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Therapy
|Y Today·s favored treatment depends on the therapist·s viewpoint.
|Y The psychological therapies employ structured interactions (usually
verbal) between a trained professional and a client with a problem.
|Y The biomedical therapies act directly on the patient·s nervous system

I.Y The Psychological Therapies

|Y Psychotherapy is a ´planned, emotionally charged confiding interaction
between a trained, socially sanctioned healer and a suffererµ (Frank,
1982)
|Y Glectric approach uses a blend of therapies (Beitman& others, 1989;
Castonguay&Goldfried, 1994)

A.Y Psychoanalysis
|Y Psychoanalysis is part of our modern vocabulary, and its
assumptions influence many other therapies.

Y Aims
@Y Psychoanalysis assumes that many psychological
problems are fueled by childhood·s residue of
repressed impulses and conflicts.

aY Rethods
@Y To the psychoanalyst, these blocks in the flow of
your free associations indicate resistance.
@Y The analyst·s interpretations- suggestions of
underlying wishes, feelings, and conflicts- aim to
provide you with insight.
@Y Freud believed that another clue to repressed
impulses is your dreams latent content.
@Y Analysts and other therapists believe that this
transference exposes long-repressed feelings
giving you a bleated chance to work through them
with your analyst·s help.
@Y Psychoanalysis is built on the assumption that
repressed memories exist.
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—Y Psychodynamic Therapy
@Y Interpersonal psychotherapy, a breief (12- to 16-
session) alternative to psychodynamic therapy has
been found effective with depressed patients
(Weissman, 1999).
@Y An interpersonal therapist would want to gain
insight but also engage thinking on immediate
issues.

B.Y Humanistic Therapies

|Y Client-centered therapy is a humanistic therapy,
developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses
techniques such as active listening within a genuine,
accepting empathic environment to facilitate clients·
growth.
|Y Rogers encouraged therapist to exhibit genuineness
acceptance, and empathy.
|Y ´Hearingµ refers to Rogers· technique of active listening-
echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what the
person expresses (verbally and nonverbally) and
acknowledging the expressed feelings.
|Y To listen more actively people need to paraphrase, invite
clarification, and reflect feelings.

C.Y Behavior Therapies

|Y Behavior therapies are therapy that applies learning
principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
|Y They view maladaptive symptoms as learned behaviors,
which they try to replace with constructive behaviors.

Y Classical Conditioning Techniques

@Y Counterconditioning pairs the trigger stimulus with
a new response that is incompatible with fear.

a)Y Systematic Desensitization

üY Gxposure therapies are behavioral
techniques, such as systematic
Desensitization, that treat anxieties by
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exposing people to things they fear and
avoid.
üY Systematic Desensitization is a type of
counterconditioning that associates a
pleasant relaxed state with gradually
increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.
Commonly used to treat phobias.
üY sing progressive relaxation the therapist
trains you to relax one muscle group after
another, until you achieve a drowsy state of
complete relaxation and comfort.
üY Therapists sometimes combine systematic
desensitization with observational learning
and other technique.

b)Y Aversive Conditioning

üY Aversive conditioning is a type of
counterconditioning that associates an
unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.
üY It is often used in combination with other
treatments.

aY *perant Conditioning
|Y In extreme cases, treatment must be intensive.
|Y The rewards used to modify behavior vary.
|Y Token economy is an operant conditioning procedure
that rewards desired behavior. A patient exchanges a
token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired
behavior, for various privileges or treatments.
|Y The critics argue that treatment with positive
rewards is more humane than being institutionalized
or punished, and the right to effective treatment and
to an improved life justifies temporary deprivation.

D.Y Cognitive Therapies

|Y The cognitive therapies assume that our thinking colors our
feelings, which between the event and our response lie on
the mind.
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|Y Cognitive therapists try in various ways to teach people new,
more constructive ways of thinking.

Y Cognitive Therapy for Depression

|Y Depressed people to not exhibit self-serving bias
common in non-depressed people.
|Y Cognitive-behavior therapy aims to alter the way
people act.
|Y In experiments, depression-prone children and college
students exhibit a halved rate of future depression
after being trained to dispute their negative thoughts
(Seligman, 2002)

aY Group and Family Therapies

|Y Group sessions offer the unique benefit of social
context, which helps people discover that others have
problems similar to their own and try out new ways of
behaving.
|Y *nce special type of group interaction, family
therapy, assumes that no person is an island, that we
live and grow from our families, but we also need to
connect with them emotionally.
|Y Family therapies focus on what happens inside the
person·s own skin, family therapists work with family
groups to heal relationships and to mobilize family
resources.

II.Y Gvaluating Psychotherapies

|Y Before the 1950s the primary mental health providers were
psychiatrists.

A.Y Is Psychotherapy Gffective?

Y Clients· Perceptions
üY People often enter therapy is crisis.
üY Clients may need to believe their therapy was worth
the effort.
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üY Clients generally like their therapist to speak kindly
of them.
üY Testimonials can be misleading.
üY Assessing the treatment program with client
testimonials yielded encouraging results.

aY Clinicians· Perceptions
üY Case studies of successful treatment abound.
üY Gvery therapist treasures compliments from clients as
they say goodbye or later express their gratitude.

—Y *utcome Research
üY Psychologists have switched over to controlled
research studies.

B.Y The Relative Gffectiveness of Different Therapies

|Y Cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy, and behavior
therapy for depression.
|Y Cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, and stress
inoculation training for anxiety
|Y Cognitive-behavior therapy for bulimia
|Y Behavior modification for bedwetting.
|Y Behavioral conditioning therapies have also achieved
especially favorable results with specific behavior
problems such as phobias, compulsions, or sexual
disorders.

C.Y Gvaluating Alternative Therapies

|Y The tendency of abnormal state of mind to ´regressµ to
normal, combined with the placebo effect, creates fertile
soil for pseudo therapies.

Y Therapeutic Touch
|Y Advocates say these manipulations help heal
everything from headaches to burns to cancer
(Krieger, 1993).
|Y The tentative scientific verdict is that therapeutic
touch does not work, nor is there any credible theory
that predicts why it might.
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aY Gye Rovement Desensitization and Reprocessing (GRDR)
|Y GRDR is a therapy that thousands adore, and
thousands more dismiss as a sham-´an excellent
vehicle for illustrating the difference between
scientific and pseudoscientific techniques,µ suggest
James Herbert and seven others (2000).

—Y ight Gxposure Therapy

|Y Recent studies shed light on the therapy.
|Y For many people, morning bright light does indeed dim
SAD symptoms.

D.Y Commonalities Among Psychotherapies

|Y Healers- special people to who others disclose their
suffering- have for centuries listened in order to
understand and to empathize, reassure, advise, console,
interpret, or explain.

Y Hope for Demoralized People

@Y The finding that improvement is greater for placebo-
treated people than for untreated people (although
not as great as for those receiving actual
psychotherapy) suggests that one reason therapies
help is that they offer hope.

aY A New Perspective
@Y Gvery therapy offers people a plausible explanation of
their symptoms and an alternative way of looking at
themselves or responding to their worlds.

—Y An Gmpathic, Trusting, Caring Relationship

@Y Gffective therapists are empathic people who seek to
understand another·s experience; whose care an
concern the client feels; and whose respectful
listening, reassurance, and advice earn the client·s
trust and respect.
@Y Gmpathy and friendly counsel of a paraprofessional
are often as helpful as professional psychotherapy.
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G.Y Culture and Values in Psychotherapy
|Y Value differences can become significant when a therapist
from one culture meets a client from another.

III.YThe Biomedical Therapies

A.Y Drug Therapies
|Y Psychopharmacology (the study of drug effects on mind and
behavior) revolutionized the treatment of people with
severe disorders, liberating hundreds of thousands from
hospital confinement.
|Y Drug therapy was greeted by an initial wave of enthusiasm as
many people apparently improved the good news is that in
double blind studies, several types of drugs have proven
useful in treating psychological disorders.

Y Antipsychotic Drugs
@Y Began with the accidental discover that certain drugs,
used for medical purposes, calmed psychotic patients.
@Y The molecules of antipsychotic drugs are similar
enough to molecules of the neurotransmitter
dopamine to occupy its receptor sites and block its
activity.

aY Antianxiety Drugs
@Y Can help a person learn to cope with frightening
situations and fear-triggering stimuli.

—Y Antidepressant Drugs
@Y Prozac and other serotonin-enhancing drugs have been
prescribed not only patients with depression but also
those with *CD.
@Y ithium is a chemical that provides an effective drug
therapy for the mood swings of bipolar disorder.
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B.Y Glectroconvulsive Therapy
|Y Glectroconvulsive therapy is a biomedical therapy for
severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current
is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
|Y GCT is credited with saving many from suicide and now
administered with briefer pulses that disrupt memory loss.

C.Y Psychosurgery
|Y Psychosurgery-surgery that removes or destroys brain
tissue is the most drastic and least-used biomedical
intervention for changing behavior.

IV.Y Preventing Psychological Disorders

|Y Preventing mental health is upstream work,
|Y It seeks to prevent psychological causalities by identifying
and alleviating the conditions that cause them.
|Y Avoid toxic environments and pessimism.
|Y A healthy mind is a healthy body.