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The ICT Sector in Palestine:

Conceiving Development
as Human Empowerment

WP 8

Silvia Masiero
The ICT Sector in Palestine:
Conceiving Development as Human Empowerment

Silvia Masiero *

Abstract

In this paper, we look at the ICT sector in Palestine from a development-oriented


perspective. First, we focus on the development model of Palestine, which identifies
development with human empowerment rather than with economic growth. Second,
through the analysis of three characteristics of the Palestinian ICT sector – incubator
centrality; industry-university linkages; and defence of intellectual property rights – we
show that this industry is deployed accordingly to the purpose of empowering local human
capital. Third, we argue that this development model is a major outlier with respect to
existent development theory; this should serve as a stimulus for further studies on the
developmental aspects of the Palestinian situation.

*
PhD Candidate in Information Systems at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
Research Assistant at the Knowledge, Internationalization and Technology Studies (KITeS) Institute at
Bocconi University, Milan, and at MEDALICS, Research Centre for Mediterranean Relationships, Reggio
Calabria.
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