MEGA ASSIGNMENT

Subject:
Data Base Administration

Submitted By:
Khaistah khan
Class No. 36

Submitted To:
Mr.Sadaqat Ali Khan Bangash
Lecturer IIT UST Bannu

Assignment No.
1

Total marks/out of
25/40

Remarks:

References:

University of Science and Technology

Bannu.
Quistion1: Why we need data base for an organization?
Answer:
The data base is vital part of almost any organization. Any organization comprise
two main things i.e. data and function. The data are the repository of information of any
thing within organization like people, resources, products, and ores. And functions are the
business rules they take data as argument and perform a specific operation.

Organization

Function
Data /
Business
rules
So we can say that data is the basic thing for taking action but it required a very
flexible, consistent, sharable, manageable, controllable, accessible, reliable, secure,
simultaneous operational and confident way to store. Fortunately data base system can do
it all. As;

Organization

Store data with;

Technical
business decision
modules.

Flexibility Security
Consistency Simulta-
Shared niouse
Manageability operation
Controllability confedency.
Now we are going to eachAccessibility
term individually.
Reliability
Flexibility: Security
By flexibility we mean that at any given time we can insert, delete and modify data in
data base without unnecessary omission and erasing from document. Basically these
operations are take place after each minute in an organization so data base approach gives
us this facility.
Consistency:
By consistency we mean that after each operation we insure that is our data base is fully
functional? And is all instance of a particular entity has modified? Is our data is give
same view for each user?
Shared:
Each organization comprises different department and section while they are sharing
same data for different purpose it means that the data is same but at different section
different operation take place. So that data should have to be property of sharing and this
can be achieved through data base approach only.
Manageability:
By manageability we mean that; since organization consist of large amount of data and if
we don’t know about all so we can’t take operation for this purpose data base provide the
facility for us that we can store a large amount of data in linear form.
Controllability:
By controllability we mean that right operation on right time. In any business
environment the type of operation and time of operation are very important issues that
cannot be controllable by manual system so data base is a computerize system that take
right decision on right time.
Accessibility:
By accessibility we mean that some users are authorized for one type of operation and
some user for another so there accessibility levels are different defiantly. Data base
approach provides us this facility too.

Reliability:
By reliability we mean that each and every one is much satisfy from computerize system
as compare to manual and each one can trust on result.
Security:
Security is one of the major issues in organization and an organization always focus to
tightened the security as much as possible but in manual system it is not imposable. In
manual system despite there is a tight external security possible but unfortunately internal
security is not possible to some instant. That is why data approach also provides us great
internal security as well as external.
Simultaneous Operation:
In data base approach two or more then two transaction can run simultaneously. While in
manual system it is not possible. Concurrent operation is the very important issue for a
large enterprise so data base approach facilitate use to do so.
Trustful:
In modern word of computer science no one refuse from the transparency of computer
base system so as data base is a computer base system so each one has much trust on it.
Cost:
One of the main issues in organization is to gain much more in reward of little
expense, however initial cost of data base implementation is slightly larger then that of
manual system but as whole graph of cost is much below then that of manual system. As;

Cost

Time

Time:
In the busy world of organization staff it is much important to save there time so data
base approach provide quick and easiest facility for staff.
Space:
One of major issue to store data and record of an organization is memory. Data base
technique is best way to save memory because it use two dimensional array to store data
and that is best way of organizing data.

Q2: What type of data bases available in market? Discuss there needs.

Answer:
Different data bases management systems available in market today some of them
are;
1. SQL Server.
2. Oracle.
3. MS Access.
4. MySql

Q3: Differentiate OO database and OR database.

Answer:
OO database
1. It is third generation DBMS
2. It is base on semantic logic
3. It is base totally on object that store
Properties as well as function of object.
4. Storage unit is properties here
5. Relationship is usually in form of
association like inheritance of classes.
6. Message is use to share information of
polymorphic classes.
7. Class is taken as unit of computerization.
8. The Term instance is use to represent an
occurrence.
9. It use concept of encapsulation and data
hiding.
Object relational database
1. It is also third generation DBMS
2. It is also Base on semantic logic
3. It is Base on Entity which is only
defining attributes not function.
4. Storage unit is attributing here.
5. Relationship here is base on logical
relation of English like, has, owner of
etc.
6. there is no message concept in ORD
7. Entity type is usually taken as general.
8. The term entity is use for single instance
of entity type.
9. there is no such concept in ORD.

Q4: How ERD help us in analysis explain by discussing minute things.

Answer:
ERD is one of vital component of analysis because it depict the information into
diagrammatical form that can be easily convertible into design and then for
implementation.
ERD is the first point where we focus on “HOW” question, before analysis we
describe our system into problem point of view but when we analyze it so it goes to
development point of view.
Analysis is use for the following purposes.
1. Depict different diagrams for simplicity: In analysis phase we draw different
diagrams in order to show information more precisely and at much technical level
so implementation became easy and possible.
2. Provide bridge between requirement gathering and design phase: Analysis is
use to provide an interface between design and information gathering because
diagrammatical representation is vary close to requirement gathering phase as
well as near to design phase. As;

Requirement gathering Analysis Design

With stander UML ion

STD representat
Object Diagram. and
diagrams
Class Diagram
level
DFD technical
ERD Set of
charts like;
Set of diagrams and

3. Provide better understanding of requirement: The analysis phase lead

software engineer to understand the problem and requirement well and if an
engineer understand well about project so there is nothing difficult for its
implementation.
4. To represent the information at technical level: Obviously diagrammatical
representation is very easy for implementation unlike many pages of text; since a
lot of text is required to explain a diagram of analysis model.
5. For error identification and Error isolation easily: The diagrammatical
representation also efficient for identification and isolation of error at any level.

ERD is one of the main components in analysis it also called data modeling because it
totally concern with data and information, there representation and relationship. And
in development of s/w data involve in any system so ERD is an essential part of s/w
engineering.
 Input for ERD:
Two things are necessary for ERD construction.
1. Use Case Diagram.
2. Requirement specification.
Out put from ERD:
ERD produce input for data designing in design phase. As

Analysis Design
Implementation
ERD Trace Data design for data base

DFD Trace User interface

. .
. .
.
.
.
.

Element of ERD:
Following are the key term of ERD
1. Entity: It is the key term of ERD and is an object having existence in reality.
2. Entity Type: A general name for an entity and it is usually implemented.
3. Entity Instance: A Single occurrence of entity type.
4. Attribute: the Properties of Entity is called attribute.
5. Relationship: The relationship among entities of an organization.
6. Diagrams are:

Entity:
 Relationship

Attribute

Q5: What is Database administration? Write down practical steps for its
implementation.
Answer:
The management of physical realization of a database application, which includes
physical database designing, implementation, setting security, integrity controls,
monitoring system performance and recognizing database is called database
administration. The staffs of database administration are much technical oriented and
they know well about DBMS, operating system and other equipment.
Common tasks of database administrator are;
1. Evaluating and selecting DBMS product.
2. Understanding physical data base designing.
3. Implementing physical data base using target DBMS.
4. Defining integrity and security constraints.
5. Liaising with database application developer.
6. Developing testing strategies.
7. Training users.
8. Responsible for sign off the implemented data base application.
9. Monitoring system performance and tuning data base as appropriate.
10. Performing backup routinely.
11. Ensuring recovery mechanism and procedures are in place.
12. Ensuring documentation is complete including in-house produced material.
 13. Keeping up to date with software and hardware developments and costs, and
installing updates as necessary.
Practical steps for implementing Database administration:
Step1: Select the area or organization for which DBA is to implement.
Step2: Read Background study and access all information.
Step3: Analyze Information.
Step4: Plan budget, time and people to be required for system.
Step5: Design Database.
Step6: Select DBMS for implementation.
Step7: Implement Database.
Step8: Test and deploy Database.
Step9: Keeping maintenance.

Q6: Write down practical steps for Database security and recovery in oracle and sql
server with diagrams.
Answer:
The practical implementation of security is;
1. Security in Oracle:
Two type of security can be imposed on oracle database as;
1. System level security.
2. Data level security.
In system level security a user create its account in window and then login into database
and able to access and process data.
Steps:
Step1: click on start button on task bar.
Step2: select control panel.
Step3. Select user accounts.
Step4: select new user.
Step5: assign password and name. As;
Create User- Default Database

Genral Role/privilege Object priviliege Qutas

Name

Profile
 Authentication password

********
Enter password

Conf. password ********

Tablespaces

Default USER-DATA

Temporary TEMPORARY-DATA

Status
Locke Unlock

Expire password now

Creat
Creat Cancel
Cancel Show
Show Sql
Sql Help
Help

Log on dialog box is.

Log On…..
 User name Khaistah khan …..

Password ************

OK Cancel

Recovery in oracle:

Oracle provides comprehensive backup and recovery services, and additional srves to
support high availability. All these are handled by recover manager.
Recovery manager: The oracle recovery manager provide following facilities.
1. Backup one or more data file to disk or tape.
2. Backup archived redo logs to disk or tape.
3. Restore data files from disk or tape.
4. Restore and apply archived redo logs to perform recovery.

Security and recovery in SQL server:

Security:
There are two security modes in sql server which are;
1. Window NT authentication mode.
2. Mixed mode.

Setting authentication mode:

Steps:
Step1: Open the enterprise manager, right-click your server and select properties.
Step2: Select the security tab.
Step3: In the authentication section, select sql server and window NT, this will set us to
mixed mode for rest of exercises.

Q7: Differentiate Sql server, oracle and Mysql.

Q8: What is DDB? Explain its different characteristics.

Answer:
A logically related data base, physically share over computer network is called
DDB.
Characteristics: The characteristics of DDB are:
1. Combination of two technology
2. Include the sharable property into data base.
3. It is logically related but physically distributed.
4. Its DBMS include many features like concurrency control mechanism and tight
security.
5. Same and different platform are also a property.
6. Heterogeneous and homogeneous of DBMS.
7. Difference of protocols between nodes.
8. Sharable and non sharable folders and files.
9. Limited or unlimited sharing of data with there security.
10. Different DBMS in each node.
11. Authentication, authorization and other security option of management.
Q9: What are the hot issues in database? Categorize it.
Answer.
The following are hot issues of database.
1. Distributed database conceptual and logical designing, there security and back up
and recovery techniques, and concurrency control mechanism.
2. Distributed Data Base Management selection for an area and its implementation
as well as insuring all features of database in it.
 3. Object oriented database designing and conceptual modeling.
4. Object oriented database management system implementation and understanding.
5. Object oriented database management system has different standards and system
so there selection is also a major issue.
6. Object relational database designing, insuring its security and integrity
information as well as backup and security.
7. Object relational database management system and its selection and
implementation in different areas.
8. Business rules implementation correctly.
9. Data warehousing and its designing.
10. Data Mining and its dissection in different areas.
11. Semi structure data and XML
12. DBMS in web technologies.

Q10: What is difference between data structure and database?

Answer:

Data structure Database

1. Data structure just define internal 1. Database is a repository of data
 representation of data.
2. It define semantic of data in memory of
computer.
3. Many data structure are use to store data
4. It is a technique for memory
optimization.
5. Data structure are usually implemented
in programming language.
6. It just define the physical storage
structure of information in form of link list,
table or tree.
physically store in data structure.
2. It define syntax of data and its
representation in some data structure.
3. Each data will take a single logical
decision that is its optimization and
sharing etc.
4. It is a technology or set of technology in
order to provide facility for accessing of
data and its processing.
5. special software are available to
implement data base.
6. It use one of data structure and then store
data in it i.e. table

Q11: Define following

1. Table.
2. Stored procedures.
3. View.
4. Event.

1. Table
Table is a data structure that consist of rows and columns, where each
column has unique name and each row has information. It is also called array in
programming language. A table cannot be implement able directly in programming
language but logic of table is stored in memory and graphical portion is view as
object.
2. Stored procedures
Store procedures are usually named PL/SQL blocks that can take
parameters, perform an action and can be invoked. A store procedure is usually
perform a specific task and to pass a value
There are three parts of stored procedure.
1. Declarative part.
2. Executable part.
3. An optional exception handling part.
Where declarative part consists of declaration information of cursor, constant and
variable while executable part is DDL statement and exceptional part included some
information about errors.
3. events
Events are some action performed by user, computer or other application
program and in response of such event a system take decision. Usually event has
Boolean return type and if an event occur, it return true and if no event occur then it
return false.

4. view
Logical data is how we want to see the current data in our database and
physical data is how this data is actually placed in our database.
Views are masks placed upon tables. This allows the programmer to develop a
method via which we can display predetermine data to users according to our desire.
In a concurrent environment, where several people are querying a database different
people will want to look at data differently, I.e. each group of people will want to see
different fields of the same table. To make the querying of the table easier, each
DBMS provides for the generation of views, a vies is create unique, according to need
of user, where the user can then, only access those fields of the database allowed by
view. This goes a long way providing security for data within table.