Feowesearmaceg Tiiemem Tw Tene Aaron os + one mer ey 32 mince, 1 ln cme ey 6 end | Se ney ee 5 sera. One asa cy 7 cans | {Ore apenas ery 2 rns 1S ware ae weaned fon Arte Oy hae 4 a erapeSvcinend omy 19 cnt ‘A oid sedan need Aer ey 36 sand 1 fe 19 sects nlc cored aa pas nr ony 13 mope ecare am fsg ey rate In the ‘imei thes yu to read is chan, dovens of Americans will be ae, rapod, or rurdeed. and numerous children will be abused or neieted (ee Tae 131), As alarming as thse stasis ae, they represent only aston ofthe ages sive and violent acs that oseur throughout the world everyday. TeoMsm, pltesl ‘oppression, and vars plague interaatioal relation. and hae crimes. gang wolonse, and schooled shootings ate o he immediacy of violence at home Alto olent erm in America re cure declining (ww.p us) gowjshomiece Femrum), ageesion cans tobe a allt como fetus human interaction ‘This chaper examines soil psychelogeal approaches o aggression, Soci gy hologists define aggression as bohalor intended to physically or psychologically ‘rm anoter person Table 12.2 shows that aggression ean be physical or vera ad «an be diesel a s person's body propery. of reputation. Though ey ler in hed fan sven, al ofthese types ef ageession have im comemon an intone shee perton. ‘The first part of this chapter is devoted 0 understanding the origins of agresscn, ‘Her, we examine whether people are innatly aggressive or wheter agaression i ‘etiely lemcd. The socond section ofthis chapter deals with the dynamics ofan sazresiveepiooe. Here we Iook at penalty areles and tation lacs a Inflenee wher poople become angry when they ae provoke and wheter thy gars when they are angry. Section toe considers the nk btwoon mediavilene onal ot accnesee ‘ype ot Aggemiin ies tnarect rae ‘Asai bihing ara decracion of poy vets rust ea Homing 2 peor estan by sprecg maious rns © siga5 [ewe teatPocgr | sera om a fom e CHAPTER THIRTEEN. and aperesion. Theis cuenly mach debe tt wheter violent movies, teision| Shows, vidso games, abd sg iyics conte 1 te violence in American sci, ‘andthe dd seston ofthis chile examines th cridece regarding this sue. We wl then explore agression among intimal wih a parcular focus on scot violence and sual abuse. Finally, we will consider programs designed vo ca aggression Before we begin our survey of agresion, we reed to define sme tame. Fist. we nod fo dsinguish two forms of agressioe: ose aggression and israel aggression Festbac, 196, Hoste agreesin is fcied by anger andi ually» reaction to some form of provocation. Crs of passion and rainy rage ep ‘ize this form of impulsive sgareston. The wlimate aim of «hor aggressor i init inary on another person, wit le conem for any personal cost or Boel, Instrumental aggression cccurs when pompe agres to asin a desired pal Competitive athletes provides a convenient framework fr thinking abot this frm ‘of aggression. For example, hockey payers ritinly chook one ano into the boars, a6 2 means of stealing te puck or resting Whi opponet om seoing 3 goal This act of aggression may of may not be accompanied by anger, ba is Pr ‘matilyundeaken as a meas 10 an end: The objet eto win the game, and Harmeng (one's opponent i instrumental fanning tha objective, ‘otal as of aggression can cally be casi as hoe or netrmenal (Basan {& Anderson, 20012): For example, why did boxe Mike Tyson bite the cro is oppo ren Evander Holy, during thc heaywceh Boxing fight in 197? Did Tyson simply lose his composure and at impulsively or dd be deliberately ty 10 sop 2 fight he was most cerainly going to lose? Thew's simply no way 4 kaow. Despite Is uncertain the distinction beeen hale andisiramental agresson remains imporant. For onc thing, the legal sytem viows crimes commited inthe feat of pasion difeeny from called. cols baoisd ons. Moreover. people prone 10 ‘commit acs of hose aparestion a pot nese sarily prove to coma et tis ‘mental aggression (Dodge & Coc. 198), Fal, he plysologial creates ofthe {90 types oF aggression aller: Intense physiokgca arousal it mace ofc fete of hose aggesion than ofistumcntlsaarsson (Hubbard ta, 2002), nays import to dstnuish aarestn from viene. Te lero one of seven, wah wloncerepresetng a severe farm of aaresion (CA. Andon & Bushman, 2002. Bosses who berate er itmidae thir employees ae bing ages sive: spouses who physically abuse thei parowrare tong Ween Aner way of ooking at these toms i 0 nO that all sls of vole re agatssiv, but pot all sks a aggression are violent I. The Origins of Aggression (Observers of human nature hae lng detted fe origins of aggression. Some have sued that ageesion i prt of aman nau sd ht soe) funn 4 regulate ‘nd channel our instinctive aggressive impale. Others have argc hat pple ae inereuy good and act aggressively only bce of recive social frees, Sil ‘others maintain tht people ae nite good war ta and that experience and lear ing cnely determine whether people act aggrsvely or peaceful. Bailing ov these themes. poyhologss fave developed their own thoores of sggession. AL present, ther snow agrerca Gal peple poss an inne capacity torbekave aggressively bu that social factor snd leming really focnce wheneects Tage Tee Tee an how, and even whether agprestion is expres In his section, we wll view the ‘ry and research hat suppor ths eotaion, A. Freud’s Instinct Theory of Aggression We wll begin by considering the views of Sigmund Feud, who maintained that aggrsion fs imate presen at Birth and inluntal troup fie, Feud cre to {is conelsin reliely late in his earer AMter surveying the camage and desu ‘ion that ceeured during World War I, he concluded tht people ae compelled 0 segs by sn instinctive, unconscious desire to end hci wn fives and rtm Loan ianmate sae (Freud, 1982/1963). Feud alld Ui death instine Thana and assunod it was opposed by 2 life-sustaining dive, called Ero Eros redness ‘Thais. such hat people aggress against cbr rahe than harming ttn. Tn the Freuian perspective aggression apnndl oles fe ness and ncviabe because Jtkeps people om harming (and even killing) tems, Unfors, he need 1 agres ean only be temporal satisfied, Froud elcved hat Te oe dives, aggression decreas i seth afer beng expresed a en ail slowly one ie unt trate sais again Mecorr, the longer gos ena Fit te greater wi be he expression of agresion when nviably rp Rr this season. Fread bleed tht peuple must pond rcae tr agresive cay Tn te felt of aggresion, Fou’ claim is known asthe eatharae hypothesis ‘Accrting to We caharsis ypotiesis, aggresive vet reduced By engaging in ot ‘wissingagarestive behavior The word catharsis comes from a Crack nord he smears to cleanse or purge” In road's viow exiting o viewing aggression allows aggrsve needs wo be release, thereby temporary racing the Md Lo agers Soeites must therefore provide people with socially ssepable outs fr express ing the aggressive impulses. ‘As you might imagine. many aspects of rc’ theory are contol and mich of what he sad lacks site enfirmation. Nevertheless have timated 2 god del of esearch, and we will view evidence relevant to is cory a ar ows fois dhoughoot ths chapee B. Evolutionary Models of Aggression reuc was not she oly theorist o beloved agreson isan insintive tendeney. voluionary peycologists hold this belie a wel 1. Lorenz’ Ethological Model of Aggression ‘The Robs Prize—Wwining cthologist Konrad Loren i one such theorist. Lorn is best Inown for hs work on impatng in bd. athe aeo wrote about Uh origins ‘of agesion (Lorenz, 1960) Like Freb, Lorne believed tat humans possess an faggTsive init tha canbe chaneelod but nt elimina. Ui reuse i not teh this instinct repescted s dsr to fed agant sll desiree tendencies (oF (rium to an inanimate state: Instead, dang onan extensive aay of irate ‘om anal behavior, Lovet held that niapecceaggesion evolved to prevent oct fnimas from encroaching on one another's lemoy, thereby guaranceing that & Specks spreads out across all ahaiabl an, ‘Though he dismissed the noon thal sgresion springs fom a dea instinct, Lore agreed with Freud that aggresive moods tld overtime and must beC cerervery yonen a Ce nan CHAPTER THIRTEEN ‘expressed. Infact, e blived tht if aggression is soppresc for to Lng. will Spontancously crop without any provocation, He als agreed with Freud tha soc ies must provide people with appropiate outs for releasing hese needs, lest lnursson be leased in socially deuce ways 2. Inhibitors of Aggresion ‘ven if aggression sina, it nad not be violent Inthe animal work ntraspecies aggression rarely ens i excsive physical harm or murder. nsled, tends when the weaker member ofthe species surrenders and rlinguses is etc vghs.T dts process. Lorenz noted tat animals have evolved particular eppeascmen. > tures that signal Submision. Vanguisned opponents insintivelydiplay thse sigs ‘of subision, and vers instiovelyrecopize ice meaning and eri from cot ring Ture aggression (sr alo Lore & Schult, 1993) For example, when defeated, woes tm thee head aay from thir opponen, fering the wulerable, arched side of hr nek Humans also possess natal inhibitor of aggression, For exam, soing fer in noir person's ees serves inhibit further aggression. Unfors. cu avant ‘weaponry renders these natural inibio elective. When dropping bor fom Several ils abot a argc, abobardir docs visually confront te coy this Sense, te faiar Saying “Guns dot tll peop, peopl kill pple” should be tended. Weapons tht enable people to Kil om @ distance—sixh a8 guns, hand ‘grenades, and boms—icreass violence by cicumvsning the natal nibs 10 {ggreson that ave evolved in humans C. Gender Differences in Aggression {nm sits, mals committe vas majonty of wont crim, For example hey sommit more than 80 percent of all morders and aggravated asst im Arica (cep wsdo}govojshomiciergendcrin). Moreoser, Mole srinie ane most often commie By young. unnariod males who lak social sts and tmontary resourses. Noting the paraliels between these patos and aggression inthe animal ‘world, M. Wilson and Daly (1985; Daly & Wilbon, 198) have suggested that the young male syndrom" isa vestige of our eluinsry pat n shih males com cd to gain piyseal access to sonal avaiable females OY couse, modrn men se mot ike chs. locking homs i a mating ital, Instead hey fp for sas and ‘esoures that can be wd o obiin mats “The evolutionary model may even explain the osc of war. Mesquda and Winer (1995 showed ha aunties ae mest ap 6 engage ia war when Urata of young ‘males (ages 15 © 29) wo olde men is panicle high. Undcr tev sondons. con pion formats is especially intnee and young ales re eager tc ight for seco 1. Biological Factors Bislogcl faci cooibe to he grec agreion rar pay MESoby & Jk, 1976, Men produce reve tsaserone han Women, al ese sik ogee Son in animal nd humans (Archer, 1988, 1991 In sty of prion ines, Dabs, (Car, rady,and Riad (1995) ound ha men wih high ostrneles were ore St tobe serving tie for violent comes. and were more coral ad pum with prison autores than ware ose with relatively low lle of txetcrone. A‘eee Scatter | Agen Te T Tenens me a a fotlow-up sly uncovered sini, at es vile, patem among college fate es. Dabs, Hargrove, and Hews (1996) found ht teres composed ot men wih high kel of testosterone were me ubuntu, cur bd ls sadly sue ‘sl han were fares comprised of mon sth low levels of testosterone 2. Socialization and Gender Roles Ir biology wee the only Factor to consider we should ind tht men are always more aggressive than women. This is notte eat, homer, Gender ferences ae rey sitenutcd when people are provoked or have rearon to blieve tha aggression 's appropriate Betencoun & Kerhin, 1997. Botencourt & Mile. 1996. More ‘ove. lhough men ae mere apt det nick physical iy and harm, women ae more ap to inva inft peyhologicl and socal har hough manip, ‘xclsion. or malicious gossip (Bjorkgvit, Lagenpes, & Kahisinen, 1992, Cnc (Cass, & Mosher 1997: Lagerspetz & Bjork. 1994; Ostman eta, 198), In consideration ofthese findings. many psychologists hleve ta gener die nets m aggression primasly rele diferent socalizaton practices rai than bi Jogia ifrenoes (Bandura 1973; Eagl & See, 1986 Beginning man cay 3g boys ar aught tat dict aggression ts appopitcandcvendesiae,whereat Bis are taught that aggression i inappropsite al should be supresiod. cing di Soured fom cgay dit spon, ons tenes Wo gon D. Cultural Differences in Aggression Cura irene in aggression provide fuer evdenee ta ialiaion shapes he expression of aparesin.Aggrenion and voknee show srt dal of cla ve tin (M. Bond. 200) Figur 3.1 revels that homicide ts vay widely ar cu tik Akbough mos indusaliedcounnc e., Canads, Hance, German Japa ‘5c eave) peacell some, so athe Uni Sates are lanl Wolo, Waione ist eve within cultures. Many srops sich as he Aish, he very pac dhe ‘United Stas. and vile crimes arc buch are apo be om by pope flower secioconae sos tan by thse wha lve comfonaby or wala? 1. Cultures of Honor A vary of factors inven rats of aggression across nations and within a sven county. Povey. cthnic and acl diversity. and the secessihley of fears ala) 2 role Cultural tudes are als ovat, Viol cultures endo emphasize personal ‘echievement snd encourage compotion amvng thi izes, whereas nonviolent cul lures champion harmony an promote cooperation (Rona, 1957), Many vk cultures also endarse the portance of maintaining honor and sas, parcolry among en. In these “ules af honor” men ar aight owe agen to presen ther eptation and protect hr possession, Seer Latin America cour ‘is and the counes of southem Europe af characteriza by hei of machi, 2. A Subculture of Honor in the United States ‘The Amcrican Sou aio possesses a cule of honor (Nisbet & Caen. 1996). In calc times, the southern economy wat bated on Bedi, and men rhe om ore {0 protect themselves and their property from rustlers. Consequently. bocame0 eres creer = FIGURE 13.9 onset in Ve the Wri (997 000) CHAPTER THIRTFEN important to develop reputation for oughness—a5 someone who shovldt be messed with. because reibuve violence would nave. Although the cooncmic con ‘htions that gave nse to these noms are no lager prevalent, the ade they Spawned are sll art ofthe souther legacy. For example. soubbern regions ofthe US have higher homicide aes than do thaw of the Noth, bt only fr homicides ‘commit during an argument oe quae, where repuatons area stake (D. Coben, 198). Morcoves, although they do not express greater approval than Northemers for voknce im gene, Southoers are more apt than Novthorers to endorse vio. lence for protecting oncsel rom insults and ats ost amily or prope ato Ai ice HS Be Be. FIGURE 43.2 While wg down ano Ray, thers nd on ren ete by coke rapt econ her tan eee a inn ton a scat ihe cn a be Arey ath ss & to be accepting of a person who has commited a crime of honor (D. Cehen & Nebet, 197}. ‘Cohn and eolgpucs conduc srs of exprmets to examine dese endo ‘es under controlled lsoratory conditions (D. Coben, Net. Bowl, & Share, 1986). One study volved nono and scat studi atendng the Unive) Mian. In hissy. 9 rae patcipan was walking trough naw balay when 1 sonfodrat of the experimenter amc foward him. tfsing o yl Aer bowing nthe partipant. te conde isuld him, sing volar ep, Fry, par Wiepan encountered ane confalerae father down th hallway, Figure 132 shows ha this aio had a greater eet on sour men than on nora men. om arson to men ina costol cndion who had not been burp or ised, soa rn experienced presen testosrone (pane A) ané wore sap lt the ‘sion converte walking down tho hall panel B) than were nore men. These finlings are consistent wih he claim tht Southera men ar espesaly ap to tccome szzresive whon thir mascaliny 5 chllenged oti reptaion i imputed E, Learning to Aggress CCltravariaions in levels of aggression demons tat aggression is subsunally infonced by learing. Athough some socialization i explictly taught and bal) feinforced, + good deal of solalztion occurs hough observation. Afr Muhing how adults tehave, children model this Bebavior and actin sil 3.Ome ee Figure 43. ‘ogresve bana ‘re eetoceme ft Imvateapgresson ny Shatin son ‘onan mone ‘CHAPTER THIRTEEN. ‘The modeling of aggression was lsat in one of sail psychology et known ‘experiments. Bandura, oss, and Ross (1961) had young shlden (approximately 445 years of age) watch a6 an adult played with 2 wy known asa Bobo doll This inltable doll bounces back up when eld to the Noor or punched. Tce expe renal conditions were rete. One thd of the children sa an aul ply wih he oll ery ageresively. Fr example, the al punched te dol, ton and it had witha ral, shoting "Sock him th ose “Hh dow.” and “Throw him in the aie” Another group of children saw an ad play non tesively with diferent toy, and in a contol condon no adult was presen. Late, Mer the experimenter had led the children lo experience frusaon. the children ‘wee allowed to play with te Bobo doll. Consistent wath the nation that siden lear ty imitation te ehidren who had ssen thc aul play agresively wih the ‘oll behaved mach more aggressively toward the dol than dere in the her ‘wo conditions. Moreover, his tendency extended 10 other toys in the room, ‘stagestng that the children bad leased # more general behvier paler (ce also Bandura Ross, & Ros, 1963), ‘So do children alvaysimiuteegression? Fortuny, the answer is mo. It depends ‘on wheter hey believe that aggresion wll 20 unpnishd. In replication of the Boho dll say, Rosckans and Harp (1967) had young childea watch an adit ‘model ply aggressively withthe Loy. The experimenter verbally approved of the dal’ behavior in one condition ("Good fer you I gues you reall xed him ‘hat ime") bat disapproved ef the ad's behavior n nother condition ("Doa't do tha, OFT won't It you play anymore"). The experimencr showed inconsistent rein Fence ir coon, rang ine otha the me fe Playing wer ‘svely and ring the mode half ofthe ime. Fall, «fourth group of dren reer st the adult play wih he dol a al Figure 123 shows how aggressively the chien played withthe doll when they wer lar given the chance. is cear Ua clon cid not mite agresion when ‘met wih consistent punishment and were only moderately spyresive when the ‘model recived both renforcment and punishment There Andings sugee tha ee “ieerdy—aghanty torment rnoesmoce,Fomensctmcsin Takei Tie TCV etme Aesoaio an hil itt aaresion en i thy boo tha agarstion i appropiate and wi ot meet with ees or punishment IL. Acts of Aggression ‘Mare ret om ile of argent ver pthing Tors Bl A ght sts, tea somebody ga td otha Ive whedon swe te Pipl ha ees ‘Ming chor #10 cen rcord on ajc bo, or vero dlr fang dee fom 1c game. (Das homicide etn. ced im Mali Tam & Cle 1989, P20) ‘Acs of ageesion usualy ani in response © rowoeatin,Spotses argue when on suspocis the ether of beng uni. drivers come ine whon ancther vile refuses to allow thm 1 change lnc, and schooktren lisse when one ace the other ofcheaing at het. In tes cae, ametng happens 10 ine pe. ‘on and an ensuing thai of events Teas to aggresive boavion Ts sstion details ‘how thse acts of aggresion unfold and desrbes parson varias and sivational actors Ua ielucns the eure of ares. A. Provocation Figure 18.4 shows tha an aggresive cise begins with some sort of provocation, “Typically. thr imvcoes (1) physio seul ona pore’ bendy or Propenye (2) ¢ pychologiclaont, as when one person trates anther psn’ dignity or FP ‘uation: oF ) same experience Ua praluces fstraon. Fraction ie pycholoe. ical sate that aries when we are prevered fom alaiing an expected glow is ole as an niga of aggression wa highlighid ina case rogram ol research Known asthe frustrationaggression hypothests (Doli. Dood, Mill: Mower & sae na Agate eras atOe ee Te ime Cn at CHAPTER THIRTFEN. Scars. 1939). According this hypothesis, rasvatio lens produces aggression and sggresion is enays te fst rasan. “Although it geet «gical dea uf reser amd enon, she San aggression hypothesis wed out 1 be to simplistic. For one thing, een though Fruseation can produce aggression (A. H, Buss, 1966) cent alma do so. IF yo ‘o-year old nlece dope a poce of cake she was ringing you. a. you muy faugh tte situation or even fel Sry For he ede ah ha bosomg pet and eek ing her. In aditon. aggression can result fom facors lhe as Trasraion. For example, peopl behave agpresivly when they are red or cveieled, and hii not Because thy are prevened fr aaining an anicpued goal these ad her reasons, researchers tow believe that asain s simply one factor hat ean produce aggression Berkowis, 1985), B. Cognition and Emotion ‘The moremeat avay fom te simple frsiraton-agaresson hypothesis represented sn awareness that cognitive and emotional varias intervene Relween prvoclion fd aggression. In eres of material rat dscnsed in Chale 2, was wich fom fn SR model of behavior applicable we lower animals and fans 8 ore sophisticated, $10 mot that includes unigcty human clement T isa, IT you tke fod away from 2 hungry animal it wil probably slat you and pre are to attack. This type of aggression is auiomaic snd ellen. People can also Fespond to provocation ian impulsive, automatic way, bu ae Uy mature hey Kart to give some though o what has cceure. AS 2 conscquece,cogetion play 8 ey ‘ole inthe unfolding of an aggresive episode 1, Cognitive Appraisal and Anger ist people ask themscves wher the provoking incident i clean to te wel ing oF Sense of sei-wonh. AS we saw carr, mn from the American South wire more ap than Uc rom the Noch to perceive a bumping ine hlly anal (0 thst honor and masulny ‘Aunbutons of intent provide nother type of cognitive appa. Once people have sided that provocation i evant to ther well-being. the ak themes wy fas occured. In gencral. people experience more anger won they judge posocalin tobe intclional or ara fac than acid or jusfed (Dodge & Col. 1987 Weinct 1985). Suppo hat anor driver prevents you rom hanging lance ae you sss your ext onthe ices) Ifyou think the lhe Eve's har was a lib tle atempt to put you down. you are ap tobe uous and fact vith aggression In ‘omit Yu wil be far les angry if ou think the otber drivers bshavor wa an ‘oversight or you wer at ful for nt sigalng cay enough 2. Aggressive Thoughts and Seripts Figue 184 sows nat agression 16 also Tula bythe ough iat come to mand ‘when we re upset (Berkowits, 1990). Everyone as ea bout how eat 6 prove {atlon. “Count 1 10" and “Tur the oter cheek are two common sayings ha ii ggression, whereas “Standup for yours” and “Show thm who's tos (wo ‘common sayings that promote sppresson. These behavior scrips rome or ds ‘outage the cxpesion of aggression in response lo groves,[Rencteitormi Tisaepe ter TCT ete Fear of ral also danpens agposie plas. We maybe ie wit rage sand blew tat aggression is appeopnat, but we may erin fom agresing if ony about the consequences. Thi sone reason why people rarely yell a thr bos “hey undersand ey wil lose the jb, so they Kee toe ange in chock, ‘The relation between aggressive thoughs and aggresive fetngs play «key role in Berkowit’s cognitive acoassociation mods! of aparesson (Bertowit, 1250), According to this mode, aggressive thought and agora joined in areipocl fs fon eth double ead arrows in Figure 34). Anger acts aggresive tought, and aggresive thoughts acute anger. This raonship explain why the presence (of aggressive sim, sch asa gn. can incase anger and aggresive bohvion A frst diseussd in Chapor I, Berowits and LePage (1967 fund tha people who were provoked wore more aggresive ‘omar ances peron when 8 gn wer em than when it was abn: Prestmably his “weapons eet” occured Beaute te gm activated aggressive though. and aggrsive thoughts fcld anger and fod apps Sive imple (se als, C- A. Anderecn, Benjamin, & Bartolo. 1998; Cao, Marcus: Newhal Mie, 1990: Linda && Anderson, 208) C. Individual Differences in Aggression: The Rol of Hostility When considering the dynamics ofan aggressive episod is imporant to bear in mind tht some peopl are gencally more aggressive lian oltre ate. Figure 134 helps us undostnd why This xo. Hasty isthe propensity foram individual to Socom angry and act aggressively Maile people tendo bore eng with lide provocation, appraise events in hostile ferme. and realy pena agree ‘thoughts when they are oad, believing that aggression ean appropri and fesine response provocation (K, B. Anderson, Anerson, Dil, & Deus. 1998: Bashan. 1986: Dill Anderson. Anderson, & Devier, 1997: Lindssy & Anderson, 2000 Marsal, 203) Table 133 presents a scale thats widely used wo mess hotly (ACH. Ds & Por. 1992) By completing the eae, you can calculate your level of hextlity. A. The Origins of Hostility Several personality variables can produce host in people, Fr example. same hs lle people are nares and defensive. They tendo be easly a whe they ioe ‘hey are bing ericized ignored, o ete. and they respond with anger ahd tah iatoryaggesion (Hush & Baars. 198. Twenge & Carp 2003) Int £2368 people who are highly compte and achievement orcad sims Hostile ‘when they eepainesfrsraton or encour incompcence in others. Mil Smith, Turner. Gujo. & Halle 1996). Ruminaion can also produce hotly (Rasing & Notr-Hoksema, 1998), Instead of davacing emicivce or Weaing ther anger ina eality wa. some people trod about things. Dingo aes thom ten angncr and more Hicly o ages: Poole who a implsve, tl ooking. oF foncemed wilh the immedi consequnces oftheir aston also tnd o be agg sive Goiemn, Anderson, & Strathman, 2003 Finally people whe ate cynieal or dsiesing of ahes boom aggresive when ‘hey assure ts intentonlly trying harm tn (Crick & Dodge 1994; Dodge 1980; Dodge & Coie. 1987). Dodge and aiciatr have most filly exper this ‘spel of hoslity by saying the asbuions people make fer provoking beavislett Teme Te Tose 35 CHAPTER THIRTEEN ‘he foowng satemerts Goze » ty fel, bhavers ana tle ese rds Ye ene 6 wc ah Stent is hac of ou np Be lew ves yout SO (rn nacre ay arco, 1 Se oy find ok 3m ante 01 2 3 4 Ske 2. fare up quay 2 gt ae 8 ue 0123 4 5 sow 5 thaw wate conolng oy be: 0123 4s soe 4 ne state et my tbo om O12 3 4 § toe 5 sates fet th 2 pode Fe ry 1 expat 139 4 5 wm 6. Sratines |) of ne rl fom gd en 0123 4S ome 7 Lamas ase enaesed seo0e 0122 4 Saw 1 er pele are exec nce re, wonde what they want 01 23 4 5 teeiy 4 won by someting O02 2 4 5 ky 10 am asso fener enc rae, 012 3 4 § sexy 11, am sane er wt sy 81 3 3 4S seat 12. ese ave gots 3 raw let fe 012 3 8S Fenty 15. sores ol at pole a naig tne Din iy bx 0123 4 S$ tenily 14. be eo ay ne 1 ot res 01 23 4 S$ Hemi 15 low at eno ta seat tare ny back 032 3 4 Steal 16 Wt hv eset vole rt yh 01 23 4 § Pye omveon 1. have care So mad Oat fare eter ne Qo 1 Pada. $, mys omeers 16 Onwenawh, cat conl bw go se acter pero 0123 6 5 Myst ocean 19, Ihave ele sel row 01 2.3 4 5 rcs omen 20. hen eu pow, ray ht ante ern 0.1 2 2.4. 5 mys ource x 0 1 2°94. 8. mysedomrenin 22 Feta he Dt Sch 0123 4S mmotomenn 1B. nena pole no puede 0a at we a fo 24 gto fe a Me ean he rage pe. 01 2.3 4.5 fuel omeam 25. liens apy wan I deagee we er 0 1 2 3) 495) wom eogeaee 26 lear te petit ere wen ee ene ¥ 27. ner feple spoy ne nytt on wht Wk of bam O12 2k S Vetaampeson 28 lot fn mse Gaapeeng wi pale 01 23 4 5 settee 20 yeas ay atm ent ae 012 34S eta agpeien toe te 487 esi 3 Ma Prnsalsoyesion 243179 tbl gpesion 23s "oa ma a3(exnerteane Tame Te 1 © Arsieaioa “7 1 one sy. aggresive and nonaggrsive boys watched a sdcotape in which one still provoked another (Dodge, 1980), Aerward, the boys were asked lo deseibe ‘what had happened and what hey would do i ts had appre o them, Compared 1w nonageresive boys. chronily aggresive boys Ware tie as apt o assume ta [ovocsion was intentional and to gewcaie an aggresive reponse to the problem, Similar results have been found with girls (Ci, Gripeter & Bighes, 2002) and vith women wio have sought counseling for ld abuse (Gram, Wein, Cobb, Fenders, 2001. tendency lo inert ambiguous behivns in sie try Snow asthe hostile atebution Bas (Nash. Hayden, & DsPailo, 199), 2. The Stability of Hossiity ‘ater its origins. hostility endures once it Corms. Altheugh almost everyone tomes less aggresive as they age the rele ran ordering of indivi rrains Furly conan: Aggressive children prow up to become ageesve adolescent, and ‘sggresive adolescents grow up tobe aggressive aduls (Husran, tron. Leow, «4 Walder, 1984) To explain de stbity of boxy, Husemann and Ero (1984) havc Sigesied that aggresion sats whon children ae unable wo poorte monsggressive solutions to problems and beg using aggression in response to provocation sce also Chick & Lata, 1990), Thr appressvencee tin tvs see and rejection fram cobers,fubsrTooing aggresive tendencies. Overtime his eyele fads to mone agressive inlraedons and more interpersonal pebloms. Hom this pespoutve, sgressine people unwitingly provoke eho and creat avraive sil conditons that Depotat ther aggrssivense Hodecs & Port. 1999), “Tis sel defeating eee of violence may explain why again ns in ais, In general. aggressive people tend vo mary agpressive spouses and ase aggressive sflren (Hucsmann ct al 1981). According to one repo. tery one-half all inmates in state pasons Rave» parent oro se elaine who has als ben rear. txt (New York Times, Rage 21,2002, ph, ‘Undosbicly. nviznmena actors combats ths emdeey. AS we have sccm, elilren model aggresivens. Those who obsrve agarsson, Who ae reinforced Fer behaving agave. and who ate the aye of apgreson by others tend to develop hostty and aggressiveness (Bandur, 1973) Gente ators ae also impli. ‘aed, Idenieal(monorygou) wns are ore slr i he vl of agpesivenss than are fatral (AyzyBouc) twins, and the aggeeivenss of adopt children is ne similar 1 tbe aggressiveness of tir slog parents then fo it adopted ens. On the sis ofthese finding. some reszarchers now bee that neat 30 Peon ofthe vanes im aggresivences can be explained by Reval boogicl Fast (les & Carey. 1997: Rushio, Fulker, Neal. Nas, & Fysenck 1986). D. Situational Influences on Aggression Een mellow: hid-tack people havea treaking point a point a which they become are and potently aggresive. This breaking point i len precipi by situa Sena (cos. Physical discomfon is one sch Factor The mas uncomfortable poo lear, the move intable ty bse and the tore ap cy ae to ree o prove. ion with anger and aggression. Pain. overcrowding, ar pola, smoke. unpleasant ts. Joud ness, and fatigue hve all baen shown to profee discomfort and ineease aggresion (Geen, 1998)ORS ee eT ee a3 CHAPTER THIRTEEN 1. Heat and Aggresion 1 pry thos, good Meret, te’ rete “The day is ho, the Caples bros, ‘And if we moc, we shall nt scape a brew For mow hese ho days, i he mad blood sting. Sherer, Re si eat alo produces discomfort, an people ive fone noticed an ssoation between heat and agresion, The boter tig, the mote unconfoable pepe are and the mare aggressively they behave This elation eleced i the English ange ina the ‘words temper and lemperture share» common origin “Archival daa provide ample evidence forthe songth and generliy ofthe rel tion between het and aggression (C. A. Anderon, 1989: CA Anderson & DeNevs. 1892: C. A. Anderson, Deser, de DeNeve, 1995), Within the Unied Stats, (1) the Incidence of vjlem crimes i higher in eles with high average temperaucs then in those wih low average tempernurcs (C. A. Anderson. 1987: C.A. Anderson & ‘Anderson, 1996): (2) more vielen eres are commited ding the sum han dur Ing the ret ofc year (C. A. Anderson, 1987: ad (3) mere let ees ae con Iie during ht years than during Years hat are more comfonable and oa (©. A Anderson Busan, & Groom, 1997. The effet even exlens to the wor of spo Baters are more apo be by a pitch when baseball pares ar played 00 ot days Than when they are played on cooler days (Reiman, Larch, & Fein. 1995), ‘The elation between heat and agresion is ot near Insead aggression increases with het up o point, but Beyond this pot people hecome khang and passive nd aggression levels fo docins (R.A. Baron. 1972: Bll, 192: Cob & Roto, 1997. Raton and Cot (200) recently provided a nlresing analyse ths su ‘They examined repos of aggravated asta in Dalla. Tena ig twoystr ped sopng tack of whether te crime oscured during yliph (0 ae 439 es) or during the evening hours (9.00 F-85980, Figure 13.5 shows some ofthe findings [rom this investigation, Looking fs a the pater during the dayliaht hours we soe evidence of curvibneaflaton Aggtevtedassalls ncreaced with temperature nil the lcmperatire reached 9 ‘agrees Fahrenheit, a whieh point thy leveled olf and even declined a tt. The allem during the nghtime was diferent. Because nightime omperatrs aly Fise above 95 dearess. th lion appears lice. Arsull rie low'y uni he ightime temperature hile 75 degroce, x which point they increase Semaialy ‘These findings show that although intent heat reduces aggression. people ae most aggressive when nightime temperatures provide no from the Beat of 9 Summer day 2. Arousal Heat makes people tae a part by serssing arcu, Arosa is rahe vague ‘psychological construct that concerns the amount of fenslon, asus, er COE) sn organism is experiencing. Numerous fslore besides hea increase aol, incl ing fear, cteine fatigue, sexual interes, and even laugh dnd cere "Aro fects aggression in several ways, Fs ners cco, making poo ple more snsve 10 yroveron, Arousal ean also indenessgpreson by impaling ropes ability to gence nonaggresive slurs to probes. Hina, aul can Intensity pope's emotional reactions and increase camo ange hey we felng[eweatte Tate Teg ne Tamar mam 1@ agreed Aout io Tine of Dap ‘Se ead (995 av en corset Sacan incon he sin be ge ght the more saute (yemone vee pie ei ™ ‘sgrovte sas Temper Se ttn nt 8, ‘This last route plays an inprant role in exltatlon transfer theory (Zillman, 1978), According to Wis tory, arousal generated from one stimulus ean Spillover ad intensify a person's cmationalrescion to a lift simu. Imagine that Jou hve ben enki cfs while up all night cramming for ancaam ins course her than social psychology. | hope). Now imagine tha you re diving to school When ys gettehind avery slowemoving diver who is gong (© make you tat. How wil ‘ya rac? Fatigue from lckof slp, hyper frm the coffe and nervous abut your "oming exam, your usa ve i high Very key the arcs ou eel wil nen "Research by Zillaan. Katcher, and Milashy (1972) ils thes fies in an eapetimenal seg. In is experiment, paripais Were fs either provoked or nok provoked by an experimental confederate. Later some ofthe paticpante were she toride an cuerise-ike a8 pt ofan esiesblyunelicd ex semen, Final. ll of the pacipants were given he chance Lo shock the confederate ar pt ofan slg ‘periment on punishment and leaning, The lvl of shock the pareipants bcd hry were adminisring tote confadcrae for making a mistke consid the mea ‘re of aggression. (lm fac mo shock was actually adminsted) "igure 13.6 presents the key ess rom the experiment, Nace Fis tha there was lil agaresson mn the absence of any proveation However: pripans wre aber si when they were provoked, esposlly if they had just don am exercise bike ‘Aecoding to cicialon vane theory, this occured texans the arouse gencad by cris neni the angrparcpants wer eli in pons to provocation 3. Self-Awareness and Its Absence Inne 2002, a ot troke out in Motcow folowing a World Cup socer match in ich Russia was beaten by Japan, =. Dozens of people we inured ad two were led as thousand f vodka-sodSen ane went ona violent varpags ovruming etseee Tate TTT Eom 480 CHAPTER THIRTFEN FIGURE 13.6 ‘Nous and Agpresion om Saas ae Lowen Hoh ne ogres (mtnsy of hock ahve Asn bt, nd iting sore winds et Rd Sqr. Mob ke: of in tot hry ited Spm xe ne any eB ee Hin ing ca sh es ors wo ste of wig ae ‘ines bow kW ete Aes gba ie sre an holy sling lw cn Ach do Gt Le poco: hs aco wd soa oe a ko a ‘a (so) eng Ba, rns osteo a ‘yen thy bon tel nag ts fo eee ets | thon singe eel sat Oe tele of Be tego hoe! and coset Ku Kiss Kan ch oben he Und Sines o ape Le | Bons pant Sept ir ney apc con veh nafs dy eno le Singer Pond Ne (8) er dt dation fr tte pcp Ste es Wi nas ttre tee ‘ace of gate ns ap Over yan, sa of eter tite ts pnb tae a ee Say ‘ach cha syn eae wb ms © Sa, | 139 Zin, 50) Deinvotin clo grein nw ay. i heey nd eatin ec gps nec a ny gd pag ope iy ‘emu soap oats pro See enn td ek ‘ruby ad papa bce ay tan pars nh pny ey ig oral tbs Spit spreion Th tains ans es ae shen won ey | oor 4, Social Roles ‘The images out of the Abu Gira prison stunned America an the weld, Taken during the agi War a ceased in te spring of 2004, the obotogaphs showed American soldiers mistaling and hurting sepured In solr and cviiansVScom v (owsantvarcomhcwsTatleid=2444) In one paiulry infamous photo, to ‘Anerican sole stood trumpnanly in tont of 8 ple of naked Iraq! prsone ‘Unfonunaey, the misteament of the pnsoners inthe phos was not an isolated ent. A repon writen by Major Gavel Antonio M, Taube concaded tha thc wee numerous instances of “sadist, Han, and wanton crsinal abuses" at ABS hea (war rowyorkercom/esonin/40510fa fac). ‘Wari atime of extreme ses, and the abuses at Abu Ghraib might have Ben ‘ue to the extraordinary ercumstanos the American solders faced A clase soci psychological study Known ar the Stanford prison experiment suggests tha les Cctrordiary factors may also have played role (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardy, 1973; Haney & Zimbardo, 1998) In an efor to understand the power of inte. tien environmen, researchers erated 2 mock prison in the basement ofthe psychology building at Stanford Universiy, complete wih ion bared ells and & toitary-confinement clos. An ad was placa ima local newspaper, and 21 men been the ages of 17 and 30 volateed o paeipate in a study Of piso I. Using random assignment to condos, the recarchors asegned some putiipans tobe prisoncrs and others to be guards, The guards wer given a Kha ifr tists a police nighistek, and electing snglasce that id thst eyes. The pre fons were cloth in a ooeefting smack with an identification mums, rober ‘dats and an ankle cat, ‘Although they were given no specie isruction 38 to ow to behave the mock suds quickly began mistcting the mock prisoners sadistilyhaasing and ab Ing them. The experimen was designed to lat wo wosk, bu he searcher aed iter only six days because condone isk the prison had deere to he [Pont where the psychological and physical wel- being of the mock prone wasn Repay, ow are we to understand the conditions hat ane it this abuse? I uel that the porsonalics ofthe prteipants werc moh a ator Allo the patipans hal been given psychological ests at dhs slat of the expenmen to snsu they wee heh. and random assignment to endiions tices crsircs that the mock rds wore mo mote hostile by naar than the mock prisoners. This eaves swith tse. related explanations: (1) The aa rok poople ply ae so powerfl that Uy ar overde perma! prycholgialtndeicn, (2) pisons ae dcmaniring ste sons that wansform normally gene people ito sade tonnes. and (3) peopl lake advanage ofan opporuty vo agress whan thy ar piven te hance. Ths Bn ‘ve explanations assume tat people are mr gen an hve aparessivly cl hc they are araformed hy eeumstan th thin explanation astmes tht pee le pssst an agressive nature tha i normally held i check by socal reste tons. Alough there is no way 10 krow which process explains the Boavin thet eared in the Sanford prison experimen its clear tat soil roles can rele, rus, or thwan aggressive impulss. 5. Alcohol and Aggression In evision commer, peopl who dink fn appsar wih heir ends gathered ‘ogsher in an aumosphere of vai and convivial. Masng {rom these commer fia is any mention of the song link teen alechol and aggression. Is ca) to miss this ink Alcoho i mpi al ofall mies ad assault, and mere than 75 perc fal instances of sexual bus and domestic woence (Murdoch, Pk ess, 190, Pedersen, Aviles, I, Mile, & Pollock, 2002), as