Pure Chemistry

Chapters 9 and 10
The Mole and Chemical Calculations

Chapter 9.1: The Mole

Relative 1. Definition: Mass of one atom of the element when compared with 1/12 of an atom of carbon-12.
Atomic 2. Some Ar values are not whole numbers as most naturally occurring samples of an element contain a
Mass mixture of isotopes with different relative abundance.
3. Have no units as it is a ratio.
4. Can be found from the periodic table.
Relative Mass of 1 molecule of an element
Molecula
1. Formula: Mass of 1/12 of an atom of carbon-12
r Mass
2. To calculate Mr, add up the relative atomic masses of each atom in each chemical formula.
3. Have no units as it is a ratio.

Chapter 9.2: The Mole Concept

Chapter 9.3: Calculating Empirical and Molecular Formula

The empirical formula of a compound shows:

1. The types of elements present in it,
2. The simplest ratio of the different types of atoms in it.

The empirical formula of a compound can be calculated from the masses of the elements that combined together
and the relative atomic masses of its elements.

There are several steps in finding the empirical formula of a compound:

1. Find Percentage, Mass or Relative Atomic Mass
2. Find no. of moles (Mass, Percentage or Ar / Molar Mass)
3. Divide by smallest ratio

Notes:
If the relative molecular mass of a compound is known, the molecular formula can be found from the empirical
formula.
Leave all answers in 3 sig. fig.
When divided by smallest ratio if it has a decimal of 0.5, multiply by 2. If it is 0.33 or 0.67, multiply by 3. If not,
round up or down.

/conversion/tmp/scratch/58926396.docx 1
Chapter 10.1: Calculations from Chemical Equations

A balanced chemical equation gives us the mole ratio of the reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction.

Therefore, there are 3 steps to calculating the mass of a substance reacted or produced:
1. Convert whatever mass is given of a substance into the number of mole.
2. Compare the mole ratio from equation.
3. Convert the number of mole to the mass of the substance you want to find.

Calculating volume of reacting gases from chemical equations:

Since 1 mole of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at r.t.p., the volume of gas is proportional to the number of moles of
the gas.
Note: 1dm3 = 1000cm3

Chapter 10.2: Limiting Reactants

A balanced chemical equation is used to calculate the exact amounts of reactants used up and products formed
using its molar ratio.
The reactant that is completely used up is known as the limiting reactant. It determines or limits the amount of
product formed.
Once the limiting reactant is used up, the reaction stops.
Always use the limiting reactant to calculate the product.

Chapter 10.3: Calculation on Concentration of Solutions

The concentration of a solution gives the amount of solute in 1dm 3 of solution. It can be expressed in g/cm 3 or
mol/dm3 (molar concentration).

Chapter 10.4: Acid-Base Titration Calculations

(Conc. of A)(Vol of A) No. of mol of A


(Conc. of B)(Vol of B) No. of mol of B

Chapter 10.5: Percentage Yield and Percentage Purity

Actual Yield
Percentage Yield =  100%
Theroetical Yield
Mass of pure substance
Percentage Purity = 100%
Mass of sample

/conversion/tmp/scratch/58926396.docx 2