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BY
SURV.O. ADENIRAN
Principal Lecturer,
Department of Geoinformatics,
Federal School Of Surveying,
P.M.B. 1024, oyo, Nigeria,
E-mail: woleadeniran2000@yahoo.com
AND
Mr. R. I. OLABANJO
Snr. Project Surveyor,
Etteh Aro & Partners (Consulting Engineers),
148, Oron Road, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State.
E-mail: robertolabanjo@yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION
Environmental issues, a good example of urban flood in many developing countries,
are among the most important facing decision makers. The issue of making optional
planning and policy decisions in flood management is one that has received continued
attention in recent gears and one main focus in attempts to deal with floods has been
to try to obtain a better understanding of the cause- effect components of the physical
process. (Simonovic, 1993).
The dynamics of hydrologic, hydraulic and human impacts (a consequence of human-
environmental interaction as depicted for example, by constructions (building) on
vulnerable areas of urban river flood plain, inadequate waste disposal management
practices, etc) imply that all environmental systems are tightly related dynamically
and spatially. Most hydrological and environmental problems do have an obvious
spatial dimension and within the domain of modeling, this is increasingly being
addressed by spatially distributed models. Elgy (1993) expressed that well established
drainage models are generally adequate for design and management of urban
drainage, but there is however a problem with the acquisition, manipulation and
storage of data for the models. Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) for managing
the data and associated analytical techniques for converting the data into information
are now vital tools in the assessment and management of healthy environment.
GIS is a system of hardware, software and procedure designed to support the capture,
management, manipulation, analysis and display of spatially referenced data for
solving complex planning and management problems. GIS has also been defined
according to Sowton (1991) as a system which allows the capture, updating and
display of a number of previously unconnected data sets, bringing them into a
common reference system for spatial analysis from which relationships can be
identified and decisions made. Goodchild (1993) listed the most frequently heard
justification among others for the use of GIS particularly in environmental modeling
and policy development as:
- The ability to preprocess data from large stores into a form suitable for
analysis including such operations as reformatting, change of projectors,
resembling and generalization
- Direct support for modeling such that forms of analysis, calibration of
models, foresting and prediction are all handled through instruction to the
GIS
- Post processing of results, including such operations as reformatting,
tabulation, report generation and mapping.
The ability of GIS to integrate spatial and attribute data from different sources with
different formats, structure, projections or levels of resolution is a powerful aid to
spatially distributed models. The usefulness of GIS technology in urban flood
management involves the integration of hydrologic, hydraulic with other terrain data
subjecting them to spatial analysis in a GIS environment to develop comprehensive
Drainage Information System (DIS): A good DIS serves as a decision Support for
urban flood management.
Urban infrastructural developments and other human impacts may lead to an increase
in vulnerability of urban river flood plains, and coastal cities with relatively flat
topography. There is the need for flood vulnerability assessment and monitoring
which could be achieved by applying GIS technology and this serves as early warning
process of hazard information production with prediction capacity being the main
objective but current visions and strategies are constantly evolving into risk
management concepts. Risk is inherent in development and it is the result of social
dynamics of human kind in action at local, national, regional and global scales. A
state attributable to a risk – or a series of risks – that has not been well-managed
results into a disaster. Development without considering risk management cannot be
sustainable and geospatial information is an important instrument for instable
developmental designating the years from 1990 to 2000 as International Decade for
National Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) defined the following three targets for all
countries to have in place:
(i) Assessment of risks posed by environmental hazards
(ii) Long-term preparedness and prevention plan and
(iii) Warning system
Awake! (July 22, 1995)
Uyo urban the area of study lies between Longitude 7o 471 E to 8o 021 east of
Greenwich meridian and between latitude 4o 581 and 5o 081 North of the Equator, is
the capital and commercial center of Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. Uyo Urban is the
entire mass enclosed within from ring roads, that is ring roads 1, 2, 3 and the outer
ring road, and area approximately 19,000 hectares (Nya and Ekong, 2003)
The nature of Uyo topography is generally flat with isolated troughs that get flooded
whenever there is an appreciable amount of rainfall. Dumping of refuse in drains and
lack of maintenance (desilting, repairs etc) of these drains have resulted in most of the
drains being taken over by silt, debris refuse, etc. forcing inundated water to create
and find alternative channels. Increased physical developments (construction of
pavements roads and other infrastructures) have led to reduction of runoff percolating
into the ground and this attributes to the drainage problem. The non-usage of an
integrated terrain model, designing engineers who often packed heights in piece meal
also contribute to the drainage problem. This problem has persisted because there is
no relevant information about the drainage system (both natural and designed) of
Uyo. The present study is therefore necessary to develop Drainage Information
System and flood risk vulnerability information for Uyo metropolis which will go a
long way in maintenance and management of drainage system and prevention of
floods
MATERIALS AND METHOD
DATA REQUIREMENTS
Data could be grouped into primary and secondary sets. Primary data include
coordinated points obtained using Global positioning System (GPS), which were
subsequently used as ground control points to reference land use map and or the
photomap of Uyo. Also attributes were collected through social survey.
- Othophoto map of Uyo urban at a scale of 1:7,000 by Aerial sat (Nig0 Ltd,
Uyo
- Digital center map of Uyo at scale 1:7,000 by aerial Sat (Nig) Ltd, Uyo
- Soft copy of Uyo urban drainage and road map by Etteh Aro and partners,
Uyo (acquisition scale at 1:7000)
- Rainfall date of Uyo from university of Uyo metrological center
- Guide map of Uyo capital city by Akwa Ibon State by Ministry land and
housing, Uyo
- Run-off calculators for the drains from Etteh aro and partners, Uyo
HARDWARE AND SOFWARE REQUIREMENT
The hardware specifications used for the project are:
(i) A3 scanner
(ii) Pentium
(iii) 256 MB RAM space
(iv) PC
(v) 1.7 GHz clock speed
(vi) A3 printer (HP desk Jet 1180c)
(vii) 21’’ monitor
(viii) Keyboard
The following software are used in the execution of the project
(i) GEOCAL
(ii) Civil/Survey soft desk
(iii) AutoCAD Map R2
(iv) Arc view 3.2a
DATA BASE DESIGN AND CREATION
A database is the heart of GIS. It is an organized, integrate collection of non-
redundant data stored so as to be capable of use by relevant applications with data
being assessed by different logical paths. The process involved in integration of
databases of this study are summarized in figure below
C O N C E P T U A L M O D E L
L O G I C A L M P O H D Y ES L I C A L M O D
U S E R V I E W
G E O G R A P H I C
D A T A B A S E
T Y P E S
G E O G R A P H I C
R E P R E S E N T A T I O N
View of reality is the mental abstraction of the objects in the study area, as they
actually exist. The roads, the drainage route, building etc.,as they exist in real life.
Perceived reality is for example the causes and extent of flood, the worth of
destruction etc.
The conceptual design is a concise description of data requirements of the users of the
users and includes detail description of data types, relationships and constructions;
these are expressed using the concepts provided by the high-level data model
The Logical design is the process by which conceptual design is transformed from
high level data model into implemental data model and its result is a data base scheme
organizations for the database in the format of the implementation software for the study
SPATIAL ANALYTICAL OPERATIONS
The drainage and the natural drainage network database were created and
- TOPOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
3D analyst extension of in Arc view 3.2a, the 5m contour map was used to
slope and aspect maps were created from the TIN model. The slope affects
the overall rate of movement down slope, while aspect defines the
direction of flow.
there, flow length theme, and flow accumulation theme. The following
descent from each cell using the slope map and is calculated as:
Flow length calculates the length of flow path for each cell to the pour
showing human impacts, e.g. waste disposal sites, pavements, etc. with
for various catchments (see the table below) using appropriate equations.
and land
Average rainfall intensity (ms) 3.4
(Source: Etteh Aro and Partners, Uyo)
sub-surface conduit channels, surface channels, catch pits, sand pills and
out falls.
DICUSSION OF RESULTS
hydraulic information and flood risk vulnerability maps all form the Uyo
The TIN developed is a common basis for finite element solution of water
CONCLUSION
information is provided
has been made in this paper. This involves inventories and creation of a
database of the designed and natural drainage network systems from which
and Hydraulic analyses where carried out and flood hazard maps, all which
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors acknowledge the data contributions from Ette Aro & Partners,
network.
REFERENCES:
1. Awake! (1995) Man’s Fight against disaster. Awake! July 22, 1995
4. Nya, E.B and Ekong, A J (2003) Uyo Urban Drainage System, option
survey. In: GIS principle and applications (ed. Magazine D.J, Good