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Craig Chidester
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AFDs and Their Effect on
Power Quality
What Kind of Power Quality Effects?
• Power factor?
– PF = kW / kVA
– High motor content means lagging PF
– 100HP motor, 460V, 93% eff, 119A
• (100HP x 0.746kW/HP) / 0.93 = 80.2kW
• 119A x 460V x 1.73 / 1000 = 94.8kVA
• PF = 80.2kW / 94.8kVA = 84.6% @ FL
• But … at actual load, more like 70% or less
– PF is improved with AFDs to 90 – 95%
– AFDs seen as resistive load
What Kind of Power Quality Effects?
• Voltage sag?
– Standard motor starters allow 650% inrush
– “Weak” power systems are affected
– 500HP motor on 1000kVA, 5.75%Z Xfmr
– 650% X (500 / 1000) X 0.0575 = 19% sag
– AFD limits inrush to 110% (or 150%)
– 110% X (500 / 1000) X 0.0575 = 3% sag
What kind of Power Quality Effects?
• Harmonic Distortion
Definition:
Lighting ballasts
UPS systems
AC and DC drives
M
AC drives and Harmonics
DC bus
Converter & Inverter
smoothing
EFFECTS OF LOAD-SIDE
HARMONICS:
Determines load-side
harmonics
AC drives and Harmonics
LINE-SIDE HARMONICS CAN HAVE
FAR-REACHING EFFECTS ON THE
POWER SYSTEM:
Distribution transformers
DC bus
Converter Standby generators
&
smoothing
Communications equipment
Harmonic Content
I5 = 22.5%
I7 = 9.38%
I11 = 6.10%
I13 = 4.06%
I17 = 2.26%
I19 = 1.77%
I23 = 1.12%
I25 = 0.86%
Harmonics and transformers
EXAMPLE:
Special system 3%
General system 5%
Dedicated system 10 %
Recommended limits - IEEE 519
Technically simple.
Passive Filters
6-pulse converter
note the level of distortion
and steep current rise.
12-pulse converter
18-pulse converter
virtually indistinguishable
from the source current
waveform.