Agra

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Agra
आआआआ
‫آ گر ہ‬
— city —

Agra

Location of Agra

in Uttar Pradesh and India

 27°11′N 78°01′E / 27.18°N 78.02°E /
Coordinates
27.18; 78.02Coordinates: 27°11′N 78°01′E /
27.18°N 78.02°E / 27.18; 78.02

Country India

State Uttar Pradesh

District(s) Agra

Population 1,686,976 (19) (2010[update])

• Density • 8,954 /km2 (23,191 /sq mi)

• Metro • 1,727,275 (20)
• Urban • 63.62

Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)

Area 188.40 km2 (73 sq mi)

• Elevation • 171 metres (561 ft)

Codes[show]
•
• Pincode • 282 XXX
• Telephone • +91(562)
• Vehicle • UP-80
Website agra.nic.in

Agra (English pronunciation: /ˈɑːɡrə/; Hindi: आगरा, Urdu: ‫ )آ گرہ‬is a city on the banks of the
river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located at the banks of river
Yamuna, 363 kilometres (226 mi) west of state capital, Lucknow and 200 kilometres
(124 mi) south from national capital New Delhi. With a population of 1,686,976 (2010 est.),
it is one of the most populous cities in Uttar Pradesh and the 19th most populous in India.[1]
Because 80 percent of the city's sewage flows into Yamuna River, it is 20th most polluted
city in India.[2] Agra can also refer to the administrative district that has its headquarters in
Agra city.
The city finds mention in the epic Mahābhārata where it was called Agrevaṇa, or 'the border
of the forest'.[3] Legend ascribes the founding of the city to Rājā Badal Singh (around 1475),
whose fort, Badalgarh, stood on or near the site of the present Fort. However, the 11th
century Persian poet Mas'ūd Sa'd Salmān writes of a desperate assault on the fortress of Agra,
then held by the Shāhī King Jayapala, by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni.[4] Sultan Sikandar Lodī
was the first to move his capital from Delhi to Agra in the year 1506; he died in 1517 and his
son Ibrāhīm Lodī remained in power there for nine more years, finally being defeated at the
Battle of Panipat in 1526.[5] It achieved fame as the capital of the Mughal emperors from
1526 to 1658 and remains a major tourist destination because of its many splendid Mughal-
era buildings, most notably the Tāj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpūr Sikrī, all three of which
are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Climate
• 2 Demographics
• 3 History
• 4 Transportation
○ 4.1 Air
○ 4.2 Rail
○ 4.3 Road
○ 4.4 Taxi
○ 4.5 Local Transport
• 5 Places of interest
○ 5.1 Tāj Mahal
○ 5.2 Agra Fort
○ 5.3 Fatehpūr Sikrī
○ 5.4 I'timād-Ud-Daulah
○ 5.5 Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra
○ 5.6 Swāmī Bāgh Samādhi
○ 5.7 Mankameshwar Temple
○ 5.8 Indrabhan Girls' Inter College
○ 5.9 Gurū kā Tal
○ 5.10 Jamā Masjid
○ 5.11 Chīnī kā Rauza
○ 5.12 Rām Bāgh
○ 5.13 Mariam's Tomb
○ 5.14 Mehtāb Bāgh
○ 5.15 Keetham Lake
○ 5.16 Mughal Heritage Walk
○ 5.17 The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
• 6 Economy
• 7 Education
○ 7.1 Schools
○ 7.2 Universities in Agra
○ 7.3 Colleges
• 8 Gallery
• 9 References
 • 10 Further reading
• 11 External links

[edit] Climate
Main article: Climate of Agra
Agra features a semiarid climate that borders on a humid subtropical climate. The city
features mild winters, hot and dry summers and a monsoon season. However the monsoons,
though substantial in Agra, are not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India. This
is a primary factor in Agra featuring a semiarid climate as opposed to a humid subtropical
climate.
[edit] Demographics
According to the 2001 India census,[6] Agra has a population of 1,275,134, while the
population of Agra cantonment is 50,968 and that of Agra district is 3,620,436. Males
constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Agra district population grew by 31% in
the decade 1991–2001. Roughly 57% of the population of Agra district lives in urban areas.
Agra has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with
86% males literate. Literacy rate of males is considerably higher than that of women. Agra
district literacy rate is 62.60%.
Hinduism, Islam, and Jainism are three major religions in Agra district with 89.6%, 8.93%,
and 0.51% of the population following them. Roughly 22% of the population belongs to the
Scheduled Castes, of which the Jatav, Kori, and Balmiki are the most numerous. Some
Scheduled Tribes like the Bhotia and Jaunsari have marginal presence (about 0.02% of the
population).
52.5% of Agra's population is in the 15–59 years age category. 11% of the population is
under 6 years of age. Hindi is the most widely spoken language in Agra. Urdu and Punjabi is
also spoken.
[edit] History
Though Agra's history is largely recognised with Mughal Kingdom,but the place was
established much before it and has linkages since Mahabharat period and Mahirshi Angira in
1000 BC. It is generally accepted that Sultan Sikandar Lodī, the Ruler of the Delhi Sultanate
founded Agra in the year 1504. After the Sultan's death the city passed on to his son Sultan
Ibrāhīm Lodī. He ruled his Sultanate from Agra until he fell fighting to Bābar in the First
battle of Panipat fought in 1526.
In the year 1556, the great Hindu warrior Hemu Vikramaditya, also known as Samrat Hem
Chander Vikramaditya, won Agra as the Prime Minister cum Chief of Army of Adil Shah of
the Afghan Sūrī Dynasty. The commander of Humāyūn / Akbar's forces in Agra, Tardi Beg
Khan, was so scared of Hemu that he retreated from the city without a fight. This was Hemu's
21st continuous win since 1554, and he later went on to conquer Delhi, having his coronation
at Purānā Qil'a in Delhi on 7 October 1556 and re-established the Hindu Kingdom and the
Vikramaditya Dynasty in North India.
The golden age of the city began with the Mughals. It was known then as Akbarabād and
remained the capital of the Mughal Empire under the Emperors Akbar, Jahāngīr and Shāh
Jahān. Shāh Jahān later shifted his capital to Shāhjahānabād in the year 1649.
Since Akbarabād was one of the most important cities in India under the Mughals, it
witnessed a lot of building activity. Babar, the founder of the Mughal dynasty, laid out the
first formal Persian garden on the banks of river Yamuna. The garden is called the Arām
Bāgh or the Garden of Relaxation. His grandson Akbar raised the towering ramparts of the
Great Red Fort, besides making Agra a center for learning, arts, commerce and religion.
Akbar also built a new city on the outskirts of Akbarabād called Fatehpūr Sikrī. This city was
built in the form of a Mughal military camp in stone.
His son Jahāngīr had a love of gardens and flora and fauna and laid many gardens inside the
Red Fort or Lāl Qil'a. Shāh Jahān, known for his keen interest in architecture, gave
Akbarabād its most prized monument, the Tāj Mahal. Built in loving memory of his wife
Mumtāz Mahal, the mausoleum was completed in 1653.
Shāh Jahān later shifted the capital to Delhi during his reign, but his son Aurangzeb moved
the capital back to Akbarabād, usurping his father and imprisoning him in the Fort there.
Akbarabād remained the capital of India during the rule of Aurangzeb until he shifted it to
Aurangabad in the Deccan in 1653. After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the city came
under the influence of Marathas and Jats and was called Agra, before falling into the hands of
the British Raj in 1803.

Agra, Main Street, c.1858

In 1835 when the Presidency of Agra was established by the British, the city became the seat
of government, and just two year later it was the witness to the Agra famine of 1837–38.
During the Indian rebellion of 1857 British rule across India was threatened, news of the
rebellion had reached Agra on 11 May and on 30 May two companies of native infantry, the
44th and 67th regiments, rebelled and marched to Delhi. The next morning native Indian
troops in Agra were forced to disarm, on 15 June Gwalior (which lies south of Agra) rebelled.
By 3 July the British were forced to withdraw into the fort. Two days later a small British
force at Sucheta were defeated and forced to withdraw, this led to a mob sacking the city.
However, the rebels moved onto Delhi which allowed the British to restore order by 8 July.
Delhi fell to the British in September, the following month rebels who had fled Delhi along
with rebels from Central India marched on Agra – but were defeated. After this British rule
was again secured over the city until the independence of India in 1947.[7]
Agra is the birth place of the religion known as Dīn-i Ilāhī, which flourished during the reign
of Akbar and also of the Radhaswami Faith, which has around two million followers
worldwide. Agra has historic linkages with Shauripur of Jainism and Runukta of Hinduism
,of 1000 BC.
Tāj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpūr Sikrī, all three of which are UNESCO World Heritage
Sites.
[edit] Transportation
[edit] Air
Agra Airport is about 12.5 km from city center
[edit] Rail
Main article: Railways in Agra
Agra is on the central train line between Delhi (Station Code: NDLS) and Mumbai (Bombay)
(Station Code: CSTM) and between Delhi and Chennai (Station Code: MAS) and many trains
like Bhopal Shatabdi, Bhopal Express, Malwa Express, Gondwana Express, Jabalpur -
Jammutawi Express, Shreedham Express, Garib Rath, Tamil Nadu Express, Chennai Rajdhni
etc. connect Agra with all major Indian cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai,
Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Pune, Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Ujjain, Jaipur, Lucknow
etc. every day. Some east-bound trains from Delhi also travel via Agra, so direct connections
to points in Eastern India (including Kolkata) (Calcutta) are also available. There are close to
20 trains to New Delhi and Gwalior Junction every day, and at least three or four to Bhopal,
Indore, Nagpur, Mumbai and Chennai. There are three main railway stations in Agra:

Agra Cantt. Railway Station

• Agra Cantt (Station Code: AGC) is the main railway station and lies southwest of the
Taj and Agra Fort, both of which are a short ride from the station by car, auto-
rickshaw, or cycle rickshaw. There's a prepaid taxi stand right outside that charges a
flat Rs.120 to any hotel in the city. The station has a pretty good Comesum food court
that also sells cheap, hygienic takeaway snacks (sandwiches, samosas, etc.).
• Agra Fort Railway Station (Station Code: AF) near Agra Fort, is infrequently serviced
by the interstate express trains, it is one of the oldest railway station in the country.
The station serves trains to the east (Kanpur, Gorakhpur, Kolkata, Guwahati) and
central India Ratlam, Nagda, Kota (Haldighati Express). Some of these trains also
stop at Agra Cantt.
• Raja Ki Mandi (Station Code: RKM) is a small station. Some of the trains which stop
at Agra Cantt also stop here. It is a very laid back station and springs into life at the
arrival of Intercity Express, Mahakoshal Express, Indore - Amritsar Express and Taj
Express. Other stations are Idgah, Billochpura, Agra City, Yamuna Bridge.
The luxury trains – the Palace on Wheels, and the Royal Rajasthan On Wheels also stop at
Agra on their eight day round trip of tourist destinations in Rajasthan and Agra. The Buddhist
Special Train also visits Agra. There is urgent need of Metro Train in Agra that connect all
historical monuments (Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Sikandara [Tomb of Akbar], I'timād-ud-Daulah's
Tomb and Radha Swami Temple). It will give thrust to tourism as well as provide efficient
and rapid public transport.
[edit] Road
Idgah Bus Stand, Taj Depot, Ford depot and Inter State Bus Terminal (ISBT) are the major
Bus Stands in Agra and is connected to most of the bigger cities in North India.
 • From Delhi: NH2, a modern divided highway, connects the 200 km distance from
Delhi to Agra. The drive is about 4 hours. The primary access to the highway is along
Mathura Road in Delhi but, if coming from South Delhi or Delhi Airport, it is easier
to take Aurobindo Marg (Mehrauli Road) and then work up to NH2 via Tughlakabad.
• From Jaipur: National Highway 11, a Four lane divided highway, connects Agra with
Jaipur via the bird sanctuary town of Bharatpur. The distance of around 255 km can
be covered in around 3–4 hours.
• From Gwalior A distance of around 120 km, takes around 1.5 hours on the National
highway 3, also known as the Agra – Mumbai Highway.
• From Lucknow / Kanpur NH2, the divided modern highway, continues on to Kanpur
(285 km, 5 hours) and from there to points East ending in Kolkata. From Kanpur,
NH25 heads for the city of Lucknow (90 km, 2 hours).
The Mahatma Gandhi(MG) Road which runs through the city connects it from one end to the
other. In March 2010, the Uttar Pradesh government, through an open bidding process, chose
Jaypee Associates to develop an Inner Ring Road to connect NH2/Yamuna Expressway in
the north to NH3 in the south in a 30 month timeframe[8][9]. In September 2010, Gifford was
chosen to design the road.
[edit] Taxi
Tourist can hire a taxi for local sight seeing or agra visit from local taxi stand. A prepaid taxi
counter is available at agra cantt railway station.
[edit] Local Transport
Recently, under JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) in order to
revamp city's urban infrastructure Tata-Marcopolo's city buses are being run by Agra
Municipal Corporation covering whole city in an efficient way.
Other para-transit modes includes auto-rickshaws and rickshaw. While passengers need to
negotiate rates for the rickshaws and they are usually expensive, there is a system of (what is
called) 'Tempo' which are autorickshaws that run on specific routes called out by drivers.
Tempos take around 6 people simultaneously and work out to be most economical and
practical.
Polluting vehicles are not allowed near Tāj Mahal, so one needs to take electric autos or
Tanga (Tonga) from a few kilometres outside the Tāj Mahal.
[edit] Places of interest

Panoramic View of Taj Mahal.

Taj Mahal from Agra fort.
[edit] Tāj Mahal
Main article: Taj Mahal
Agra's Taj Mahal is one of the most famous buildings in the world, the mausoleum of Shah
Jahan's favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is one of the New Seven Wonders of the world, and
one of three World Heritage Sites in Agra.
Completed in 1653, the Tāj Mahal was built by the Mughal king Shāh Jahān as the final
resting place for his beloved wife, Mumtāz Mahal. Finished in marble, it is perhaps India's
most fascinating and beautiful monument. This perfectly symmetrical monument took 22
years (1630–1652) of labour and 20,000 workers, masons and jewellers to build and is set
amidst landscaped gardens. Built by the Persian architect, Ustād 'Īsā, the Tāj Mahal is on the
bank of the Yamuna River. It can be observed from Agra Fort from where Emperor Shāh
Jahān gazed at it, for the last eight years of his life, a prisoner of his son Aurangzeb. It is an
acknowledged masterpiece of symmetry. Verses of the Koran are inscribed on it and at the
top of the gate are twenty-two small domes, signifying the number of years the monument
took to build. The Tāj Mahal was built on a marble platform that stands above a sandstone
one. The most elegant dome of the Tāj Mahal has a diameter of 60 feet (18 m), and rises to a
height of 80 feet (24 m); directly under this dome is the tomb of Mumtāz Mahal. Shah Jahān's
tomb was erected next to hers by his son Aurangzeb. The interiors are decorated by fine inlay
work, incorporating semi-precious stones.
[edit] Agra Fort
Main article: Agra Fort
Amar Singh Gate,
one of two entrances into Agra's Red Fort
Agra Fort (sometimes called the Red Fort), was commissioned by the great Mughal Emperor
Akbar in 1565, and is another of Agra's World Heritage Sites. A stone tablet at the gate of the
Fort states that it had been built before 1000 but was later renovated by Akbar. The red
sandstone fort was converted into a palace during Shāh Jahān's time, and reworked
extensively with marble and pietra dura inlay. Notable buildings in the fort include the Pearl
Mosque, the Dīwān-e-'Ām and Dīwān-e-Khās (halls of public and private audience),
Jahāngīr's Palace, Khās Mahal, Shīsh Mahal (mirrored palace), and the Musamman Burj.
[citation needed]

The great Mughal Emperor Akbar commissioned the construction of the Agra Fort in 1565
CE., although it was converted into a palace by his grandson Shāh Jahān, being reworked
extensively with marble and pietra dura inlay. Notable buildings in the fort include the Pearl
Mosque or Motī Masjid, the Dīwān-e-'Ām and Dīwān-e-Khās (halls of public and private
audience), Jahāngīr's Palace, Khās Mahal, Shīsh Mahal (mirrored palace), and the
Musamman Burj. The forbidding exteriors of this fort conceal an inner paradise. The fort is
crescent shaped, flattened on the east with a long, nearly straight wall facing the river. It has a
total perimeter of 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi), and is ringed by double castellated ramparts of red
sandstone punctuated at regular intervals by bastions. A 9 metres (30 ft) wide and 10 metres
(33 ft) deep moat surrounds the outer wall.
Chhatrapati Shīvajī visited the Agra Fort, as a result of the conditions of the Treaty of
Purandar entered into with Mirzā Rājā Jaisingh to meet Aurangzeb in the Dīwān-i-Khās
(Special Audience Chamber). In the audience he was deliberately placed behind men of lower
rank. An insulted Shīvajī stormed out of the imperial audience and was confined to Jai Sing's
quarters on 12 May 1666. Fearing the dungeons and execution he escaped on 17 August
1666. A heroic equestrian statue of Shīvajī has been erected outside the fort.
The fort is a typical example of Mughal architecture, effectively showing how the North
Indian style of fort construction differentiated from that of the South. In the South, the
majority forts were built on the seabed like the one at Bekal in Kerala.[10]
[edit] Fatehpūr Sikrī
Main article: Fatehpur Sikri

Dīwān-i-Khās – Hall of Private Audience

The Mughal Emperor Akbar built Fatehpūr Sikrī about 35 km from Agra, and moved his
capital there. Later abandoned, the site displays a number of buildings of significant historical
importance. A World Heritage Site, it is often visited by tourists. The name of the place came
about after the Mughal Emperor Bābar defeated Rāṇā Sāngā in a battle at a place called Sikrī
(about 40 km from Agra). Then the Mughal Emperor Akbar wanted to make Fatehpūr Sikrī
his head quarters, so he built a majestic fort; due to shortage of water, however, he had to
ultimately move his headquarters to Agra Fort.
Buland Darwāza or 'the lofty gateway' was built by the great Mughal emperor, Akbar in 1601
CE. at Fatehpūr Sikrī. Akbar built the Buland Darwāza to commemorate his victory over
Gujarat. The Buland Darwāza is approached by 52 steps. The Buland Darwāza is 53.63 m
high and 35 meters wide. it is made of red and buff sandstone, decorated by carving and
black and white marble inlays. An inscription on the central face of the Buland Darwāza
demonstrates Akbar's religious broadmindedness, it is a message from Jesus advising his
followers not to consider this world as their permanent home.
[edit] I'timād-Ud-Daulah
Main article: Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb

The 'Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb at Agra'

The Empress Nūr Jahān built I'timād-Ud-Daulah's Tomb, sometimes called the 'Baby Tāj', for
her father, Mirzā Ghiyās Beg, the Chief Minister of the Emperor Jahāngīr. Located on the left
bank of the Yamuna river, the mausoleum is set in a large cruciform garden criss-crossed by
water courses and walkways. The mausoleum itself covers about 23 square metres (250 sq ft),
and is built on a base about fifty meters square and about one meter high. On each corner are
hexagonal towers, about thirteen meters tall. Small in comparison to many other Mughal-era
tombs, it is sometimes described as a jewel box. Its garden layout and use of white marble,
pietra dura, inlay designs and latticework presage many elements of the Tāj Mahal.
The walls are white marble from Rajasthan encrusted with semi-precious stone decorations –
cornelian, jasper, lapis lazuli, onyx, and topaz in images of cypress trees and wine bottles, or
more elaborate decorations like cut fruit or vases containing bouquets. Light penetrates to the
interior through delicate jālī screens of intricately carved white marble.
Many of Nūr Jahān's relatives are interred in the mausoleum. The only asymmetrical element
of the entire complex is that the tombs of her father and mother have been set side-by-side, a
formation replicated in the Taj Mahal.
[edit] Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra
Main article: Tomb of Akbar the Great
Tomb of Akbar the Great
Sikandra, the last resting place of the Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great, is on the Delhi-Agra
Highway, only 13 kilometres from the Agra Fort. Akbar's tomb reflects the completeness of
his personality. The vast, beautifully carved, red-ochre sandstone tomb with deers, rabbits
and langurs is set amidst a lush garden. Akbar himself planned his own tomb and selected a
suitable site for it. To construct a tomb in one's lifetime was a Turkic custom which the
Mughals followed religiously. Akbar's son Jahāngīr completed construction of this pyramidal
tomb in 1613. The 99 names of Allah have been inscribed on the tomb.
[edit] Swāmī Bāgh Samādhi
The Swāmī Bāgh Samādhi is a monument to hold the ashes of Huzūr Swāmijī Mahārāj (Shrī
Shiv Dayāl Singh Seth) in the Swāmībāgh section, on the high road that goes from Bhagwan
Talkies to Dayāl Bāgh, in the outskirts of the city. He was the founder of the Radhāswāmī
Faith and the Samādhi is sacred to its followers. Construction began in February 1904 and
still continues. Many believe that construction will never end at Swāmī Bāgh – it is often
seen as the next Tāj Mahal. The carvings in stone, using a combination or coloured marble,
are life-like and not seen anywhere else in India. The picture shown is taken from the rear of
the building and shows only two floors. When completed, the Samādhi will have a carved
dome and a gateway.
[edit] Mankameshwar Temple
Main article: Mankameshwar Temple
The Mankameshwar Temple is one of four ancient temples dedicated to Lord Shiva located
on the four corners of Agra City. It is located near the Jāma Masjid and is about 2.5
kilometers from the Tāj Mahal and less than 1 km from Agra Fort. Being located in the old
city, the temple is surrounded by markets, many of which date back to the Mughal Era.
[edit] Indrabhan Girls' Inter College
It is widespreadly considered to be the birth place of great poet Mirza Ghalib. It is located
near the Mankameshwar Temple and is about 3 kilometers from the Tāj Mahal and less than
1 km from Agra Fort. Being located in the old city, the College is surrounded by markets.
Approximately four or five years back, the birth room of Mirza Ghalib was hidden behind the
wall by the Management of the college to keep the identity of the place secret.
[edit] Gurū kā Tal
Main article: Guru ka Tal
Gurū kā Tal was originally a reservoir meant to collect and conserve rainwater built in Agra,
near Sikandra, during Jahāngīr's reign next to the Tomb of I'tibār Khān Khwājasara in 1610.
In 1970s a gurdwāra was erected here. Gurū kā Tal is a holy place of worship for the Sikhs.
Four of the ten Sikh Gurus are said to have paid it a visit. Enjoying both historical and
religious importance, this gurdwāra attracts a large number of devotees and tourists. Boasting
elaborate stone carvings and 8 towers of the twelve original towers. It is located by national
(Delhi-Agra) highway-2.
[edit] Jamā Masjid
Main article: Jama Masjid (Agra)
The Jāma Masjid is a large mosque attributed to Shah Jahan's daughter, Princess Jahanara
Begum, built in 1648, notable for its unusual dome and absence of minarets. The inscription
at its entrance shows that it costed Rs 5 Lakhs at that time for its completion.

Chīnī kā Rauza
[edit] Chīnī kā Rauza
Main article: Chini Ka Rauza
Notable for its Persian influenced dome of blue glazed tiles, the Chīnī kā Rauza is dedicated
to the Prime Minister of Shāh Jahān, 'Allāma Afzal Khāl Mullā Shukrullāh of Shirāz.
[edit] Rām Bāgh
Main article: Ram Bagh
The oldest Mughal garden in India, the Rām Bāgh was built by the Emperor Bābar in 1528 on
the bank of the Yamuna. It lies about 2.34 km north of the Tāj Mahal. The pavilions in this
garden are designed so that the wind from the Yamuna, combined with the greenery, keeps
them cool even during the peak of summer. The original name of the gardens was Ārām
Bāgh, or 'Garden of Relaxation', and this was where the Mughal emperor Bābar used to spend
his leisure time and where he eventually died. His body was kept here for sometime before
sending it to Kabul.
[edit] Mariam's Tomb
Main article: Mariams Tomb
Mariams Tomb, is the tomb of Mariam, the wife of great Mughal Emperor Akbar. The tomb
is within the compound of the Christian Missionary Society.
[edit] Mehtāb Bāgh
Main article: Mehtab Bagh
The Mehtāb Bāgh, or 'Moonlight Garden', is on the opposite bank of the River Yamuna from
the Tāj Mahal.
[edit] Keetham Lake
Main article: Keetham Lake
Also known as Sur Sarovar, Keetham Lake is situated about 7 kilometres from akbar tomb
Agra, within the Surdas Reserved Forest. The lake has an impressive variety of aquatic life
and water birds.
[edit] Mughal Heritage Walk
The Mughal Heritage Walk is a part of community development programme being
implemented with support of Agra Municipal corporation, USAID and an NGO; Center for
Urban and Regional Excellence. It seeks to build sustainable livelihoods for youth and
women from low resource communities and improving their living environments through
infrastructure services and integration within the city.
The Mughal Heritage Walk is a one kilometer loop which connects the agricultural fields
with the Rajasthani culture, river bank connected with the ancient village of Kuchhpura, the
Heritage Structure of Mehtab Bagh, the Mughal aqueduct system, the Humanyun Mosque
and the Gyarah Sidi.
[edit] The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese
of Agra.
[show]v · d · eTourist attractions in Agra

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 This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please
improve this section if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (September
2010)

A shopping mall situated on the Fatehabad Road in Agra, U.P.

A marble table top in Pietra Dura, a craft practiced since the Mughal era in Agra

The Sadar Bazar market in the Agra Cantonment

An Agra craftsman working with marble stone inlays. The marble is colored red to give
contrast while working.
Nearly five centuries ago, Agra was the commercial nerve centre of Mughal empire, and due
to presence of Taj Mahal and other historic monuments, it has long tradition of tourism
industry as well royal crafts like Pietra Dura, marble inlay and carpet. Today 40% of
population depends largely on agriculture, and others on the traditional leather and footwear
business and iron foundries. Economic liberalization has brought a spurt in growth and
entrepreneurship in the city in the 2000s, has made it the second most self-employed in India
in 2007, behind Varanasi, followed by Bhopal, Indore and Patna. According to the National
Sample Survey Organization, in 1999-2000, 431 of every 1,000 employed males were self-
employed in the city, which grew to 603 per 1,000 in 2004-05.[11] Tourism contributes to a
large extent in the economy of Agra. Agra has some of the finest Hotels and Spas in India.
Agra is home to Asia’s largest spa called Kaya Kalp — The Royal Spa, at the Hotel Mughal
in Agra.[12]
The city also has a substantial industrial base. A lot of manufacturing plants and industry
related wholesale markets are prominent in Agra. Agra's industries are doing a fine job in
various fields. Producers and dealers of Agra have a vast market to support them.Agra also
has Uttar Pradesh first plant biotech company Harihar Biotech that is located in the vicinity
of Taj. And is Presently one of the largest Plant Tissue Culture lab in North India with
production capacity of 2 millions plants annually.
Agra has a good number of apparel and garment manufacturers and exporters. Agra has also
an important market for the automobile industry. Anil Diesels, Harvest Group of Industries,
Indian Agriculture & Automobile Corporation (IAAC) and Malloys India are some of the
major players of the automobile industry in Agra.
Over 7200 Small Scale Industrial Units are spared all over the district. Agra city is famous
for the Leather Goods, Handicrafts, Zari Zardozi, Marvel and Stone carving & inlay work.
Agra is also well known for its sweets (Petha & Gajak) and Snacks (Dalmoth).
The leather industry is among the most traditional and original industries of Agra. Some of
the leading manufacturers, exporter and sellers of leather in Agra are Hindustan Rubber &
Plastic Industries, Polyplast Industries, Royal International, Eskay Sales Corporation, Best
Buy, Bandejjia Traders and Expomore.[citation needed]
The famous city Center place at Agra is called Kinari Bazar,which is famous for its jewellery
and garments shops.Its has the biggest Silver & Gold jewellery hub at Choube Ji Ka Fatak.
With the expansion of the Agra city, more and more construction works are going around the
city. To facilitate the flow of work, a lot of organizations dealing in building materials have
come up. A few leading names are Silver Gatta Agency, Yashoda Exports, Glass Expressions
and Sharda Enterprises. The jeweleries of Agra is a great favorite with the tourists and is in
good demand in the international market also. The Amar Paper Agency in Agra dealing in
vast varieties of paper related products strengthening the finance of the town was established
in 1986 by Hon. Shri Ram Nath Agarwal. The Yoga Handicrafts and the D.R.Chain and Wire
Manufacturing Company are two of the several important names of the related industry.
Agra has a number of big and small Transformer manufacturers. The Shah Market area is a
thriving Electronics market while Sanjay Place is the Trade center of Agra.
[edit] Education
Agra has always been a centre for education and learning. It was during the advent of Mughal
era that Agra grew as a centre of Islamic education. In the coming decades Agra saw great
literary figures come from the city. Abul Fazl and others were among the pioneers. The Urdu
literature grew by leaps and bounds in the city. Mir Taqi "Mir" and Mirza Asadullah Beg
"Ghalib" were the icons produced by the city.
British people introduced the western concept of education in Agra. In the year 1823, Agra
College, one of the oldest colleges in India was formed out of a Sanskrit school established
by the Scindia rulers.
In the British era, Agra became a great center of Hindi literature with people like Babu Gulab
Rai at the helm.
[edit] Schools
• Air Force School, Agra
• ARMY SCHOOL, Agra Cantt
• St. Andrews Public School, Agra.
• St Clare's Senior Secondary School, Agra
• St. Peter's College, Agra
• St. Paul's Church College, Agra
• St. Patrick's Junior College, Agra
• St. Anthony's Junior College, Agra
• St. Conrad's Inter College, Agra
• St. George's College, Agra (Inter College)
• Maharaja Agrasen Inter College, Agra
• St. Francis School, Agra
• Delhi Public School, Agra
• Agra Public School, Agra[13]
• Holy Public School, Agra.
• St. Clare's Senior Secondary School, Agra
• Government Inter College (G.I.C.) Agra
• M. D. Jain Inter College, Agra
• Queen Victoria Girls Inter College, Agra
• St. Johns Inter College, Agra.
• Saraswati Vidya Mandir Inter College, Agra
• Raja Balwant Singh Inter College, Agra
• Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Agra
• Sumeet Rahul Goel Mem. Sen. Sec. School, Agra
• Simpkins school,Agra
• Dayanand Bal Mandir,agra
• Radhaswami Educational Institute (R.E.I), Agra
• Sachdeva Millenium School,Agra
[edit] Universities in Agra
Agra University was established on 1 July 1927 and catered to colleges spread across the
United Provinces, the Rajputana, the Central Provinces and almost to entire North India, at
present around 142 Colleges are affiliated to this University. The historic Agra University
was later rechristened as Dr. BhimRao Ambedkar University by the then Chief Minister of
Uttar Pradesh, Ms. Mayawati.
• Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Radhasoami Satsang Sabha, started the Radhasoami
Educational Institute, as a co-educational Middle School, open to all, on January 1,
1917. It became a Degree College in 1947, affiliated to Agra University. In 1975, it
formulated an innovative and comprehensive programme of undergraduate studies
which received approbation from the Government of Uttar Pradesh and the University
Grants Commission, as a result of which in 1981 the Ministry of Education,
Government of India, conferred the status of an institution deemed to be a University
on the Dayalbagh Educational Institute, to implement the new scheme.
• Central Institute of Hindi, Central Institute of Hindi (also known as Kendriya Hindi
Sansthan) is an autonomous institute under Ministry of Human Resource
Development, Government of India engaged in teaching Hindi as a foreign and
second language. Apart from running regular and residential Hindi language courses
for foreign students, the institute also conducts regular training programmes for
teachers of Hindi belonging to non-Hindi states of India. The institute is situated at a
11 acres (4.5 ha) campus on the outskirts of Agra city. Headquartered in Agra the
institute has eight regional centers in Delhi, Hyderabad, Mysore, Shillong, Dimapur,
Guwahati, Ahmedabad and Bhubneshwar. The institute is the only government run
institution in India established solely for research and teaching of Hindi as a foreign
and second language.
[edit] Colleges
Agra is also home to some of the oldest and renowned colleges
• Seth Padam Chand Jain Institute of Business & Economics (SPCJ), is the oldest
Management Institute in Agra. It provides Masters Degree in Business Management
and offers specialisations in Marketing, Finance and Human Resources Management.
• School of Life Sciences(SLS Khandari, Agra), is the biggest college for Master's
education of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, Agra (formerly Agra University),
situated at Khandari campus, Agra(UP).
• Dau Dayal Institute Of Vocational Education is an Institute run by Dr. Bhim Rao
Ambedkar University, Agra (formerly Agra University) and is situated at Khandari
campus, Agra (U.P.). Students can pursue courses like Masters in Computer
Management, B.Com.(Voc.) Adevertising and Sales Promotion, Bachelor of Science
(Computer Applications, Instrumentation and Optical Instrumentation) Vocational
and other job-oriented courses in Tourism Management, M.Sc (Electronics and
Instrumentation) and Ph.D. (Instrumentation).[14]
• Agra College
• Institute of Engineering & Technology Khandari (I.E.T. Khandari, Agra), is the
prestigious and renowned engineering institute of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
University, Agra (formerly Agra University), situated at Khandari, Agra in Uttar
Pradesh.
• Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, named the first Indian woman to become the
President of the Indian National Congress and the first woman to become the
Governor of Uttar Pradesh: the freedom fighter and poet Sarojini Naidu. Founded in
1854, S. N. Medical College & Hospital is one of the three oldest medical schools in
India.
 • St. John's College, Agra was established in 1850 by the Church Missionary Society of
England through the efforts of the Agra C. M. S. Association which came into being
in 1840. Shankar Dayal Sharma, the 9th President of India received his education
from St. John's college.
• F.E.T Agra College, Agra, Carrying the legacy of Agra College and Agra University,
Faculty of Engineering and technology came into existence in the Year 1999, the
college which is over a decade old can boast of strong alumni base which is spread all
across the world.
• Raja Balwant Singh College, RBS College is one of the biggest college of Asia and
was started by Awagarh Kingdom. This college has the largest campus area and
maximum number of education branches.
• Anand Engineering College, Agra is affiliated to U.P. Technical University Lucknow.
It is a part of SGI(Sharda Group of Institutions) a well known educational group of
North India.
• B.M.A.S Engineering College, Agra is affiliated to U.P. Technical University
Lucknow. It is a part of SGI(Sharda Group of Institutions) a well known educational
group of North India.
• IBRC, Agra (Institute of biotechnology and research center) provides training in
biotechnology.
Institute of Social Science (ISS), is the oldest Social Science Institute in Agra. It provides
Masters Degree in Social Work ,Statistic and Sociology
[edit] Gallery

•
Dau Dayal Institute, Agra.

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Akbar's Tomb

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Akbar's Tomb
•
Akbar's Tomb ceiling detail

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Marble stone inlay worker

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Carpet maker

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Taj Mahal

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Taj painted geometry

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Taj Mahal wall close-up

•
 Agra Fort rampart

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Agra Fort gate

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Soami Bagh Samadh, in Dayalbagh.

•
Panch Mahal in Fatehpur Sikri.

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Taj Mahal

•
Panoramic View of Taj Mahal

•
The Jaigurudev Temple near Agra
 •
Dau Dayal Institute Of Vocational Education
[edit] References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Agra

1. ^ World Gazetteer online India: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population".
Accessed 25 Mar 2010.
2. ^ Green.in.msn.com
3. ^ Williams, Monier. "Sanskrit-English Dictionary". Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries.
Cologne University. http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
4. ^ "Agra District profile". Official Website of Agra maintained by National Informatics Centre
(NIC) of the Government of India. http://agra.nic.in/hist.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
5. ^ "Agra Fort". Archaeological Survey of India. http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_agrafort.asp.
Retrieved 2009-11-08.
6. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns
(Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16.
http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?
stad=A&state5=999. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
7. ^ "Agra City" (GIF). Imperial Gazetteer of India (Digital South Asia Library of University of
Chicago) 5: 83–84. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?
objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_091.gif. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
8. ^ "Sole bidder bags Agra Inner Ring Road project".
http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sole-bidder-bags-agra-inner-ring-road-project/585674/0.
Retrieved 25 April 2011.
9. ^ "Inner Ring Road Agra". http://awas.up.nic.in/IURP-June%2009/Inner%20Ring%20Road
%20,%20Agra.pdf.
10.^ Koroth, Nandakumar. History of Bekal Fort.
11.^ "India’s new Entrepreneurs". Mint (newspaper). May 16 2007.
http://www.livemint.com/2007/05/16001310/Indias-new-Entrepreneurs.html.
12.^ "ITC unveils Asia's largest spa in Agra". Economic Times (India). 2008-03-09.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/The_Sunday_ET/Economy/ITC_unveils_Asias
_largest_spa_in_Agra/rssarticleshow/2848717.cms. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
13.^ Agrapublicschool.com
14.^ Dbrau.ac.in

[edit] Further reading

• Cole, Henry Hardy (1873). Illustrations of buildings near Muttra and Agra. India
Office. http://www.archive.org/stream/illustrationsbu00colegoog#page/n7/mode/1up.
 • Agra, Archaeological Society of (1874). Transactions of the Archaeological Society
of Agra, Jan–June 1874. Delhi Gazette Press.
http://www.archive.org/stream/transactionsarc00agragoog#page/n4/mode/1up.
• Mukerji, Satya Chandra (1892). The Traveller's Guide to Agra. Sen & Co., Delhi.
http://www.archive.org/stream/travellersguidet00mukerich#page/n7/mode/2up.
• Fanthome, Frederic (1895). Reminiscences of Agra. Thacker, Spink & Co..
http://www.archive.org/stream/reminiscencesag00fantgoog#page/n3/mode/1up.
• Latif, Muḥammad (1896). Agra, Historical & Descriptive. Calcutta Central Press.
http://www.archive.org/stream/agrahistoricald00latgoog#page/n9/mode/1up.
• Keene, Henry George (1899, Sixth ed.). A Handbook for Visitors to Agra and Its
Neighbourhood. Thacker, Spink & Co..
http://www.archive.org/stream/ahandbookforvis00keengoog#page/n8/mode/1up.
• Smith, Edmund W. (1901). Moghul Colour Decoration of Agra, Part I. Govt. Press,
Allahabad.
http://www.archive.org/stream/moghulcolourdec00smitgoog#page/n7/mode/1up.
• Havell, Ernest Binfield (1904). A Handbook to Agra and the Taj, Sikandra, Fatehpur-
Sikri, and the Neighbourhood. Longmans, Green & Co., London.
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00artlinks/agra_havell/index.html.
• Agranama: The authentic book about the history of Agra by Mr. Satish Chandra
Chaturvedi
[edit] External links
Find more about Agra on Wikipedia's sister projects:

Definitions from Wiktionary

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Learning resources from Wikiversity

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Quotations from Wikiquote

Source texts from Wikisource

Textbooks from Wikibooks

• Official website of Agra

• Agra travel guide from Wikitravel
• Agra at the Open Directory Project
• Agra News
• Taj Mahal Agra
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Kheri · Lalitpur · Lucknow · Maharajganj · Mahoba · Mainpuri · Mathura · Mau ·
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Meerut · Mirzapur · Moradabad · Muzaffarnagar · Pilibhit · Pratapgarh · Raebareli ·
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Rampur · Saharanpur · Sant Kabir Nagar · Sant Ravidas Nagar · Shahjahanpur ·
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Shravasti · Siddharthnagar · Sitapur · Sonbhadra · Sultanpur · Unnao · Varanasi
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Almora · Bageshwar · Chamoli · Champawat · Dehradun · Haridwar · Nainital · New
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Tehri · Pauri · Pithoragarh · Rudraprayag · Rudrapur · Uttarkashi
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra"
Categories: Populated places established in 1504 | Cities and towns in Agra district | Places of
Indian Rebellion of 1857 | Agra railway division | North Central Railway Zone | Tourism in
Uttar Pradesh | Former Indian capital cities | Agra
Hidden categories: Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 | All articles
containing potentially dated statements | Articles containing Hindi language text | Articles
containing Urdu language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with
unsourced statements from April 2011 | Wikipedia articles needing cleanup from September
2010 | All articles needing cleanup | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008
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