1.
Introduction
Adaptive Signal Processing
(EASP)
Adaptive cancellation of noises and
interferences
Laboratory 3
Project is co-financed by European Union within European Social Fund
2. Theoretical fundamentals

2.1. Supply network interferences cancellation in ECG

The system for cancellation of interferences of supply network in
ECG considered during the laboratory is presented in the figure.
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2. Theoretical fundamentals

2.2. ANC without an external reference signal

In many practical applications, receiving a separate reference
signal correlated with the noise signal is impossible. In some
cases, if the noise signal is periodic or close to periodic and
the useful signal is sufficiently broadband, then it is possible to
construct a reference signal x(n) internally using a delayed
(with delay ∆) version of the primary input d(n).

The system without an external reference signal is presented
below.
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The purpose of this lab exercise is to implement and
investigate the properties of some selected
configurations used in adaptive filtering applications.

The tasks are performed in MATLAB, using the
MATLAB functions, implemented individually by
students, which simulate the systems employing the
LMS algorithm.

The results should be documented in a report.
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2. Theoretical fundamentals

2.1. Supply network interferences cancellation in ECG

The useful signal s(n) with interferences i(n) from the breast
electrodes is supplied after preamplifier to the primary input d(n) of
the adaptive system.

The signal from the supply network is given (after some
suppression) at the reference input x(n).

The goal of the adaptive filter is processing of the reference
sinusoidal signal x(n) in such a way that the signal at the filter output
y(n) would be the possibly faithful copy of the sinusoidal interference
i(n) registered by the electrodes together with the useful ECG signal.

There are only two parameters (amplitude and phase) to estimate
and the filter of the order two is sufficient. The first coefficient scales
the reference input directly, and the second scales the signal after its
phase shift of 90 degrees. The sum of these signals form the output
signal which is the copy of the sinusoidal interference.
2. Theoretical fundamentals

2.2. ANC without an external reference signal

The delay ∆ should be chosen to satisfy the condition of the
decorrelation of the useful signal s(n) with its delayed version,
that is
E[ s(n) s (n − ∆)] ≈ 0.

Due to the periodicity of the interference, there is no
decorrelation between the primary noise signal and its delayed
copy. As a result, the signal y(n), at the filter output, is the
approximate copy of the noise signal v0(n). After its subtraction
from the primary signal d(n), we obtain the approximate copy
of the useful signal s(n).
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2. Theoretical fundamentals

2.2. ANC without an external reference signal

The effectiveness of this method of noise cancelation
is lower than in the case when the ideal reference is
obtainable.

The extent to which this system is effective depends principally
on how well the assumption of zero signal correlation between
primary and reference signals holds up.
3. Computer experiments

3.1. Supply network interferences cancellation in ECG

Load the ECG signal s from the file ecg.mat. The vector s
consists of 8000 samples of real ECG signal sampled with the
sample rate fs = 1 kHz. As the input signal x1 and x2 use
sinusoidal and cosinusoidal signals with the frequency 50 Hz,
the unit amplitude.
>> load ecg;
>> N = length(s);
>> plot((1:N)/1000,s); xlabel('Time [s]');
ylabel('ECG'); grid;
>> x1 = sin(2*pi*(50/1000)*(1:N));
>> x2 = cos(2*pi*(50/1000)*(1:N));
3. Computer experiments

3.1. Supply network interferences cancellation in ECG

Observe runs of filter coefficients estimates.
>> plot((1:N)/1000,ff'); xlabel('Time
ylabel('Filter coefficients'); grid;

For different values of α calculate the relative error of filtering
defined as
N
∑ [ e( n ) − s ( n ) ]
2
δ= n = N /2 +1
.
N
∑
n = N /2 +1
s( n ) 2
>> delta = sum((e(N/2+1:N)-
s(N/2+1:N)).^2,2)/sum(s(N/2+1:N).^2,2)

Evaluate and comment on the quality of noise cancelation for
different values of the adaptation constant α on the basis of the
relative error δ values and the trajectories of e(n).
3. Computer experiments

3.1. Supply network interferences cancellation in ECG

Implement the system for cancelation of interferences of supply
network in ECG. In order to eliminate the influence of an initial
phase, two filers of order 1 and two input signals are employed.
The first input is the sinusoid signal and the second the copy of
this signal delayed by π/2. Both signals are added and next
subtracted from the primary signal (received from electrodes).
Assume the following prototype of MATLAB function
>> [e,y,ff] = lmsekg(x1,x2,d,alpha);
where x1 and x2 are the reference sinusoidal signals (one
delayed by π/2), d is an ECG signal registered by electrodes.
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3. Computer experiments

3.1. Supply network interferences cancellation in ECG

Generate the disturbed ECG signal adding to the signal s the
sinusoidal signal with the frequency 50 Hz, the amplitude 0.3 and
the phase π/3.
>> d = s + 0.3*sin(2*pi*(50/1000)*(1:N) + pi/3);
>> plot((1:N)/1000,d); xlabel('Time [s]');
ylabel('ECG - disturbed'); grid;

Simulate the adaptive noise cancellation system for different
values of α = 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.
>> [e,y,ff] = lmsekg(x1,x2,d,alpha);

For different values of α, observe the error signal e(n)
>> plot((1:N)/1000,e); xlabel('Time [s]');
ylabel('ECG – after ANC'); grid;
and compare it with the original s(n) and distrubed d(n) ECG.
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3. Computer experiments

3.1. Supply network interferences cancellation in ECG

Generate the disturbed ECG signal once again adding to the
[s]'); signal s the sinusoidal signal with the frequency 50 Hz
modulated with the sinusoid with the frequency 1 Hz. Assume
following values of the modulation coefficient m = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3.
 1  50
w(n ) = 0.3 1 + m cos(2π n )  cos(2π n + π / 3).
 fs  fs
>> w = 0.3*(1 + m*cos(2*pi*(1:N)/1000))
.*cos(2*pi*(1:N)*50/1000 + pi/3);
>> plot((1:N)/1000,w); xlabel('Time [s]');
ylabel('Interference'); grid;
>> d = s + w;
>> plot((1:N)/1000,d); xlabel('Time [s]');
ylabel('ECG - disturbed'); grid;
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3. Computer experiments

3.1. Supply network interferences cancellation in ECG

Simulate the adaptive noise cancellation system for different
values of α = 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and m = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3.
>> [e,y,ff] = lmsekg(x1,x2,d,alpha);
>> plot((1:N)/1000,e); xlabel('Time [s]');
ylabel('ECG – after ANC'); grid;

Observe runs of filter coefficients estimates.
>> plot((1:N)/1000,ff'); xlabel('Time
ylabel('Filter coefficients'); grid;

Investigate the dependence of the relative error δ on the
modulation coefficient m and the adaptation constant α.
Comment on the obtained results.
>> delta = sum((e(N/2+1:N)-
s(N/2+1:N)).^2,2)/sum(s(N/2+1:N).^2,2)
3. Computer experiments

3.2. Analysis of behaviour of the single input LMS filter

Generate N = 1000 samples of a cosinusoidal signal.
>> d = cos(2*pi*0.05*(0:N-1));

Assume the following parameters of the filter: ∆ = 20, L = 20
and α = 0.01 and simulate the single input LMS filter.
>> [e,y,ff] = lms1_d(d,L,alpha,delta);

Does the output signal adapt to a unit amplitude sinusoid and
the error signal decay to zero? Observe runs of the error
signal e, output signal y, and filter coefficients ff'.

Analyze the convergence of the algorithm for different values
of ∆. In what way do the results differ from those obtained for
the random input?

Investigate the behaviour of the algorithm for different frequen-
cies of the input cosinusoid. What conclusions can be drawn?
3. Computer experiments

3.3. Analysis of behaviour of ANC LMS system

Confirm that the ANC LMS system behaviour is consistent with
the behaviour of the filter of the following transfer function.
E( z) 1 − 2 cos(ω0TS ) z −1 + z −2
H d ,e ( z ) = = .
D( z )  α LA2   α LA2  −2
1+  − 2  cos(ω0TS ) z −1 + 1 −
 2   2 
>> B = [1, -2*cos(2*pi*0.05), 1];
>> A = [1, (0.001*20/2 - 2)*cos(2*pi*0.05), 1 -
0.001*20/2];
Compare outputs of ANC system and the above filter [B,A].
>> plot(e);
>> e_filter = filter(B,A,d);
>> figure; plot(e_filter);
3. Computer experiments

3.2. Analysis of behaviour of the single input LMS filter

Modify the function lms1.m in order to realize a single input
LMS filter using d(n) = x(n) and delaying the input x(n). Use the
following prototype of this function
>> [e,y,ff] = lms1_d(d,L,alpha,delta);
where delta is an integer delay ∆.

Generate N = 1000 samples of Gaussian white noise with
[s]'); zero mean and unit variance
>> d = randn(1,N);

Assume the following parameters of the filter: ∆ = 0, L = 32 and
α = 0.01 and simulate the single input LMS filter. Plot the error
signal and confirm that it decays to zero as n increases.

Investigate the influence of the varying delay ∆. Does the
system continue to operate satisfactorily for non-zero delays?
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3. Computer experiments

3.3. Analysis of behaviour of ANC LMS system

Assume that in each of following tasks the sample rate fs = 10
kHz, L = 20, ∆ = 5 and α = 0.001. Use the lms1_d function to
simulate a single input ANC system.

Generate N = 5000 samples of an input signal d(n) = Acos(ω0nTs)
for n = 0,1,…,4999, where A = 1, ω0 = 2π500, Ts = 1/ fs.
>> d = cos(2*pi*0.05*(0:N-1));

Simulate behaviour of the single input ANC system.
>> [e,y,ff] = lms1_d(d,L,alpha,delta);
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3. Computer experiments

3.3. Analysis of behaviour of ANC LMS system

Calculate and plot the transfer function of the filter.
>> [H_de,f] = freqz(B,A);
>> plot(f/(2*pi),10*log10(abs(H_de)));
xlabel('Normalized frequency'); ylabel('Transfer
z
function [dB]'); grid;
Comment on the obtained results.
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3. Computer experiments

3.3. Analysis of behaviour of ANC LMS system 4. References

Verify the following stability limit for the system operation
4
P. M. Clarkson, Optimal and adaptive signal
0<α < .
LA2 processing, CRC Press, 1993, chapters 4.2, 5.1.

What is the form of the filter coefficient fn(i) for n = 4999? Why?

K. Jędrzejewski, Adaptive Signal Processing (EASP)
>> plot(ff(:,5000));
lectures: EASP L8-L9.pdf and EASP L10.pdf.

Are the transfer function, stability limit, or filter coefficients
influenced by the choice of delay and sinusoidal phase?

Repeat the experiment using d(n) formed as the sum of two
sinusoids with frequencies ω0 = 2π500, ω1 = 2π1000. Confirm that
the LMS behaviour is equivalent to a notched filter notching two
reference frequencies.

>> d = cos(2*pi*0.05*(0:N-1)) +
cos(2*pi*0.1*(0:N-1));

19 Project is co-financed by European Union within European Social Fund