN
Load case 2 : 1.5 (DL + WL) – for 0o & 90o
TABLE 3.3 WIND LOAD DETAILS FOR ROOF TRUSS (DL+WL)
Wind system Wind word side (kN) Leaword side (kN)

Mid point End point Mid point End point
0o -12.44 4.85 -10.58 -4.13
90o 22.3 11.15 18.57 9.285
3.3.2 TRUSS ANALYSIS
Roof truss is analyzed by using method of joints. By considering the each and every
joint of the truss and solving the equilibrium equations. For load combination (DL+LL),
analysis is given here. The remaining load cases solved similarly and the member forces
are tabulated at the end.
21
For load case (DL+LL)
11.6
11.6 11.6
11.6 11.6
11.6 11.6
11.6 11.6
5.6 5.6
58 58
F
E G
H
D O R
C J
B K
L
A Q P M N
JOINT A:
5.8
21.3 o
`
58
∑v = 0
58-5.8-ABSin21.3 0=
58-5.8
AB =
Sin 21.3
AB = 143.7 kN
22
AB = 143.7 kN
∑H = 0
AQ = AB Cos21.3
AQ= 133.9 kN
JOINT B:
11.6 C
68.7
111.3
59.1
143.7
120.9
A Q .
∑v = 0
-11.6+ABSin21.3-BCSin21.3+BQCos= 0
BCSin21.3-BQCos = 143.7 x Sin21.3-11.6
0 x BC - 1 x BQ = -11.6 kN
∑H = 0
ABCos21.3 =BC Cos21.3+BQ Cos
143.7 kN = 1 x BC - 1 x BQ
Solving above equation
BC = 133.4 kN
BQ = 12.1 kN
JOINT Q:
52.1 32.7
84.8
37.9 57.3
∑v = 0
BQ Cos= CQ Cos32.7
12.1x Cos52.1
CQ =
Cos 32.7
23
CQ = 8.8 kN
∑H = 0
AQ + BQ Sin= PQ + CQ Sin32.7
PQ = 133.9+ 12.1 x Sin52.1 + 8.8 x Sin32.7
PQ = #### kN
JOINT C:
11.6
68.7
111.3 59.1
21.3
36
84.9 .
∑v = 0
BCSin21.3 - 11.6 - CDSin21.3 - CQ Cos+CP Cos=0
133.4 x Sin21.3 - 11.6 - CDSin21.3 -

8.8 x Cos+CP Cos = 0
53.36 - 11.6 - 0.363 CD - 8.8+1CP = 0
0.363 CD - 1CP = 28.06
∑H = 0
BC Cos21.3 =CD Cos21.3 + CQ Sin + CP Sin
124.29 = CD Cos21.3 + 0 + CP Sin
124.29 = 0.932 CD + 0 CP
CD = 113 kN
CP = 18.6 kN
JOINT D:
11.6
68.7 21.3
111.3 32.3
11
21.3 68.7 79
.
24
∑v = 0
CD Sin21.3 - 11.6 - DESin21.3 - DO Sin11+DP = 0
29.266 - DESin21.3 - DO Sin11+DP = 0
-0.363 DE - 0.191 DO+DP = -29.27
∑H = 0
CD Cos21.3 + DO Cos11 - DESin21.3 = 0

104.815 + 0.982 DO - 0.932 DE = 0
0.932 DE - 0.982 DO = 104.8
JOINT P: 11.6
52.1 45.8
37.9 44.2
∑v = 0
CP Sin37.9 + DP = OP Sin44.2
0.697 OP -DP = 11.426
∑H = 0
PQ = PM + CP Cos37.9 + OP Cos44.2
138.7 = PM + 14.677 + OP Cos44.2

PM + 0.717 OP = 124.0
JOINT O:
79 45.8
11
55.2 44.2
.
∑v = 0
OP Sin44.2 + EO - DO Sin11 - FO Sin44.2 = 0
0.697 OP - 0.697 FO + 0.191 DO = 11.600
∑H = 0
OP Cos44.2 + DO Cos11 - FO Cos44.2 = 0

0.717 OP - 0.717 FO + 0.982 DO = 0
25
DO = 10.12 kN
Substitue "DO" in equation
0.697 OP - 0.697 FO = 9.669

0.717 OP - 0.717 FO = -9.934
FO - OP = 13.85

FO = 55.20 kN
OP = 41.30 kN
Substitue "OP" in equation

PM + 0.717 OP = 124.02
PM + 29.608 = 124.02
PM = 94.415 kN
0.697 OP -DP = 11.426

28.793-DP = 11.426
DP = 17.367 kN
Substitue "DP & DO" in equation

-0.363 DE - 0.191 DO+DP = -29.27 kN
-0.363 DE - 1.931+17.367 = -29.27 kN
0.363 DE = 44.70
DE = 123.146 kN
JOINT E: 11.6
21.3
21.3
.
∑v = 0
EF Sin21.3 + 11.6 - DESin21.3 - EO = 0
EO = 11.600 kN
EF Sin21.3 = DESin21.3
EF = DE
26
JOINT L:
5.8
21.3
`
58
∑v = 0
58-5.8- Sin21.3 = 0
58-5.8
=
Sin 21.3
= 143.7 kN
∑H = 0
Q = Cos21.3
Q = 133.9 kN
JOINT K:
11.6 J
68.7 111.3
59.1
120.9
L .
∑v = 0 `
-11.6+KLSin21.3-JKSin21.3+KNCos= 0
JKSin21.3-KNCos = 143.7 x Sin21.3-11.6
0 x JK - 1 x KN = -11.6 kN
∑H = 0
KLCos21.3 =KJ Cos21.3+KN Cos52.8
143.7 kN = 1 x KJ - 1 x KN
Solving the above equation
JK = 133.4 kN
KN = 12.1 kN
27
JOINT N:
32.7 52.1
84.8
57.3 37.9
∑v = 0
KN Cos= JN Cos52.1
12.1x Cos52.1
JN =
Cos 32.7
JN = 8.8 kN
∑H = 0
LN + KN Sin= MN + JN Sin52.1
MN =133.9+ 12.1 x Sin32.7 + 8.8 x Sin52.1
MN = 138.7 kN
JOINT J:
11.6
68.7 111.3
59.1
21.3
84.9 36 .
∑v = 0
JKSin21.3 - 11.6 - HJSin21.3 - JN Cos+JM Cos=0
133.4 x Sin21.3 - 11.6 - HJSin21.3 - 8.8

x Cos+JM Cos = 0
53.36 - 11.6 - 0.363 HJ - 8.8+1JM = 0
0.363 HJ - 1JM = 28.06
∑H = 0
JK Cos21.3 =HJ Cos21.3 + JN Sin + JM Sin
124.29 = HJ Cos21.3 + 0 + JM Sin
124.29 = 0.932 HJ + 0 JM
28
Solving the above equation
HJ = 112.5 kN
JM = 18.6 kN
JOINT H:
68.7 11.6
21.3
32.3 21.3 111.3
11 79 68.7
.
∑v = 0
HJ Sin21.3 - 11.6 - GHSin21.3 - HR Sin11+HM = 0
29.266 - GHSin21.3 - HR Sin11+HM = 0
-0.363 GH - 0.191 HR+HM = -29.27
∑H = 0
JH Cos21.3 + HR Cos11 - GHSin21.3 = 0

104.815 + 0.982 HR - 0.932 GH = 0
0.932 GH - 0.982 HR = 104.8
JOINT M: 11.6
45.8 52.1
44.2 37.9
∑v = 0
JM Sin37.9 + HM = RM Sin44.2
0.697 RM -HM = 11.426
∑H = 0
MN = MP + JM Cos37.9 + RM Cos44.2
138.7 = MP + 14.677 + RM Cos44.2

MP + 0.717 RM = 124.0
29
JOINT R:
45.8 79
55.2
11
44.2
.
∑v = 0
RM Sin44.2 + GR - HR Sin11 - FR Sin44.2 = 0
0.697 RM - 0.697 FR + 0.191 HR = 11.600
∑H = 0
RM Cos44.2 + HR Cos11 - FR Cos44.2 = 0

0.717 RM - 0.717 FR + 0.982 HR = 0
Solving the above equatin
HR = 10.12 kN
Substitute "DO" in equation
0.697 RM - 0.697 FR = 9.669

0.717 RM - 0.717 FR = -9.934
FR - RM = 13.85
Solving the equation

FR = 55.20 kN
RM = 41.30 kN
Substitue "OP" in the above equation

MP + 0.717 RM = 124.02
MP + 29.608 = 124.02
MP = 94.415 kN
0.697 RM -HM = 11.426

28.793-HM = 11.426
HM = 17.367 kN
Sub "DP & DO" in above equation

-0.363 GH - 0.191 HR+HM = -29.27 kN
-0.363 GH - 1.931+17.367 = -29.27 kN
0.363 GH = 44.70
GH = 123.146 kN
30
JOINT G: 11.6
21.3
21.3
∑v = 0
FG Sin21.3 + 11.6 - GHSin21.3 - GR = 0
GR = 11.600 kN
FG Sin21.3 = HGSin21.3
FG = GH
Joint forces are calculated for load combinations (DL+WL) in the similar manner
followed for (DL+LL).
TABLE 3.4 MEMBER FORCES FOR ROOF TRUSS
Member Forces (kN)
DL+LL DL+WL (0) DL+WL (90)
AB -143.70 -230.10 -262.46
BC -133.40 -212.08 -241.96
CD -112.50 -176.03 -192.48
DE -123.15 -194.12 -213.00
EF -123.15 -194.12 -213.00
AQ +133.90 +218.025 240.90
PQ +138.70 +192.05 234.00
PM +94.92 +117.46 141.00
BQ -12.10 -117.46 -24.10
CQ 8.80 21.22 17.60
CP -18.60 -15.50 -41.20
DP -17.367 -31.81 -33.50
DO 10.12 29.422 19.50
EO 11.60 17.12 22.30
OP 41.30 11.60 84.30
FO 55.20 70.130 111.10
KL -143.70 -209.60 -253.40
JK -133.40 -198.90 -225.60
31
HJ -112.50 -195.04 -213.44
GH -123.15 -151.95 -192.43
FG -123.15 -151.95 -192.43
LN +133.90 198.90 212.56
MN +138.70 219.60 241.47
MP +94.92 155.75 216.23
KN -12.10 -52.31 -121.34
JN 8.80 38.20 87.34
JM -18.60 -43.39 -112.57
HM -17.36 2.13 5.45
HR 10.12 30.12 56.40
GR 11.60 15.90 34.67
MR 41.30 81.53 123.40
FR 55.20 85.52 145.43
3.4 DESIGN OF ROOF TRUSS
Limit State Method:
Design of Top Chord Member

Factored compressive force = 143.7kN
Factored tensile force = 262.46 kN
Trying ISA 90 x 90 x 8mm @ 0.108 kN/m
Sectional properties :
Area of cross section A = 1379 mm2
Radius of gyration ru = 27.5 mm
Maximum unrestrained length L = 2000 mm
KL = 0.85 x L = 0.85 x 2000 = 1700 mm
λy = 1700/27.5 = 61.82 < 180
Hence, λy is within the allowable limits.
From Table 9c of the code for KL/r = 61.8 and fy = 250 MPa,
Fcd = 166.37 N/mm2
Axial capacity = 166.37 x 1379/1000 = 229.42 kN > 143.70kN
Hence, section is safe against axial compression.
32
Axial tension capacity of the section = 1379 x 250/1.10
= 387.05 kN > 262.46 kN
Hence, section is safe in tension.
Design of Bottom Chord Member
Factored compressive force = 240.90 kN
Trying ISA 90 x 90 x 10mm @ 0.134 kN/m
Radius of gyration ru = 27.3 mm
Maximum unrestrained length = L = 2000 mm
KL = 0.85 x L = 0.85 x 2000 = 1700 mm
Note The effective length of top chord member may be taken as 0.7-1.0 times the
distance between centres of connections as per clause 7.2.4 of IS 800. We have
assumed the effective length factor as 0.85.
λy = 1700/27.3 = 62.27 < 180
Hence, λy is within the allowable limits. From Table 9c of the code for KL/r =
62.27 and fy = 250MPa,
Fcd = 164.97 N/mm2
Axial capacity = 164.97 x 1703/1000 = 280.94 kN > 240.90kN
= 387.05 kN > 138.70 kN
Design of Web Member
Factored compressive force = 84.30 kN
Trying ISA 65 x 65 x 8 @ 0.077 kN/m
33
Radius of gyration ru = 24.7mm
Maximum unrestrained length = L = 2510 mm
KL = 0.85 x L = 0.85 x 2510 = 2133.5 mm
λy = 2133.5/24.7 = 86.37 < 180
Hence, λy is within the allowable limits. From Table 9c of the code for KL/r =
86.37 and fy = 250MPa,, Fcd = 126 N/mm2
Axial capacity = 126x 976/1000 = 122.98 kN > 84.30kN
= 221.82 kN > 55.20 kN
Working Stress Method:
Top chord member
Max. axial force P = 175 kN
Length of member =2m
Assume slenderness ratio of λ = 60 & corresponding axial stress бac = 122
N/mm2
Area required = P/бac
= 175 x 103/122 = 1434.42 mm2
Choose section of ISA 100 X 100 X 10 Whose properties are,
A = 1903 mm2 & rv = 30.5mm
Actual slenderness ratio of λ = L/r
= 2000/30.2 = 65.57
corresponding allowable stress бac = 117 N/mm2
Actual stress бc = P/A = 175 x 103/1903
= 91.96 N/mm2 < 117 N/mm2
Hence it’s safe. Provide ISA 100 X 100 X 10 as Top chord member
34
Bottom chord member
Max. axial force P = 160.6 kN
Length of member = 2.7 m
N/mm2
= 160.6 x 103/127= 1264.57 mm2
Choose section of ISA 100 X 100 X 10 Whose properties are,
A = 1903 mm2 & rv = 30.5mm
= 2700/30.2= 92
Actual stress бc = P/A = 160.6 x 103/1903
= 84.39 N/mm2 < 88 N/mm2
Hence it’s safe. Provide ISA 100 X 100 X 10 as Bottom chord member
Intermediate (strut) member

Max. axial force P = 56.2 kN
Length of member = 2.51 m
N/mm2
= 56.2 x 103/107
= 525.23 mm2
Choose section of ISA 75x75x8 Whose properties are,
A = 1138 mm2 & rv = 22.8mm
= 2510/22.8
= 110.1
35
Actual stress бc = P/A = 56.2 x 103/1138
= 49.38 N/mm2 < 72 N/mm2
Hence it’s safe. Provide ISA 75 X 75 X 8 as strut Intermediate member
3.5.1 DESIGN OF RAFTER BRACING
Limit state method

Design wind pressure = 1.893 kN/m2
Maximum force coefficient = -1.3
Factored wind load on rafter bracing = 1.5x1.893x1.3x1.931x3x5/2xsec21.250
= 57.36 kN
Length of bracing = √ (1.9312 x3+52) =7.652 m
Try 100 x 100 x 8,
A = 1539 mm2,
rmin = 19.5 mm, and
L/r = 7652 / 19.5
= 392.4 < 400 (Table 3 of IS 800 : 2007)
Tension bracing will be effective
Axial tensile capacity :
Design strength of member due to yielding of gross section
Tdg = Agfy/γmo
= 1531 x (250 / 1.1) / 1000
= 349.77 kN > 57.6 kN
Design strength due to rupture of critical section
Tdn = αAnfy /γmt
α = 0.6 (Assuming two bolts of 16mm diameter at the ends)
An = 1539 – (18 x 8) = 1395 mm2
Tdn = 0.6 x 1395 x (250 / 1.25) x 1000 = 167.4 kN > 57.36 kN
Hence L 100 x 100 x 8 is safe. The member has been found to be safe for block
shear failure.
36
Working stress method
Maximum force coefficient = -1.3
Factored wind load on rafter bracing = 1.893x1.3x1.931x3x5/2xsec 21.250
= 38.24 kN
2 2
Length of bracing = √ (1.931 x3+5 ) =7.652 m
Net area required = T /σat = 38240 / 150 = 254.933 mm2
Provide ISA 100 x 100 x 10 is safe
3.5.2 DESIGN EAVE BRACING

Limit state method
Maximum force coefficient = 1.2
Spacing of column at gable end = 4.5m
Factored wind load on tie manner = 1.5 x 1.893 x 1.2 x 4.5 (15/2)
= 115 kN (T)
Reaction = 115 x 4 / 2 = 230 kN
Maximum force in bracing Fbr = (230 – 57.5)/cos 29.36 = + 198 kN
Length of bracing = √(42+2.252) = 4.6m
Require γ min = 4600 / 300 = 13.14
Try section 2L 90 x 90 x 8
Area = 2758 mm2
γ min = 27.5 mm
Section classification
B/T = 150/10 = 15 < 15.7£
It is semi compact
Maximum unsupported length = 4600 mm
λ = 4600 x 0.85 / 27.5 = 142.8
From table 9c of IS 800 with λ = 143
Fy = 250 mpa
Fcd = 72.5MPa
37
Axial capacity in compression = 72.5 x 2758/ 1000
= 200 kN > 198 kN
Hence safe.

Maximum force coefficient = 1.2
Factored wind load on tie manner = 1.893 x 1.2 x 4.5 (15/2)
= 76.67 kN (T)
Reaction = 76.67 x 4 / 2 = 153.33 kN
Length of bracing = √ (1.9312 x3+52) =7.652 m
Net area required = T /σat = 76670 / 3806
= 20.67 mm2
Hence the Provided section ISA 2L 100 x 100 x 8 is safe
3.6 DESIGN OF BEARER BEAM

Limit state method
C/C Length of beam =8m
Load from roof truss = 93.4 KN
Self weight of beam = 0.993 KN/m
Total factored load = 93.4+(0.993 x 8 x 1.5)
= 105.316 KN
Factored bending moment, M = WL/4
= 105.316 x 8/4
= 210.63 KN.m
Factored shear force F = 105.316/2
= 52.66 KN
Trial section:
Choose a section of ISMB400 with 2Nos - 200x16thk plates.
38
Section properties:
Overall depth D = 400 + (2 x 16) = 432mm
Width of flange B = 200mm
Thickness of flange tf = 27.2mm
Thickness of web tw = 27.2mm
Depth of web = 432 – (2 x 27.2) = 377.6mm
Moment of inertia about major axis Iz = 48161 x 104 mm4
Moment of inertia about minor axis Iy = 2755.4 x 104 mm4
Elastic section modulus Zez = 2229.7 x 103 mm3
Plastic section modulus Zpz = 2651 x 103 mm3
Least radius of gyration ry = 44 mm
Section classification:
Outstand of compression flange = 100/27.2
= 3.676 < 9.4
Web with N.A at mid depth = 377.6 / 8.9
= 42.43 <83.9
Therefore the section is plastic.
Calculation of lateral torsional buckling moment:
2
Mcr = E Iy h/2 (KL)2 )((1+(1/20)((KL/ry)/(h/tf))2)0.5
KL/r = 8000/44 = 181.82
h/tf = 432/27.2 = 15.88
2
Mcr =( x 2 x 105x 2775.4 x 104 x 432/2/80002)
((1+(1/20)((8000/44)/(432/27.2))2)0.5
= 290.265 KN.m
λLT = √(Zp x fy/Mcr)
= √(2651 x 104 x 250/290.265 x 106)
λLT = 1.51
ФLT = 0.5 (1+0.21 (1.51-.2) +1.512) = 1.78
ΧLT = 1/( Ф LT + (Ф LT 2 - λLT2)0.5
39
ΧLT = 1/( 1.78 + (1.78 2 – 1.512)0.5
= 0.36 < 1.0
Fbd = Χ LT x fy/rmo
= 0.36 x 250/1.1= 83.59 N/mm2
Md = Zp x fbd
= 2651 x 103 x 83.59 = 221.61 KN.m
Md > Max moment (210.63 KN.m)
Hence safe
Shear capacity of section :
Vd = fy/(rmo x √3) x D x tw
= 250/(1.1 x √3) x 432 x 8.9 = 504.5 KN
0.6 Vd = 504.5 x 0.6
= 302.7 KN > Max shear force (52.658 KN)
Bending moment, M = 140.42 kN.m
Shear force F = 35.11 kN
Allowable бbc = 165 N/ mm2
Z reqd, = 140.42 x 106 / 165
= 851.03 x 103 mm3
Provide ISMB 500 whose properties are,
Zxx = 1808.7 x 103 mm3
Check for deflection :
Actual deflection = (WL3/48EI)
= 105.316/1.5 x 80003/(48 x 2 x 105 x 48161 x 104)
= 7.77 mm
Allowable Deflection = L/300
= 8000/300
= 26.67mm> 7.77mm
Safe in deflection.
40
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER
4.1 GENERAL
Crane capacity = 100 kN
Self – weight of the crane girder excluding trolley = 170 kN
Self – weight of the trolley, electric motor, hook, etc. = 35 kN
Span of gantry beam = 8m
Span of crane beam = 17m
Approximate min. approach of the crane hook = 0.8m
Wheel base c/c distance = 4m
Self-weight of rail section = 300N/m
Diameter of crane wheels = 100mm
For hand –operated crane
Lateral loads = 5% of maximum static wheel load
Longitudinal loads = 5% of weight of crab and weight lifted
4.2 LOAD CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS
Maximum wheel load:
202.5 KN
15kN/m
A
B
1.2m
41
Max. Point load on crane = 100+35 = 135 kN
Max. factored load on crane = 1.5 x 135 = 202.5 kN
crane self weight UDL load =170/17 = 10 kN/m
Factored uniform load = 1.5 x 10 = 15 kNm
For maximum reaction on the gantry girder the loads are placed on the crane girder as
shown in Fig.
Taking moment about B,
RA x 17 = (202.5x16)+(15x17x8.5)
RA = 318.10 kN
Similarly RB = (15 x 17) + 202.5 - 318
RB = 139.40 kN
The reaction from the crane girder is distributed equally on the wheels at the end
of the crane girder.
Maximum wheel load on each wheel of crane = 318.1/2 = ~ 160 kN
Maximum bending moment:

It consists of maximum moments Caused by the moving wheel loads On the
gantry girder and self-weight Of the gantry girder. For maximum a Bending moment,
the wheel loads shall Be placed as shown in Fig. The calculation of maximum bending
moments due to wheel loads and self weight of gantry try girder has been done
Assume self weight of gantry girder as 1.5 kN/m.

Total dead load, w = 1.5+0.3=1.8 kN/m
Factored dead load = 1.5 x 1.8 = 2.7 kN/m
The position of one wheel load from the mid-point of span
= wheel base/4 = 4/4 = 1 m
Bending moment due to live load :
Taking moments about D,
Rc x 8 = 160 x (8-1)+160 x 3
42
Rc = 200 kN
RD = 320 – 200 = 120 kN
Max. bending moments due to live load = 120 x 3 = 360 kN m
Bending moment due to impact = 0.10 x 360 = 36 k Nm
Total bending moment due to live and impact loads = 360+36 = 396 kN.m
Bending moment due to dead load = 2.7 x 8² = 21.6 kN.m
Maximum bending moment = 396 + 21.6 = 417.6kN.m
Maximum shear force
Taking moment about D,
Rc x 8 = 160 x 8+160 x 4
Rc = 240 kN
RD = 80 kN
Hence maximum shear force due to wheel loads = 240 kN
Lateral forces
Lateral force transverse to the rails = 5% of weight of crab and weight lilfted
= 0.05 x 135 = 6.75 kN
Factored lateral force = 6.75 x 1.5 = 10.13 kN
Lateral force on each wheel = 10.13/2 = 5.065 kN
Maximum horizontal reaction due to the lateral force by proportion at C
lateral force x reaction at C / max. wheel load = 5.065 x200/160 = 6.33 kN
Horizontal reaction due to lateral force at D = 10.13-6.33 = 3.8 kN
Maximum bending moment due to lateral load by proportion
= 5.065 / 360 x 160 = 11.4 kN.m
Maximum shear force due to lateral load by proportion
= 240/160 x 5.065 = 7.60 kN
43
4.3 DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER
Limit state method
Preliminary trial section
Let us try ISMB 500 @ 869 N/m with ISMC 250@ 304 N/m on its top
Property I –Section ISMB 500 Channel section ISMC 250

Area, A 11074 mm² 3867 mm²
Thickness of flange, tf 17.2 mm 14.1 mm
Thickness of web, tw 10.2 mm 7.1 mm
Width of flange, bf 180 mm 80 mm
4 4
Moment of inertia Iz 45218.3x10 mm 3816.8x 104 mm4
Iy 1369.8 x 104 mm4 219.1x 104 mm4
Depth of section, h 500 mm 250mm
Radius at root R1 17 mm
cyy 23 mm
Moment of inertia of gantry girder
The distance of NA of built –up section from the extreme fibre of compression flange
Ў = ΣAY/ ΣA
= 11074 x (250 +7.1)+3867 x23/(3867 + 11074)
= 196.51 mm
Gross moment of inertia of the built –up section
ΙΖ gross = Ιzbeam + Ιz channel
Iz,gross = 61144.71x 104 mm4
Iy,gross = 5186.60x 104 mm4
Zez = Iz = 61144.71 x 104/(500 + 7.1 -196.51)= 1968.67x 10³ mm³
Plastic modulus of section ( Ignoring the fillets)
Equal area axis
3867 + 180 x 17.2 + y¯ (11.2) = 180 x 17.2 + (500-2 x 17.2 – y1 ) x 10.2
44
Z = 43.24 mm
Zpz1 = 332.94 x 10³ mm³
Plastic section modulus of the section below equal area axis,
Zpz2 = 2240.02 x 10³ mm³
Zpz = Zpz1+Zpz2 = 2576.96 x 10³ mm³
Plastic section modulus of compression flange about yy-axis,
Zpfy = 492.74 x 10³ mm³
Classification of section;
The entire section is plastic (βь = 1.0)
Check for moment capacity
Local moment capacity :
Mdz = βь Zpz f y/ m0 1.2 Ze f y/ m0
Mdz = 1.0 x 492.74 x 10³ x 250/1.10 x 10-6 = 585.67kNm
1.2 Ze f y/ m0 = 536.91 <585.91 kNm
Hence, moment capacity of the section,
Mdz = 585.671> 417.60 kNm
Which is safe.
Moment capacity of compression flange about y-axis,
Mdy, f = βь Zpyf f y/ m0 1.2 Zey,f f y/ m0
= 1.0 x 492.74x 10³ x 250/1.10 x 10-6 = 111.99 kN.m
1.2 x 360.14 x10³ x 250/1.10 x 10-6 = 98.22 kN.m
Hence, moment capacity of flange Mdy, f =98.22 kNm
Combined check for local moment capacity,
(Mz/Mdz)+ My,f/Mdy, f 1.0
417.6/536.91+11.4/98.22 = 0.89 < 1.0
Which is safe.
45
Bukling resistance in bending check
The elastic lateral buckling moment,
Mcr = c1 ²EI yhf/ (2L²LT [ 1+ 1/20 (LLT lry/hfltf)²]0.5)
Overall depth of the section, hf ~ h = 500+7.1 = 507.1 mm
Effective length, LLT = 8 x 10³ mm
Thickness of flange tf = 21.3 + 7.6 = 28.9 mm
Radius of gyration, ry = Iy/A = 5186.6 x 104/ (11074+3867) = 58.92mm
The coefficient, C1 = 1.132
Mcr = 1.132 x ² x 2 x 105 x 5186.6x 104 x 507.6/2 x (8 x 10³)²
x [ 1+1/20 (8x10³/58.92)²]0.5 /(507.6/28.9)
= 810.58 x 106 N mm
Non-dimensional slenderness ratio,
λLTz = √(βь Zpz f y/Mcr)= √(1 x 492.74 x 10³ x 250/810.58x106)
= 0.89
ФLTz = 0.5 [1+ LT ( LT z – 0.2 ) λ² λLTz]
αLT = 0.21
ФLTz = 0.5 x [ 1 + 0.21 x (0.809-0.2) + 0.809²] = 0.89

XLTz = 1/ ФLTz +( Ф²LTz - ² LT z)0.5 = 1/0.891 + (0.891²-0.809²)0.5 = 0.97
Design bending compressive stress

fbd = XLtz fy/ mo = 0.791 x 250 / 1.1 =168.07 N/mm²
The design bending strength,
Mdz = b Zpz fbd = 1.0 x 257.70x 10³ x 168.07 x 10-6
= 433.11kNm
> 417.6 kNm.
Which is all right.
The beam is safe in bending under vertical loads.
46
Since lateral forces are also acting, the beam must be checked for bi-axial bending.
The bending strength about y-axis will be provided by the top flange only as the lateral
loads are applied there only.
Mdy = Zyt fy/γmo
Zyt = Section modulus of top flange about yy-axis
= 360.136 x 10³ mm³
(Assuming the moment of inertia of top flange to be half of the moment of inertia of I-
section).
Μdy = 360.136 x 10³ x 250 x 10⁶ = 81.85 KN.m
Hence, the section is safe.
Check for shear force due to wheel load = 240 kN
Impact load = 0.1 x 240 = 24 kN (10% of wheel load)

Design shear force = 240 + 24 = 264 kN
Shear capacity = AV yw/ 3 mo = (500 x 10.2) x 250 x10-³ / 3 1.10
= 669.20 kN
Maximum shear, V = 264kN < 401.52 kN (0.6 Vd = 0.6 x 669.20= 401.52 kN)
Since V 0.6 Vd, the case is of low shear. No reduction will be therefore in the moment
capacity.
Deflection check
= WL³x(3a/4L-a³/L³) /6EI
W = maximum static wheel load = 160/1.5 = 106.67kN.
A = L-c = 8 x 10³-4 x 10³ = 1 x 10³ mm
Vertical deflection = 12.79mm
Permissible maximum deflection = L = 8000/500 = 16 mm > 12.79 mm
Hence it’s safe.
47
Use MB 600 @ 1226 N/m for primary section.
Bf = 210 mm Ix = 91813 x 104 mm4
Tf = 20.8 mm Iy = 2651 x 104 mm4
tw = 12 mm Z = 1810 cm³
A = 15621 mm² k = 34.2 mm
For compound section,
B = 1.50 Bf = 1.5 x 210 = 315, say 350 mm
L/B = 8000/ 350 = 22.86, Fbc = 165 N/mm²
Assume ƒbc = 2/3 x Fbc = 110 N/mm²
Zc = 417.6x106/110 = 3796.36x103 mm³
Ap =1.2(3035-1810)x10³/600 = 1471.92 mm2
Use MC 300, area 4360 mm².
Approximate check for tensile stress=
Zc = 3060.4 + 5/3 x 43.60 x 30 =5240.4 x10³ mm³
m = 43.60/156.21 = 0.280
Zt = 5240.4x10³ /(1 + 2 x 0.28) =3359.23x10³ cm³
ƒbt = 417.6 x 10³ /(3359.23 x 10³) = 124.3 N/mm² <165 N/mm²
Hence ok.
Exact check for ƒbc, ƒbt, ƒs and Fbc
Compound Section
MC 300
A = 4630 mm² Ix = 6420 x 104 mm4

B = 90.0 mm Iy = 313 x104 mm4
T= 13.6 mm Cy = 23.5 mm
t = 7.8 mm
e = 4630(307.8-23.5)/(4630+156.21) = 65 mm
48
c1 =307.8– 65 = 242.8 mm
c2 = 300 + 65 = 365 mm
I = 91813 + 156.21 x 6.5² + 313 + 46.3 (24.28– 2.35)²
= 120992 x 104 mm4
Zc = 120992 x 104 /242.8 = 4983.2 x 103 mm³
Zt = 120992 x 104 /365 = 3314.85 x 103 mm³
ƒbc = 417 x 106 /4983 x 10³ = 83.8 N/mm²
ƒbt = 83.8 x 4983.2/3314.85 = 125.98 N/mm²
ƒs = 240 x 10³/ 600 x 12 = 33.33N/mm² < 0.4 X 250 =100 N/mm²
Hence ok.
Deflection
S = 161 x 10³ x 8000³/48 x 200 x 10³ x 120992 x 104
= 7.1 mm
Slim = 8000/750 = 10.67 mm > 7.1mm
Hence safe.
49
CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMN
5.1 LOAD CALCULATION

Dead load 1:
Self weight of Roof truss = 7.6 kN
Reaction on Each support = 7.6/2 = 3.8 kN
Dead load 2:
Self weight of Roof purlin = 3 kN
Self weight of bracing = 5/9.66 = 0.52 kN
Self weight of sheetings = 0.25 x 4 = 1 kN
Dead load 2 (Total load) = 1 + 0.52 = 1.52 Kn
Live load = 0.75 x 4 = 3 kN/m
Wind load calculation:
h/w = 11.5 /8.5 = 0.622
l/w = 48.5 / 18.5 = 2.622; < 4 & > 1.5
0.5 < h/w < 1.5
1.5 < l/w < 2 & 1.5 < l/w < 2
4th case of table
TABLE 5.1 EXTERNAL PRESSURE CO-EFFICIENT (Cpe):
For 0o For 90o
-0.675 -0.80
ROOF
-0.50 -0.625
0.70 -0.50
CLADDING
-0.30 -0.50
Internal pressure coefficient = + 0.5

Design Wind pressure = 1.893 kNm2
50
Wind word direction for 0o
W11 = (0.7 – 0.5) x 8 x 1.893 = 3.03 kN/m
W12 = (0.7 + 0.5) x 8 x 1.893 = 18.17 kN/m
W21 = (-0.675
0.675 – 0.5) x 4 x 1.893 = -8.80 kN/m
W22 = (-0.675+0.5)
0.675+0.5) x 4 x 1.893 = -1.33 kN/m
Leeword direction for 0o
W31 = (-0.3
0.3 – 0.5) x 8 x 1.893 = -12.12 kN/m
W32 = (0.3 + 0.5) x 8 x 1.893 = 3.03 kN/m
o
Leeword direction for 0
W41 = (-0.5
0.5 – 0.5) x 4 x 1.893 = -7.57 kN/m
W42 = (-0.5+0.5)
0.5+0.5) x 4 x 1.893 = 0 kN/m
FIGURE-5.1
5.1 COLUMN WIND LOAD DIAGRAM (FOR 0 )
51
Wind load calculation:
W51 = (-0.5
0.5 – 0.5) x 8 x 1.893 = -15.14 kN/m
W52 = (-0.5
0.5 + 0.5) x 8 x 1.893 = 0 kN/m
W61 = (-0.8
0.8 – 0.5) x 4 x 1.893 = -9.84 kN/m
W62 = (-0.8+0.5)
0.8+0.5) x 4 x 1.893 = -2.27 kN/m
Leeword direction for 90o
W71 = (-0.5
0.5 – 0.5) x 8 x 1.893 = -15.14 kN/m
W72 = (-0.5
0.5 + 0.5) x 8 x 1.893 = 0 kN/m
o
Leeword direction for 90
W81 = (-0.625
0.625 – 0.5) x 4 x 1.893 = -8.55 kN/m
W82 = (-0.625+0.5)
0.625+0.5) x 4 x 1.893 = -0.95 kN/m
FIGURE-5.2
5.2 COLUMN WIND LOAD DIAGRAM (FOR 90 )
52
5.2 STAAD ANALYSIS:
Limit state method
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 18-Apr-11
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 18 0 0; 3 0 9 0; 4 18 9 0; 5 0 11.5 0; 6 18 11.5 0; 7 9 15 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 3; 2 3 5; 3 2 4; 4 4 6; 5 5 7; 6 7 6;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC STEEL
E 2.05e+008
POISSON 0.3
DENSITY 76.8195
ALPHA 1.2e-005
DAMP 0.03
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY INDIAN
1 TO 4 TABLE ST ISMB600
5 6 TABLE ST ISA75X75X8
53
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL STEEL ALL
SUPPORTS
1 2 PINNED
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE DL
SELFWEIGHT Y -1 LIST 1 TO 4
JOINT LOAD
5 6 FY -3.8
MEMBER LOAD
5 6 UNI GY -1.52
LOAD 2 LOADTYPE Live TITLE LL
MEMBER LOAD
5 6 UNI GY -3
LOAD 7 LOADTYPE Live TITLE CL1
JOINT LOAD
3 MZ -85.3
JOINT LOAD
4 MZ 85.3
LOAD 3 LOADTYPE Wind TITLE WL 0 -I
MEMBER LOAD
1 2 UNI GX 3.03
5 UNI Y 8.9
3 4 UNI GX 12.12
6 UNI Y 7.57
LOAD 4 LOADTYPE Wind TITLE WL 0 +I
MEMBER LOAD
1 2 UNI GX 18.17
5 UNI Y 1.33
54
3 4 UNI GX -3.03
MEMBER LOAD
1 2 UNI GX -15.14
5 UNI Y 9.84
3 4 UNI GX 15.14
6 UNI Y 8.55
MEMBER LOAD
5 UNI Y 2.27
6 UNI Y 0.95
LOAD COMB 101 DL+LL
1 1.5 2 1.5
LOAD COMB 102 DL+CL1+WL 0-I
1 1.5 3 1.5 7 1.5
LOAD COMB 103 DL+CL1+WL 0+I
1 1.5 4 1.5 7 1.5
1 1.5 5 1.5 7 1.5
1 1.5 6 1.5 7 1.5
1 1.5 3 1.5 8 1.5
1 1.5 4 1.5 8 1.5
1 1.5 5 1.5 8 1.5
1 1.5 6 1.5 8 1.5
55
LOAD COMB 110 DL+LL+CL1
1 1.5 2 1.5 7 1.5
1 1.5 2 1.5 8 1.5
LOAD COMB 112 DL+LL+CL1+CL2
1 1.5 2 1.5 7 1.5 8 1.5
PERFORM ANALYSIS
LOAD LIST 101 TO 112
PRINT MAXFORCE ENVELOPE LIST 1 TO 4
FINISH
STAAD OUTPUT
MEMBER FORCE ENVELOPE
---------------------
ALL UNITS ARE KN METER
MAX AND MIN FORCE VALUES AMONGST ALL SECTION LOCATIONS
MEMB FY/ DIST LD MZ/ DIST LD
FZ DIST LD MY DIST LD FX DIST LD
1 MAX 223.05 0.00 103 402.27 6.00 104
0.0 0.00 101 0.00 0.00 101 98.98 C 0.00 111
MIN -135.18 0.00 108 -912.66 8.25 107
0.00 9.00 112 0.00 9.00 112 168.90 T 9.00 102
2 MAX 125.99 2.50 104 296.83 0.00 108
0.0 0.00 101 0.00 0.00 101 82.78 C 0.00 111
MIN -90.38 2.50 107 -1031.59 0.00 103
0.00 2.50 112 0.00 2.50 112 173.40 T 2.50 102
3 MAX 157.84 0.00 102 0.00 0.00 101
56
0.00 0.00 101 0.00 0.00 101 129.32 C 0.00 103
MIN -75.99 9.00 108 -684.25 9.00 106
0.00 9.00 112 0.00 9.00 112 99.66 T 9.00 108
4 MAX 83.40 2.50 103 153.01 2.50 108
0.00 0.00 101 0.00 0.00 101 113.12 C 0.00 103
MIN -132.76 2.50 108 -684.25 0.00 102
0.00 2.50 112 0.00 2.50 112 104.16 T 2.50 108
********** END OF FORCE ENVELOPE FROM INTERNAL STORAGE **********
57
FIGURE-5.3 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF FRAME (LSM)
FIGURE-5.4 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF COLUMN (LSM)
58
FIGURE-5.5 AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM OF COLUMN (LSM)
59
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 20-Apr-11
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0 ; 2 18 0 0; 3 0 9 0; 4 18 9 0; 5 0 11.5 0; 6 18 11.5 0;
7 9 15 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 3; 2 3 5; 3 2 4; 4 4 6; 5 5 7; 6 7 6;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC STEEL
E 2.05e+008
POISSON 0.3
DENSITY 76.8195
ALPHA 1.2e-005
DAMP 0.03
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY INDIAN
1 TO 4 TABLE ST ISMB600
5 6 TABLE ST ISA 75X75X8
60
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL STEEL ALL
SUPPORTS
1 2 PINNED
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE DL
SELFWEIGHT Y -1 LIST 1 TO 4
JOINT LOAD
5 6 FY -3.8
MEMBER LOAD
5 6 UNI GY -1.52
LOAD 2 LOADTYPE Live TITLE LL
MEMBER LOAD
5 6 UNI GY -3
JOINT LOAD
3 MZ -85.3
JOINT LOAD
4 MZ 85.3
MEMBER LOAD
1 2 UNI GX 3.03
5 UNI Y 8.9
61
3 4 UNI GX 12.12
6 UNI Y 7.57
MEMBER LOAD
1 2 UNI GX 18.17
5 UNI Y 1.33
3 4 UNI GX -3.03
MEMBER LOAD
1 2 UNI GX -15.14
5 UNI Y 9.84
3 4 UNI GX 15.14
6 UNI Y 8.55
MEMBER LOAD
5 UNI Y 2.27
6 UNI Y 0.95
LOAD COMB 101 DL+LL
1 1.0 2 1.0
1 1.0 3 1.0 7 1.0
1 1.0 4 1.0 7 1.0
62
1 1.0 5 1.0 7 1.0
1 1.0 6 1.0 7 1.0
1 1.0 3 1.0 8 1.0
1 1.0 4 1.0 8 1.0
1 1.0 5 1.0 8 1.0
1 1.0 6 1.0 8 1.0
1 1.0 2 1.0 7 1.0
1 1.0 2 1.0 8 1.0
LOAD COMB 112 DL+LL+CL1+CL2
1 1.0 2 1.0 7 1.0 8 1.0
PERFORM ANALYSIS
LOAD LIST 101 TO 112
PRINT MAXFORCE ENVELOPE LIST 1 TO 4
FINISH
63
STAAD OUTPUT
MEMBER FORCE ENVELOPE
---------------------
ALL UNITS ARE KN METER
MAX AND MIN FORCE VALUES AMONGST ALL SECTION

LOCATIONS
MEMB FY/ DIST LD MZ/ DIST LD
FZ DIST LD MY DIST LD FX DIST LD
1 MAX 148.70 0.00 103 268.18 6.00 104
0.00 0.00 101 0.00 0.00 101 65.99 C 0.00 111
MIN -90.12 0.00 108 -608.4 8.25 107
0.00 9.00 112 0.00 9.00 112 112.60 T 9.00 102
2 MAX 83.99 2.50 104 197.88 0.00 108
0.00 0.00 101 0.00 0.00 101 55.19 C 0.00 111
MIN -60.25 2.50 107 -687.73 0.00 103
0.00 2.50 112 0.00 2.50 112 115.60 T 2.50 102
3 MAX 105.23 0.00 102 0.00 0.00 101
0.00 0.00 101 0.00 0.00 101 86.22 C 0.00 103
MIN -50.66 9.00 108 -456.17 9.00 106
0.00 9.00 112 0.00 9.00 112 66.44 T 9.00 108
64
4 MAX 55.60 2.50 103 102.01 2.50 108
0.00 0.00 101 0.00 0.00 101 75.42 C 0.00 103
MIN -88.51 2.50 108 -456.17 0.00 102
0.00 2.50 112 0.00 2.50 112 69.44 T 2.50 108
****** END OF FORCE ENVELOPE FROM INTERNAL STORAGE *****
65
FIGURE-5.6 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF FRAME (WSM)
FIGURE-5.7 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF COLUMN (WSM)
66
FIGURE-5.8 AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM OF COLUMN (WSM)
67
5.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN
Limit state method
From the analysis results
Fx = 173.40 kN
Mz = 1031.6 kN.m
Consider Built up Section of 300 x 20 + 700 x 16
Width of flange = 300 mm
Over all depth = 700 mm
Thickness of Flange = 20 mm
Thickness of Web = 16 mm
Izz = 177092x104 mm4
Iyy = 9022.53 x 103
Zzz = 5059.79 x103 mm3
Zyy = 257.7 x 103 mm3
Ryy = 62.36 mm
Rxx = 276.28 mm 2
A = 23200 mm2
Buckling Class Classification
D/bf = 700 / 300 = 2.33
Tf = 20 mm 40 mm
As per table 10 IS 800 – 2007
Buckling curve ‘a’ z – z axis
Design Strength
Pd = A x Fcd
λz = 11500 / 276.28
= 41
From table 9 (c) Fcd = 198 N/mm2
Pd = 23200 x 198
= 4594 > 173.40 kN
68
Moment Capacity
For major axis bending as per class 8.22 IS800 – 2007
ʎLT = /
ʎ = 41
h / Lf = 700 / 20 = 35
Elastic critical shear fcrb = 6448
ʎLT = 250/6448 = 0.19 < 0.4
Hence no need for checking lateral torsional buckling
Moment Capacity About Major Axis
= . /
= (5059.79 x 103 x 250)/1.1
= 1149.9 kN.M > 1031.6 kN.m
Hence the built up section is safe
Length of column L = 11.5m
Maximum moment M = 687.73 kNm
Maximum axial force P = 115.60 kN
Maximum shear force F = 148.70 kN
Try built up section of 400 x 25 + 800 x 20,
Properties:
Width of flange b = 400 mm
Overall depth D = 800 mm
Thickness of flange Tf = 25 mm
Thickness of web Tw = 20 mm
A =36000mm2
Rx = 320.91mm
Ry = 86.15mm
Zx = 9268.2 x 103 mm3
Zy = 667.9 x 103 mm3
69
Provide cladding rails at 2m spacing.
λx = L/Rx
= 11500/320.91 = 35.84
λy = L/Ry
= 2000//86.15= 23.22
D/T = 800/25 = 32
Actual stress are,
Comp stress = P/A
= 115.6 x 1000/36000
= 3.2 N/mm2
Bending stress = M/Z
= 687.73 X 106/(9268.23 x 103)
= 74.20 N/mm2
The allowable stresses are comp & bending are 85 N/mm2 & 120 N/mm2
Elastic bucking stress is
Fcr = 2
E/λ2 = 2
x 2 x 105 /35.842
= 370 N/mm2
Ratio between the actual comp & bending stresses are,
=3.2/85 = 0.038
The interaction criterion gives,
= 0.038+ 74.2/120 = 0.66 < 1
Since the value is less than 1 the chosen section section is safe.
Note : column size may be reduced above gantry girder beam since the moment above
that portion is comparatively small and also the gantry girder may be supported on the
column.
Column bracing are provided at the end bays and it’s design is similar roof bracings.
70
5.4 DESIGN OF BASE PLATE
Limit state method
For M20 grade of concrete

Bearing strength concrete = 0.45*fck
= 0.45 x 20
= 9 N/mm2
Partial Safety factors:
rmo = 1.10
Properties of Built up Section of 300 x 20 + 700 x 16
Design axial comp. load =152.7 KN
Required area of slab base A = 152.7 X 103/9.0
= 0.017 m2
Side of base plate required L = B = √0.017
= 130mm
But the built up column size is 300 x 700.
So provide minimum size of base plate 500mm x 800mm
The bearing pressure of concrete w = 152.7 x 103/(500x800)
= 0.382 N/mm2 < 9 N/mm2
The maximum projection a = 100 mm
The minimum projection b = 50 mm
Thickness of base plate = √(2.5w(a2 – 0.3 b2) x γmo/fy)
= 6.35mm
Provide minimum thickness of 16mm
Hence provide the base plate of size 500 x 800 x 16mm
71
Working Stress Method
Axial force = 101.8 kN
Pedastal concrete = M20
Minimum size of base plate is controlled by size of column and edge distance
Assuming 24mm bolt, the bolt hole = 25.5 mm
Edge distance = 44 mm to outer face
= 38 mm to rolled edge
Therefore the minimum size of plate is
B (min) = 400 + 2 x (44 + 38) = 564 mm
D (min) = 800 + 2 x (44 + 38) = 964 mm
Say B = 580 mm and D = 980 mm
Size of pedestal is controlled by cover reinforcement (40 mm) plus diameters of

reinforcement (20 mm) and Half of the ferrle (75mm), Bolt spacing 500 x 900.
The size of the pedestal is
Bp = 500 + 2 x (40 + 20 + 75/2) = 695 mm, Take 750 mm
Dp = 900 + 2 x (40 + 20 + 75/2) = 1095 mm, Take 1150 mm
Allowable direct compression on concrete
σcc = 4 N/mm2
72
Plate Area = Ab = 580 x 980 mm
Concrete Area = Ab = 750 x 1150 mm
Allowable bearing stress = σcc √(Ac / Ab) = 4 x √(750 x 1150 / 580 x 980)
= 4.927 < 2 σcc = 8 N/mm2
Bearing pressure w = P / Ab
=101800/ 580 x 980 = 0.179 N/mm2 < 4.927 mm2
Thickness of plate
a = Plate cantilever = ( 580 – 400) / 2 = 90 mm
b = ( 900 – 800 ) / 2 = 90 mm
a = b = 90 mm
Bending moment on plate is
m = w x a2 / 2 = 4 x 902 / 2 = 16200
Thickness required t > √( 6m / σbs ) = a √( 3w / σbs ) = 24.3 mm
Provide base plate of size 580 x 980 x 25 mm
73
CHAPTER 6
DRAWINGS
FIG. 6.1 LAYOUT OF COLUMN
74
FIG. 6.2 ROOF TRUSS DETAILS
75
FIG. 6.3 LAYOUT OF ROOF TRUSS
76
FIG. 6.4 LAYOUT OF RAFTER BRACING
77
FIG. 6.5 LAYOUT OF EAVES BRACING DETAILS
78
FIG. 6.6 TYPICAL ELEVATION
79
CHAPTER 7
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
7.1 RESULTS
Limit State Method
The design results obtained using limit state method is tabulated below.
TABLE 7.1 LIMIT STATE METHOD RESULTS
SL.
MEMBER LIMIT STATE METHOD
NO
1 PURLIN ISMC 125
2 ROOF TRUSS – TOP CHORD ISA 90 X 90 X 8

ROOF TRUSS – BOTTOM
3 ISA 90 X 90 X 10
CHORD
ROOF TRUSS – INTERMEDIATE
4 ISA 65 X 65 X 8
STRUT
5 ROOF RAFTER BRACING ISA 100 X 100 X 8
6 ROOF EAVES BRACING ISA 90 X 90 X 8
7 BEARER BEAM ISMB 400
8 GANTRY GIRDER ISMB 500 + ISMC 250
9 COLUMN 300 X 20 + 700 X 16
10 BASE PLATE 500 X800 x 16
80
Working Stress Method
The design results obtained Working stress method is tabulated below.
TABLE 7.2 – WORKING STRESS METHOD RESULTS
SL. WORKING STRESS

MEMBER
NO METHOD
1 PURLIN ISMC 175
2 ROOF TRUSS – TOP CHORD ISA 100 X 100 X 10

3 ISA 100 X 100 X 10
CHORD
ROOF TRUSS – INTERMEDIATE
4 ISA 75 X 75 X 8
STRUT
5 ROOF RAFTER BRACING ISA 100 X 100 X 10
6 ROOF EAVES BRACING ISA 100 X 100 X 8
7 BEARER BEAM ISMB 500
8 GANTRY GIRDER ISMB 600 + ISMC 300
9 COLUMN 400 X 25 + 800 X 20
10 BASE PLATE 580 X 980 X 25
81
7.2 COMPARISON OF RESULTS
The design results obtained using limit state method and working stress method are
tabulated below.
TABLE 7.3 – COMPARISON OF RESULTS
METHOD OF DESIGN
SL.
MEMBER
NO
LIMIT STATE WORKING STRESS
1 PURLIN ISMC 125 ISMC 175

ROOF TRUSS – TOP
2 ISA 90 X 90 X 8 ISA 100 X 100 X 10
CHORD
3 ISA 90 X 90 X 10 ISA 100 X 100 X 10
CHORD
ROOF TRUSS –
4 ISA 65 X 65 X 8 ISA 75 X 75 X 8
INTERMEDIATE STRUT
5 ROOF RAFTER BRACING ISA 100 X 100 X 8 ISA 100 X 100 X 10
6 ROOF EAVES BRACING ISA 90 X 90 X 8 ISA 100 X 100 X 8
7 BEARER BEAM ISMB 400 ISMB 500
8 GANTRY GIRDER ISMB 500 + ISMC 250 ISMB 600 + ISMC 300
9 COLUMN 300 X 20 + 700 X 16 400 X 25 + 800 X 20
10 BASE PLATE 500 X 900 X16 580 X 980 X25
82
7.3 CONCLUSION
By comparing the results, the limit state method of design is considered to be
economical over the conventional working stress method. In working stress method it
was ensured that the stresses used by the working loads are less than an allowable stress
obtained by dividing the yield stress by a factor of safety. The factor of safety
represented a margin for uncertainties in strength and load. The value of factor of safety
in most cases is taken to be around 1.67.
The major innovation in the Limit State Method is the introduction of the partial safety
factor format which essentially splits the factor of safety into two factors – one for the
material and one for the load. In accordance with these concepts, the safety format used
in Limit State Codes is based on probable maximum load and probable minimum
strengths, so that a consistent level of safety is achieved. But the uncertainties affecting
the safety of a structure are due to
• Uncertainty about loading
• Uncertainty about material strength and
• Uncertainty about structural dimensions and behaviour.
These uncertainties together make it impossible to guarantee that a structure will be
absolutely safe. All that we can ensure is that the risk of failure is extremely small,
despite the uncertainties.
So the limit state method of design is more effective where the uncertainty about the
loading is less. Limit state design philosophy takes into account the statistical nature of
loads and material strengths, there by providing consistent levels of safety. Its also
considers the other requirements such as serviceability and durability.
83
REFERENCES
1. Design of Steel Structures – Prof. Dr. A. Varma (chapter 2)

2. Plastic analysis design of steel structures by M. Bill Wong (Chapter 5)
3. The behavior and design of steel structures by N.S Trahair, M.A Bradford.
4. Steel structures design & behavior (LRFD Method, 4th Edition) by Charles
G.Salmon & John E. johnson
5. Analysis and design of steel structures by N.S Trahair, M.A Bradford, D.A.
Nethercot and L.Gardner.
6. Stuctural Analysis by L.S Negi & R.S Jangid, Tata Mcgraw-Hill publishing
company limited.
7. Design of Steel structures By N.Subramaniyan, Published by Oxford University
Press
8. Limit state design of steel structures by S K Duggal Published by Tata Mcgraw-
Hill publishing company limited.
9. Design of steel structures by A.S. Arya & J.L. Ajmani, Published by Nem Chand
& Bros.
10. Design of steel structures by M. Raghupathi Published by Tata Mcgraw-Hill
publishing company limited.
11. IS 800-2007 “Indian standard code of practice for general construction in steel”
(LSM)
12. IS 800-1984 “Indian standard code of practice for general construction in steel”
(WSM)
13. IS 875-1987 part I, part II & part III, “Indian code of practice for loads”
14. SP 38(S&T)-1987 “Handbook of typified design for structures with steel roof
trusses”
84

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A PROJECT REPORT

DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING BY LIMIT STATE AND

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

behaviour will deviate from the analysis results.

An improved design philosophy to make allowances for the shortcomings in the

the purpose for which it was built.

for analysis & design.

ABBRIVATIONS & SYMBOLS x

1.2 SCOPE OF WORK 01

1.3 DETAILS OF THE BUILDING 01

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 03

2.2.2 BUCKLING OF MEMBER 04

2.2.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 05

CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ROOF 06

3.2 DESIGN OF PURLIN 06

3.2.1 LOAD CALCULATION 06

3.2.2 LOAD COMBINATION & ANALYSIS 08

3.3 ANALYSIS OF ROOF TRUSS 12

3.3.1 LOAD CALCULATION 13

3.3.2 TRUSS ANALYSIS 13

3.5 DESIGN OF ROOF BRACINGS 27

3.5.1 DESIGN OF RAFTER BRACING 27

3.5.2 DESIGN OF EAVE BRACING 28

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF GANTRY GIRDER 33

4.2 LOAD CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS 33

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMN 42

5.1 LOAD CALCULATION 42

5.2 STAAD ANALYSIS 45

5.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN 60

5.4 DESIGN OF BASE PLATE 63

CHAPTER 7 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 72

7.2 COMPARISON OF RESULTS 74

TABLE DESCRIPTION Page No.

7.1 LIMIT STATE METHOD RESULTS 72

7.2 WORKING STRESS METHOD RESULTS 73

7.1 OVERALL RESULTS 74

FIGURE NO. DESCRIPTION Page No.

5.1 COLUMN WIND LOAD DIAGRAM (FOR 0 ̊) 43

5.2 COLUMN WIND LOAD DIAGRAM (FOR 90 ̊) 44

5.3 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF FRAME 50

5.4 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF COLUMN 50

5.5 AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM OF COLUMN (LSM) 51

5.6 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF FRAME 58

5.7 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF COLUMN 58

5.8 AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM OF COLUMN (WSM) 59

6.1 LAYOUT OF COLUMN 66

6.2 ROOF TRUSS DETAILS 67

6.3 LAYOUT OF ROOF TRUSS 68

6.4 LAYOUT OF RAFTER BRACING 69

6.5 LAYOUT OF EAVES BRACING DETAILS 70

6.6 TYPICAL ELEVATION 71

A Area of cross section; surface area.

1.2 SCOPE OF WORK

1.3 DETAILS OF THE BUILDING

2.2.1 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES

2.2.3 PLASTIC ANALYSIS

2.2.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Building details for design:

Over all size of building = 48.5m X 18.5m x 15m

Truss spacing = 1/4th to 1/5th of span

3.2.1 LOAD CALCULATION

0 -0.675 -0.50 -0.5 -1.175 -1.0 13.63 -16.02 -13.630