% BibTeX `plain' family

% version 0.99b for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09.
% Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved.
% Copying of this file is authorized only if either
% (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or
% (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than
% btxbst.doc, plain.bst, unsrt.bst, alpha.bst, and abbrv.bst.
% This restriction helps ensure that all standard styles are identical.
% The file btxbst.doc has the documentation for this style.
% Please notify Oren Patashnik (PATASHNIK@SCORE.STANFORD.EDU) of any bugs in
% these standard styles or in this documentation file.
%
% This is file btxbxt.doc; it helps document bibliography styles,
% and is also a template file that you can use to make
% several different style files, if you have access to a C preprocessor.
% For example, the standard styles were made by doing something like
% cpp -P -DPLAIN btxbst.doc plain.txt
% cpp -P -DUNSRT btxbst.doc unsrt.txt
% cpp -P -DALPHA btxbst.doc alpha.txt
% cpp -P -DABBRV btxbst.doc abbrv.txt
% and then renaming after removing unwanted comments and blank lines.
% If you don't have access,
% you can edit this file by hand to imitate the preprocessor,
% with the following explanation of the C preprocessor constructs used here.
%
% The output of the preprocessor is the same as the input, except that certain
% lines will be excluded (and some blank lines will be added). The sequence
% #if VAR
% lines to be included when VAR is not zero
% #else
% lines to be included when VAR is zero
% #endif
% (with the #-signs appearing in column 1) means that one set or the other of
% the lines are to be included depending on the value of VAR.
% The #else part is optional. Comments can be added after #else and #endif.
% Variables can be set by
% #define VAR value
% and one can also use #ifdef VAR to see if VAR has any value, and #ifndef
% to see if it has none.
% Another #if form used in this file is #if !VAR, which includes the lines
% after the #if only if VAR is zero.
%
% Convention: Use all uppercase identifiers for these preprocessor variables
% so you can spot them easily
%
% The command line to the preprocessor should define one of PLAIN, UNSRT, ALPHA
% or ABBRV (though PLAIN will be used by default if none is given),
% and the following lines will set various boolean variables to control the
% various lines that are chosen from the rest of the file.
% Each boolean variable should be set true (1) or false (0) in each style.
% Here are the current variables, and their meanings:
% LAB_ALPH: an alphabetic label is used (if false then a numeric
% label is used)
% SORTED: the entries should be sorted by label (if nonnumeric)
% and other info, like authors (if false, then
% entries remain in order of occurrence)
% NAME_FULL: the authors, editors, etc., get the full names as
% given in the bibliography file (if false, the first
% names become initials)
% ATIT_LOWER: titles of non-"books" (e.g., articles) should be
% converted to lower-case, except the first letter or
% first letter after a colon
% (if false then they appear as in the database)
% MONTH_FULL: months are spelled out in full (if false, then
% they're abbreviated)
% JOUR_FULL: macro journal names are spelled out in full
% (if false then they are abbreviated, currently
% as they appear in ACM publications)
#ifndef UNSRT
# ifndef ALPHA
# ifndef ABBRV
# define PLAIN 1
# endif
# endif
#endif
#ifdef PLAIN
% plain style (sorted numbers)
# define LAB_ALPH 0
# define SORTED 1
# define NAME_FULL 1
# define ATIT_LOWER 1
# define MONTH_FULL 1
# define JOUR_FULL 1
#endif
#ifdef UNSRT
% unsrt style (unsorted numbers)
# define LAB_ALPH 0
# define SORTED 0
# define NAME_FULL 1
# define ATIT_LOWER 1
# define MONTH_FULL 1
# define JOUR_FULL 1
#endif
#ifdef ALPHA
% alpha style (sorted short alphabetics)
# define LAB_ALPH 1
# define SORTED 1
# define NAME_FULL 1
# define ATIT_LOWER 1
# define MONTH_FULL 1
# define JOUR_FULL 1
#endif
#ifdef ABBRV
% abbrv style (sorted numbers, with abbreviations)
# define LAB_ALPH 0
# define SORTED 1
# define NAME_FULL 0
# define ATIT_LOWER 1
# define MONTH_FULL 0
# define JOUR_FULL 0
#endif
%
% Entry formatting: Similar to that recommended by Mary-Claire van Leunen
% in "A Handbook for Scholars". Book-like titles are italicized
% (emphasized) and non-book titles are converted to sentence
% capitilization (and not enclosed in quotes).
% This file outputs a \newblock between major blocks of an entry
% (the name \newblock is analogous to the names \newline and \newpage)
% so that the user can obtain an "open" format, which has a line break
% before each block and lines after the first are indented within blocks,
% by giving the optional \documentstyle argument `openbib';
% The default is the "closed" format---blocks runs together.
%
% Citation alphabetic label format:
% [Knu73] for single author (or editor or key)
% [AHU83] (first letters of last names) for multiple authors
%
% Citation label numberic format:
% [number]
%
% Reference list ordering for sorted, alphabetic lables:
% alphabetical by citation label, then by author(s) or whatever
% passes for author in the absence of one, then by year,
% then title
%
% Reference list ordering for sorted, numeric lables:
% alphabetical by author(s) or whatever passes
% for author in the absence of one, then by year, then title
%
% Reference list ordering for unsorted:
% by the order cited in the text
%
% History
% 12/16/84 (HWT) Original `plain' version, by Howard Trickey.
% 12/23/84 (LL) Some comments made by Leslie Lamport.
% 2/16/85 (OP) Changes based on LL's comments, Oren Patashnik.
% 2/17/85 (HWT) Template file and other standard styles made.
% 3/28/85 (OP) First release, version 0.98b for BibTeX 0.98f.
% 5/ 9/85 (OP) Version 0.98c for BibTeX 0.98i:
% fixed Theoretical Computer Science macro name;
% fixed the format.vol.num.pages function.
% 1/24/88 (OP) Version 0.99a for BibTeX 0.99a, main changes:
% assignment operator (:=) arguments reversed;
% the preamble$ function outputs the database PREAMBLE;
% entry.max$ and global.max$ (built-in) variables replace
% entry.string.max and global.string.max functions;
% alphabetizing by year then title, not just title;
% many unnecessary ties removed; \it ==> \em;
% the `alpha' style uses a superscripted `+' instead of a
% `*' for unnamed names in constructing the label;
% the `abbrv' style now uses "Mar." and "Sept.";
% the functions calc.label and presort now look at just
% the fields they're supposed to;
% BOOKLET, MASTERSTHESIS, TECHREPORT use nonbook titles;
% INBOOK and INCOLLECTION take an optional type (e.g.
% type = "Section"), overriding the default "chapter";
% BOOK, INBOOK, INCOLLECTION, and PROCEEDINGS now allow
% either volume or number, not just volume;
% INCOLLECTION now allows an edition and series field;
% PROCEEDINGS and INPROCEEDINGS now use the address field
% to tell where a conference was held;
% INPROCEEDINGS and PROCEEDINGS now allow either volume
% or number, and also a series field;
% MASTERSTHESIS and PHDTHESIS accept types other than
% "Master's thesis" and "PhD thesis";
% UNPUBLISHED now outputs, in one block, note then date;
% MANUAL now prints out the organization in
% the first block if the author field is empty;
% MISC can't be empty---it requires some optional field.
% 3/23/88 (OP) Version 0.99b for BibTeX 0.99c---changed the three
% erroneous occurrences of `cite ' to `cite$ '; this
% change didn't affect the four standard styles, so the
% 0.99a versions of those styles are still current.
%
% The ENTRY declaration
% Like Scribe's (according to pages 231-2 of the April '84 edition),
% but no fullauthor or editors fields because BibTeX does name handling.
% The annote field is commented out here because this family doesn't
% include an annotated bibliography style. And in addition to the fields
% listed here, BibTeX has a built-in crossref field, explained later.
ENTRY
% Fields:
{ address
% Usually the address of a publisher or other type of organization.
% Put information in this field only if it helps the reader find the
% thing---for example you should omit the address of a major
% publisher entirely. For a PROCEEDINGS or an INPROCEEDINGS,
% however, it's the address of the conference; for those two entry
% types, include the publisher's or organization's address, if
% necessary, in the publisher or organization field.
% annote
% Long annotation---for annotated bibliographies (begins sentence).
author
% Name(s) of author(s), in BibTeX name format.
booktitle
% Book title when the thing being referenced isn't the whole book.
% For book entries, the title field should be used instead.
chapter
% Chapter (or section or whatever) number.
edition
% Edition of a book---should be an ordinal (e.g., "Second").
editor
% Name(s) of editor(s), in BibTeX name format.
% If there is also an author field, then the editor field should be
% for the book or collection that the work appears in.
howpublished
% How something strange has been published (begins sentence).
institution
% Sponsoring institution of a technical report.
journal
% Journal name (macros are provided for many).
key
% Alphabetizing, labeling, and cross-referencing key
% (needed when an entry has no author or editor).
month
% Month (macros are provided).
note
% To help the reader find a reference (begins sentence).
number
% Number of a journal or technical report, or of a work in a series.
organization
% Organization sponsoring a conference (or publishing a manual); if
% the editor (or author) is empty, and if the organization produces
% an awkward label or cross reference, you should put appropriately
% condensed organization information in the key field as well.
pages
% Page number or numbers (use `--' to separate a range, use `+'
% to indicate pages following that don't form a simple range).
publisher
% Publisher name.
school
% School name (for theses).
series
% The name of a series or set of books.
% An individual book will will also have it's own title.
title
% The title of the thing you're referred to.
type
% Type of a Techreport (e.g., "Research Note") to be used instead of
% the default "Technical Report"; or, similarly, the type of a
% thesis; or of a part of a book.
volume
% The volume number of a journal or multivolume work.
year
% The year should contain only numerals (technically, it should end
% with four numerals, after purification; doesn't a begin sentence).
}
% There are no integer entry variables
{}
% These string entry variables are used to form the citation label.
% In a storage pinch, sort.label can be easily computed on the fly.
#if LAB_ALPH
#if SORTED
{ label extra.label sort.label }
#else !SORTED
% It doesn't seem like a good idea to use an order-of-citation
% reference list when using alphabetic labels, but when this happens
% we do things a little differently
{ label }
#endif SORTED
#else !LAB_ALPH
{ label }
#endif LAB_ALPH
% Each entry function starts by calling output.bibitem, to write the
% \bibitem and its arguments to the .BBL file. Then the various fields
% are formatted and printed by output or output.check. Those functions
% handle the writing of separators (commas, periods, \newblock's),
% taking care not to do so when they are passed a null string.
% Finally, fin.entry is called to add the final period and finish the
% entry.
%
% A bibliographic reference is formatted into a number of `blocks':
% in the open format, a block begins on a new line and subsequent
% lines of the block are indented. A block may contain more than
% one sentence (well, not a grammatical sentence, but something to
% be ended with a sentence ending period). The entry functions should
% call new.block whenever a block other than the first is about to be
% started. They should call new.sentence whenever a new sentence is
% to be started. The output functions will ensure that if two
% new.sentence's occur without any non-null string being output between
% them then there won't be two periods output. Similarly for two
% successive new.block's.
%
% The output routines don't write their argument immediately.
% Instead, by convention, that argument is saved on the stack to be
% output next time (when we'll know what separator needs to come
% after it). Meanwhile, the output routine has to pop the pending
% output off the stack, append any needed separator, and write it.
%
% To tell which separator is needed, we maintain an output.state.
% It will be one of these values:
% before.all just after the \bibitem
% mid.sentence in the middle of a sentence: comma needed
% if more sentence is output
% after.sentence just after a sentence: period needed
% after.block just after a block (and sentence):
% period and \newblock needed.
% Note: These styles don't use after.sentence
%
% VAR: output.state : INTEGER -- state variable for output
%
% The output.nonnull function saves its argument (assumed to be nonnull)
% on the stack, and writes the old saved value followed by any needed
% separator. The ordering of the tests is decreasing frequency of
% occurrence.
%
% output.nonnull(s) ==
% BEGIN
% s := argument on stack
% if output.state = mid.sentence then
% write$(pop() * ", ")
% -- "pop" isn't a function: just use stack top
% else
% if output.state = after.block then
% write$(add.period$(pop()))
% newline$
% write$("\newblock ")
% else
% if output.state = before.all then
% write$(pop())
% else -- output.state should be after.sentence
% write$(add.period$(pop()) * " ")
% fi
% fi
% output.state := mid.sentence
% fi
% push s on stack
% END
%
% The output function calls output.nonnull if its argument is non-empty;
% its argument may be a missing field (thus, not necessarily a string)
%
% output(s) ==
% BEGIN
% if not empty$(s) then output.nonnull(s)
% fi
% END
%
% The output.check function is the same as the output function except that, if
% necessary, output.check warns the user that the t field shouldn't be empty
% (this is because it probably won't be a good reference without the field;
% the entry functions try to make the formatting look reasonable even when
% such fields are empty).
%
% output.check(s,t) ==
% BEGIN
% if empty$(s) then
% warning$("empty " * t * " in " * cite$)
% else output.nonnull(s)
% fi
% END
%
% The output.bibitem function writes the \bibitem for the current entry
% (the label should already have been set up), and sets up the separator
% state for the output functions. And, it leaves a string on the stack
% as per the output convention.
%
% output.bibitem ==
% BEGIN
% newline$
% write$("\bibitem[") % for alphabetic labels,
% write$(label) % these three lines
% write$("]{") % are used
% write$("\bibitem{") % this line for numeric labels
% write$(cite$)
% write$("}")
% push "" on stack
% output.state := before.all
% END
%
% The fin.entry function finishes off an entry by adding a period to the
% string remaining on the stack. If the state is still before.all
% then nothing was produced for this entry, so the result will look bad,
% but the user deserves it. (We don't omit the whole entry because the
% entry was cited, and a bibitem is needed to define the citation label.)
%
% fin.entry ==
% BEGIN
% write$(add.period$(pop()))
% newline$
% END
%
% The new.block function prepares for a new block to be output, and
% new.sentence prepares for a new sentence.
%
% new.block ==
% BEGIN
% if output.state <> before.all then
% output.state := after.block
% fi
% END
%
% new.sentence ==
% BEGIN
% if output.state <> after.block then
% if output.state <> before.all then
% output.state := after.sentence
% fi
% fi
% END
%
INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }
FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
{ #0 'before.all :=
#1 'mid.sentence :=
#2 'after.sentence :=
 #3 'after.block :=
}
% the variables s and t are temporary string holders
STRINGS { s t }
FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
{ 's :=
output.state mid.sentence =
{ ", " * write$ }
{ output.state after.block =
{ add.period$ write$
newline$
"\newblock " write$
}
{ output.state before.all =
'write$
{ add.period$ " " * write$ }
if$
}
if$
mid.sentence 'output.state :=
}
if$
s
}
FUNCTION {output}
{ duplicate$ empty$
'pop$
'output.nonnull
if$
}
FUNCTION {output.check}
{ 't :=
duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
'output.nonnull
if$
}
FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
{ newline$
#if LAB_ALPH
"\bibitem[" write$
label write$
"]{" write$
#else
"\bibitem{" write$
#endif LAB_ALPH
cite$ write$
"}" write$
newline$
""
before.all 'output.state :=
}
% This function finishes all entries.
FUNCTION {fin.entry}
{ add.period$
write$
newline$
}
FUNCTION {new.block}
{ output.state before.all =
'skip$
{ after.block 'output.state := }
if$
}
FUNCTION {new.sentence}
{ output.state after.block =
'skip$
{ output.state before.all =
'skip$
{ after.sentence 'output.state := }
if$
}
if$
}
% These three functions pop one or two (integer) arguments from the stack
% and push a single one, either 0 or 1.
% The 'skip$ in the `and' and `or' functions are used because
% the corresponding if$ would be idempotent
FUNCTION {not}
{ { #0 }
{ #1 }
if$
}
FUNCTION {and}
{ 'skip$
{ pop$ #0 }
if$
}
FUNCTION {or}
{ { pop$ #1 }
'skip$
if$
}
% Sometimes we begin a new block only if the block will be big enough. The
% new.block.checka function issues a new.block if its argument is nonempty;
% new.block.checkb does the same if either of its TWO arguments is nonempty.
FUNCTION {new.block.checka}
{ empty$
'skip$
'new.block
if$
}
FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}
{ empty$
swap$ empty$
and
'skip$
'new.block
if$
}
% The new.sentence.check functions are analogous.
FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}
{ empty$
'skip$
'new.sentence
if$
}
FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}
{ empty$
swap$ empty$
and
'skip$
'new.sentence
if$
}
% Here are some functions for formatting chunks of an entry.
% By convention they either produce a string that can be followed by
% a comma or period (using add.period$, so it is OK to end in a period),
% or they produce the null string.
%
% A useful utility is the field.or.null function, which checks if the
% argument is the result of pushing a `missing' field (one for which no
% assignment was made when the current entry was read in from the database)
% or the result of pushing a string having no non-white-space characters.
% It returns the null string if so, otherwise it returns the field string.
% Its main (but not only) purpose is to guarantee that what's left on the
% stack is a string rather than a missing field.
%
% field.or.null(s) ==
% BEGIN
% if empty$(s) then return ""
% else return s
% END
%
% Another helper function is emphasize, which returns the argument emphazised,
% if that is non-empty, otherwise it returns the null string. Italic
% corrections aren't used, so this function should be used when punctation
% will follow the result.
%
% emphasize(s) ==
% BEGIN
% if empty$(s) then return ""
% else return "{\em " * s * "}"
%
% The format.names function formats the argument (which should be in
% BibTeX name format) into "First Von Last, Junior", separated by commas
% and with an "and" before the last (but ending with "et~al." if the last
% of multiple authors is "others"). This function's argument should always
% contain at least one name.
%
% VAR: nameptr, namesleft, numnames: INTEGER
% pseudoVAR: nameresult: STRING (it's what's accumulated on the stack)
%
% format.names(s) ==
% BEGIN
% nameptr := 1
% numnames := num.names$(s)
% namesleft := numnames
% while namesleft > 0
% do
% % for full names:
% t := format.name$(s, nameptr, "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}")
% % for abbreviated first names:
% t := format.name$(s, nameptr, "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}")
% if nameptr > 1 then
% if namesleft > 1 then nameresult := nameresult * ", " * t
% else if numnames > 2
% then nameresult := nameresult * ","
% fi
% if t = "others"
% then nameresult := nameresult * " et~al."
% else nameresult := nameresult * " and " * t
% fi
% fi
% else nameresult := t
% fi
% nameptr := nameptr + 1
% namesleft := namesleft - 1
% od
% return nameresult
% END
%
% The format.authors function returns the result of format.names(author)
% if the author is present, or else it returns the null string
%
% format.authors ==
% BEGIN
% if empty$(author) then return ""
% else return format.names(author)
% fi
% END
%
% Format.editors is like format.authors, but it uses the editor field,
% and appends ", editor" or ", editors"
%
% format.editors ==
% BEGIN
% if empty$(editor) then return ""
% else
% if num.names$(editor) > 1 then
% return format.names(editor) * ", editors"
% else
% return format.names(editor) * ", editor"
% fi
% fi
% END
%
% Other formatting functions are similar, so no "comment version" will be
% given for them.
%
% The `pop$' in this function gets rid of the duplicate `empty' value and
% the `skip$' returns the duplicate field value
FUNCTION {field.or.null}
{ duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "" }
'skip$
if$
}
FUNCTION {emphasize}
{ duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "" }
{ "{\em " swap$ * "}" * }
if$
}
INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }
FUNCTION {format.names}
{ 's :=
#1 'nameptr :=
s num.names$ 'numnames :=
numnames 'namesleft :=
{ namesleft #0 > }
#if NAME_FULL
{ s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=
#else
{ s nameptr "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=
#endif NAME_FULL
nameptr #1 >
{ namesleft #1 >
{ ", " * t * }
{ numnames #2 >
{ "," * }
'skip$
if$
t "others" =
{ " et~al." * }
{ " and " * t * }
if$
}
if$
}
't
if$
nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
}
while$
}
FUNCTION {format.authors}
{ author empty$
{ "" }
{ author format.names }
if$
}
FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor empty$
{ "" }
{ editor format.names
editor num.names$ #1 >
{ ", editors" * }
{ ", editor" * }
if$
}
if$
}
% The format.title function is used for non-book-like titles.
% For most styles we convert to lowercase (except for the very first letter,
% and except for the first one after a colon (followed by whitespace)),
% and hope the user has brace-surrounded words that need to stay capitilized;
% for some styles, however, we leave it as it is in the database.
FUNCTION {format.title}
{ title empty$
{ "" }
#if ATIT_LOWER
{ title "t" change.case$ }
#else
'title
#endif ATIT_LOWER
if$
}
% By default, BibTeX sets the global integer variable global.max$ to the BibTeX
% constant glob_str_size, the maximum length of a global string variable.
% Analogously, BibTeX sets the global integer variable entry.max$ to
% ent_str_size, the maximum length of an entry string variable.
% The style designer may change these if necessary (but this is unlikely)
% The n.dashify function makes each single `-' in a string a double `--'
% if it's not already
%
% pseudoVAR: pageresult: STRING (it's what's accumulated on the stack)
%
% n.dashify(s) ==
% BEGIN
% t := s
% pageresult := ""
% while (not empty$(t))
% do
% if (first character of t = "-")
% then
% if (next character isn't)
% then
% pageresult := pageresult * "--"
% t := t with the "-" removed
% else
% while (first character of t = "-")
% do
% pageresult := pageresult * "-"
% t := t with the "-" removed
% od
% fi
% else
% pageresult := pageresult * the first character
% t := t with the first character removed
% fi
% od
% return pageresult
% END
FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{ 't :=
""
{ t empty$ not }
{ t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
{ t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
{ "--" *
t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
}
{ { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
{ "-" *
t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
}
while$
}
if$
}
{ t #1 #1 substring$ *
t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
}
if$
}
while$
}
% The format.date function is for the month and year, but we give a warning if
% there's an empty year but the month is there, and we return the empty string
% if they're both empty.
FUNCTION {format.date}
{ year empty$
{ month empty$
{ "" }
{ "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$
month
}
if$
}
{ month empty$
'year
{ month " " * year * }
if$
}
if$
}
% The format.btitle is for formatting the title field when it is a book-like
% entry---the style used here keeps it in uppers-and-lowers and emphasizes it.
FUNCTION {format.btitle}
{ title emphasize
}
% For several functions we'll need to connect two strings with a
% tie (~) if the second one isn't very long (fewer than 3 characters).
% The tie.or.space.connect function does that. It concatenates the two
% strings on top of the stack, along with either a tie or space between
% them, and puts this concatenation back onto the stack:
%
% tie.or.space.connect(str1,str2) ==
% BEGIN
% if text.length$(str2) < 3
% then return the concatenation of str1, "~", and str2
% else return the concatenation of str1, " ", and str2
% END
FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}
{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
{ "~" }
{ " " }
if$
swap$ * *
}
% The either.or.check function complains if both fields or an either-or pair
% are nonempty.
%
% either.or.check(t,s) ==
% BEGIN
% if empty$(s) then
% warning$(can't use both " * t * " fields in " * cite$)
% fi
% END
FUNCTION {either.or.check}
{ empty$
'pop$
{ "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
if$
}
% The format.bvolume function is for formatting the volume and perhaps
% series name of a multivolume work. If both a volume and a series field
% are there, we assume the series field is the title of the whole multivolume
% work (the title field should be the title of the thing being referred to),
% and we add an "of <series>". This function is called in mid-sentence.
FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
{ volume empty$
{ "" }
{ "volume" volume tie.or.space.connect
series empty$
'skip$
{ " of " * series emphasize * }
if$
"volume and number" number either.or.check
}
if$
}
% The format.number.series function is for formatting the series name
% and perhaps number of a work in a series. This function is similar to
% format.bvolume, although for this one the series must exist (and the
% volume must not exist). If the number field is empty we output either
% the series field unchanged if it exists or else the null string.
% If both the number and series fields are there we assume the series field
% gives the name of the whole series (the title field should be the title
% of the work being one referred to), and we add an "in <series>".
% We capitilize Number when this function is used at the beginning of a block.
FUNCTION {format.number.series}
{ volume empty$
{ number empty$
{ series field.or.null }
{ output.state mid.sentence =
{ "number" }
{ "Number" }
if$
number tie.or.space.connect
series empty$
{ "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }
{ " in " * series * }
if$
}
if$
}
{ "" }
if$
}
% The format.edition function appends " edition" to the edition, if present.
% We lowercase the edition (it should be something like "Third"), because
% this doesn't start a sentence.
FUNCTION {format.edition}
{ edition empty$
{ "" }
{ output.state mid.sentence =
{ edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * }
{ edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * }
if$
}
if$
}
% The format.pages function is used for formatting a page range in a book
% (and in rare circumstances, an article).
%
% The multi.page.check function examines the page field for a "-" or "," or "+"
% so that format.pages can use "page" instead of "pages" if none exists.
% Note: global.max$ here means "take the rest of the string"
%
% VAR: multiresult: INTEGER (actually, a boolean)
%
% multi.page.check(s) ==
% BEGIN
% t := s
% multiresult := false
% while ((not multiresult) and (not empty$(t)))
% do
% if (first character of t = "-" or "," or "+")
% then multiresult := true
% else t := t with the first character removed
% fi
% od
% return multiresult
% END
INTEGERS { multiresult }
FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
{ 't :=
#0 'multiresult :=
{ multiresult not
t empty$ not
and
}
{ t #1 #1 substring$
duplicate$ "-" =
swap$ duplicate$ "," =
swap$ "+" =
or or
{ #1 'multiresult := }
{ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
if$
}
while$
multiresult
}
% This function doesn't begin a sentence so "pages" isn't capitalized.
% Other functions that use this should keep that in mind.
FUNCTION {format.pages}
{ pages empty$
{ "" }
{ pages multi.page.check
{ "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect }
{ "page" pages tie.or.space.connect }
if$
}
if$
}
% The format.vol.num.pages function is for the volume, number, and page range
% of a journal article. We use the format: vol(number):pages, with some
% variations for empty fields. This doesn't begin a sentence.
FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}
{ volume field.or.null
number empty$
'skip$
{ "(" number * ")" * *
volume empty$
{ "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ }
'skip$
if$
}
if$
pages empty$
'skip$
{ duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ format.pages }
 { ":" * pages n.dashify * }
if$
}
if$
}

% The format.chapter.pages, if the chapter is present, puts whatever is in the

% type field (or else "chapter" if type is empty) in front of a chapter number.
% It then appends the pages, if present. This doesn't begin a sentence.
FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
{ chapter empty$
'format.pages
{ type empty$
{ "chapter" }
{ type "l" change.case$ }
if$
chapter tie.or.space.connect
pages empty$
'skip$
{ ", " * format.pages * }
if$
}
if$
}
% The format.in.ed.booktitle function is used for starting out a sentence
% that begins "In <booktitle>", putting an editor before the title if one
% exists.
FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
{ booktitle empty$
{ "" }
{ editor empty$
{ "In " booktitle emphasize * }
{ "In " format.editors * ", " * booktitle emphasize * }
if$
}
if$
}
% The function empty.misc.check complains if all six fields are empty, and
% if there's been no sorting or alphabetic-label complaint.
FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}
{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
month empty$ year empty$ note empty$
and and and and and
#if SORTED
key empty$ not and
#else !SORTED
#if LAB_ALPH
key empty$ not and
#endif LAB_ALPH
#endif SORTED
{ "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
'skip$
if$
}
% The function format.thesis.type returns either the (case-changed) type field,
% if it is defined, or else the default string already on the stack
% (like "Master's thesis" or "PhD thesis").
FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
{ type empty$
'skip$
{ pop$
type "t" change.case$
}
if$
}
% The function format.tr.number makes a string starting with "Technical Report"
% (or type, if that field is defined), followed by the number if there is one;
% it returns the starting part (with a case change) even if there is no number.
% This is used at the beginning of a sentence.
FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
{ type empty$
{ "Technical Report" }
'type
if$
number empty$
{ "t" change.case$ }
{ number tie.or.space.connect }
if$
}
% Now come the cross-referencing functions (these are invoked because
% one entry in the database file(s) cross-references another, by giving
% the other entry's database key in a `crossref' field). This feature
% allows one or more titled things that are part of a larger titled
% thing to cross-reference the larger thing. These styles allow for
% five posibilities: (1) an ARTICLE may cross-reference an ARTICLE;
% (2) a BOOK, (3) INBOOK, or (4) INCOLLECTION may cross-reference a BOOK;
% or (5) an INPROCEEDINGS may cross-reference a PROCEEDINGS.
% Each of these is explained in more detail later.
%
% An ARTICLE entry type may cross reference another ARTICLE (this is
% intended for when an entire journal is devoted to a single topic---
% but since there is no JOURNAL entry type, the journal, too, should be
% classified as an ARTICLE but without the author and title fields).
% This will result in two warning messages for the journal's entry
% if it's included in the reference list, but such is life.
%
% format.article.crossref ==
% BEGIN
% if empty$(key) then
% if empty$(journal) then
% warning$("need key or journal for " * cite$ *
% " to crossref " * crossref)
% return(" \cite{" * crossref * "}")
% else
% return("In " * emphazise.correct (journal) *
% " \cite{" * crossref * "}")
% fi
% else
% return("In " * key * " \cite{" * crossref * "}")
% fi
% END
%
% The other cross-referencing functions are similar, so no "comment version"
% will be given for them.
FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
{ key empty$
{ journal empty$
{ "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref *
warning$
""
}
{ "In {\em " journal * "\/}" * }
if$
}
{ "In " key * }
if$
" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
% We use just the last names of editors for a cross reference: either
% "editor", or "editor1 and editor2", or "editor1 et~al." depending on
% whether there are one, or two, or more than two editors.
FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}
{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
editor num.names$ duplicate$
#2 >
{ pop$ " et~al." * }
{ #2 <
'skip$
{ editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
{ " et~al." * }
{ " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
if$
}
if$
}
if$
}
% A BOOK (or INBOOK) entry type (assumed to be for a single volume in a
% multivolume work) may cross reference another BOOK (the entire multivolume).
% Usually there will be an editor, in which case we use that to construct the
% cross reference; otherwise we use a nonempty key field or else the series
% field (since the series gives the title of the multivolume work).
FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
{ volume empty$
{ "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
"In "
}
{ "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect
" of " *
}
if$
editor empty$
editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
or
 { key empty$
{ series empty$
{ "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
crossref * warning$
"" *
}
{ "{\em " * series * "\/}" * }
if$
}
{ key * }
if$
}
{ format.crossref.editor * }
if$
" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
% An INCOLLECTION entry type may cross reference a BOOK (assumed to be the
% collection), or an INPROCEEDINGS may cross reference a PROCEEDINGS.
% Often there will be an editor, in which case we use that to construct
% the cross reference; otherwise we use a nonempty key field or else
% the booktitle field (which gives the cross-referenced work's title).
FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
{ editor empty$
editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
or
{ key empty$
{ booktitle empty$
{ "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
crossref * warning$
""
}
{ "In {\em " booktitle * "\/}" * }
if$
}
{ "In " key * }
if$
}
{ "In " format.crossref.editor * }
if$
" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
% Now we define the type functions for all entry types that may appear
% in the .BIB file---e.g., functions like `article' and `book'. These
% are the routines that actually generate the .BBL-file output for
% the entry. These must all precede the READ command. In addition, the
% style designer should have a function `default.type' for unknown types.
% Note: The fields (within each list) are listed in order of appearance,
% except as described for an `inbook' or a `proceedings'.
%
% The article function is for an article in a journal. An article may
% CROSSREF another article.
% Required fields: author, title, journal, year
% Optional fields: volume, number, pages, month, note
%
% article ==
% BEGIN
% output.bibitem
% output.check(format.authors,"author")
% new.block
% output.check(format.title,"title")
% new.block
% if missing$(crossref) then
% output.check(emphasize(journal),"journal")
% output(format.vol.num.pages)
% output.check(format.date,"year")
% else
% output.nonnull(format.article.crossref)
% output(format.pages)
% fi
% new.block
% output(note)
% fin.entry
% END
%
% The book function is for a whole book. A book may CROSSREF another book.
% Required fields: author or editor, title, publisher, year
% Optional fields: volume or number, series, address, edition, month,
% note
%
% book ==
% BEGIN
% if empty$(author) then output.check(format.editors,"author and editor")
% else output.check(format.authors,"author")
% if missing$(crossref) then
% either.or.check("author and editor",editor)
% fi
% fi
% new.block
% output.check(format.btitle,"title")
% if missing$(crossref) then
% output(format.bvolume)
% new.block
% output(format.number.series)
% new.sentence
% output.check(publisher,"publisher")
% output(address)
% else
% new.block
% output.nonnull(format.book.crossref)
% fi
% output(format.edition)
% output.check(format.date,"year")
% new.block
% output(note)
% fin.entry
% END
%
% The other entry functions are all quite similar, so no "comment version"
% will be given for them.
FUNCTION {article}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
crossref missing$
 { journal emphasize "journal" output.check
format.vol.num.pages output
format.date "year" output.check
}
{ format.article.crossref output.nonnull
format.pages output
}
if$
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {book}
{ output.bibitem
author empty$
{ format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
{ format.authors output.nonnull
crossref missing$
{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
'skip$
if$
}
if$
new.block
format.btitle "title" output.check
crossref missing$
{ format.bvolume output
new.block
format.number.series output
new.sentence
publisher "publisher" output.check
address output
}
{ new.block
format.book.crossref output.nonnull
}
if$
format.edition output
format.date "year" output.check
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
% A booklet is a bound thing without a publisher or sponsoring institution.
% Required: title
% Optional: author, howpublished, address, month, year, note
FUNCTION {booklet}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors output
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
howpublished address new.block.checkb
howpublished output
address output
format.date output
new.block
note output
 fin.entry
}
% For the conference entry type, see inproceedings.
% An inbook is a piece of a book: either a chapter and/or a page range.
% It may CROSSREF a book. If there's no volume field, the type field
% will come before number and series.
% Required: author or editor, title, chapter and/or pages, publisher,year
% Optional: volume or number, series, type, address, edition, month, note
FUNCTION {inbook}
{ output.bibitem
author empty$
{ format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
{ format.authors output.nonnull
crossref missing$
{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
'skip$
if$
}
if$
new.block
format.btitle "title" output.check
crossref missing$
{ format.bvolume output
format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
new.block
format.number.series output
new.sentence
publisher "publisher" output.check
address output
}
{ format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
new.block
format.book.crossref output.nonnull
}
if$
format.edition output
format.date "year" output.check
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
% An incollection is like inbook, but where there is a separate title
% for the referenced thing (and perhaps an editor for the whole).
% An incollection may CROSSREF a book.
% Required: author, title, booktitle, publisher, year
% Optional: editor, volume or number, series, type, chapter, pages,
% address, edition, month, note
FUNCTION {incollection}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
crossref missing$
{ format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
 format.bvolume output
format.number.series output
format.chapter.pages output
new.sentence
publisher "publisher" output.check
address output
format.edition output
format.date "year" output.check
}
{ format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
format.chapter.pages output
}
if$
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
% An inproceedings is an article in a conference proceedings, and it may
% CROSSREF a proceedings. If there's no address field, the month (& year)
% will appear just before note.
% Required: author, title, booktitle, year
% Optional: editor, volume or number, series, pages, address, month,
% organization, publisher, note
FUNCTION {inproceedings}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
crossref missing$
{ format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
format.bvolume output
format.number.series output
format.pages output
address empty$
{ organization publisher new.sentence.checkb
organization output
publisher output
format.date "year" output.check
}
{ address output.nonnull
format.date "year" output.check
new.sentence
organization output
publisher output
}
if$
}
{ format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
format.pages output
}
if$
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
% The conference function is included for Scribe compatibility.
FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }
% A manual is technical documentation.
% Required: title
% Optional: author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note
FUNCTION {manual}
{ output.bibitem
author empty$
{ organization empty$
'skip$
{ organization output.nonnull
address output
}
if$
}
{ format.authors output.nonnull }
if$
new.block
format.btitle "title" output.check
author empty$
{ organization empty$
{ address new.block.checka
address output
}
'skip$
if$
}
{ organization address new.block.checkb
organization output
address output
}
if$
format.edition output
format.date output
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
% A mastersthesis is a Master's thesis.
% Required: author, title, school, year
% Optional: type, address, month, note
FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
"Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
school "school" output.check
address output
format.date "year" output.check
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
% A misc is something that doesn't fit elsewhere.
% Required: at least one of the `optional' fields
% Optional: author, title, howpublished, month, year, note
FUNCTION {misc}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors output
title howpublished new.block.checkb
format.title output
howpublished new.block.checka
howpublished output
format.date output
new.block
note output
fin.entry
empty.misc.check
}
% A phdthesis is like a mastersthesis.
% Required: author, title, school, year
% Optional: type, address, month, note
FUNCTION {phdthesis}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.btitle "title" output.check
new.block
"PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
school "school" output.check
address output
format.date "year" output.check
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
% A proceedings is a conference proceedings.
% If there is an organization but no editor field, the organization will
% appear as the first optional field (we try to make the first block nonempty);
% if there's no address field, the month (& year) will appear just before note.
% Required: title, year
% Optional: editor, volume or number, series, address, month,
% organization, publisher, note
FUNCTION {proceedings}
{ output.bibitem
editor empty$
{ organization output }
{ format.editors output.nonnull }
if$
new.block
format.btitle "title" output.check
format.bvolume output
format.number.series output
address empty$
{ editor empty$
{ publisher new.sentence.checka }
{ organization publisher new.sentence.checkb
organization output
 }
if$
publisher output
format.date "year" output.check
}
{ address output.nonnull
format.date "year" output.check
new.sentence
editor empty$
'skip$
{ organization output }
if$
publisher output
}
if$
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
% A techreport is a technical report.
% Required: author, title, institution, year
% Optional: type, number, address, month, note
FUNCTION {techreport}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
format.tr.number output.nonnull
institution "institution" output.check
address output
format.date "year" output.check
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
% An unpublished is something that hasn't been published.
% Required: author, title, note
% Optional: month, year
FUNCTION {unpublished}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
note "note" output.check
format.date output
fin.entry
}
% We use entry type `misc' for an unknown type; BibTeX gives a warning.
FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }
% Here are macros for common things that may vary from style to style.
% Users are encouraged to use these macros.
%
% Months are either written out in full or abbreviated
#if MONTH_FULL
MACRO {jan} {"January"}
MACRO {feb} {"February"}
MACRO {mar} {"March"}
MACRO {apr} {"April"}
MACRO {may} {"May"}
MACRO {jun} {"June"}
MACRO {jul} {"July"}
MACRO {aug} {"August"}
MACRO {sep} {"September"}
MACRO {oct} {"October"}
MACRO {nov} {"November"}
MACRO {dec} {"December"}
#else !MONTH_FULL
MACRO {jan} {"Jan."}
MACRO {feb} {"Feb."}
MACRO {mar} {"Mar."}
MACRO {apr} {"Apr."}
MACRO {may} {"May"}
MACRO {jun} {"June"}
MACRO {jul} {"July"}
MACRO {aug} {"Aug."}
MACRO {sep} {"Sept."}
MACRO {oct} {"Oct."}
MACRO {nov} {"Nov."}
MACRO {dec} {"Dec."}
#endif MONTH_FULL
% Journals are either written out in full or abbreviated;
% the abbreviations are like those found in ACM publications.
%
% To get a completely different set of abbreviations, it may be best to make
% a separate .bib file with nothing but those abbreviations; users could then
% include that file name as the first argument to the \bibliography command
#if JOUR_FULL
MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"}
MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"}
MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"}
MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"}
MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"}
MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"}
MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"}
MACRO {ieeetcad}
{"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"}
MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"}
MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"}
MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"}
MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"}
MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"}
MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"}
MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"}
MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"}
MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"}
MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"}
MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"}
MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"}
#else !JOUR_FULL
MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."}
MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."}
MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"}
MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."}
MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."}
MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."}
MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."}
MACRO {ieeetcad}
{"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integrated Circuits"}
MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."}
MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"}
MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."}
MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Programming"}
MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."}
MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."}
MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."}
MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Gr."}
MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."}
MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."}
MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Prog. Lang. Syst."}
MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Comput. Sci."}
#endif JOUR_FULL
% Now we read in the .BIB entries.
READ
% The sortify function converts to lower case after purify$ing; it's
% used in sorting and in computing alphabetic labels after sorting
%
% The chop.word(w,len,s) function returns either s or, if the first len
% letters of s equals w (this comparison is done in the third line of the
% function's definition), it returns that part of s after w.
#if SORTED
FUNCTION {sortify}
{ purify$
"l" change.case$
}
INTEGERS { len }
FUNCTION {chop.word}
{ 's :=
'len :=
s #1 len substring$ =
{ s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
's
if$
}
#else !SORTED
#if LAB_ALPH
% We need the chop.word stuff for the dubious unsorted-list-with-labels case.
INTEGERS { len }
FUNCTION {chop.word}
{ 's :=
'len :=
s #1 len substring$ =
{ s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
's
if$
}
#endif LAB_ALPH
#endif SORTED
% This long comment applies only to alphabetic labels
%
% The format.lab.names function makes a short label by using the initials of
% the von and Last parts of the names (but if there are more than four names,
% (i.e., people) it truncates after three and adds a superscripted "+";
% it also adds such a "+" if the last of multiple authors is "others").
% If there is only one name, and its von and Last parts combined have just
% a single name-token ("Knuth" has a single token, "Brinch Hansen" has two),
% we take the first three letters of the last name. The boolean
% et.al.char.used tells whether we've used a superscripted "+", so that we
% know whether to include a LaTeX macro for it.
%
% format.lab.names(s) ==
% BEGIN
% numnames := num.names$(s)
% if numnames > 1 then
% if numnames > 4 then
% namesleft := 3
% else
% namesleft := numnames
% nameptr := 1
% nameresult := ""
% while namesleft > 0
% do
% if (name_ptr = numnames) and
% format.name$(s, nameptr, "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}") = "others"
% then nameresult := nameresult * "{\etalchar{+}}"
% et.al.char.used := true
% else nameresult := nameresult *
% format.name$(s, nameptr, "{v{}}{l{}}")
% nameptr := nameptr + 1
% namesleft := namesleft - 1
% od
% if numnames > 4 then
% nameresult := nameresult * "{\etalchar{+}}"
% et.al.char.used := true
% else
% t := format.name$(s, 1, "{v{}}{l{}}")
% if text.length$(t) < 2 then % there's just one name-token
% nameresult := text.prefix$(format.name$(s,1,"{ll}"),3)
% else
% nameresult := t
% fi
% fi
% return nameresult
% END
%
% Exactly what fields we look at in constructing the primary part of the label
% depends on the entry type; this selectivity (as opposed to, say, always
% looking at author, then editor, then key) helps ensure that "ignored" fields,
% as described in the LaTeX book, really are ignored. Note that MISC is part
% of the deepest `else' clause in the nested part of calc.label; thus, any
% unrecognized entry type in the database is handled correctly.
%
% There is one auxiliary function for each of the four different sequences of
% fields we use. The first of these functions looks at the author field, and
% then, if necessary, the key field. The other three functions, which might
% look at two fields and the key field, are similar, except that the key field
% takes precedence over the organization field (for labels---not for sorting).
%
% The calc.label function calculates the preliminary label of an entry, which
% is formed by taking three letters of information from the author or editor or
% key or organization field (depending on the entry type and on what's empty,
% but ignoring a leading "The " in the organization), and appending the last
% two characters (digits) of the year. It is an error if the appropriate fields
% among author, editor, organization, and key are missing, and we use
% the first three letters of the cite$ in desperation when this happens.
% The resulting label has the year part, but not the name part, purify$ed
% (purify$ing the year allows some sorting shenanigans by the user).
%
% This function also calculates the version of the label to be used in sorting.
%
% The final label may need a trailing 'a', 'b', etc., to distinguish it from
% otherwise identical labels, but we can't calculated those "extra.label"s
% until after sorting.
%
% calc.label ==
% BEGIN
% if type$ = "book" or "inbook" then
% author.editor.key.label
% else if type$ = "proceedings" then
% editor.key.organization.label
% else if type$ = "manual" then
% author.key.organization.label
% else
% author.key.label
% fi fi fi
% label := label * substring$(purify$(field.or.null(year)), -1, 2)
% % assuming we will also sort, we calculate a sort.label
% sort.label := sortify(label), but use the last four, not two, digits
% END
#if LAB_ALPH
INTEGERS { et.al.char.used }
FUNCTION {initialize.et.al.char.used}
{ #0 'et.al.char.used :=
}
EXECUTE {initialize.et.al.char.used}
FUNCTION {format.lab.names}
{ 's :=
s num.names$ 'numnames :=
numnames #1 >
{ numnames #4 >
{ #3 'namesleft := }
{ numnames 'namesleft := }
if$
#1 'nameptr :=
""
{ namesleft #0 > }
{ nameptr numnames =
{ s nameptr "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
{ "{\etalchar{+}}" *
#1 'et.al.char.used :=
}
{ s nameptr "{v{}}{l{}}" format.name$ * }
if$
}
{ s nameptr "{v{}}{l{}}" format.name$ * }
if$
nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
}
while$
numnames #4 >
{ "{\etalchar{+}}" *
#1 'et.al.char.used :=
}
'skip$
if$
}
{ s #1 "{v{}}{l{}}" format.name$
duplicate$ text.length$ #2 <
{ pop$ s #1 "{ll}" format.name$ #3 text.prefix$ }
'skip$
if$
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {author.key.label}
{ author empty$
{ key empty$
#if SORTED
{ cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
#else !SORTED % need warning here because we won't give it later
{ "for label, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
cite$ #1 #3 substring$
}
#endif SORTED
{ key #3 text.prefix$ }
if$
}
{ author format.lab.names }
if$
}
FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label}
{ author empty$
{ editor empty$
{ key empty$
#if SORTED
{ cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
#else !SORTED % need warning here because we won't give it later
{ "for label, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
cite$ #1 #3 substring$
}
#endif SORTED
{ key #3 text.prefix$ }
if$
}
{ editor format.lab.names }
if$
}
{ author format.lab.names }
if$
}
FUNCTION {author.key.organization.label}
{ author empty$
{ key empty$
{ organization empty$
#if SORTED
{ cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
#else !SORTED % need warning here because we won't give it later
{ "for label, need author, key, or organization in " cite$ *
warning$
cite$ #1 #3 substring$
}
#endif SORTED
{ "The " #4 organization chop.word #3 text.prefix$ }
if$
}
{ key #3 text.prefix$ }
if$
}
{ author format.lab.names }
if$
}
FUNCTION {editor.key.organization.label}
{ editor empty$
{ key empty$
{ organization empty$
#if SORTED
{ cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
#else !SORTED % need warning here because we won't give it later
{ "for label, need editor, key, or organization in " cite$ *
warning$
cite$ #1 #3 substring$
}
#endif SORTED
{ "The " #4 organization chop.word #3 text.prefix$ }
if$
}
{ key #3 text.prefix$ }
if$
 }
{ editor format.lab.names }
if$
}
FUNCTION {calc.label}
{ type$ "book" =
type$ "inbook" =
or
'author.editor.key.label
{ type$ "proceedings" =
'editor.key.organization.label
{ type$ "manual" =
'author.key.organization.label
'author.key.label
if$
}
if$
}
if$
duplicate$
year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #2 substring$
*
'label :=
year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$
*
sortify 'sort.label :=
}
% It doesn't seem like a particularly good idea to use an order-of-citation
% reference list when using alphabetic labels, but we need to have a
% special pass to calculate labels when this happens.
#if !SORTED
ITERATE {calc.label}
#endif !SORTED
#endif LAB_ALPH
% When sorting, we compute the sortkey by executing "presort" on each entry.
% The presort key contains a number of "sortify"ed strings, concatenated
% with multiple blanks between them. This makes things like "brinch per"
% come before "brinch hansen per".
%
% The fields used here are: the sort.label for alphabetic labels (as set by
% calc.label), followed by the author names (or editor names or organization
% (with a leading "The " removed) or key field, depending on entry type and on
% what's empty), followed by year, followed by the first bit of the title
% (chopping off a leading "The ", "A ", or "An ").
% Names are formatted: Von Last First Junior.
% The names within a part will be separated by a single blank
% (such as "brinch hansen"), two will separate the name parts themselves
% (except the von and last), three will separate the names,
% four will separate the names from year (and from label, if alphabetic),
% and four will separate year from title.
%
% The sort.format.names function takes an argument that should be in
% BibTeX name format, and returns a string containing " "-separated
% names in the format described above. The function is almost the same
% as format.names.
#if SORTED
FUNCTION {sort.format.names}
{ 's :=
#1 'nameptr :=
""
s num.names$ 'numnames :=
numnames 'namesleft :=
{ namesleft #0 > }
{ nameptr #1 >
{ " " * }
'skip$
if$
#if NAME_FULL
s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't :=
#else
s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ f{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't :=
#endif NAME_FULL
nameptr numnames = t "others" = and
{ "et al" * }
{ t sortify * }
if$
nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
}
while$
}
% The sort.format.title function returns the argument,
% but first any leading "A "'s, "An "'s, or "The "'s are removed.
% The chop.word function uses s, so we need another string variable, t
FUNCTION {sort.format.title}
{ 't :=
"A " #2
"An " #3
"The " #4 t chop.word
chop.word
chop.word
sortify
#1 global.max$ substring$
}
% The auxiliary functions here, for the presort function, are analogous to
% the ones for calc.label; the same comments apply, except that the
% organization field takes precedence here over the key field. For sorting
% purposes, we still remove a leading "The " from the organization field.
FUNCTION {author.sort}
{ author empty$
{ key empty$
{ "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
""
}
{ key sortify }
if$
}
 { author sort.format.names }
if$
}
FUNCTION {author.editor.sort}
{ author empty$
{ editor empty$
{ key empty$
{ "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
""
}
{ key sortify }
if$
}
{ editor sort.format.names }
if$
}
{ author sort.format.names }
if$
}
FUNCTION {author.organization.sort}
{ author empty$
{ organization empty$
{ key empty$
{ "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
""
}
{ key sortify }
if$
}
{ "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
if$
}
{ author sort.format.names }
if$
}
FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort}
{ editor empty$
{ organization empty$
{ key empty$
{ "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
""
}
{ key sortify }
if$
}
{ "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
if$
}
{ editor sort.format.names }
if$
}
% There is a limit, entry.max$, on the length of an entry string variable
% (which is what its sort.key$ is), so we take at most that many characters
% of the constructed key, and hope there aren't many references that match
% to that many characters!
FUNCTION {presort}
#if LAB_ALPH
{ calc.label
sort.label
" "
*
type$ "book" =
#else !LAB_ALPH
{ type$ "book" =
#endif LAB_ALPH
type$ "inbook" =
or
'author.editor.sort
{ type$ "proceedings" =
'editor.organization.sort
{ type$ "manual" =
'author.organization.sort
'author.sort
if$
}
if$
}
if$
#if LAB_ALPH
*
#endif LAB_ALPH
" "
*
year field.or.null sortify
*
" "
*
title field.or.null
sort.format.title
*
#1 entry.max$ substring$
'sort.key$ :=
}
ITERATE {presort}
% And now we can sort
SORT
#endif SORTED
% This long comment applies only to alphabetic labels, when sorted
%
% Now comes the final computation for alphabetic labels, putting in the 'a's
% and 'b's and so forth if required. This involves two passes: a forward
% pass to put in the 'b's, 'c's and so on, and a backwards pass
% to put in the 'a's (we don't want to put in 'a's unless we know there
% are 'b's).
% We have to keep track of the longest (in width$ terms) label, for use
% by the "thebibliography" environment.
%
% VAR: longest.label, last.sort.label, next.extra: string
% longest.label.width, last.extra.num: integer
%
% initialize.longest.label ==
% BEGIN
% longest.label := ""
% last.sort.label := int.to.chr$(0)
% next.extra := ""
% longest.label.width := 0
% last.extra.num := 0
% END
%
% forward.pass ==
% BEGIN
% if last.sort.label = sort.label then
% last.extra.num := last.extra.num + 1
% extra.label := int.to.chr$(last.extra.num)
% else
% last.extra.num := chr.to.int$("a")
% extra.label := ""
% last.sort.label := sort.label
% fi
% END
%
% reverse.pass ==
% BEGIN
% if next.extra = "b" then
% extra.label := "a"
% fi
% label := label * extra.label
% if width$(label) > longest.label.width then
% longest.label := label
% longest.label.width := width$(label)
% fi
% next.extra := extra.label
% END
#if LAB_ALPH
#if SORTED
STRINGS { longest.label last.sort.label next.extra }
INTEGERS { longest.label.width last.extra.num }
FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
{ "" 'longest.label :=
#0 int.to.chr$ 'last.sort.label :=
"" 'next.extra :=
#0 'longest.label.width :=
#0 'last.extra.num :=
}
FUNCTION {forward.pass}
{ last.sort.label sort.label =
{ last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num :=
last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label :=
}
{ "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num :=
"" 'extra.label :=
sort.label 'last.sort.label :=
}
if$
}
FUNCTION {reverse.pass}
{ next.extra "b" =
{ "a" 'extra.label := }
'skip$
if$
label extra.label * 'label :=
label width$ longest.label.width >
{ label 'longest.label :=
label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
}
'skip$
if$
extra.label 'next.extra :=
}
EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
ITERATE {forward.pass}
REVERSE {reverse.pass}
#else !SORTED
% It still doesn't seem like a good idea to use an order-of-citation
% reference list when using alphabetic labels, but when this happens we
% must compute the longest label
STRINGS { longest.label }
INTEGERS { longest.label.width }
FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
{ "" 'longest.label :=
#0 'longest.label.width :=
}
FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
{ label width$ longest.label.width >
{ label 'longest.label :=
label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
}
'skip$
if$
}
EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
ITERATE {longest.label.pass}
#endif SORTED
#else !LAB_ALPH
% Now comes the computation for numeric labels.
% We use either the sorted order or original order.
% We still have to keep track of the longest (in width$ terms) label, for use
% by the "thebibliography" environment.
STRINGS { longest.label }
INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width }
FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
{ "" 'longest.label :=
#1 'number.label :=
#0 'longest.label.width :=
}
FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=
number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
label width$ longest.label.width >
{ label 'longest.label :=
label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
}
'skip$
if$
}
EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
ITERATE {longest.label.pass}
#endif LAB_ALPH
% Now we're ready to start writing the .BBL file.
% We begin, if necessary, with a LaTeX macro for unnamed names in an alphabetic
% label; next comes stuff from the `preamble' command in the database files.
% Then we give an incantation containing the command
% \begin{thebibliography}{...}
% where the `...' is the longest label.
%
% We also call init.state.consts, for use by the output routines.
FUNCTION {begin.bib}
#if LAB_ALPH
{ et.al.char.used
{ "\newcommand{\etalchar}[1]{$^{#1}$}" write$ newline$ }
'skip$
if$
preamble$ empty$
#else !LAB_ALPH
{ preamble$ empty$
#endif LAB_ALPH
'skip$
{ preamble$ write$ newline$ }
if$
"\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" * write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {begin.bib}
EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
% Now we produce the output for all the entries
ITERATE {call.type$}
% Finally, we finish up by writing the `\end{thebibliography}' command.
FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$
"\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {end.bib}