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INTRODUCTION.
All of this codes have in one way or another been associated with the rise
of mafia. All have been blamed for the failure of agrarian and industrial
reform programs which, had they been successful, would have stemmed
the migration of unskilled labor.
Most of history the island, and particulary its western region, exported grain
and imported cloth and clothing manufactured abroad. We can’t call all
preindustrial social groups “traditional”. Generally useful labels like “feudal
lord”, “landed aristocracy”, “rising bourgeoise” and “ peasantry” tell us little
about important variations from region to region and offer an insufficient
guide to the specific interests of these at any given place and time. Sicilily is
a case in point. Exporting wheat several past empires, it still bears the
imprint of its colonial history. Especially in the west of the island,
specialization in wheat led great latifundia, large estates, on which wheat was
raised in rotation with natural pastures. This export-oriented monocrop
economy, with its associated patterns of land tenure and settlement, was
accompanied by the rise of certain social groups:
BROKER CAPITALISM
VILLAMURA
Several forms of land contract coexist in rural Sicily. Through the Arab-
Norman period, there were two common arrangements by which
peasants could gain access to the land.
- Sharecropping (mezzandria);
- Terratico
-massarie
Rural monasteries and inns were equally rustic. A monastery was often
only a gloriefied massaria staffed by monks. The typical inn consisted
of two rooms – a tavern for eating, drinking and playing cards, and a
large stall in which men, animals, and carts shared lodgings.
Sicily’s encounter with North America industrial capitalism in the 19th and 20th
centuries resulted in serious dislocations for peasants and shepherds
- Herdsmen
- Mafiosi
The great latifundia of western and interior Sicily were not simply
wheat producing estates: additionally they supported a pastoral
industry of considerable size and scope.
The first major threat to herding interests in the 19th c. came with the
Bourbin program of bonification. As vineyards and tree crops
expanded, the cut into winter pastures and interrupted long-distance
cycles of transhumance which linked interior to coast. –“more pastoral
than agrarian” character of the island. Bla blab la Shepherds did battle
with cultivators, stealing their work and transport animals, cutting or
burning their crops, and allowing sheep to graze on their fields.
Cultivators who reported these acts frequently withdrew their claims
under pressure and were sometimes intimidated into renting land to
the very shepherds who had abused them. Pressure on herdsmen
persisted under fascism.
- Ideally a true civile owned an exfeudal estate and sent at least one
son into free professions.
- Competition for space within the gentry meant, of course, that rural
entrepreneurs who hoped to move up were often denied opportunities
to purchase land, educate their sons, and be approved for membership
in the circolo civile.
During the Crispian era, southern Italian and Sicilian bosses were well
represented In national governing coalitions. They influenced tariff
legislation, they moved the government to discourage emigration and
to quell a peasant revolt. Under Giolitti, government reduced the
wheat tariff, promoted emigration, and established a dialogue with
Socialists.(what is important: corruption, manipulation of public
resources to serve private ends, illegal)bla bla
-in the bossim period most of the substantial contracts for tax
collection, public works, and services went to civili and gabellotti:
creditors of the local communes and friends of the local bosses; if not
the bosses themselves.
It is too much for me, but I think it is not so important. Its about
markets. Wheat, beef on so on.
Future
Syracuse independence
- Roman
Tribute system
- Arab invasions
IX – XI
- XIII- Angevins
Production wheat
- none (or almost none) of trees on the east and middle of the island →
lower population destiny, large agglomerations on hilltops
- the agrotown arose XIII-XV ( confict between Catalan and Latin barons)
→good communication with center of power, administrative
- Aridity
- Deforestation
- People from Palermo had exracted some of the juice from oranges
with a syringe and sold this oranges
b. onore (honor)
- show respect for the whole family when a family member is ill or has
died
- after the wedding night to show the bloody sheets symbolizes purity
and honor of the family
- women are isolated from men, are at home. Because of the small flats
most domestic do out.
- women work together with a friend, daughters, giving them support
- but it also happens that a woman companion to their husbands in
going to the office, or other institutions
When was created the code of honor the men worked, women
stayed at home. Society was pastoral, and peripherals. After the
industrial era it changed, women went to work in factories, people
lived in cities. Previously been kidnapping ( ancient, Middle Ages)
women so honor could protect them from violence.
d. Honor and Inequality
Jealous neighbors
e. Amiciza (friendship)
after 1800 the importance for the development of the mafia was
functioning police and judicial-penal apparatus
b. recruitment to mafia
Vito Cascio Ferro – most famous Mafiosi (early XX c) and Don Vito
Former Mafiosi are civil class but de facto they aren’t civil
Civile class
Cosca means plants with one root and several leaves. This is to
illustrate the scheme of the organization, headed by the mafioso
( godfather) who is the patron saint of "care for" their charges,
which provides "kindness"
mafia defended notice also from people who have too much of it
they say. For such foul can even die
godfather of one cosca could work with others from another city
g. Explaining mafia