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The current study has demonstrated that the NovaMin® particles in the DenShield™ dentifrice are superior to the
RECALDENT™ in GC Tooth Mousse in depositing a mineral layer on dentin that will occlude dentinal tubules and resist
Introduction designed to test this theory using an in flowing on the grinding wheel during
vitro model of this daily remin- all grinding and polishing steps. The
Recently, a 10-day remineralization/ eralization/demineralization cycle. samples were ultrasonicated three
demineralization (‘remin/demin’) times in fresh DI water for 15 minutes
study was conducted with the goal of Materials and Methods each. The smear layer was removed
comparing the longer-term remin- by soaking the samples in a 40% o-
eralization benefits of DenShield™ Preparation of Bovine Root Dentin phosphoric acid solution for 15
toothpaste with those of GC Tooth Samples minutes. The cleaning procedure was
Mousse. The active ingredients in The root portion of 15 then repeated by ultrasonicating the
DenShield™ and GC Tooth Mousse bovine incisors were separated from samples an additional three times in
(NovaMin® and RECALDENT™, the crown portion at the cementum- DI water for 15 minutes each.
respectively) are both presented to enamel junction (CEJ) using a Prepared samples were refrigerated
consumers as sources of minerals that diamond-embedded blade and a low- overnight in TRIS buffer before
are naturally found in teeth. Brushing speed saw. The root portions of the testing was performed.
with both products should, in theory, teeth were progressively ground at
aid in remineralizing tooth surfaces low speeds using 320, 600, and 1200 Preparation of Remineralizing
during the daily remineralization/ grit silicon carbide abrasive papers to Solution
demineralization cycle that takes expose and polish the dentin layer.
place in the mouth. This study was Fresh deionized (DI) water was kept
Artificial saliva (remineralizing sol- 15:30-16:00: All teeth soaked in parametric ANOVA on Ranks test
ution) was prepared to have the demineralizing solution at 37°C was used to detect significance.
following composition: When significance was found, pair-
16:00-17:00: All teeth removed from wise comparisons were made using
2.200g/L Gastric Mucin demineralizing solution, brushed the nonparametric Student-Newman-
0.381g/L NaCl using a soft-bristled toothbrush with Keuls test (significant if p<0.05).
0.213g/L CaCl2•2H2O the appropriate dentifrice, and gently Data are reported as mean ± standard
0.738g/L K2HPO4•3H2O rinsed with deionized (DI) water. error of the mean.
1.114g/L KCl
17:00-08:00: All teeth soaked in Results
Each ingredient was added separately artificial saliva at 37°C Figures 1 – 3 (following page) contain
to stirring DI water and was allowed representative SEM images of teeth
to dissolve completely before the next from each of the three treatment
ingredient was added. The solution groups. It is clear that the polished,
was heated to 37°C and the pH was SEM Analysis acid-etched bovine dentin samples
adjusted to 7.00 using 85% lactic At the end of the 10-day study, the contain open tubules (Figs. 1a and
acid. teeth were dried at 37°C and mounted 1b). All five control samples were
for analysis using scanning electron very uniform in appearance and in the
Preparation of Demineralizing microscopy (SEM). Three teeth from number of tubules present.
Solution each treatment group were mounted
Demineralizing solution was prepared on carbon mounts and coated with Figures 2a and 2b show the samples
to have the following composition: carbon coating and the remaining two from the GC Tooth Mousse treatment
teeth from each treatment group were group after 10 days of remin/demin
2.2mM CaCl2•2H2O mounted on aluminum mounts and cycling. A film can be seen on the
2.2mM NaH2PO4•7H2O coated with a gold/palladium coating. dentin and there is significantly more
0.05M Lactic Acid SEM images were obtained at 500X fibrous-appearing material on the
0.5ppm Fluoride and 2000X from three randomly surface compared to the control
chosen spots on each tooth surface. samples. There is also evidence of
Each ingredient was added separately some tubule occlusion (top and lower
to stirring DI water and was allowed Quantitative Evaluation of Tubule right in Fig. 2a and lower portion of
to dissolve completely before the next Occlusion Fig. 2b).
ingredient was added. The solution Tubule counting was performed on all
was heated to 37°C and the pH was SEM images that were obtained at Figures 3a and 3b show the
adjusted to 4.52 using 50% NaOH 2000X (15 images per treatment DenShield™-treated dentin samples
solution. group). Three people separately after 10 days of remin/demin cycling.
examined each image and counted the Most of the exposed dentin tubules
Remineralization/Demineralization number of open tubules and partially have been occluded and there is
Study Protocol occluded tubules using previously significant build-up of a reaction layer
The 15 root dentin samples were agreed-upon criteria. Tubules that on the surface of the dentin.
randomly assigned to one of three could not be fully visualized on the
treatment groups: 1) Control (brushed SEM images were not counted.
with DI water), 2) GC Tooth Mousse,
or 3) DenShield™ and were subjected For each SEM image the tubule
to the following protocol every day counts from the three people were
for a total of 10 days: averaged together to obtain the
number of open, partially occluded,
08:00-08:30: All teeth soaked in and total visible (open + partially
demineralizing solution at 37°C occluded) tubules (n=3). For each
treatment group, the data from the 15
08:30-09:30: All teeth removed from SEM images were averaged together
demineralizing solution, brushed to obtain the average number of open,
using a soft-bristled toothbrush with partially occluded, and total visible
the appropriate dentifrice, and gently tubules (n=15).
rinsed with deionized (DI) water
Data were statistically analyzed using
09:30-15:30: All teeth soaked in SigmaPlot software (v9.01, Systat
artificial saliva at 37°C Software, Inc.). Data did not have a
normal distribution so the non-
Results
Figures 1a and 1b: SEM Images of Control Teeth Brushed with DI Water (2000X)
Figures 2a and 2b: SEM Images of Teeth Brushed with GC Tooth Mousse (2000X)
Figures 3a and 3b: SEM Images of Teeth Brushed with DenShield™ (2000X)
GC Tooth Mousse DenShield