WIND ENERGY FARMING IN

•Faisal Vakassi
•Sultan Hefni
PAKISTAN AS IPP
•Gina Escobar
•Nathan Charlson FINAL PROJECT

A
OUTLINE
 Wind Energy – An Introduction
 Wind energy globally

 Environmental legal frame in Pakistan

 Wind Resources in Pakistan

 Jahmpir Wind Project

 Practical Issues

 Cost Benefit Analysis

 Q&A
Wind Energy – An Introduction
HOW WIND IS CONVERTED TO POWER?
 A wind turbine obtains its power input by
converting the force of the wind into a torque
(turning force) acting on the rotor blades

 The amount of energy which the wind

transfers to the rotor depends
 on the density of the air
 the rotor area
 and the wind speed.

 In other words you can get more energy:

 the "heavier" the air
 the “bigger” the rotor
 the “higher” the wind speed
WIND SPEED
 The wind speed is extremely important for the amount of
energy a wind turbine can convert to electricity

 The energy content of the wind varies with the cube (the third
power) of the average wind speed

 If the wind speed is twice as high it contains eight times as

much energy
2³ = 2 x 2 x 2 =8

 Wind measuring is important to get the real wind speed at the

specific site
KEY COMPONENTS OF A WIND FARM

 Wind Turbines
 Civil Works
 Foundations
 Road Network
 Crane Places
 Service buildings
 Residential Quarter
 Electrical Works
 Step-up transformers
 Wiring
 Sub-station for power delivery
 Wind Measuring Towers
 COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE

690V

http://vimeo.com/13759005
CONNECTING TO THE GRID
WIND MEASURING

The best way of measuring wind speeds at a

prospective wind turbine site is to fit an anemometer to
the top of a mast which has the same height as the
expected hub height of the wind turbine to be used.

This way one avoids the uncertainty involved in

recalculating the wind speeds to a different height.

By fitting the anemometer to the top of the mast one

minimizes the disturbances of airflows from the mast
itself.
If anemometers are placed on the side of the mast it is
essential to place them in the prevailing wind direction
in order to minimize the wind shade from the tower
Wind energy Globally
 GLOBAL ANNUAL & CUMULATIVE
INSTALLED CAPACITY 1996-2010
TURBINE SIZE GROWTH
 WIND POWER ADDITION IN 2006

Rest of the world, 2,405 , 16%

US, 2,454, 16%

Italy, 417, 3%

UK, 634, 4% Germany, 2,233, 15%

Portugal, 694, 5%

Canada, 776, 5%
India, 1,840, 12%
France, 810, 5%
Spain, 1,587, 10%
China, 1,347, 9%

Ref: IPCC 4th Assessment Report

 BENEFITS OF WIND ENERGY
 Prices of fuel are expected to go up substantially in coming years

 On a long term basis, costs of electricity from renewable sources are more
predictable than thermal energy

 Wind energy reduces cost of electricity now and in the future

 Much lower external costs, and has the benefit of additional earnings from
CO2 certificates

 Wind is an indigenous resource. Does not require foreign exchange

expenditure on import of fuel. Also adds security to countries energy mix.
Long term supply of wind is assured
Wind Resources in Pakistan
WHY WIND POWER FOR PAKISTAN
 Vast resources (estimated capacity around 40,000 MW)

 Location of farm closer to the Grid resulting in easier off-take

by power purchaser

 Wind Energy is a proven technology which can be trusted and

guaranteed for project life

 Most Cost effective (after small hydro which are located in

remote inaccessible areas and with grid availability)
ENERGY MIX OF PAKISTAN

Source: Working Paper - Current Tariff of Wind Energy in Pakistan

WIND RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN

 The project area for the wind

mapping was 1,100km along Sindh
and Baluchistan coast and up to
100km deep northward over land
from the coast.

 44 stations for collecting wind data

have been installed to study the wind
regime as shown in figures.
“WIND CORRIDOR” IN PAKISTAN
.

GUPIS
3.6
MONTHLY WIND MAPPING OF PAKISTAN GILGIT
2 .5
CHITRAL 1.5
4.6 BUNJI
MONTH: JUNE DROSH 3 .3 2 .5 3.1
CHILAS ASTOR
DIR 2 .9 SKARDU
ANEMOMETER HEIGHT 30 METERS 1.0

DATA SOURCE: METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN 1.3

PESHAWAR MUZAFFARABAD
1.7
1.9 BALAKOT
PARACHINAR 1.1 KAKUL
1 M/S 6 M/S
3 .4 1.9
ISLAMABAD
2 M/S 7 M/S

3 M/S 8 M/S 1.4 JHELUM

0.9
4 M/S 9 M/S KOTLI
SIALKOT
D. I. KHAN 3.3
5 M/S 10 M/S
2 .5
WIND SPEED 2 .2 4.3 LAHORE
COLOUR CODE ZHOB
2 .3
LORALAI
4.1 FAISALABAD
4.0
3 .3 3.8
QUETTA
MULTAN BAHAWALNAGAR
2 .5 BARKHAN
SIBI 2.5

JUNE
2 .2 2 .2
7.8 BAHAWALPUR
2.5
DALBANDIN KALAT JACOBABAD
NOKUNDI KHANPUR
3.4

3.1 SUKKUR
2.9

Average summer wind PANJGUR

3.6
KHUZDAR
STUDY REPORT BY

direction from Gharo to

NAWABSHAH PAKISTAN COUNCIL FOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
6.1

PADIDAN 3.0

Hyderabad
COMPILED BY BRIG DR NASIM A. KHAN
9.0
5.1
9.7 5.2 CHOR
HYDERABAD
KARACHI
JIWANI ORMARA
5.9 8.1
BADIN
WIND RESOURCES IN BALUCHISTAN

23 stations: Aghore, Basol, Bella, Gaddani, Gawadar, Hoshab, Hub-Choki, Jiwani, Liari,
Makola, Managi, Mand, Nasirabad, Nelunt, Ormara, Othal, Pasni, Phore, Pishukan,
Ramra, Tump, Turbat, Winder.
WIND RESOURCES IN SINDH

List of 21 stations: Badin, Baghan, Churhar-Jamali, Gharo, Golarchi, Hawks-Bay,

Hyderabad, Jati, Kadhan, Karachi, Kati-Bandar, Matli, Mirpur-Sakro, Nooriabad,
Sajawal, Shah-Bandar, Talhar, Thano-Bula-Khan, Jamshoro, DHA Karachi, Thatta.
BENCH MARK WIND SPEED AT THE LOCATION

Source : Working Paper - Current Tariff of Wind Energy in Pakistan

 SEASONAL ENERGY YIELD
VS.
TIME OF DAY
1200
1000
800
MWh

600
400
200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

July

November
 JHIMPIR WIND POWER PLANT

 Total 33 wind Turbines in Jhimpir, 70 km from Karachi with initial investment of

110M USD

 Five wind turbines (1st Phase)

 Each capable of producing 1.2 megawatts of electricity equaling 6MW

 The project will be expanded to 50MW in the next few years from 2009

 Joint venture between public and private

 The Government of Pakistan has given support for the development of renewable energies, by
creating the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB).

 The AEDB was provided land for wind power generation by the Province of Sindh

 The AEDB allocated the land to the Fauji Fertilizer Company (FFC)

 The FFC hired world leading consultant firm Lahmeyer International, Germany

 (LI) as the project consultant for the feasibility study

Location of the wind farm site
Legal frame in Pakistan
Alternative Energy Development
Board (AEDB)
Background
 Government of Pakistan created the
Alternative Energy Development Board
(AEDB) in May 2003 to act as the central
national body on the subject of
Renewable Energy.

 Air Marshal (Retd) Shahid Hamid was

appointed as the Chairman of the Board
 Working actively in the fields of:
Wind Power, Solar Power,
Micro Hydels, Biomass
TARGET OF AEDB
Ensure 10% Share of Alternative Energy
Technologies in National Grid by Year 2015

Act as Central Agency

a- Awareness
b- Policies
c- Facilitate Creation of Base in Pakistan for
Alternative Energy (AE) Technologies

Develop National Plans and Policies for AE

a- Tax Holidays
b- Encourage Private Sector
c- Facilitate Investment

Foster Sustainable Development

a- Facilitate Enhancement of Technical Skills.
b- Initiate & Incubate Projects
 BENEFITS FOR SPONSORS – LEGAL
FRAME
 100% power evacuation / Guaranteed Sale
 Wind Risk is covered by the Gov. of Pakistan
 Land for farming provided by GOP
 Guaranteed Returns for Investors
 18% ROE in dollar terms
 Protection against foreign exchange rate fluctuations
 Protection against inflation in local markets
 No Taxes (income / import etc)
 Benefit of Carbon Credits shared
 Complete Security package to protect Interests of Investors & Lenders
 Repatriation of money to foreign investors
LOI – PROCEDURE IN PAKISTAN

 Registration with AEDB

 Submission of proposal to AEDB
 Issuance of LOI (Letter of intent) by AEDB on submission of fee of
approx: $7000 - after due diligence of financial strength of the company
 Land allocation (on availability from Gov. of Sindh)
 Feasibility Study (for onward submission to NEPRA & NTDC/KESC after
AEDB's vetting and approval)
 Generation License (from NEPRA)
 Power Purchaser's commitment for purchase of power
 Tariff acceptance.
 Energy Purchase Agreement
 Implementation Agreement
 letter of support LOS (to be issued by AEDB)
 A TYPICAL WIND FARM PROJECT PLAN

START 05/04/11
FINISH 01/23/13

Reference: modified from AEDB Pakistan website

 WIND TARIFF (ON-SHORE)
COMPARED

 Wind tariff:
US Cents 10.3 to 12.1 per Kwh

 Thermal (oil/coal/gas) and hydel power tariff,

taking in account transmission and
distribution:
US cents 19.1 to 26.2 per Kwh
Some Practical Issues
SELECTING A WIND TURBINE SITE

Wind Conditions
Looking at nature itself is usually an excellent guide to
finding a suitable WF site.

 trees and shrubs (wind direction)

 move along a rugged coastline (notice that centuries

of erosion have worked in one particular direction)

 Meteorology data, ideally in terms of a wind rise

calculated over 30 years is probably your best guide,

 Maybe wind turbines are already in the area

SELECTING A WIND TURBINE SITE
Grid Connection
Large WTG (Wind Turbine Generators) have to be connected to the electrical grid
(10-30 kV)

Grid Reinforcement
The electrical grid near the WTG should be able to receive the electricity coming
from the turbine.

Soil Conditions
Both the feasibility of building foundations of the turbines, and road construction to
reach the site with heavy trucks must be taken into account with any wind turbine
project.

Pitfalls in Using Meteorology Data

Precision measurement of wind speeds, and thus wind energy is not nearly as
important for weather forecasting as it is for wind energy planning, however.
Wind speeds are heavily influenced by the surface roughness of the surrounding
area, of nearby obstacles (such as trees, lighthouses or other buildings), and by the
contours of the local terrain.
 WEIGHTS / NUMBERS
Tower of GE 1.5: Number of Transport Trucks:
 64.7m 86 tons Tower: 3
 85m 98 tons
 100m 113 tons Nacelle: 1
Hub: 1
 Nacelle: 52 tons Blades: 3
 Hub: 14 tons Total: 8
 Blades: 21 tons

50MW WF with GE1.5 Hub 64.7m: For a WF with 50MW

33 x 173 tons = 5,709 tons
33 x 8 trucks = 264 heavy trucks
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
FOUNDATION
CRANE
TOWER INSTALLATION
TOWER INSTALLATION
NACELLE AND BLADE INSTALLATION
TRANSFORMER / CABLE
 ECONOMIC COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Economic value of the displacement of fossil fuel plants:
• Reduction in fossil fuel consumption: $80 M
• Capital and operating cost savings: $26 M
• Emission reductions: $27 M
• Greater energy independence: $2 M

Economic costs of the project:

• Project itself: $110 M
• Grid integration: $7M (subsidy)
• Environmental effects: $10M

Net profit : $ 135M - $120M = $15M

Payback period: 7-8 years

Good Investment!
Q&A