2010

Introduction to Mobile and Wireless Devices

Lecture 1

Rahul Sinha
Lecturer, CSIT
5/18/2010
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MOBILE & CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

DEVELOPMENT
 Started with Radio in early 1900s
 Limited Internet Access through Cellphones in 1999
 Wireless videophones combining Web cam and a mobile phone with a Palm type device
with web access
 Voice Recognition – Phones gain the ability to recognize and understand human
commands even against background noise
 Virtual Retinal Displays – Tiny projectors mounted in the frames of glasses to shine
images directly onto the user’s retina, allowing access to information services while
walking around or interacting with people
 Wireless LAN standard on computers built-in, enabling point-and-play networking
 More wireless than fixed-line phones – difference in costs to disappear, more value
added services, change in concept of communications and telephony
 Conversation with a computer – Voice Recognition to make keyboards unnecessary,
powerful translation computers fluent in every language can be accessed using mobile
phones
 Internet Applications – Household devices all Web enabled
 Remote Controlled Cars –Control by powerful traffic computers – safer roads
 Holophone – 3D moving images being projected by mobile phones
 Mind Reading – Thought recognition as standard form of input – machines acting as an
extension of human body

CELLPHONE GENERATIONS

1G
 Analog, voice only
 Highly variable call quality (Interference)
 Insecure (Call Tapping, Call charging to others’ account)

2G
 Speech → Digital Code
 Clear and Encryptable
 Messaging, Voice Mail, Caller Id
 Data Transmission @ 10 Kbps Eg. GSM, Palm (Data only)

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2½G

 Higher Data speeds

 WAP – uses a compressed section of the Web to fit into the mobile phone’s slow data
rate and small screen

3G

 Data Transfer @ 2 Mbps

 Video Conferencing and Mobile Multimedia
 Handhelds in a network

4G

 Under development
 Data Rates of 10 Mbps (Telepresence)
 Virtual Reality – full stimulation of all senses required to provide the illusion of actually
being somewhere else – an illusion that cannot be distinguished from the real thing

Terminologies and basics

 EM Waves – Generated whenever a moving electric charge is accelerated, causing a
change in its speed or direction.
 Radio Transmitter – works by vibrating the electrons, the charged particles that
surround all atoms and are responsible for electricity. Frequency of wave depends on
how fast the electrons are vibrating; the faster they move, the higher the frequency.
 Radio Receiver – uses the same principle in reverse. The waves stir up electrons in the
antenna, creating electric currents.
 Ionisation and Ionised Radiation – Waves at even high frequencies than visible light can
strike the electrons so hard that they are knocked free of their atoms – Ionisation.
Ionised radiation is extremely dangerous to human beings. But it can be blocked entirely
by gas – Ozone layer for deadly sunrays.
 Wavebands – The radio spectrum is divided into a series of regions called Wave bands.

The Radio Spectrum

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  Most of the Wireless Networking services are crowded around 1 GHz.
 AM FM
550- 1650 KHz 88-- 108 MHz

Fig: Frequency for Communication

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 FIG : THE RADIO SPECTRUM

 The audio frequencies that we hear range from 20 Hz to 20 KHz.

 AM radio stations are in the 1 MHz range.
 FM radio and TV are in the 100 MHz range.
 Paging systems fall in the 50 to 500 MHz range.
 Mobile radio and cellular systems use the band just below 1 GHz.
 Cordless and PCS systems use the bands around 2 GHz.
 The Infrared region is huge. It has its applications in the Wireless LAN areas and in short-
range, point-to-point communications, including remote control systems.
 As we move up, the amount of bandwidth increases exponentially.
 The challenge is to build equipment that can operate at the higher frequencies and
achieve acceptable range with reasonable power.
 Silicon integrated circuits as of a few years ago could only handle frequencies up to 1
GHz. Higher frequency systems were forced to use Gallium Arsenide, which was more
expensive at the time. Now Silicon can achieve greater speeds, and GaAs is becoming
cost effective.

Area of Coverage –

 Signals at high frequency have a much shorter range than at lower frequencies because
shorter wavelengths suffer greater attenuation.
 As radiation frequency gets higher, more things are able to block it. That is why high
frequency light cannot pass through walls, while lower frequency radio can.
 Short range is a problem when trying to communicate across a great distance, but can
be a benefit while designing a cellular network, as it means that different cells can reuse
the same spectrum.

Wavelength Frequency Common Name Main Purposes

Extremely Low Frequency

Above 100 km Below 3 kHz Submarine Communications
(ELF)

Very Low Frequency

10-100 km 3-30 kHz Maritime Communications
(VLF)

Low Frequency (LF)

1-10 km 30-300 kHz
AM Broadcasting
or Long Wave (LW)

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 Medium Frequency (MF)
100-1000 m 300-3000 kHz AM Broadcasting
or Medium Wave (MW)

High Frequency (HF) or AM Broadcasting,

10-100 m 3-30 MHz
Short Wave (SW) Amateur Radio

Very High Frequency

1-10 m 30-300 MHz FM Broadcasting, TV
(VHF)

Ultra High Frequency

0.1-1 m 300-3000 MHz TV, Cellphones
(UHF)

Super High Frequency

10-100 mm 3-30 GHz Fixed Wireless, Satellites
(SHF)

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