Montana 2011

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement
22 PREFACE CONTENTS 33
PREPARING TO RIDE BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE
Wear the Right Gear ............................4 Why This Information Is
Operating a motorcycle safely These revisions reflect:
Important .......................................36
in traffic requires special skills and Know Your Motorcycle ........................6
t5IFMBUFTUmOEJOHPGNPUPSDZDMF Alcohol and Other Drugs in
knowledge. The Motorcycle Safety safety research. Know Your Responsibilities .................9
Motorcycle Operation ....................36
Foundation (MSF) has made this manual
available to help novice motorcyclists t$PNNFOUTBOEHVJEBODFQSPWJEFE RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES Alcohol in the Body ............................37
reduce their risk of having a crash. The by the motorcycling, licensing and Alcohol and the Law ..........................38
Basic Vehicle Control ..........................10
manual conveys essential safe riding traffic safety communities.
Keeping Your Distance .......................12 Minimize the Risks .............................38
information and has been designed t4VQQMFNFOUBSZJOGPSNBUJPOGPS
for use in licensing programs. While SEE .......................................................17 Step in to Protect Friends ..................39
Three-Wheel vehicles
designed for the novice, all motorcyclists Intersections .......................................18 Fatigue ................................................39
In promoting improved licensing
can benefit from the information this
programs, the MSF works closely with Increasing Conspicuity .......................21
manual contains. EARNING YOUR LICENSE 40
state licensing agencies. The Foundation Crash Avoidance .................................24
The original Motorcycle Operator has helped more than half the states THREE-WHEEL SUPPLEMENT
Handling Dangerous Surfaces ...........27
Manual was developed by the National in the nation adopt the Motorcycle
Public Services Research Institute (NPSRI) Mechanical Problems .........................30 Supplementary Information
Operator Manual for use in their
for Three-Wheel Vehicles ...............42
under contract to the National Highway licensing systems. Animals ...............................................31
Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Know Your Vehicle ..............................42
Improved licensing, along with high- Flying Objects .....................................32
and within the terms of a cooperative Basic Vehicle Control ...........................44
quality motorcycle rider education and Getting Off the Road .........................32
agreement between NHTSA and the Carrying Passengers and Cargo..........47
increased public awareness, has the
MSF. The manual and related tests Carrying Passengers
potential to reduce crashes. Staff at the and Cargo .......................................32
were used in a multi-year study of
Foundation are available to assist state,
improved motorcycle operator licensing Group Riding .......................................34
private and governmental agencies in
procedures, conducted by the California
efforts to improve motorcycle safety.
Department of Motor Vehicles under
contract to NHTSA.
The purpose of this manual is to
educate the reader to help avoid crashes
while safely operating a motorcycle. For
this edition, the MSF has updated and Tim Buche
expanded the content of the original President,
manual. Motorcycle Safety Foundation
2 Jenner, Suite 150

Irvine, CA 92618-3806
www.msf-usa.org

4 PREPARING TO RIDE 5
What you do before you start a trip goes a long way toward determining HELMETS
whether or not you’ll get where you want to go safely. Before taking off on
any trip, a safe rider makes a point to:
1. Wear the right gear.
2. Become familiar with the motorcycle.
3. Check the motorcycle equipment.
4. Be a responsible rider.
WEAR THE RIGHT GEAR t"%05DPNQMJBOUIFMNFU lets

When you ride, your gear is “right” you see as far to the sides as
necessary. A study of more than
if it protects you. In any crash, you have
900 motorcycle crashes, where
a far better chance of avoiding serious 40% of the riders wore helmets,
injury if you wear: did not find even one case in which
t"%05DPNQMJBOUIFMNFU a helmet kept a rider from spotting t*TEFTJHOFEUPNFFU64 Goggles protect your eyes, though
danger. Department of Transportation they won’t protect the rest of your face
t'BDFPSFZFQSPUFDUJPO
t.PTUDSBTIFTIBQQFO on short (DOT) and state standards. Helmets like a faceshield does. A windshield
t1SPUFDUJWFDMPUIJOH trips (less than five miles long), just with a label from the Snell Memorial is not a substitute for a faceshield or
a few minutes after starting out. Foundation also give you an goggles. Most windshields will not
Helmet Use assurance of quality.
t.PTUSJEFST are riding slower than protect your eyes from the wind. Neither
Crashes can occur — particularly t'JUTTOVHMZ all the way around. will eyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasses
30 mph when a crash occurs. At
among untrained, beginning riders. won’t keep your eyes from watering,
these speeds, helmets can cut both t)BTOPPCWJPVTEFGFDUTsuch as
And one out of every five motorcycle the number and the severity of head and they might blow off when you turn
cracks, loose padding or frayed
crashes results in head or neck injuries. injuries by half. straps. your head while riding.
Head injuries are just as severe as neck
injuries — and far more common. Crash No matter what the speed, helmeted Whatever helmet you decide on, keep To be effective, eye or faceshield
analyses show that head and neck riders are three times more likely to it securely fastened on your head when protection must:
injuries account for a majority of serious survive head injuries than those not you ride. Otherwise, if you are involved t#FGSFF of scratches.
and fatal injuries to motorcyclists. wearing helmets at the time of the in a crash, it’s likely to fly off your head
crash. The single most important thing before it gets a chance to protect you. t#FSFTJTUBOU to penetration.
Research also shows that, with few
exceptions, head and neck injuries are you can do to improve your chances of t(JWFBDMFBSWJFX to either side.
surviving a crash is to wear a securely- Eye and Face Protection
reduced by properly wearing a quality t'BTUFOTFDVSFMZ so it does not
helmet. fastened, quality helmet. A plastic shatter-resistant faceshield blow off.
can help protect your whole face in a
Some riders don’t wear helmets Helmet Selection crash. It also protects you from wind,
t1FSNJUBJS to pass through, to
because they think helmets will limit reduce fogging.
There are two primary types of dust, dirt, rain, insects and pebbles
their view to the sides. Others wear helmets, providing two different levels thrown up from cars ahead. These t1FSNJUFOPVHISPPN for
helmets only on long trips or when of coverage: three-quarter and full face. problems are distracting and can be eyeglasses or sunglasses, if needed.
riding at high speeds. But, here are painful. If you have to deal with them, Tinted eye protection should not be
some facts to consider: Whichever style you choose, you can
get the most protection by making sure you can’t devote your full attention to worn at night or any other time when
that the helmet: the road. little light is available.

Clothing KNOW YOUR At a minimum, your street-legal know how to ride before allowing them
motorcycle should have: out into traffic.
The right clothing protects you in MOTORCYCLE
a collision. It also provides comfort, t)FBEMJHIU UBJMMJHIUBOE No matter how experienced you
There are plenty of things on the
as well as protection from heat, cold, brakelight. may be, ride extra carefully on any
highway that can cause you trouble.
debris and hot and moving parts of the motorcycle that’s new or unfamiliar
Your motorcycle should not be one t'SPOUBOESFBSCSBLFT
motorcycle. It can also make you more to you. More than half of all crashes
of them. To make sure that your t5VSOTJHOBMT
visible to others. involve riders with less than five months
motorcycle won’t let you down:
t)PSO of experience on their motorcycle.
t+acket and pants should cover t Read the owner’s manual first.
arms and legs completely. They t5XPNJSSPST Get Familiar with the
should fit snugly enough to keep t4UBSU with the right motorcycle for
Borrowing and Lending Motorcycle Controls
from flapping in the wind, yet you.
loosely enough to move freely. Make sure you are completely familiar
t#FGBNJMJBS with the motorcycle Borrowers and lenders of motorcycles,
Leather offers the most protection. with the motorcycle before you take
controls. beware. Crashes are fairly common
Sturdy synthetic material provides it out on the street. Be sure to review
among beginning riders — especially
a lot of protection as well. Wear t$IFDL the motorcycle before every the owner’s manual. This is particularly
in the first months of riding. Riding
a jacket even in warm weather to ride. important if you are riding a borrowed
an unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the
prevent dehydration. Many are t,FFQ it in safe riding condition motorcycle.
problem. If you borrow a motorcycle,
designed to protect without getting between rides. get familiar with it in a controlled area. If you are going to use an unfamiliar
you overheated, even on summer And if you lend your motorcycle to motorcycle:
t"WPJE add-ons and modifications
days. friends, make sure they are licensed and
that make your motorcycle harder
t#PPUTPSTIPFT should be high to handle.
MOTORCYCLE CONTROLS
and sturdy enough to cover your
ankles and give them support. Soles The Right Motorcycle For You
Light Switch (high/low) Engine Cut-Off
should be made of hard, durable, First, make sure your motorcycle is Choke (varies)
Switch
slip-resistant material. Keep heels right for you. It should “fit” you. Your Electric
Turn-Signal Start
short so they do not catch on rough feet should reach the ground while Switch Button
Ignition Key
surfaces. Tuck in laces so they won’t you are seated on the motorcycle, and (varies)
catch on your motorcycle. the controls should be easy to operate.
t(MPWFT allow a better grip and help Smaller motorcycles are usually easier
protect your hands in a crash. Your for beginners to operate.
gloves should be made of leather or
similar durable material. Horn Button Throttle
In cold or wet weather, your clothes

should keep you warm and dry, as Front Brake Lever
well as protect you from injury. You TEST YOURSELF 1 Clutch Lever
Speedometer
& Odometer
cannot control a motorcycle well if A plastic shatter-resistant face Tachometer
you are numb. Riding for long periods shield: (if equipped)
in cold weather can cause severe chill A. Is not necessary if you have a
and fatigue. A winter jacket should windshield.
Fuel Supply Valve
resist wind and fit snugly at the neck, B. Only protects your eyes. (if equipped)
Rear Brake Pedal
wrists and waist. Good-quality rainsuits Gear-Change Lever
C. Helps protect your whole face.
designed for motorcycle riding resist D. Does not protect your face as well
tearing apart or ballooning up at high as goggles. Kick Starter
Answer - page 41 (if equipped)
speeds.

t Make all the checks you would on lights are working properly. KNOW YOUR t#FWJTJCMF — wear proper clothing,
your own motorcycle. use your headlight, ride in the best
t#SBLF-JHIU — Try both brake RESPONSIBILITIES lane position to see and be seen.
t'JOEPVUXIFSFFWFSZUIJOHJT controls, and make sure each one
“Accident” implies an unforeseen
particularly the turn signals, horn, turns on the brake light. t$PNNVOJDBUFZPVSJOUFOUJPOT —
event that occurs without anyone’s fault
headlight switch, fuel-supply valve use the proper signals, brake light
Once you have mounted the or negligence. Most often in traffic, that
and engine cut-off switch. Find and and lane position.
motorcycle, complete the following is not the case. In fact, most people
operate these items without having checks before starting out: t.BJOUBJOBOBEFRVBUFTQBDF
involved in a crash can usually claim
to look for them. cushion — when following, being
t$MVUDIBOE5ISPUUMF — Make sure some responsibility for what takes place.
t,OPXUIFHFBSQBUUFSO Work the they work smoothly. The throttle followed, lane sharing, passing and
Consider a situation where someone
throttle, clutch and brakes a few should snap back when you let go. being passed.
decides to try to squeeze through an
times before you start riding. All The clutch should feel tight and t4FBSDIZPVSQBUI of travel 12
intersection on a yellow light turning
controls react a little differently. smooth. seconds ahead.
red. Your light turns green. You pull into
t3JEFWFSZDBVUJPVTMZ and be aware t.JSSPST— Clean and adjust both the intersection without checking for t*EFOUJGZBOETFQBSBUF multiple
of surroundings. Accelerate gently, mirrors before starting. It’s difficult possible latecomers. That is all it takes
to ride with one hand while you hazards.
take turns more slowly and leave for the two of you to tangle. It was the
try to adjust a mirror. Adjust each t#FQSFQBSFEUPBDU — remain alert
extra room for stopping. driver’s responsibility to stop. And it was
mirror so you can see the lane and know how to carry out proper
behind and as much as possible of your responsibility to look before pulling
Check Your Motorcycle out. Neither of you held up your end crash-avoidance skills.
the lane next to you. When properly
A motorcycle needs more frequent adjusted, a mirror may show the of the deal. Just because someone else Blame doesn’t matter when someone
attention than a car. A minor technical edge of your arm or shoulder—but is the first to start the chain of events is injured in a crash. There is rarely a
failure in a car seldom leads to anything it’s the road behind and to the side leading to a crash, it doesn’t leave any single cause of any crash. The ability to
more than an inconvenience for the that’s most important. of us free of responsibility. ride aware, make critical decisions and
driver. t#SBLFT — Try the front and rear As a rider you can’t be sure that other carry them out separates responsible
If something’s wrong with the brake levers one at a time. Make operators will see you or yield the right riders from all the rest. Remember, it is
motorcycle, you’ll want to find out sure each one feels firm and holds of way. To lessen your chances of a up to you to keep from being the cause
the motorcycle when the brake is of, or an unprepared participant in, any
about it before you get in traffic. Make crash occurring:
fully applied. crash.
a complete check of your motorcycle
before every ride. t)PSO — Try the horn. Make sure it
works.
Before mounting the motorcycle,
make the following checks: t'VFM4VQQMZ7BMWF — Make sure
the valve is open. Your motorcycle
t Tires — Check the air pressure, may start with fuel still in the lines,
general wear and tread. but it will stall once the lines are
empty.
t'MVJET — Oil and fluid levels. At a
minimum, check hydraulic fluids In addition to the checks you should TEST YOURSELF 2
and coolants weekly. Look under make before every trip, check the
the motorcycle for signs of an oil or following items at least once a week: More than half of all crashes:
gas leak. Wheels, cables, fasteners and fluid A. Occur at speeds greater than 35 mph.
levels. Follow your owner’s manual to B. Happen at night.
t)FBEMJHIUTBOE5BJMMJHIU — Check
get recommendations. C. Are caused by worn tires.
them both. Test your switch to
make sure both high and low D. Involve riders who have less than
beams are working. five months of experience on their
motorcycle.
t5VSO4JHOBMT — Turn on both right Answer - page 41
and left turn signals. Make sure all

10 RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES 11
It is best to change gears before t4PNFNPUPSDZDMFT have integrated

This manual cannot teach you how to control direction, speed or balance.
entering a turn. However, sometimes braking systems that activate the
That’s something you can learn only through practice, preferably in a formal
shifting while in the turn is necessary. front and rear brakes together
course of instruction like an MSF RiderCourse. But control begins with knowing
If so, remember to do so smoothly. A when applying the rear brake
your abilities and riding within them, along with knowing and obeying the rules
sudden change in power to the rear pedal. (Consult the owner’s manual
of the road.
wheel can cause a skid. for a detailed explanation on the
operation and effective use of these
BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL t,OFFT — Keep your knees against Braking systems.)
the gas tank to help you keep your
Body Position balance as the motorcycle turns. Your motorcycle has two brakes: one
each for the front and rear wheel. Use Turning
To control a motorcycle well: t'FFU — Keep your feet firmly on the both of them at the same time. The Riders often try to take curves or turns
t1PTUVSF — Sit so you can use your footrests to maintain balance. Don’t front brake is more powerful and can too fast. When they can’t hold the turn,
arms to steer the motorcycle rather drag your feet. If your foot catches provide at least three-quarters of your they end up crossing into another lane
than to hold yourself up. on something, you could be injured total stopping power. The front brake is of traffic or going off the road. Or, they
and it could affect your control of safe to use if you use it properly. overreact and brake too hard, causing a
t4FBU — Sit far enough forward so the motorcycle. Keep your feet near
Remember: skid and loss of control. Approach turns
that arms are slightly bent when the controls so you can get to them and curves with caution.
you hold the handlegrips. Bending fast if needed. Also, don’t let your t6TFCPUICSBLFT every time you
your arms permits you to press on toes point downward — they may slow or stop. Using both brakes for Use four steps for better control:
the handlebars without having to get caught between the road and even “normal” stops will permit t4-08— Reduce speed before the
stretch. the footrests. you to develop the proper habit or turn by closing the throttle and, if
t)BOET — Hold the handgrips skill of using both brakes properly necessary, applying both brakes.
firmly to keep your grip over rough
Shifting Gears in an emergency. Squeeze the
t-00, — Look through the turn
surfaces. Start with your right There is more to shifting gears than front brake and press down on the
to where you want to go. Turn
wrist flat. This will help you keep simply getting the motorcycle to pick rear. Grabbing at the front brake
just your head, not your shoulders,
from accidentally using too much up speed smoothly. Learning to use the or jamming down on the rear can
and keep your eyes level with the
throttle. Also, adjust the handlebars gears when downshifting, turning or cause the brakes to lock, resulting in
horizon.
so your hands are even with or starting on hills is important for safe control problems.
below your elbows. This permits motorcycle operation. t13&44— To turn, the motorcycle
t*GZPVLOPXUIFUFDIOJRVF
you to use the proper muscles for must lean. To lean the motor-
Shift down through the gears with using both brakes in a turn is
precision steering. cycle, press on the handgrip in
the clutch as you slow or stop. Remain possible, although it should be done
the direction of the turn. Press left
in first gear while you are stopped so very carefully. When leaning the
handgrip — lean left — go left.
HOLDING HANDGRIPS that you can move out quickly if you motorcycle some of the traction is
Press right handgrip — lean right —
need to. used for cornering. Less traction
go right. The higher the speed in a
Make certain you are riding slowly is available for stopping. A skid
turn, the greater the lean angle.
RIGHT enough when you shift into a lower can occur if you apply too much
brake. Also, using the front brake t ROLL — Roll on the throttle to
gear. If not, the motorcycle will lurch,
incorrectly on a slippery surface maintain or slightly increase speed.
and the rear wheel may skid. When
may be hazardous. Use caution This helps stabilize the motorcycle.
riding downhill or shifting into first gear
you may need to use the brakes to slow and squeeze the brake lever, never
enough before downshifting safely. grab.
Work toward a smooth, even clutch
WRONG release, especially when downshifting.

In normal turns, the rider and the TEST YOURSELF 3 LANE POSITIONS
motorcycle should lean together at the
same angle. When riding, you should:
A. Turn your head and shoulders
NORMAL TURNS to look through turns.
B. Keep your arms straight.
C. Keep your knees away from
the gas tank.
D. Turn just your head and eyes
to look where you are going.
Answer - page 41
KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE

The best protection you can have is
distance — a “cushion of space” — all
around your motorcycle. If someone else
makes a mistake, distance permits you:
In general, there is no single best Following Another Vehicle
t5JNFUPSFBDU position for riders to be seen and to
maintain a space cushion around the “Following too closely” could be a
t4QBDFUPNBOFVWFS factor in crashes involving motorcyclists.
motorcycle. No portion of the lane need
In slow, tight turns, counterbalance by Lane Positions be avoided — including the center. In traffic, motorcycles need as much
leaning the motorcycle only and keeping distance to stop as cars. Normally, a
In some ways the size of the Position yourself in the portion of minimum of two seconds distance
your body straight. the lane where you are most likely to
motorcycle can work to your advantage. should be maintained behind the vehicle
Each traffic lane gives a motorcycle be seen and you can maintain a space ahead.
SLOW, TIGHT TURNS three paths of travel, as indicated in the cushion around you. Change position
as traffic situations change. Ride in path To gauge your following distance:
illustration.
2 or 3 if vehicles and other potential t1JDLPVUBNBSLFS such as a
Your lane position should: problems are on your left only. Remain pavement marking or lamppost, on
in path 1 or 2 if hazards are on your or near the road ahead.
t*ODSFBTF your ability to see and be
right only. If vehicles are being operated
seen. t8IFOUIFSFBSCVNQFS of the
on both sides of you, the center of the
t"WPJE others’ blind spots. lane, path 2, is usually your best option. vehicle ahead passes the marker,
count off the seconds: “one-
t"WPJEsurface hazards. The oily strip in the center portion thousand-one, one-thousand-two.”
t1SPUFDU your lane from other that collects drippings from cars is
usually no more than two feet wide. t*GZPVSFBDIUIFNBSLFS before
drivers. you reach “two,” you are following
Unless the road is wet, the average
t$PNNVOJDBUF your intentions. center strip permits adequate traction too closely.
t"WPJE wind blast from other to ride on safely. You can operate to A two-second following distance
vehicles. the left or right of the grease strip and leaves a minimum amount of space to
still be within the center portion of the stop or swerve if the driver ahead stops
t1SPWJEF an escape route. traffic lane. Avoid riding on big buildups suddenly. It also permits a better view of
Select the appropriate path to of oil and grease usually found at busy potholes and other hazards in the road.
maximize your space cushion and make intersections or toll booths.
A larger cushion of space is needed
yourself more easily seen by others on if your motorcycle will take longer
the road.

Passing Being Passed

FOLLOWING
1. Ride in the left portion of the When you are being passed from
lane at a safe following distance behind or by an oncoming vehicle,
to increase your line of sight and stay in the center portion of your lane.
make you more visible. Signal Riding any closer to them could put you
and check for oncoming traffic. in a hazardous situation.
Use your mirrors and turn your
head to look for traffic behind. Avoid being hit by:
8IFOTBGF move into the left t5IFPUIFSWFIJDMF— A slight

lane and accelerate. Select a lane mistake by you or the passing driver
could cause a sideswipe.
position that doesn’t crowd the
car you are passing and provides t&YUFOEFENJSSPST— Some drivers
space to avoid hazards in your forget that their mirrors hang out
lane. farther than their fenders.
3. Ride through the blind spot as t0CKFDUTUISPXOGSPNXJOEPXT
quickly as possible. — Even if the driver knows you’re
there, a passenger may not see you
4JHOBMBHBJO and complete
and might toss something on you or
mirror and headchecks before
returning to your original lane the road ahead of you.
than normal to stop. If the pavement Being Followed and then cancel the signal. t#MBTUTPGXJOEGSPNMBSHFS
is slippery, if you cannot see through vehicles — They can affect your
the vehicle ahead, or if traffic is heavy Speeding up to lose someone 3FNFNCFS QBTTFTNVTUCF
control. You have more room for
and someone may squeeze in front of following too closely only ends up with completed within posted speed
MJNJUT BOEPOMZXIFSFQFSNJUUFE error if you are in the middle portion
you, open up a three-second or more someone tailgating you at a higher
when hit by this blast than if you
following distance. speed. Know your signs and road markings!
are on either side ofthe lane.
Keep well behind the vehicle ahead A better way to handle tailgaters
Do not move into the portion of the
even when you are stopped. This will is to get them in front of you. When
lane farthest from the passing vehicle. It
make it easier to get out of the way someone is following too closely,
might invite the other driver to cut back
if someone bears down on you from change lanes and let them pass. If you
can’t do this, slow down and open up into your lane too early.
behind. It will also give you a cushion of
space if the vehicle ahead starts to back extra space ahead of you to allow room
up for some reason. for both you and the tailgater to stop.
This will also encourage them to pass. PASSING BEING PASSED
When behind a car, ride where the If they don’t pass, you will have given
driver can see you in the rearview mirror. yourself and the tailgater more time and
Riding in the center portion of the lane space to react in case an emergency
should put your image in the middle of does develop ahead.
the rearview mirror — where a driver is
most likely to see you. Passing and Being Passed
Riding at the far side of a lane may Passing and being passed by another
permit a driver to see you in a sideview vehicle is not much different than with a
mirror. But remember that most drivers car. However, visibility is more critical. Be
don’t look at their sideview mirrors sure other drivers see you, and that you
nearly as often as they check the see potential hazards.
rearview mirror. If the traffic situation
allows, the center portion of the lane is
usually the best place for you to be seen
by the drivers ahead and to prevent lane
sharing by others.

Lane Sharing plenty of room. Change to another lane SEE t3PBEBOETVSGBDFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT

if one is open. If there is no room for a — Potholes, guardrails, bridges,
Cars and motorcycles need a full lane Good experienced riders remain
lane change, adjust speed to open up telephone poles and trees won’t
to operate safely. Lane sharing is usually aware of what is going on around them.
space for the merging driver. move into your path but may
prohibited. They improve their riding strategy by influence your riding strategy.
Riding between rows of stopped or Cars Alongside using MSF’s SEESM strategy, a three-
step process used to make appropriate t5SBGmDDPOUSPMEFWJDFT— Look for
moving cars in the same lane can leave Do not ride next to cars or trucks in
judgments, and apply them correctly in traffic signals, including regulatory
you vulnerable to the unexpected. A other lanes if you do not have to. You
different traffic situations: signs, warning signs, and pavement
hand could come out of a window; might be in the blind spot of a car in the markings, to help you evaluate
a door could open; a car could turn next lane, which could switch into your t4earch
circumstances ahead.
suddenly. Discourage lane sharing by lane without warning. Cars in the next t&valuate
others. Keep a center-portion position lane also block your escape if you come t7FIJDMFTBOEPUIFSUSBGmD — May
whenever drivers might be tempted t&xecute move into your path and increase
upon danger in your own lane. Speed
to squeeze by you. Drivers are most up or drop back to find a place clear of Let’s examine each of these steps. the likelihood of a crash.
tempted to do this: traffic on both sides. Think about your time and space
Search
t*OIFBWZ bumper-to-bumper requirements in order to maintain
traffic. BLIND SPOTS Search aggressively ahead, to the a margin of safety. You must leave
sides and behind to avoid potential yourself time to react if an emergency
t8IFOUIFZ want to pass you.
hazards even before they arise. How arises.
t8IFOZPV are preparing to turn at assertively you search, and how much
an intersection. time and space you have, can eliminate &YFDVUF
t8IFOZPV are moving into an exit or reduce harm. Focus even more on Carry out your decision.
lane or leaving a highway. finding potential escape routes in or
around intersections, shopping areas To create more space and minimize
Merging Cars and school and construction zones. harm from any hazard:
Drivers on an entrance ramp may t$PNNVOJDBUF your presence with
Search for factors such as:
not see you on the highway. Give them lights and/or horn.
t0ODPNJOHUSBGmD that may turn
left in front of you. t"EKVTUZPVSTQFFE by accelerating,
MERGING stopping or slowing.
t5SBGmDcoming from the left and
right. t"EKVTUZPVSQPTJUJPO and/or
direction.
t5SBGmD approaching from behind.
Apply the old adage “one step at a
t)B[BSEPVT road conditions. time” to handle two or more hazards.
Be especially alert in areas with limited Adjust speed to permit two hazards
TEST YOURSELF 4 to separate. Then deal with them one
visibility. Visually “busy” surroundings
Usually, a good way to handle could hide you and your motorcycle at a time as single hazards. Decision-
tailgaters is to: from others. making becomes more complex with
A. Change lanes and let them pass. three or more hazards. Evaluate the
Evaluate consequences of each and give equal
B. Use your horn and make distance to the hazards.
Think about how hazards can interact
obscene gestures.
to create risks for you. Anticipate
C. Speed up to put distance potential problems and have a plan to
between you and the tailgater. reduce risks.
D. Ignore them.
Answer - page 41

In potential high-risk areas, such as INTERSECTIONS LARGE INTERSECTIONS

intersections, shopping areas and school
and construction zones, cover the clutch The greatest potential for conflict
and both brakes to reduce the time you between you and other traffic is at
need to react. intersections. An intersection can be
in the middle of an urban area or at
a driveway on a residential street —
TEST YOURSELF 5 anywhere traffic may cross your path of
travel. Over one-half of motorcycle/car
To reduce your reaction time, you
should: crashes are caused by drivers entering a
rider’s right-of-way. Cars that turn left in
A. Ride slower than the speed
front of you, including cars turning left
limit.
from the lane to your right, and cars on
B. Cover the clutch and the brakes. side streets that pull into your lane, are
C. Shift into neutral when slowing. the biggest dangers. Your use of SEE
[p. 17] at intersections is critical.
D. Pull in the clutch when turning.
There are no guarantees that
Answer - page 41
others see you. Never count on “eye
contact” as a sign that a driver will
yield. Too often, a driver looks right at a
motorcyclist and still fails to “see” him
or her. The only eyes that you can count
on are your own. If a car can enter your When approaching an intersection In this picture, the rider has moved to
path, assume that it will. Good riders where a vehicle driver is preparing to the left portion of the lane — away
are always “looking for trouble” — not cross your path, slow down and select from the parked car — so the driver on
to get into it, but to stay out of it. a lane position to increase your visibiity the cross street can see him as soon as
Increase your chances of being to that driver. Cover the clutch lever and possible.
seen at intersections. Ride with your both brakes to reduce reaction time. As Remember, the key is to see as much
headlight on and in a lane position that you enter the intersection, move away as possible and remain visible to others
provides the best view of oncoming from the vehicle. Do not change speed while protecting your space.
traffic. Provide a space cushion around or position radically, as drivers might
the motorcycle that permits you to take think you are preparing to turn. Be
BLIND INTERSECTIONS
evasive action. prepared to brake hard and hold your
position if an oncoming vehicle turns in
SMALL INTERSECTIONS front of you, especially if there is other
traffic around you. This strategy should
also be used whenever a vehicle in the
oncoming lane of traffic is signaling for
a left turn, whether at an intersection
or not.
Blind Intersections
If you approach a blind intersection,
move to the portion of the lane that will
bring you into another driver’s field of
vision at the earliest possible moment.

STOP SIGNS PARKED CARS INCREASING coming from the side to spot you.
Reflective material can also be a big help
CONSPICUITY for drivers coming toward you or from
In crashes with motorcyclists, drivers behind.
often say that they never saw the
motorcycle. From ahead or behind, a Headlight
motorcycle’s outline is much smaller The best way to help others see your
than a car’s. Also, it’s hard to see motorcycle is to keep the headlight on
something you are not looking for, — at all times (new motorcycles sold
and most drivers are not looking for in the USA since 1978 automatically
motorcycles. More likely, they are have the headlights on when running).
checking for traffic behind. Even if he looking through the skinny, two- Studies show that, during the day, a
does look, he may fail to see you. wheeled silhouette in search of cars that motorcycle with its light on is twice as
If you have a stop sign or stop line, may pose a problem to them. likely to be noticed. Use low beam at
stop there first. Then edge forward In either event, the driver might cut
Even if a driver does see you coming, night and in fog.
and stop again, just short of where the into your path. Slow down or change
lanes to make room for someone you aren’t necessarily safe. Smaller Signals
cross-traffic lane meets your lane. From
cutting in. vehicles appear farther away and seem
that position, lean your body forward The signals on a motorcycle are similar
to be traveling slower than they actually
and look around buildings, parked cars Cars making a sudden U-turn are to those on a car. They tell others what
are. It is common for drivers to pull out
or bushes to see if anything is coming. the most dangerous. They may cut you plan to do.
in front of motorcyclists, thinking they
Just make sure your front wheel stays you off entirely, blocking the whole
have plenty of time. Too often, they are
out of the cross lane of travel while roadway and leaving you with no
wrong.
you’re looking. place to go. Since you can’t tell what a
driver will do, slow down and get the However, you can do many things to
Passing Parked Cars SIGNALING
driver’s attention. Sound your horn and make it easier for others to recognize
When passing parked cars, stay continue with caution. you and your motorcycle.
toward the left of your lane. You
can avoid problems caused by doors Parking at the Roadside Clothing
opening, drivers getting out of cars If parking in a parallel parking space Most crashes occur in broad daylight.
or people stepping from between next to a curb, position the motorcycle Wear bright-colored clothing to increase
cars. If oncoming traffic is present, it at an angle with the rear wheel to the your chances of being seen. Remember,
is usually best to remain in the center- curb. (Note: Some cities have ordinances your body is half of the visible surface
lane position to maximize your space that require motorcycles to park parallel area of the rider/motorcycle unit.
cushion. to the curb.) Bright orange, red, yellow or green
A bigger problem can occur if the jackets or vests are your best bets for
PARKING AT CURBS
driver pulls away from the curb without being seen. Your helmet can do more
than protect you in a crash. Brightly
TEST YOURSELF 6 colored helmets can also help others see
you.
Making eye contact with other
drivers: Any bright color is better than drab
or dark colors. Reflective, bright-colored
A. Is a good sign they see you.
clothing (helmet and jacket or vest) is
B. Is not worth the effort it takes.
best.
C. Doesn’t mean that the driver will yield.
Reflective material on a vest and on
D. Guarantees that the other driver will
yield to you. the sides of the helmet will help drivers
Answer - page 41

However, due to a rider’s added t:PVTMPXXIFSF others may not Head Checks
vulnerability, signals are even more expect it (in the middle of a block or USING MIRRORS
Checking your mirrors is not enough.
important. Use them anytime you plan at an alley).
Motorcycles have “blind spots” like
to change lanes or turn. Use them even If you are being followed closely, it’s cars. Before you change lanes, turn your
when you think no one else is around. a good idea to flash your brake light head, and look to the side for other
It’s the car you don’t see that’s going to before you slow. The tailgater may be vehicles.
give you the most trouble. Your signal watching you and not see something
lights also make you easier to spot. On a road with several lanes, check
ahead that will make you slow down.
That’s why it’s a good idea to use your the far lane and the one next to you. A
This will hopefully discourage them from
turn signals even when what you plan driver in the distant lane may head for
tailgating and warn them of hazards
to do is obvious. the same space you plan to take.
ahead they may not see.
When you enter a freeway, drivers Frequent head checks should be
approaching from behind are more likely Using Your Mirrors your normal scanning routine, also.
to see your signal blinking and make While it’s most important to keep Only by knowing what is happening
room for you. track of what’s happening ahead, you all around you are you fully prepared
can’t afford to ignore situations behind. to deal with it.
Turning your signal light on before
each turn reduces confusion and Traffic conditions change quickly.
Knowing what’s going on behind is
Horn
frustration for the traffic around you.
Once you turn, make sure your signal is essential for you to make a safe decision Be ready to use your horn to get
off or a driver may pull directly into your about how to handle trouble ahead. someone’s attention quickly.
path, thinking you plan to turn again. Frequent mirror checks should be part It is a good idea to give a quick beep
Use your signals at every turn so drivers of your normal searching routine. Make before passing anyone that may move
Some motorcycles have rounded
can react accordingly. Don’t make them a special point of using your mirrors: into your lane.
(convex) mirrors. These provide a wider
guess what you intend to do.
t8IFOZPVBSFTUPQQFE at an view of the road behind than do flat Here are some situations:
Brake Light intersection. Watch cars coming up mirrors. They also make cars seem t"ESJWFS in the lane next to you
from behind. If the drivers aren’t farther away than they really are. If is driving too closely to the vehicle
Your motorcycle’s brake light is usually paying attention, they could be on you are not used to convex mirrors, ahead and may want to pass.
not as noticeable as the brake lights on top of you before they see you. get familiar with them. (While you are
a car — particularly when your taillight t"QBSLFEDBS has someone in the
t#FGPSFZPVDIBOHFMBOFT Make stopped, pick out a parked car in your
is on. (It goes on with the headlight.) driver’s seat.
sure no one is about to pass you. mirror. Form a mental image of how
If the situation will permit, help others
far away it is. Then, turn around and t4PNFPOFJTJOUIFTUSFFU riding a
notice you by flashing your brake light t#FGPSFZPVTMPXEPXOThe driver look at it to see how close you came.) bicycle or walking.
before you slow down. It is especially behind may not expect you to slow, Practice with your mirrors until you
important to flash your brake light or may be unsure about where you In an emergency, press the horn
become a good judge of distance. Even
before: will slow. For example, you signal a button loud and long. Be ready to stop
then, allow extra distance before you
t:PVTMPXNPSFRVJDLMZ than turn and the driver thinks you plan or swerve away from the danger.
change lanes.
others might expect (turning off a to turn at a distant intersection, Keep in mind that a motorcycle’s horn
high-speed highway). rather than at a nearer driveway. isn’t as loud as a car’s — therefore, use
it, but don’t rely on it. Other strategies,
like having time and space to maneuver,
may be appropriate along with the
horn.

Riding at Night CRASH AVOIDANCE STOPPING DISTANCE
straight and maximum brake pressure
is possible. You should “straighten”
At night it is harder for you to see No matter how careful you are, there the handlebars in the last few feet of
and be seen. Picking your headlight will be times when you find yourself in a stopping. The motorcycle should then
or taillight out of the car lights around tight spot. Your chances of getting out be straight up and in balance.
you is not easy for other drivers. To safely depend on your ability to react
compensate, you should: quickly and properly. Often, a crash Swerving or Turning Quickly
t3FEVDF:PVS4QFFE— Ride even occurs because a rider is not prepared or Sometimes you may not have enough
slower than you would during the skilled in crash-avoidance maneuvers. room to stop, even if you use both
day — particularly on roads you Know when and how to stop or brakes properly. An object might appear
don’t know well. This will increase
swerve, two skills critical in avoiding suddenly in your path. Or the car ahead
your chances of avoiding a hazard.
a crash. It is not always desirable or might squeal to a stop. The only way to
t*ODSFBTF%JTUBODF — Distances possible to stop quickly to avoid an avoid a crash may be to turn quickly, or
Always use both brakes at the same
are harder to judge at night than obstacle. Riders must also be able to swerve around it.
during the day. Your eyes rely upon time to stop. The front brake can
swerve around an obstacle. Deter- provide 70% or more of the potential A swerve is any sudden change in
shadows and light contrasts to
mining which skill is necessary for the stopping power. direction. It can be two quick turns, or
determine how far away an object
is and how fast it is coming. These situation is important as well. a rapid shift to the side. Apply a small
If you must stop quickly while turning
contrasts are missing or distorted Studies show that most crash- amount of pressure to the handgrip
or riding a curve, the best technique is
under artificial lights at night. involved riders: located on the side of your intended
Open up a three-second following to straighten the bike upright first and
t6OEFSCSBLF the front tire and then brake. However, it may not always direction of escape. This will cause the
distance or more. And allow more
overbrake the rear. be possible to straighten the motorcycle motorcycle to lean quickly. The sharper
distance to pass and be passed.
and then stop. If you must brake while the turn(s), the more the motorcycle
t6TFUIF$BS"IFBE— The t%JEOPU separate braking from
leaning, apply light brakes and reduce must lean.
headlights of the car ahead can give swerving or did not choose
you a better view of the road than swerving when it was appropriate. the throttle. As you slow, you can Keep your body upright and allow
even your high beam can. Taillights reduce your lean angle and apply more the motorcycle to lean in the direction
The following information offers
bouncing up and down can alert brake pressure until the motorcycle is of the turn while keeping your knees
some good advice.
you to bumps or rough pavement.
t6TF:PVS)JHI#FBN — Get all the Quick Stops
light you can. Use your high beam SWERVE, THEN BRAKE BRAKE, THEN SWERVE
To stop quickly, apply both brakes
whenever you are not following at the same time. Don’t be shy about
or meeting a car. Be visible: Wear using the front brake, but don’t “grab”
reflective materials when riding at
it, either. Squeeze the brake lever
night.
firmly and progressively. If the front
t#F'MFYJCMF"CPVU-BOF1PTJUJPO wheel locks, release the front brake
Change to whatever portion of the immediately then reapply it firmly. At
lane is best able to help you see, be
the same time, press down on the
seen and keep an adequate space
cushion. rear brake. If you accidentally lock the
rear brake on a good traction surface,
TEST YOURSELF 7 you can keep it locked until you have
completely stopped; but, even with a
Reflective clothing should: locked rear wheel, you can control the
A. Be worn at night. motorcycle on a straightaway if it is
B. Be worn during the day. upright and going in a straight line.
C. Not be worn.
D. Be worn day and night
Answer - page 41

against the tank and your feet solidly on Cornering Change lane position depending on HANDLING DANGEROUS
the footrests. Let the motorcycle move traffic, road conditions and curve of
underneath you. Make your escape
A primary cause of single-vehicle
the road. If no traffic is present, start at
SURFACES
crashes is motorcyclists running wide in Your chance of falling or being
route the target of your vision. Press the outside of a curve to increase your
a curve or turn and colliding with the involved in a crash increases whenever
on the opposite handgrip once you line of sight and the effective radius of
roadway or a fixed object. you ride across:
clear the obstacle to return you to your the turn. As you turn, move toward the
original direction of travel. To swerve to Every curve is different. Be alert to inside of the curve, and as you pass the t6OFWFOTVSGBDFTPSPCTUBDMFT
the left, press the left handgrip, then whether a curve remains constant, center, move to the outside to exit.
gradually widens, gets tighter or t4MJQQFSZTVSGBDFT
press the right to recover. To swerve to Another alternative is to move to the
the right, press right, then left. involves multiple turns. t3BJMSPBEUSBDLT
center of your lane before entering a
IF BRAKING IS REQUIRED, SEPARATE Ride within your skill level and posted curve — and stay there until you exit. t(SPPWFTBOEHSBUJOHT
IT FROM SWERVING. Brake before or speed limits. This permits you to spot approaching Uneven Surfaces and
after — never while swerving. Your best path may not always follow traffic as soon as possible. You can also
adjust for traffic “crowding” the center Obstacles
the curve of the road.
line, or debris blocking part of your lane. Watch for uneven surfaces such as
CONSTANT CURVES MULTIPLE CURVES bumps, broken pavement, potholes or
small pieces of highway trash.
Try to avoid obstacles by slowing or
going around them. If you must go
over the obstacle, first determine if it is
TEST YOURSELF 8 possible. Approach it at as close to a 90˚
angle as possible. Look where you want
The best way to stop quickly is to: to go to control your path of travel. If
A. Use the front brake only. you have to ride over the obstacle, you
B. Use the rear brake first. should:
C. Throttle down and use the front t4MPXEPXO as much as possible
brake. before contact.
D. Use both brakes at the same time. t.BLFTVSF the motorcycle is
Answer - page 41
straight.
DECREASING CURVES WIDENING CURVES OBSTACLES

(TIGHTER TURNS)

t3JTFTMJHIUMZ off the seat with your lever gradually to avoid locking the For track and road seams that run
front wheel. Remember, gentle CROSSTRACKS—RIGHT parallel to your course, move far enough
weight on the footrests to absorb
the shock with your knees and pressure on the rear brake. away from tracks, ruts, or pavement
elbows, and avoid being thrown off seams to cross at an angle of at least
t5IFDFOUFSPGBMBOF can be
the motorcycle. 45˚. Then, make a deliberate turn.
hazardous when wet. When it starts
Edging across could catch your tires and
t+VTUCFGPSFDPOUBDU roll on the to rain, ride in the tire tracks left by
throw you off balance.
throttle slightly to lighten the front cars. Often, the left tire track will
end. be the best position, depending on Grooves and Gratings
traffic and other road conditions as Riding over rain grooves or bridge
If you ride over an object on the well.
street, pull off the road and check your gratings may cause a motorcycle to
CROSSTRACKS—WRONG weave. The uneasy, wandering feeling is
tires and rims for damage before riding t8BUDIGPSPJMTQPUT when you put
your foot down to stop or park. You generally not hazardous. Relax, maintain
any farther. a steady speed and ride straight across.
may slip and fall.
Slippery Surfaces Crossing at an angle forces riders to
t%JSUBOEHSBWFM collect along the zigzag to stay in the lane. The zigzag is
Motorcycles handle better when sides of the road — especially on far more hazardous than the wandering
ridden on surfaces that permit good curves and ramps leading to and feeling.
from highways. Be aware of what’s
traction. Surfaces that provide poor
on the edge of the road, particularly
traction include: when making sharp turns and GRATE CROSSINGS—RIGHT
t8FUQBWFNFOU particularly just getting on or off freeways at high 3BJMSPBE5SBDLT 5SPMMFZ5SBDLT
after it starts to rain and before speeds. and Pavement Seams
surface oil washes to the side of the t3BJOESJFTBOETOPXNFMUTGBTUFS
road. Usually it is safer to ride straight within
on some sections of a road than your lane to cross tracks. Turning to take
t(SBWFMSPBET or where sand and on others. Patches of ice tend to
tracks head-on (at a 90˚ angle) can be
gravel collect. develop in low or shaded areas and
on bridges and overpasses. Wet more dangerous — your path may carry
t.VE MFBWFT TOPX BOEJDF you into another lane of traffic.
surfaces or wet leaves are just as
t-BOFNBSLJOHT QBJOUFEMJOFT
slippery. Ride on the least slippery
steel plates and manhole covers, portion of the lane and reduce
especially when wet. PARALLEL TRACKS—RIGHT GRATE CROSSINGS—WRONG
speed.
To ride safely on slippery surfaces: Cautious riders steer clear of roads
t3FEVDF4QFFE — Slow down covered with ice or snow. If you can’t
before you get to a slippery avoid a slippery surface, keep your
surface to lessen your chances of motorcycle straight up and proceed
skidding. Your motorcycle needs as slowly as possible. If you encounter
more distance to stop. And it is a large surface so slippery that you
particularly important to reduce must coast, or travel at a walking pace,
speed before entering wet curves. consider letting your feet skim along
t"WPJE4VEEFO.PWFT — Any the surface. If the motorcycle starts to PARALLEL TRACKS—WRONG TEST YOURSELF 9
sudden change in speed or direction fall, you can catch yourself. Be sure to
can cause a skid. Be as smooth as keep off the brakes. If possible, squeeze When it starts to rain it is usually
best to:
possible when you speed up, shift the clutch and coast. Attempting this
gears, turn or brake. A. Ride in the center of the lane.
maneuver at anything other than
t6TF#PUI#SBLFT — The front the slowest of speeds could prove B. Pull off to the side until the rain
stops.
brake is still effective, even on a hazardous.
slippery surface. Squeeze the brake C. Ride in the tire tracks left by cars.
D. Increase your speed.
Answer - page 41

MECHANICAL PROBLEMS Stuck Throttle Trying to “accelerate out of a Engine Seizure

wobble” will only make the motorcycle
You can find yourself in an emergency Twist the throttle back and forth When the engine “locks” or
more unstable. Instead:
the moment something goes wrong several times. If the throttle cable is “freezes” it is usually low on oil. The
with your motorcycle. In dealing with stuck, this may free it. If the throttle t(SJQUIFIBOEMFCBSTmSNMZ but engine’s moving parts can’t move
stays stuck, immediately operate the don’t fight the wobble. smoothly against each other, and the
any mechanical problem, take into
account the road and traffic conditions engine cut-off switch and pull in the t$MPTFUIFUISPUUMFHSBEVBMMZ engine overheats. The first sign may be
you face. Here are some guidelines clutch at the same time. This will remove to slow down. Do not apply the a loss of engine power or a change in
that can help you handle mechanical power from the rear wheel, though brakes; braking could make the the engine’s sound. Squeeze the clutch
problems safely. engine sound may not immediately wobble worse. lever to disengage the engine from the
decline. Once the motorcycle is “under t.PWFZPVSXFJHIU as far forward rear wheel. Pull off the road and stop.
Tire Failure control,” pull off and stop. and down as possible. Check the oil. If needed, oil should be
You will seldom hear a tire go flat. t1VMMPGGUIFSPBE as soon as you added as soon as possible or the engine
After you have stopped, check the
If the motorcycle starts handling can to fix the problem. will seize. When this happens, the effect
throttle cable carefully to find the source
differently, it may be a tire failure. This is the same as a locked rear wheel. Let
of the trouble. Make certain the throttle
can be dangerous. You must be able to the engine cool before restarting.
works freely before you start to ride TEST YOURSELF 10
tell from the way the motorcycle reacts.
If one of your tires suddenly loses air,
again. ANIMALS
If your motorcycle starts to wobble:
react quickly to keep your balance. Pull Wobble Naturally, you should do everything
A. Accelerate out of the wobble.
off and check the tires. A “wobble” occurs when the front you safely can to avoid hitting an
B. Use the brakes gradually.
If the front tire goes flat, the steering wheel and handlebars suddenly start animal. If you are in traffic, however,
C. Grip the handlebars firmly and close remain in your lane. Hitting something
will feel “heavy.” A front-wheel flat is to shake from side to side at any the throttle gradually.
particularly hazardous because it affects speed. Most wobbles can be traced to small is less dangerous to you than
D. Downshift.
your steering. You have to steer well to improper loading, unsuitable accessories Answer - page 41 hitting something big — like a car.
keep your balance. or incorrect tire pressure. If you are Motorcycles seem to attract dogs. If
If the rear tire goes flat, the back of
carrying a heavy load, lighten it. If you Drive Train Problems you are chased, downshift and approach
can’t, shift it. Center the weight lower the animal slowly. As you approach it,
the motorcycle may jerk or sway from The drive train for a motorcycle uses
and farther forward on the motorcycle. accelerate away and leave the animal
side to side. either a chain, belt, or drive shaft to
Make sure tire pressure, spring pre- behind. Don’t kick at an animal. Keep
If either tire goes flat while riding: transfer power from the engine to
load, air shocks and dampers are at the control of your motorcycle and look to
the rear wheel. Routine inspection,
t)PMEIBOEHSJQT firmly, ease off the settings recommended for that much where you want to go.
adjustment, and maintenance makes
throttle, and keep a straight course. weight. Make sure windshields and
failure a rare occurrence. A chain or belt For larger animals (deer, elk, cattle)
fairings are mounted properly.
t*GCSBLJOHJTSFRVJSFE however, that slips or breaks while you’re riding brake and prepare to stop — they are
gradually apply the brake of the tire Check for poorly adjusted steering; could lock the rear wheel and cause unpredictable.
that isn’t flat, if you are sure which worn steering parts; a front wheel that your motorcycle to skid.
is bent, misaligned, or out of balance;
one it is. If the chain or belt breaks, you’ll TEST YOURSELF 11
loose wheel bearings or spokes; and
t8IFOUIFNPUPSDZDMFTMPXT notice an instant loss of power to the
worn swingarm bearings. If none of If you are chased by a dog:
edge to the side of the road, rear wheel. Close the throttle and brake
these is determined to be the cause, A. Kick it away.
squeeze the clutch and stop. to a stop in a safe area.
have the motorcycle checked out B. Stop until the animal loses interest.
thoroughly by a qualified professional. On models with a drive shaft, loss of
C. Swerve around the animal.
oil in the rear differential can cause the
rear wheel to lock, and you may not be D. Approach the animal slowly, then
speed up.
able to prevent a skid. Answer - page 41

FLYING OBJECTS CARRYING PASSENGERS Instructing Passengers t3JEFBMJUUMFTMPXFS especially

when taking curves, corners or
From time to time riders are struck AND CARGO Even if your passenger is a motorcycle
bumps.
by insects, cigarettes thrown from cars rider, provide complete instructions
Only experienced riders should carry t4UBSUTMPXJOHFBSMJFS as you
or pebbles kicked up by the tires of before you start. Tell your passenger to:
passengers or large loads. The extra approach a stop.
the vehicle ahead. If you are wearing weight changes the way the motorcycle t(FUPO the motorcycle only after
face protection, it might get smeared you have started the engine. t0QFOVQBMBSHFSDVTIJPO of
handles, balances, speeds up and slows space ahead and to the sides.
or cracked, making it difficult to see. down. Before taking a passenger or a t4JUBTGBSGPSXBSE as possible
Without face protection, an object heavy load on the street, practice away without crowding you. t8BJUGPSMBSHFSHBQT to cross,
could hit you in the eye, face or mouth. enter or merge in traffic.
from traffic. t)PMEmSNMZ to your waist, hips,
Whatever happens, keep your eyes Warn your passenger of special
belt, or to the bike’s passenger
on the road and your hands on the Equipment handholds. conditions — when you will pull out,
handlebars. When safe, pull off the road To carry passengers safely: stop quickly, turn sharply or ride over a
and repair the damage. t,FFQCPUIGFFU on the footrests,
t&RVJQBOEBEKVTUyour motorcycle even when stopped. bump. Turn your head slightly to make
yourself understood, but keep your eyes
GETTING OFF THE ROAD to carry passengers. t,FFQMFHTBXBZ from the
on the road ahead.
If you need to leave the road to check t*OTUSVDUUIFQBTTFOHFSbefore you muffler(s), chains or moving parts.
the motorcycle (or just to rest for a start. t4UBZEJSFDUMZCFIJOEZPV leaning Carrying Loads
while), be sure you: t"EKVTUZPVSSJEJOH technique for as you lean. Most motorcycles are not designed
the added weight. t"WPJEVOOFDFTTBSZ talk or motion. to carry much cargo. Small loads can be
t$IFDLUIFSPBETJEF — Make sure
the surface of the roadside is firm Equipment should include: carried safely if positioned and fastened
Also, tell your passenger to tighten his
enough to ride on. If it is soft grass, t"QSPQFSTFBU — large enough to properly.
or her hold when you:
loose sand or if you’re just not sure hold both of you without crowding. t,FFQUIF-PBE-PX — Fasten
about it, slow way down before you You should not sit any farther t"QQSPBDI surface problems.
loads securely, or put them in
turn onto it. forward than you usually do. t"SFBCPVUUPTUBSU from a stop. saddlebags. Piling loads against a
t4JHOBM — Drivers behind might not t'PPUSFTUT — for the passenger. sissybar or frame on the back of the
t8BSOUIBUZPV will make a sudden
expect you to slow down. Give a Firm footing prevents your seat raises the motorcycle’s center
clear signal that you will be slowing move.
passenger from falling off and of gravity and disturbs its balance.
down and changing direction. pulling you off, too. Riding With Passengers t,FFQUIF-PBE'PSXBSE — Place
Check your mirror and make a head
t1SPUFDUJWFFRVJQNFOU — the same Your motorcycle will respond more the load over, or in front of, the rear
check before you take any action.
protective gear recommended for axle. Tankbags keep loads forward,
t1VMMPGGUIFSPBE — Get as far off slowly with a passenger on board. The
operators. but use caution when loading hard
the road as you can. It can be very heavier your passenger, the longer it or sharp objects. Make sure the
hard to spot a motorcycle by the Adjust the suspension to handle the may take to slow down and speed up — tankbag does not interfere with
side of the road. You don’t want additional weight. You will probably especially on a light motorcycle. handlebars or controls. Mounting
someone else pulling off at the need to add a few pounds of pressure loads behind the rear axle can affect
same place you are. to the tires if you carry a passenger. TEST YOURSELF 12 how the motorcycle turns and
t1BSLDBSFGVMMZ — Loose and sloped (Check your owner’s manual for brakes. It can also cause a wobble.
shoulders can make setting the side appropriate settings.) While your Passengers should: t%JTUSJCVUFUIF-PBE&WFOMZ —
or center stand difficult. passenger sits on the seat with you, A. Lean as you lean. Load saddlebags with about the
adjust the mirrors and headlight same weight. An uneven load can
B. Hold on to the motorcycle seat.
according to the change in the cause the motorcycle to drift to one
C. Sit as far back as possible. side.
motorcycle’s angle.
D. Never hold onto you. Answer - page 41

t4FDVSFUIF-PBE— Fasten the load t,OPXUIF3PVUF — Make sure A third rider maintains in the left Some people suggest that the leader
securely with elastic cords (bungee everyone knows the route. Then, if position, two seconds behind the first should move to the right side after
cords or nets). Elastic cords with someone is separated they won’t rider. The fourth rider would keep a passing a vehicle. This is not a good
more than one attachment point have to hurry to keep from getting two-second distance behind the second idea. It encourages the second rider
per side are more secure. A tight lost or taking a wrong turn. Plan rider. This formation keeps the group to pass and cut back in before there
load won’t catch in the wheel or frequent stops on long rides. close and permits each rider a safe is a large enough space cushion in
chain, causing it to lock up and skid. distance from others ahead, behind and front of the passed vehicle. It’s simpler
Rope tends to stretch and knots Keep Your Distance to the sides. and safer to wait until there is enough
come loose, permitting the load to Maintain close ranks but at the same room ahead of the passed vehicle to
time keep a safe distance to allow each t1BTTJOHJO'PSNBUJPO— Riders in
shift or fall. allow each rider to move into the same
rider in the group time and space to a staggered formation should pass
t$IFDLUIF-PBE — Stop and check position held before the pass.
react to hazards. A close group takes one at a time.
the load every so often to make up less space on the highway, is easier Single-File Formation — It is best
t'JSTU UIFMFBESJEFSTIPVMEQVMM
sure it has not worked loose or to see and is less likely to be separated. to move into a single-file formation
out and pass when it is safe. After
moved. However, it must be done properly. when riding curves, turning, entering or
passing, the leader should return to
leaving a highway.
GROUP RIDING Don’t Pair Up — Never operate the left position and continue riding
at passing speed to open room for
directly alongside another rider. There is
If you ride with others, do it in a the next rider. TEST YOURSELF 13
no place to go if you have to avoid a car
way that promotes safety and doesn’t or something on the road. To talk, wait t"GUFSUIFmSTUSJEFSQBTTFTTBGFMZ When riding in a group,
interfere with the flow of traffic. until you are both stopped. inexperienced riders should position
the second rider should move up
themselves:
Keep the Group Small Staggered Formation — This is to the left position and watch for a
safe chance to pass. After passing, A. Just behind the leader.
Small groups make it easier and safer the best way to keep ranks close yet
maintain an adequate space cushion. The this rider should return to the right B. In front of the group.
for car drivers who need to get around position and open up room for the
them. A small number isn’t separated leader rides in the left side of the lane, C. At the tail end of the group.
while the second rider stays one second next rider.
as easily by traffic or red lights. Riders D. Beside the leader.
Answer - page 41
won’t always be hurrying to catch up. behind in the right side of the lane.
If your group is larger than four or five
riders, divide it up into two or more STAGGERED FORMATION GROUP PASSING (STAGE 1) GROUP PASSING (STAGE 2)
smaller groups.
Keep the Group Together
t1MBO — The leader should look
ahead for changes and signal early
so “the word gets back” in plenty
of time. Start lane changes early to
permit everyone to complete the
change.
t1VU#FHJOOFST6Q'SPOU — Place
inexperienced riders just behind
the leader. That way the more
experienced riders can watch them
from the back.
t'PMMPX5IPTF#FIJOE — Let
the tailender set the pace. Use
your mirrors to keep an eye on
the person behind. If a rider falls
behind, everyone should slow down
a little to stay with the tailender.

36 BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE 37
Riding a motorcycle is a demanding and complex task. Skilled riders Blood Alcohol Concentration A 12-ounce can of beer, a mixed drink
pay attention to the riding environment and to operating the motorcycle, with one shot (1.5 ounces) of liquor,
Blood Alcohol Concentration or BAC and a 5- ounce glass of wine all contain
identifying potential hazards, making good judgments and executing decisions is the amount of alcohol in relation to
quickly and skillfully. Your ability to perform and respond to changing road the same amount of alcohol.
blood in the body. Generally, alcohol can
and traffic conditions is influenced by how fit and alert you are. Alcohol and be eliminated in the body at the rate of The faster you drink, the more alcohol
other drugs, more than any other factor, degrade your ability to think clearly almost one drink per hour. But a variety accumulates in your body. If you drink
and to ride safely. As little as one drink can have a significant effect on your of other factors may also influence two drinks in an hour, at the end of that
performance. the level of alcohol retained. The more hour, at least one drink will remain in
Let’s look at the risks involved in riding after drinking or using drugs. What to alcohol in your blood, the greater the your bloodstream.
do to protect yourself and your fellow riders is also examined. degree of impairment. Without taking into account any
Three factors play a major part in other factors, these examples illustrate
WHY THIS INFORMATION ALCOHOL AND OTHER determining BAC: why time is a critical factor when a rider
decides to drink.
IS IMPORTANT DRUGS IN MOTORCYCLE t5IFBNPVOUof alcohol you
A person drinking:
consume.
Alcohol is a major contributor to OPERATION – Seven drinks over the span of three
motorcycle crashes, particularly fatal t)PXGBTU you drink.
No one is immune to the effects of hours would have at least four (7 – 3
crashes. Studies show that nearly 40% alcohol or drugs. Friends may brag t:PVSCPEZ weight.
of all riders killed in motorcycle crashes = 4) drinks remaining in their system
about their ability to hold their liquor Other factors also contribute to the at the end of the three hours. They
had been drinking. The rest had only a or perform better on drugs, but alcohol
few drinks in their systems — enough way alcohol affects your system. would need at least another four hours
or drugs make them less able to think to eliminate the four remaining drinks
to impair riding skills. In the past, drug clearly and perform physical tasks Your sex, physical condition and
levels have been harder to distinguish or before they consider riding.
skillfully. Judgment and the decision- food intake are just a few that may
have not been separated from drinking making processes needed for vehicle cause your BAC level to be even higher.
violations for the traffic records. But operation are affected long before legal But the full effects of these are not
riding “under the influence” of either limitations are reached. completely known. Alcohol may still
alcohol or drugs poses physical and legal accumulate in your body even if you
hazards for every rider. Many over-the-counter, prescription are drinking at a rate of one drink
and illegal drugs have side effects that per hour. Abilities and judgment can be
Drinking and drug use is as big increase the risk of riding. It is difficult to
a problem among motorcyclists affected by that one drink.
accurately measure the involvement of
as it is among automobile drivers. particular drugs in motorcycle crashes.
Motorcyclists, however, are more likely But we do know what effects various
to be killed or severely injured in a crash. drugs have on the processes involved in ALCOHOL CONTENT
Injuries occur in 90% of motorcycle riding a motorcycle. We also know that
crashes and 33% of automobile crashes the combined effects of alcohol and
that involve abuse of substances. On other drugs are more dangerous than
a yearly basis, 2,000 motorcyclists either is alone.
are killed and about 50,000 seriously
injured in this same type of crash. These ALCOHOL IN THE BODY
statistics are too overwhelming to
ignore. Alcohol enters the bloodstream
quickly. Unlike most foods and
By becoming knowledgeable about beverages, it does not need to be
the effects of alcohol and other drugs digested. Within minutes after being
you will see that riding and substance consumed, it reaches the brain and
abuse don’t mix. Take positive steps to begins to affect the drinker. The major
protect yourself and prevent others from effect alcohol has is to slow down and
injuring themselves. impair bodily functions — both mental
and physical. Whatever you do, you do
less well after consuming alcohol.

38 BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE 39
– Four drinks over the span of two If you are convicted of riding under Or Don’t Ride — If you haven’t firm and the harder it is for the rider to
hours would have at least two (4 – 2 = the influence of alcohol or drugs, controlled your drinking, you must resist. While you may not be thanked at
2) drinks remaining in their system at you may receive any of the following control your riding. the time, you will never have to say, “If
the end of the two hours. They would penalties: t-FBWFUIFNPUPSDZDMF — so you only I had ...”
need at least another two hours to t-JDFOTF4VTQFOTJPO — Mandatory won’t be tempted to ride. Arrange
eliminate the two remaining drinks suspension for conviction, arrest or another way to get home.
FATIGUE
before they consider riding. refusal to submit to a breath test. Riding a motorcycle is more tiring
t8BJU — If you exceed your limit,
There are times when a larger t'JOFT — Severe fines are another wait until your system eliminates the than driving a car. On a long trip, you’ll
person may not accumulate as high aspect of a conviction, usually levied alcohol and its fatiguing effects. tire sooner than you would in a car.
a concentration of alcohol for each with a license suspension. Avoid riding when tired. Fatigue can
drink consumed. They have more
STEP IN TO PROTECT affect your control of the motorcycle.
t$PNNVOJUZ4FSWJDF — Performing
blood and other bodily fluids. But tasks such as picking up litter along FRIENDS t1SPUFDUZPVSTFMG from the elements
because of individual differences it the highway, washing cars in the People who have had too much to — Wind, cold, and rain make
is better not to take the chance that motor-vehicle pool or working at an you tire quickly. Dress warmly. A
drink are unable to make a responsible
abilities and judgment have not been emergency ward. windshield is worth its cost if you
decision. It is up to others to step in plan to ride long distances.
affected. Whether or not you are t$PTUT— Additional lawyer’s fees to and keep them from taking too great
legally intoxicated is not the real issue. pay, lost work time spent in court or a risk. No one wants to do this — it’s t-JNJUZPVSEJTUBODF — Experi-
Impairment of judgment and skills alcohol-education programs, public uncomfortable, embarrassing and enced riders seldom try to ride more
begins well below the legal limit. transportation costs (while your than about six hours a day.
thankless. You are rarely thanked
license is suspended) and the added t5BLFGSFRVFOUSFTUCSFBLT — Stop
for your efforts at the time. But the
ALCOHOL AND THE LAW psychological costs of being tagged and get off the motorcycle at least
a “drunk driver.” alternatives are often worse.
In all states, an adult with a BAC every two hours.
There are several ways to keep friends
of 0.08% or above is considered MINIMIZE THE RISKS from hurting themselves:
t%POUESJOLPSVTFESVHT —
intoxicated. For operators under the age Artificial stimulants often result in
of 21, lower BAC limits (0.00 to 0.02%, Your ability to judge how well you t"SSBOHFBTBGFSJEF — Provide extreme fatigue or depression when
depending on state) apply. It doesn’t are riding is affected first. Although alternative ways for them to get they start to wear off. Riders are
matter how sober you may look or act. you may be performing more and more home. unable to concentrate on the task at
The breath or urine test is what usually poorly, you think you are doing better hand.
t4MPXUIFQBDFPGESJOLJOH —
determines whether you are riding and better. The result is that you ride Involve them in other activities.
confidently, taking greater and greater
legally or illegally. t,FFQUIFNUIFSF — Use any TEST YOURSELF 14
risks. Minimize the risks of drinking and
Your chances of being stopped for excuse to keep them from getting If you wait one hour per drink for
riding by taking steps before you drink.
riding under the influence of alcohol are on their motorcycle. Serve them the alcohol to be eliminated from
Control your drinking or control your food and coffee to pass the time. your body before riding:
increasing. Law enforcement is being riding. Explain your concerns for their A. You cannot be arrested for drinking
stepped up across the country in response risks of getting arrested or hurt or and riding.
to the senseless deaths and injuries caused Make an Intelligent Choice
hurting someone else. Take their B. Your riding skills will not be affected.
by drinking drivers and riders. Don’t Drink — Once you start, your key, if you can. C. Side effects from the drinking may
resistance becomes weaker. still remain.
Consequences of Conviction t(FUGSJFOETJOWPMWFE — Use peer
Setting a limit or pacing yourself are pressure from a group of friends to D. You will be okay as long as you ride
Years ago, first offenders had a good intervene. slowly.
poor alternatives at best. Your ability to Answer - page 41
chance of getting off with a small fine
exercise good judgment is one of the It helps to enlist support from others
and participation in alcohol-abuse
first things affected by alcohol. Even if when you decide to step in. The more
classes. Today the laws of most states
you have tried to drink in moderation, people on your side, the easier it is to be
impose stiff penalties on drinking
you may not realize to what extent
operators. And those penalties are
your skills have suffered from alcohol’s
mandatory, meaning that judges must
fatiguing effects.
impose them.

40 EARNING YOUR LICENSE 41
On-Motorcycle Skill Test t4UPQ UVSOBOETXFSWFRVJDLMZ

Safe riding requires knowledge and skill. Licensing tests are the best t.BLFDSJUJDBMEFDJTJPOT and carry
measurement of the skills necessary to operate safely in traffic. Assessing your Basic vehicle control and crash-
avoidance skills are included in on- them out.
own skills is not enough. People often overestimate their own abilities. It’s even
harder for friends and relatives to be totally honest about your skills. Licensing motorcycle tests to determine your Examiners may score on factors
exams are designed to be scored more objectively. ability to handle normal and hazardous related to safety such as:
traffic situations. t4FMFDUJOH safe speeds to perform
To earn your license, you must pass a knowledge test and an on-cycle skill
You may be tested for your ability to: maneuvers.
test. Knowledge test questions are based on information, practices and ideas
from this manual. They require that you know and understand road rules and t,OPXZPVSNPUPSDZDMF and your t$IPPTJOH the correct path and
safe riding practices. An on-cycle skill test will either be conducted in an actual riding limits. staying within boundaries.
traffic environment or in a controlled, off-street area. t"DDFMFSBUF CSBLFBOEUVSO t$PNQMFUJOH normal and quick
safely. stops.
t4FF CFTFFO and communicate t$PNQMFUJOH normal and quick
with others. turns or swerves.
Knowledge Test 4. If a tire goes flat while riding and
you must stop, it is usually best t"EKVTUTQFFE and position to the
(Sample Questions) to: traffic situation.
1. It is MOST important to flash A. Relax on the handgrips.
your brake light when:
B. Shift your weight toward the
A. Someone is following too closely.
good tire.
B. You will be slowing suddenly.
C. Brake on the good tire and steer
C. There is a stop sign ahead. to the side of the road.
D. Your signals are not working. D. Use both brakes and stop quickly.
2. The FRONT brake supplies how 5. The car below is waiting to enter
much of the potential stopping the intersection. It is best to: 5PSFDFJWFBNPUPSDZDMFMJDFOTFXJUIGVMMQSJWJMFHFT NPTU
power? states require that maneuvers be performed as designed
A. Make eye contact with the driver.
A. About one-quarter. GPSTJOHMFUSBDL UXPXIFFMFENPUPSDZDMFT
B. Reduce speed and be ready to
B. About one-half. react. On-motorcycle skill tests are not designed for sidecars or three-wheeled
vehicles. Those vehicles maneuver differently than a two-wheeled motorcycle.
C. About three-quarters. C. Maintain speed and position. Depending on the state, an examiner may follow you on a car test-route.
D. All of the stopping power. D. Maintain speed and move right. Restrictions (sidecar, three-wheeled vehicle) may be added until completion of a
3. To swerve correctly: two-wheeled motorcycle test.
A. Shift your weight quickly.

B. Turn the handlebars quickly.
Answers to Test Yourself (previous pages)
C. Press the handgrip in the direction
of the turn. 1-C, 2-D, 3-D, 4-A, 5-B,
D. Press the handgrip in the opposite 6-C, 7-D 8-D, 9-C, 10-C,
direction of the turn. 11-D, 12-A, 13-A, 14-C
Diagrams and drawings used in this
manual are for reference only and are
Answers to Knowledge Test (left): not to correct scale for size of vehicles
and distances.
1-B, 2-C, 3-C, 4-C, 5-B

42 THREE-WHEEL SUPPLEMENT 43
SUPPLEMENTARY t4BEEMFTFBUJOH Three-Wheel Vehicle Designs Borrowing and Lending

INFORMATION FOR – Seating in which the rider/ As shown below in the Figure, vehicle Borrowers and lenders, beware.
passenger straddles the
THREE-WHEEL VEHICLES vehicle.
designs vary among manufacturers. Crashes are fairly common among
Unlike traditional motorcycles, which are beginning operators, especially in the
Many states require a separate license – If designed for a passenger, considered single-track vehicles, three-
endorsement to operate a three-wheel first months of riding. Operating an
the passenger must be wheel vehicles could be either dual or
vehicle. This requires the rider to pass seated behind the operator unfamiliar vehicle adds to the problem.
triple track design. Dual track vehicles If you borrow a three-wheel vehicle or
both a written and a skills test. The (or in a separate passenger are motorcycles with sidecars, while
purpose of this supplement is to help compartment in the case of a motorcycle with sidecar, get familiar
triple track vehicles can be configured with it in a controlled area. If you lend
prepare riders to complete the written motorcycle with sidecar).
either with dual front wheels or dual
exam for a three-wheel vehicle license 3. Turning diameter of the vehicle your three-wheel vehicle or motorcycle
rear wheels.
or endorsement. This information is at its widest point must be less with sidecar to friends, make sure
provided in addition to that offered in than 40’. they are licensed and know how to
MOTORCYCLE AND THREE- ride before you allow them to operate
the first part of this Motorcycle Operator 4. The vehicle meets all applicable WHEEL VEHICLE DESIGNS in traffic. Such vehicles operate very
Manual (MOM), so when preparing to federal on-road vehicle standards.
take the written test, begin by reading differently than 2-wheel motorcycles.
The following vehicles are not
the information on 2-wheel motocycles No matter how experienced you may
included in this definition, and
thoroughly. It provides information on be, be extra careful on any vehicle that
therefore testing requirements may not
safe operation of your vehicle in traffic. is unfamiliar or new to you.
be applicable. Always refer to your
This supplement contains information
state Department of Motor Vehicles, Get Familiar with Vehicle
specific to the safe operation of a three-
Department of Licensing or other Controls
wheel vehicle, including both three-track
appropriate state regulatory agency for
vehicles and motorcycles with sidecars. Be sure you are familiar with the
exact regulations regarding testing for:
KNOW YOUR VEHICLE tAutomotive hybrids or
controls of the three-wheel vehicle
or motorcycle with a sidecar before
Due to the many three-wheel vehicle automotive conversions
attempting to operate it on any
designs available on the market today, tVehicles with automotive highway, since some vehicle controls
standards suitable for testing may vary. controls or seating may differ from those found on other
However, vehicles should conform to tVehicles with front or rear three-wheel vehicles or motorcycles.
standards determined by your state. In mounted engines (engines must This is especially important if you are
general, three-wheel vehicles will have be mounted mid-frame below the riding on a borrowed vehicle. Before
the following specifications: rider to be considered motorcycle- beginning the ride:
based)
1. Three wheels leaving two or t Make all the checks you would on
three separate tracks during tVehicles with enclosed or semi- The Right Vehicle for You your own vehicle.
straight line operation. enclosed riding compartments
Make sure your three-wheel vehicle or t'BNJMJBSJ[FZPVSTFMG with all
2. Motorcycle-based conversion or tMotorcycles or scooters with two
sidecar-equipped motorcycle is right for controls, such as the turn signals,
design with: close-set wheels in front (contact
patches less than 18.1 inches you. You should be able to comfortably horn, headlight switch, fuel control
t)BOEMFCBSTUFFSJOH apart) that lean and maneuver like reach and operate all of the controls, valve, and cut-off switch. Locate
standard, single-track, two-wheel and be able to complete full vehicle and operate these items without
t.PUPSDZDMFUZQFDPOUSPMT
motorcycles turns using the handlebars without having to search for them.
arranged with the standard
layout. Convenience alterations excessive upper body movements that
or t0QFSBUFBMMUIFDPOUSPMT before
such as a single brake pedal or could jeopardize stability and control.
t7FIJDMFTwith any other departure you start riding. Know the
lever control, automatic clutch,
from the above standards. gearshift pattern and operate the
or automatic transmission are
allowed. throttle, clutch and brakes a few
times. Controls react differently

on different vehicles, and exact tip-over lines on three-wheel vehicles. Because the weight of a three-track tSlightly lean your upper body in
locations of controls may vary Because of this tendency, careful load vehicle is distributed almost equally the direction you intend to turn.
slightly. Additionally, some and passenger positioning inside the tip- between the two front or two rear tMaintain speed as you enter the
motorcycle conversions may be over lines will help maintain maximum wheels, these vehicles handle the same curve.
equipped with a single brake pedal stability of the vehicle. in left and right hand turns.
tAccelerate gradually as you exit the
or lever control, automatic clutch, or curve.
Body Position When turning a three-track
automatic transmission.
vehicle: During a left hand turn, the sidecar
t"TZPVCFHJOUPSJEF start out As with any motor vehicle, operator
position is important for control and tApproach a turn at speed with acts as a stabilizer, so the sidecar wheel
slowly and carefully and be aware of your head up, and look through the stays on the ground. However, if the
your surroundings. Accelerate gently, for reducing or preventing fatigue. The
turn. turn is taken too sharply or at too high
take turns a little more slowly, and operator should be able to reach both
handgrips comfortably, since more tConcentrate on pointing the front a rate of speed, there is a tendency
leave extra room for stopping. wheel/wheels in the direction you for the motorcycle rear suspension to
handlebar movement is necessary than
want the vehicle to go.
BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL when riding a motorcycle. While it is extend, and this may cause the rear
not necessary for the rider of a three- tRoll off the throttle before entering wheel of the motorcycle to lift off the
Steering & Tip wheel vehicle to move drastically during the turn. ground.
Three-wheel vehicles handle differently operation, shifting weight in the direction tApply the brakes enough to slow When turning left on a motorcycle
than motorcycles. With three wheels of the turn can improve control. the vehicle to a speed at which you with sidecar:
on the ground, they are naturally more can ride safely through the turn,
Braking then release the brakes before the
tReduce speed prior to entering the
stable than a motorcycle. They also steer turn
differently. Because conventional three- On a motorcycle with a sidecar, turn.
during braking in a sharp turn, the tApply more pressure on the rear
wheel vehicles cannot lean, they cannot tSlightly lean your upper body in
sidecar wheel may lift off the ground. brake then on the front
countersteer. Instead, the front wheel is the direction you intend to turn.
pointed in the direction the rider wants Motorcycle and sidecar tires have limited tSteer the front wheel/wheels Hills
the vehicle to go. traction or grip on the road surface and toward the turn.
traction is greater when the vehicle is When riding uphill on a three-
Under some conditions during the tRoll on the throttle to pull the wheel vehicle or motorcycle with a
rolling, not skidding or slipping. During
operation of a three-wheel vehicle, it vehicle through the turn. sidecar, some weight will shift to the
turning, some of the available tire
is possible to have only two wheels in Because the center of gravity of a rear, causing the front of the vehicle
traction is used for cornering, so less is
contact with the road surface. This motorcycle with sidecar is close to the to become lighter. This weight shift
available for stopping. Thus, a skid can
could occur during turning or tight motorcycle itself, the behavior of the reduces the traction on the front tire/
occur if you brake too hard.
maneuvers whenever enough weight is vehicle when turning right and when tires for steering and tire grip.
transferred outside of what are called Turning turning left are quite different. When riding downhill, gravity
tip-over lines. The Figure shows the
The tendency of the rear, inside wheel During a right turn, a slight sideways increases the amount of braking force
to lift during turning is greater with required to slow or stop the vehicle. It
TIP-OVER LINES movement of the center of gravity
increased vehicle speed and tighter creates a greater tendency for the is important, therefore, to begin slowing
curve radii. During a turn, inertia causes sidecar wheel to lift. The lift will be earlier for cornering and stopping.
the center of gravity of the vehicle to greater if the sidecar is empty or lightly
shift sideways, and outward toward the Lane Position
loaded.
tip-over line. The reduced weight over The track of the dual wheels of a
the opposite side wheel can cause it to When turning right on a three-wheel vehicle or motorcycle with
lift slightly. motorcycle with sidecar: a sidecar is almost the same width as
tAnticipate the degree of turn some automobiles. Unlike a motorcycle,
required. you are limited, therefore, in lane
tReduce speed before entering the positioning. Keep toward the center of
curve by downshifting or braking. the lane to be sure the track of the dual

wheels does not cross the painted lines t0OBDDFMFSBUJPO compensate can be carried on the seat behind the
into opposing traffic. Riding too far to for this yaw tendency by steering PATH THROUGH A CURVE rider, the heavier passenger should
the right could cause loss of traction if slightly in the opposite direction always be in the sidecar.
the tire leaves the pavement. from the sidecar.
The passenger sitting behind the rider
Lane positioning when riding t0OEFDFMFSBUJPO compensate for should sit upright at all times. It is not
this tendency by steering slightly in
in groups is also an important necessary for the passenger to lean into
the direction of the sidecar. You can
consideration. You will not be able also pull in the clutch when braking. curves with the rider.
to use a staggered formation, such as When carrying loads in a sidecar,
you would when riding motorcycles. Swerving This path is the
secure the load firmly in place, since
Ride single file and always maintain a recommended path
A quick stop may not always be of travel if the load shifts, handling will be
safe margin, two seconds minimum, sufficient to avoid an obstacle in your affected. Loads should be distributed
between vehicles. path, even if you properly apply both toward the rear of the sidecar to reduce
Parking at the Roadside brakes. Sometimes the only way to tipping of the nose of the sidecar in the
avoid a collision is to swerve. A swerve reduces the effective radius of the curve. event of a sudden left turn.
Because of the limitations on mobility is any sudden change of direction. It
and vehicle length, it is not practical to As you turn, move toward the inside of When loaded, you may find
can be two quick turns or a rapid shift the curve, and as you pass the center,
park your vehicle at a 90 degree angle performance is reduced and that
to the side when maneuvering the move to the outside to exit, always
with your rear wheel touching the stopping distances are longer, so allow
vehicle. Often, there is not much time remembering to stay in your lane.
curb, as you would with a motorcycle. a little extra distance. The addition of
to adjust your body position.
Position your vehicle in a parking space a sidecar passenger will greatly improve
A three-wheel vehicle or motorcycle CARRYING PASSENGERS stability, and right hand turns can be
so you are parked parallel to the curb
and set the parking brake. Some three- with sidecar is not as maneuverable AND CARGO made at a slightly higher speed. Turning
wheel vehicles have reverse, so you can as a motorcycle, so plan well ahead to Three-wheel vehicles are designed left, however, will require more turning
more easily maneuver into a parking avoid the need for any sudden turns or to carry passengers and cargo, but force.
space designed for an automobile. swerving. If braking is required, brake always be sure not to exceed the tire
Parking parallel to the curb will facilitate either before or after the swerve, never or vehicle loading capacity. The extra
pulling away from the curb and entering while swerving. weight could change the handling
the lanes of traffic. Cornering & Curves characteristics of the vehicle slightly, so
you must give some thought to where
Acceleration and Deceleration The cornering characteristics of a the loads are positioned.
A three-wheel vehicle with two drive three-wheel vehicle or motorcycle
with a sidecar differ from those of a Many three-track vehicles will have
wheels tends to be much more stable
motorcycle. Even with three wheels on built-in storage compartments for cargo,
during acceleration and braking than a
the ground, a sidecar can tip over if it is either in front of, or behind the rider.
motorcycle with a sidecar. Attaching a
being turned too sharply or is going too On these vehicles, center the load and
sidecar to your motorcycle adds a non-
fast for a corner. Therefore, it is best to keep it low in the storage areas so it is
powered, off-centered mass of weight.
always slow before entering a corner. positioned within the tip-over lines and
So, during acceleration, the sidecar
balanced side-to-side. If a passenger
will feel as though it is lagging behind The best path to follow in the curve is being carried, the passenger will sit
you, causing the vehicle to feel as may not be the one that follows the directly behind the rider.
though it is being steered to the right. curve of the road. Following the center
During deceleration or braking, the of the lane may actually increase the On a motorcycle with a sidecar, the
momentum of the sidecar continues tip over forces. Check opposing traffic best place for a passenger is in the
to carry it forward, giving the feeling carefully, and if safe, enter the curve sidecar. Never put a single passenger on
that the sidecar is trying to pass you, toward the outside of your lane, as the saddle; the added weight on the tip-
making the vehicle feel as though it is shown in the Figure. This increases over-line will increase the instability of
being steered left. your line of sight through the curve and the vehicle. While a second passenger

MOTORCYCLES MAKE SENSE –
SO DOES PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
Motorcycles are inexpensive to operate, fun to ride and easy to park.
Unfortunately, many riders never learn critical skills needed to ride safely.
Professional training for beginning and experienced riders prepares them for
real-world traffic situations. Motorcycle Safety Foundation RiderCoursesSM teach and
improve such skills as:
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'PSUIFCBTJDPSFYQFSJFODFERiderCourseOFBSFTUZPV
call toll free: 800.446.9227
or visit www.msf-usa.org
The Motorcycle Safety Foundation’s (MSF) purpose is to improve the safety
of motorcyclists on the nation’s streets and highways. In an attempt to reduce
motorcycle crashes and injuries, the Foundation has programs in rider education,
licensing improvement, public information and statistics. These programs
are designed for both motorcyclists and motorists. A national not-for-profit
organization, the MSF is sponsored by BMW, BRP, Ducati, Harley-Davidson, Honda,
Kawasaki, KTM, Piaggio/Vespa, Suzuki, Triumph, Victory and Yamaha.
The information contained in this publication is offered for the benefit of those
who have an interest in riding motorcycles. The information has been compiled
from publications, interviews and observations of individuals and organizations
familiar with the use of motorcycles, accessories, and training. Because there are
many differences in product design, riding styles, federal, state and local laws,
there may be organizations and individuals who hold differing opinions. Consult
your local regulatory agencies for information concerning the operation of motor-
cycles in your area. Although the MSF will continue to research, field test and
publish responsible viewpoints on the subject, it disclaims any liability for the views
expressed herein.
Printing and distribution courtesy of

Motorcycle Safety Foundation
2 Jenner, Suite 150, Irvine, CA 92618-3806
www.msf-usa.org
Second Revision ............... December 1978 Ninth Revision ................... March 2000
Third Revision .....................February 1981 Tenth Revision ................. January 2002
Fourth Revision ................... .January 1983 Eleventh Revision................... July 2002
Fifth Revision ...................... October 1987 Twelfth Revision ................... May 2004
Sixth Revision ........................... April 1991 Thirteenth Revision ...............June 2007
Seventh Revision ............. September 1992 Fourteenth Revision ........... March 2008
Eighth Revision ................... .January 1999 Fifteenth Revision .................June 2009
Printed in USA 000254

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2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

2 Jenner, Suite 150

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

WEAR THE RIGHT GEAR t"%05DPNQMJBOUIFMNFU lets

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

In cold or wet weather, your clothes

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

and left turn signals. Make sure all

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

It is best to change gears before t4PNFNPUPSDZDMFT have integrated

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

Passing Being Passed

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2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

Lane Sharing plenty of room. Change to another lane SEE t3PBEBOETVSGBDFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

In potential high-risk areas, such as INTERSECTIONS LARGE INTERSECTIONS

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

DECREASING CURVES WIDENING CURVES OBSTACLES

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

MECHANICAL PROBLEMS Stuck Throttle Trying to “accelerate out of a Engine Seizure

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

FLYING OBJECTS CARRYING PASSENGERS Instructing Passengers t3JEFBMJUUMFTMPXFS especially

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

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A. Shift your weight quickly.

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

SUPPLEMENTARY t4BEEMFTFBUJOH Three-Wheel Vehicle Designs Borrowing and Lending

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

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2010-2011 Montana Motorcycle Supplement

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