Chemistry Cheat Sheet

2010ReͲrelease(seriously,I’’veforgotteneverythinginthisdocument)||J.TeohRI4K’’10

Graham’’sLaw
1
rate of diffusion of gas v 
M r of gas
rate of diffusion of gas A M r of gas B

rate of diffusion of gas B M r of gas A

pH
pH  log[H  ]

pH  log( percentage dissociation u molarity )

SaltPreparation
Anion(Ͳ) Cation(+)
Method   Product  Byproduct
Contributor Contributor

acid + alkali Æ solublesalt + water
Titration
(aq)  (aq)  (aq)  H2O(l)

acid + base Æ solublesalt + excessbase
ExcessBase
(aq)  (s)  (aq)  (s)

solution + solution Æ insolublesalt + solution
Precipitation
(aq)  (aq)  (s)  (aq)

sodium soluble insoluble sodiumsalt
+ Æ +
Solublesalt carbonate compound carbonate solution
fromsoluble Na2CO3(aq)  XY(aq)  XCO3(s)  NaY(aq)
compound 
[Na2CO3, insoluble carbondioxide
acid + Æ solublesalt +
Acid] carbonate +water
HZ(aq)  XCO3(s)  XZ(aq)  CO2(g),H2O(l)

soluble acidreaction
nitricacid + base Æ +
nitrate byproduct
Insolublesalt CO2(g),H2O(l)
HNO3(aq)  XY(s)  XNO3(aq) 
frombase orH2(g)
[HNO3, 
Precipitate] sodiumsalt soluble
+ Æ insolublesalt + sodiumnitrate
solution nitrate
NaZ(aq)  XNO3(aq)  XZ(aq)  NaNO3(aq)

QualitativeAnalysis
TestforAnionsinSolution(exceptforCO32Ͳ)
x Foralltests,acidifythesamplebyaddingHNO3firstinordertoremoveanyCO32Ͳ,
UNLESStheaniontobetestedforisNO3Ͳ(addingHNO3invalidatesthetestby
introducingNO3Ͳanions).

 Anion ReagentstoaddforTest Result
2Ͳ
CO3  HNO3 EffervescenceofCO2
Ͳ
Cl  AgNO3 WhitepptAgCl
Ͳ
I Pb(NO3)2 YellowpptPbI2
Ͳ
NO3  NaOH(aq),Al(s),heat Gasevolved:NH3
2Ͳ
SO4  Ba(NO3)2 WhitepptBaSO4

TestforCationsinSolution
x TodistinguishbetweenAl3+andPb2+,KIshouldbeadded.Al3+cationsformAlI3
whichdissolves;yieldingnoppt.Pb2+ionsformyellowpptPbI2.
x Pptsmarkedwith(soluble)dissolvewhencorrespondingexcessbaseisadded.
x SolutionsarecolourlesssaveforCu2++NH3(aq)(adarkbluesolution).

Cation NaOH(aq) NH3(aq)
+
NH4  Gasevolved:NH3 
2+
Cu  Lightblueppt(insoluble) Lightblueppt(soluble,darkblue)
2+
Fe  Dirtygreenppt(insoluble)
Fe3+ Reddishbrownppt(insoluble)
Zn2+ Whiteppt(soluble)
Ca2+ Whiteppt(insoluble) Noppt
2+
Pb  Whiteppt(soluble) Whiteppt(insoluble)
3+
Al  Whiteppt(soluble) Whiteppt(insoluble)

TestforGases
 Gas TestandResults
 NH3 Turnsdampredlitmuspaperblue

CO2 Formswhitepptwhenbubbledintolimewater

 Cl2 Bleachesdamplitmuspaper
 H 2  Popswithlightedsplint
 O2 Relightsglowingsplit
 SO2 TurnsK2Cr2O7(aq)green

Titration

AcidͲAlkali RangeofSharpRise(pH) IndicatorandpHofcolourchange
StrongͲStrong 4Ͳ11 MethylOrange(5)/Phenolphthalein(9)
WeakͲStrong 6Ͳ11 Phenolphthalein(9)
StrongͲWeak 4Ͳ8 MethylOrange(5)
 
SolubilityRules

Soluble Insoluble
Chlorides Carbonates
Sulphates Hydroxides
Nitrates Oxides
GroupIsalts PbCl2 PbSO4
Ammoniumsalts AgCl CaSO4
  BaSO4

FlameTest

Cation Colourofflame
K+ lilac
Na+ yellowͲorange
Ba2+ applegreen
Cu2+ green
Sr2+orLi+ crimson
Ca2+ brickred
Pb2+ blue

SaltHydrolysis

Salt Cation Anion HydrolysedIon pH
SBͲSA SB SA Ͳ Neutral
SBͲWA SB WA Anion Alkaline
WBͲSA WB SA Cation Acidic
WBͲWA WB WA Anion&Cation Varies

AcidandBaseReactions

Reactants Products
Acid+Base Salt+H2O(l)
Acid+Carbonate Salt+H2O(l)+CO2(g)
Acid+ReactiveMetal Salt+H2(g)
Acid+Sulfitesalt Salt+H2O(l)+SO2(g)
Base+Ammoniumsalt Salt+H2O(l)+NH3(g)
Alkali+AqueousSalt(some) Salt+Hydroxideppt(s)

ReactivitySeries
KNaCaMgAlZnFeSnPbHCuAgAu
ÅIncreasingReactivityÅ