SUST 261online Etc

Adnominal Person
in the Morphological System of Erzya

!+"5606$!*+,-$06$!.)'!.+-6)'&"$5$&+1!$6
5%5"$-.!'7.'06'!"#$%&%'($))"*"+,-$.)).
' ᆑ 284 ᆑ'
Jack Rueter
Adnominal Person
in the Morphological System of Erzya
!"#$%&%'($))"*"+,-$.)).
/.0!$)1$'2343
9:;<'-=>?>@A'Adnominal Person in the Morphological System of Erzya
!=BC:D:EF*+G@ED:EF>H'!>=@:H'&BECE?=<FE:'
284
5ICBE@>F'J>'D:'!B;EI?I'(EHHB*"=G@E>HH>''
0:KB=?''9:;<'-=>?>@
#BLK@EGM?'N'2343'!=BC:D:EF*+G@ED:EH>H'!>=@:'O'
!B;EI?I'(EHHB*"=G@E>HH>'O'(EHHB*+G@E:H'!B;E>?K
P'9:;<'-=>?>@
"@J>@F'O'&ED:=<F>?
&E>J><E@Q:
1E@<<B<:?='4R
($*334S3'/>DFEH<E
www.tiedekirja.fi
tiedekirja@tsv.fi
(6T'UVWX'Y'8VW'34S
$!Z) '[@EH?'YSX*YW2*W88S*2V*V
$!Z)'"HDEH>'YSX*YW2*W88S*2R*3
$!!) '3VWW*32V3
\:CC:D:H'1E@Q:L:EHB'"K
!:F?:C:D:'2343
Abstract
&MEF'JEFF>@?:?EBH'EF':'FKH;M@BHE;'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'EH'?M>'MEGMDK'FKH?M>?E;'
CB@LMBDBGE;:D'FKF?>C'B]'.@^K:':F':??>F?>J'EH'>_?>HFE`>'.@^K:*D:HG=:G>'a@E??>H*?>_?';B@*
LB@:';BHFEF?EHG'B]'H>:@DK'4R3'L=bDE;:?EBHF'aE?M'B`>@'RcW'CEDDEBH'aB@JF':HJ'B`>@'2XWd333'
=HEe=>'D>_E;:D'E?>CFc''
$HFEGM?']B@'?MEF'J>F;@EL?EBH'M:`>'b>>H'Bb?:EH>J']@BC'F>`>@:D'FB=@;>'G@:CC:@F'EH'
,>@C:Hd' -=FFE:Hd' .@^K:d' (EHHEFMd' .F?BHE:H' :HJ' /=HG:@E:Hd' :F' a>DD' :F' bB=H?>B=F' JEF*
;=FFEBHF' EH' ?M>' =HJ>@F?:HJEHG' B]' ?M>' D:HG=:G>' aE?M' H:?E`>' FL>:<>@F' :HJ' G@:CC:@E:HF'
4YYVf2343c''
$H?@BJ=;?B@K'EH]B@C:?EBH'EH;D=J>F'?M>'JEF;=FFEBH'B]'?M>'F?:?=F'B]'.@^K:':F':'D:H*
G=:G>d'?M>'>H=C>@:?EBH'B]'LMBH>C>F'G>H>@:DDK'=F>J'EH'?M>'?@:HFDE?>@:?EBH'B]'?>_?F':HJ'
:H'EH*J>L?M'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]':JHBCEH:D'CB@LMBDBGKc''&M>'@>:J>@'EF'?M>H'C:J>':a:@>'B]'
?KLBDBGE;:D':HJ'.@^K:*FL>;E!';'aB@<'EH'?M>'F?=JK'B]':JHBCEH:D*?KL>'L>@FBHc'
5>?MBJF'B]'J>F;@EL?EBH'J@:a'=LBH'?M>'L@>@>e=EFE?>'EH]B@C:?EBH'@>e=E@>J'EH'?M>'J>*
`>DBLC>H?'B]':'?aB*D>`>D'CB@LMBDBGE;:D':H:DK^>@d':F';:H'b>'Bb?:EH>J'EH'?M>'?KLBDBGE;:D'
J>F;@EL?EBH'B]':DDBCB@LME;'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>'?:@G>?'D:HG=:G>c''$HJE;:?EBH'B]'B@EGEH:D':=?MB@'
B@'JE:D>;?'b:;<G@B=HJ'EF';BHFEJ>@>J'ECLB@?:H?'EH'?M>':??>F?:?EBH'B]'DEHG=EF?E;'LM>HBC>H:d'
F=;M'?M:?'`:@E:?EBH'CEGM?'b>'LDB??>J']B@':'FKH;M@BHE;'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>c
&M>'LMBHBDBGE;:D'J>F;@EL?EBH'EH;D=J>F'?M>'>F?:bDEFMC>H?'B]':'8*`Ba>Dd'2Y*;BHFB*
H:H?'LMBH>C>'FKF?>C']B@'=F>'EH'?M>'?@:HFDE?>@:?EBH'B]':HHB?:?>J'?>_?Fd'Ec>c'?aB'LMBH>C>F'
CB@>'?M:H':@>'G>H>@:DDK'@>;BGHE^>Jd':HJ'H=C>@B=F'@=D>F'GB`>@HEHG':DDBLMBHE;'`:@E:?EBH'
EH'?M>'D:HG=:G>c'
.@^K:':JHBCEH:D'CB@LMBDBGK'EF'J>CBHF?@:?>J'?B'M:`>':'?M@>>*a:K'FLDE?'EH'F?>C'
?KL>F':HJ':'?M@>>*D:K>@'FKF?>C'B]'HBH*J>@E`:?E`>':]!'_:?EBHc''&M>':JHBCEH:D*:]!'_:?EBH'
D:K>@F':@>'b@B<>H'EH?B'g:h'J>;D>HFEBH'g?M>';:?>GB@E>F'B]';:F>d'H=Cb>@':HJ'J>E;?E;'C:@<*
EHGhi' gbh' HBCEH:D' ;BHQ=G:?EBH' gHBH*`>@b' G@:CC:?E;:D' :HJ' BbDEe=>*;:F>' E?>CF' ;:H' b>'
;BHQ=G:?>Jhd':HJ'g;h';DE?E;'C:@<EHGc''.:;M'D:K>@'EF'GE`>H'F?:?EF?E;:D'J>?:ED'aE?M'@>G:@J'?B'
;BH;:?>H:bEDE?Kc''
(EH:DDKd'EHJEÈJ=:D'F=bF>;?EBHF':@>'J>JE;:?>J'?B'?M>'C:??>@F'B]A''LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>H*
FEBH';BCL:?EbEDE?K'EH'?M>'JEF?EH;?EBH'B]'F=bD>_E;:i'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>*;:F>'L:@:JEGC:?E;'
J>]>;?EÈ?K'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd'aM>@>'E?'EF'J>CBHF?@:?>J'?B'b>'L:@:C>?@E;:DDK'
JE`>@F>d':HJ'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHd':'L@BLBF>J'?KLBDBGK'jCBJE!'>@F'aE?MB=?'HB=HFkd':F'
;BCL:?EbD>'aE?M':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBHc
Acknowledgements
->F>:@;M':HJ'JB;=C>H?:?EBH'B]':'D:HG=:G>'M:F'C:HK'@>e=E@>C>H?Fd'aME;M':@>'b>F?'C>?'
aE?M'?M>'M>DL'B]'B?M>@Fc''$H':JJE?EBH'?B'?M>'L@>ÈB=F'aB@<'JBH>'bK'G@:CC:@E:HFd'?>:;M>@Fd'
FL>:<>@Fd' a@E?>@F' :HJ' D>_E;BG@:LM>@F' EH' ?M>' D:HG=:G>' B]' F?=JKd' ?M>@>' :@>' ?M>' EHJEÈJ=*
:DFA''C>H?B@Fd'?>:;M>@Fd':;e=:EH?:H;>Fd'>?;c'aMB'M:`>':DD'M:J':H'=HJ>HE:bD>'ECL:;?'BH'
?M>']B@C=D:?EBH':HJ':@?E;=D:?EBH'B]'?M>'`:@EB=F'F?:G>F'EH'?M>'L@B;>FFd':F'a>DD':F'?M>'>HJ'
@>F=D?c'$'aEFM'?B'>_L@>FF'CK'a:@C'?M:H<F'?B'?M>'L>BLD>'aMB'M>DL>J'C>':;ME>`>'CK'GB:DA'
[E@<<B'!=EM<BH>H'aMB'B@EGEH:DDK'GB?'C>'EH`BD`>'EH'aB@<'aE?M'?>_?';B@LB@:d':HJ'M:F'F>>H'
?B'E?'?M:?'$';BH?EH=>':HJ'ECL@B`>'CK'F<EDDF'bK'<>>LEHG'EH`BD`>Ji'1ECCB'1BF<>HHE>CEd'
5EE<<:'!ED]`>@b>@Gd'&@BHJ'&@BF?>@=J':HJ'&BCCE'[E@EH>H']B@'B=@'JEF;=FFEBHF':HJ'aB@<'
aE?M'!'HE?>*F?:?>'?>;MHBDBGKi''7CE?@K'&FKG:H<EHd'6D><F:HJ@'(>B<?EF?B`d'6DMB'6DMBHE>CEd'
)EH:'6J=FM<EH:d')EH:'6G:]BHB`:d'5E<M:ED'5BFEH':HJ'5E<M:ED'Z@K^MEHF<E']B@'?M>'>HJ*
D>FF' MB=@F' ;BHF=C>J' EH' ;BH?>CLD:?EBH' B]' .@^K:' CB@LMBDBGKd' LBFF>FFEBH' :HJ' ?M>' D:H*
G=:G>'EH'G>H>@:Di'!>LLB'1E??EDl']B@'JEF;=FFEBHF'B`>@'>:@DK'CB@HEHG';B]]>>d'D>H?'bBB<F':HJ'
?MB=GM?F'BH'LBFF>FFEBHi'&M>'>_?>@H:D'>_:CEH>@Fd')EEH:')=Q:HÊH:*6:FCl>':HJ'7:HE>D'
5c'6bBHJBDB'aMB'M>DL>J'C>'ECL@B`>'?M>'e=:DE?K'B]'?MEF'JEFF>@?:?EBH'bK'B]]>@EHG'a>DD*
C>@E?>J'F=GG>F?EBHFd':HJ'6HH:'1=@ÈH>H']B@'EJ>:F'BH'MBa'?B'ECL@B`>'?M>'D:KB=?'B]'?MEF'
bBB<c''6HJ'$'aB=DJ'DE<>'?B'>_L@>FF':'FL>;E:D'?M:H<F'?B'CK'L@B]>FFB@d'(@>J'1:@DFFBHd']B@'
MEF'F=LLB@?'EH':DD'LM:F>F'B]'?M>'a@E?EHGc
$':C'J>>LDK'EHJ>b?>J'?B'?M>'(EHHB*+G@E:H'!B;E>?Kd'EH'/>DFEH<Ed']B@'?M>E@'F=LLB@?'EH'
CK'F?=JE>F':HJ'aB@<'aE?M'?M>'D:HG=:G>d':F'a>DD':F'?M>'L=bDE;:?EBH'B]'?MEF'?@>:?EF>'EH'BH>'
B]'?M>E@'F>@E>Fc
$' aB=DJ' DE<>' ?B' ?M:H<' ?M>' (EHHEFM'6;:J>CK' B]' !;E>H;>Fd' aMB' ?M@B=GM' ?M>' .EHB'
9=?E<<:D:'(=HJd'C:J>'CK'aB@<'LBFFEbD>']B@'?M>'>H?E@>'K>:@'B]'233Yc
$'aB=DJ':DFB'DE<>'?B'>_L@>FF'CK'G@:?E?=J>'?B'?M>'->;?B@'B]'?M>'+HE`>@FE?K'B]'/>DFEH*
<E']B@'?M>'7EFF>@?:?EBH'#BCLD>?EBH',@:H?d'aME;M'C:J>'CK'aB@<'LBFFEbD>'5:@;MO5:K'
2343c
(EH:DDKd'$'aB=DJ'DE<>'?B'?M:H<'CK']:CEDKd'>FL>;E:DDK'CK'aE]>d'"DG:d'aMBF>'H:?E`>*
D:HG=:G>':HJ'DEHG=EF?E;F'b:;<G@B=HJ'EH';BCbEH:?EBH'aE?M'=HDECE?>J'F=LLB@?':HJ'=HJ>@*
F?:HJEHG'M:`>':DDBa>J'C>'?M>']@>>JBC'?B';BCLD>?>'?MEF'?@>:?EF>'B]'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>c
Contents
Abstract V
Acknowledgements VI
List of Hierarchies and Tables IX
Abbreviations XV
0. Purpose 1
0.1. General outline 2
1. Introduction 3
1.1. Introduction to Erzya 3
1.2. Introduction to person 27
1.3. Research in the Erzya category of adnominal person 35
1.3.1. Background 35
1.3.2. The category of adnominal person
in contemporary grammars of Erzya 38
2. Methodology and Corpora 45

2.1. Corpora 46
2.2. Phonological phenomena of modern Erzya 48
2.3. Morpho-semantic evaluation of stems and affixes 49
2.4. Compatibility of case and
adnominal-person morphology 49
2.5. The semi-automatic parser 51
2.6. Sublexicon-case alignments and variation
in adnominal person 54
2.7. Defectivity in the genitive slot of the possessive declension 54
2.8. Secondary declension 55
3. Phonology 57
3.1. Phonemes in Erzya transliteration 57
3.2. Phonetic phenomena behind allomorphic variation 62
3.2.1. Vowel harmony 62
3.2.2. Palatal harmony 64
3.2.3. Devoicing 66
3.2.4. Voicing 67
3.2.5. Loss of affix-initial V 67
3.2.6. Stem-final vowel loss 68
\$$$ 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
4. Morphology 69
4.1. Nominal-type word-stem morphology 69
4.2. Affixes 74
4.2.1. Case 74
4.2.1.1. Core cases 75
4.2.1.2. Local cases 84
4.2.1.3. Attributive Cases 94
4.2.2. Number 104
4.2.3. Deictic markers 108
4.2.3.1. Possessor-index markers 109
4.2.3.1.1. First person 112
4.2.3.1.2. Second person 116
4.2.3.1.3. Third person 118
4.2.3.2. Definite markers 127
4.2.4. Nominal conjugation markers 129
4.2.5. The clitic -Gak 132
4.3. Adnominal-type person in parts of speech 134
4.3.1. Possessive declension compatibility
for distinguishing parts of speech 136
4.3.2. Attested parts of speech and sublexica 149
4.3.3. Drawing conclusions 157
4.4. Paradigm defectivity in Erzya possessor indexing 164
4.4.2. A dialect attesting [±NUMBER] and [±KIN] parameters 166
4.4.3. Distinct common-noun referents
indefinite genitive forms in literature 168
4.4.4. Orkino 169
4.4.5. Recent grammatical presentation of the possessive declension 171
4.5. Adnominal syntax and secondary declension 174
4.5.2. Compatibility of ZERO marking and adnominal-person 188
4.5.3. Compatibility of possessive-declension modifiers
with ZERO marking strategy 191
4.5.4. Personal and reflexive/intensive pronouns
and secondary declension 193
5. Conclusions 207
Erzya Source Literature (Corpora) 213

Reference Bibliography 225
List of Hierarchies and Tables
Hierarchies
Hierarchy 1.1' &M>'EH:DE>H:bEDE?K'ME>@:@;MK' VV
Hierarchy 1.2' !:DE>H;K'ME>@:@;ME>F'B]':;;>FFEbEDE?K' VR
Hierarchy 1.3' &M>':;;>FFEbEDE?K'C:@<EHG'F;:D>' VR
Tables
Table 1.1' !?:?EF?E;F'BH'M>:JaB@J'>H?@E>F'EH'
Mordwinisches Wörterbuch'$f$\' S
Table 1.2' 5:QB@';BHFBH:H?':DDBLMBH>F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>' 4W
Table 1.3' 5:QB@'`Ba>D':DDBLMBH>F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>' 48
Table 1.4' $HJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>']B@';BCLD>_')['M>:JF''
kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>p' 4S
Table 1.5' )BCEH:?E`>*;:F>']B@CF']B@'?M>'.@^K:'kudo oMBC>i'
MB=F>i'@BBCp':HJ't́ev o?:F<i'?MEHGp':F':'LBFF>FF=C' 4X
Table 1.6' \:@E>J'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'aE?M':JHBCEH:D'
;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'C:@<EHG' 4X
Table 1.7' $HJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH';:F>F':??>F?>J'EH'CBJE!'>@'
`Fc';BCLD>C>H?'LBFE?EBH' 22
Table 1.8' $HJE;:?E`>'L@>F>H?'L:@:JEGC'B]'?M>'.@^K:'`>@b'palams 'o?B'<EFFp' 2V
Table 1.9' !EHGD>*aB@J'>DDEL?E;'e=>F?EBH'aE?M'BbQ>;?'L@BHB=H'
EH'F=bQ>;?']=H;?EBH' 2X
Table 1.10' !EHGD>*aB@J'>DDEL?E;':HFa>@'aE?M'BbQ>;?'L@BHB=H'
EH'F=bQ>;?']=H;?EBH' 2Y
Table 1.11' 7>L>HJ>H?'`Fc'EHJ>L>HJ>H?''LBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=H' 2Y
Table 1.12' &M>'EHJE;:?E`>'L@>F>H?';BHQ=G:?EBH'B]'?M>'`>@b'to be'
:F':??>F?>J'EH'FBC>'D:HG=:G>F'B]'.=@BL>' V3
Table 1.13' 6JHBCEH:D'LBFF>FFE`>';BHF?@=;?EBHF':F':??>F?>J'EH'
FBC>'D:HG=:G>F'B]'.=@BL>'oCK'MB=F>d'B=@'MB=F>d'>?;cp' V4
Table 1.14' [BFF>FFB@'EHJE;>F'EH'.@^K:':F';:H'b>'J>@E`>J'
]@BC',:b>D>H?^'g4XVYA'2WVf2WSh' V8
Table 1.15' [BFF>FFB@'EHJE;>F'EH'.@^K:'J>@EÈHG'
]@BC'[::FBH>H'g4YWVA'3R*3Wh' VS
T 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 1.16' )>=?@:D'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'L:@:JEGC'

EH'?M>'!'`>'CBF?']@>e=>H?';:F>F' VY
Table 1.17' #@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'C:@<>@F'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>' VY
Table 1.18' 1EH'?>@CF':F'LBFF>FF:'B]'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FFB@F'
EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>d'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>';:F>F'
:;;B@JEHG'?B'6J=FM<EH:'g2333A'YSh' R3
Table 1.19' [BFF>FF:'B?M>@'?M:H'<EH'?>@CF'EH'?M>'!'@F?'L>@FBH'
FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH':;;B@JEHG'?B'
6J=FM<EH:'g2333A'YSh' R3
Table 1.20' [BFF>FF:'B?M>@'?M:H'<EH'?>@CF'EH'?M>'!'@F?'L>@FBH'
FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FFE`>' R4
Table 1.21 [>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'EH'G>HE?E`>';:F>'=F>J':F'CBJE!'>@F' R4
Table 1.22 ,>HE?E`>*;:F>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF''
FEHG=D:@'aE?M'`:@E>J';BH;:?>H:?EBH'F?@:?>GE>F' R2
Table 2.1' &M>'5$)"-$&m'#"-[+!' RX
Table 2.2 &>H'CBF?']@>e=>H?'aB@J']B@CF'EH'?M>'.@^K:'
C:QB@E?K';B@L=F'B]'RcW'CEDDEBH'aB@JF' RY
Table 2.3' 7>@E`:?EBH'B]'HBCEH:?E`>*;:F>'L@>JE;:?>*L>@FBH'L:??>@HF' W3
Table 2.4 ._:CLD>'B]':H':H:DK^>J'?>_?']@:GC>H?' W2
Table 2.5' ._:CLD>F'B]'E?>CF'@>e=E@EHG'C:H=:D'JEF:CbEG=:?EBH'
EH'?MEF'?@>:?EF>' WR
Table 3.1 \Ba>D'LMBH>C>F':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'!'@F?'FKDD:bD>' WS
Table 3.2' #BHFBH:H?FA'2Y';BHFBH:H?'LMBH>C>F' WX
Table 3.3 6??>F?:?EBH'B]'LMBH>?E;':D`>BD:@'H:F:D'
b>]B@>'`>D:@'LDBFE`>'EH'.@^K:' WX
Table 3.4 [@BH=H;E:?EBH'B]'-=FFE:H'ы'bK'.@^K:'FL>:<>@F'
=H]:CEDE:@'aE?M'-=FFE:H' WY
Table 3.5 6??>F?:?EBH'B]'=H@B=HJ>J'MEGM';>H?@:D':HJ'
]@BH?'`Ba>DF'EH'.@^K:' 83
Table 3.6 rB@J*EHE?E:D'FEHGD>':D`>BD:@F']BDDBa>J'bK'`Ba>DF'
EH'=HEe=>'aB@J']B@CF'B]'?M>'.@^K:';B@LB@:' 83
Table 3.7 \Ba>D'LMBH>C>F':??>F?>J'EH'.@^K:'aB@J'F?>CF'g8h' 84
Table 3.8 #BHFBH:H?'LMBH>C>F':??>F?>J'EH'.@^K:'g2Yh' 84
Table 3.9' !>?F'=F>J'EH'?M>'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'.@^K:'`Ba>D'M:@CBHK' 82
Table 3.10' -:HG>'B]'`Ba>D'M:@CBHK'EH'.@^K:':]!'_>F' 8V
0$!&'"('&6Z0.!'6)7'/$.-6-#/$.! T$
Table 3.11 !>?F'=F>J'EH'?M>'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'.@^K:'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHK' 8R

Table 3.12 -:HG>'B]'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHK'EH'.@^K:':]!'_>F' 8W
Table 3.13 7>`BE;EHG'B]':]!'_:D'BHF>?'LDBFE`>F']BDDBaEHG'
`BE;>D>FF';BHFBH:H?F':HJ'LDBFE`>F' 8S
Table 4.1 )BCEH:D'F?>C'?KL>F'EH'.@^K:' S2
Table 4.2 !?>C'`:@E:?EBH'EH')"+)!2'HBCEH:D'F?>C'?KL>' SV
Table 4.3 )BCEH:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' S8
Table 4.4' )BCEH:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHF' SS
Table 4.5 ,>HE?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' SX
Table 4.6' [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@'?M>'G>HE?E`>'L:@F>'
B]'HBH*<EH':HJ'<EH'?>@CF'EH'.@^K:' SX
Table 4.7 7:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' X4
Table 4.8' 7:?E`>']B@CF']B@'?M>'J>]>;?E`>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH' X2
Table 4.9' 6bD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' XR
Table 4.10 $H>FFE`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' XW
Table 4.11 .D:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' X8
Table 4.12 $DD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' XX
Table 4.13 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@'?M>'EDD:?E`>';:F>' XX
Table 4.14 0:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' XY
Table 4.15 [@BD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' Y3
Table 4.16 0B;:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' Y2
Table 4.17 &>CLB@:DEF']B@CF']@BC'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH' YV
Table 4.18 &@:HFD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' YR
Table 4.19 #BCL:@:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' YW
Table 4.20 6bD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' Y8
Table 4.21 #BCE?:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' YS
Table 4.22 $HJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>' YX
Table 4.23 7>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>' YY
Table 4.24 7>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>' 433
Table 4.25a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@'HBCEH:?E`>d'G>HE?E`>d'
J:?E`>':HJ'EDD:?E`>'LBFF>FF:' 434
Table 4.25b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@'G>HE?E`>'LBFF>FF:' 432
T$$ 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.25c [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@'J:?E`>'LBFF>FF:'

aE?M'HB'JEF?EH;?EBH'EH'H=Cb>@'B]'LBFF>FF:' 43V
Table 4.25d [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@'EDD:?E`>'LBFF>FF:'
aE?M'HB'JEF?EH;?EBH'EH'H=Cb>@']B@'LBFF>FF:' 43V
Table 4.26 #:F>F':??>F?>J'aE?M'4!,':JHBCEH:D'C:@<EHG''
aE?M'?M>'aB@J'kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>p' 43Y
Table 4.27 #:F>F':??>F?>J'aE?M'V!,':JHBCEH:D'C:@<EHG''
aE?M'?M>'aB@J'kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>p' 443
Table 4.28 #:F>F':??>F?>J'aE?M'V!,':JHBCEH:D'C:@<EHG''
aE?M'?M>'aB@J'śeĺme o>K>p' 444
Table 4.29 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@':'4!,'L:@F>' 44V
Table 4.30 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@':'4[0'L:@F>' 44R
Table 4.31 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@':'4!,'L:@F>' 448
Table 4.32 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@':'2[0'L:@F>' 44S
Table 4.33 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@':'V!,'L:@F>' 44Y
Table 4.34 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@':'V[0'L:@F>' 44Y
Table 4.35 [BFF>FFE`>'F=]!'_>F'=F>J'EH':DD';:F>F'>_;>L?']B@'?M>'J:?E`>' 42V
Table 4.36 [BFF>FFE`>'EHJE;>F'BH'J:?E`>*;:F>'LBFF>FF:*?:@G>?F' 42W
Table 4.37 [BFF>FFE`>'F=]!'_>F'G>HE?E`>'EH'<EH'?>@CF' 428
Table 4.38 \:@E:?EBH'b>?a>>H'DEH<EHG*`Ba>D'F?@:?>GE>F'EH'CBJ>@H'
:HJ'L@>F>H?DK'JE:D>;?'gBDJ'DE?>@:@Kh'J>;D>HFEBH'B]'HB=HF' 42S
Table 4.39 7>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'C:@<>@F' 42X
Table 4.40 6??>F?:?EBH'B]';:F>'EH']B=@'J>;D>HFEBH':@@:KF' 42Y
Table 4.41 )BCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBH'C:@<>@F'aE?M':??>F?:?EBH'
]B@'`:@EB=F'?:@G>?F' 4V3
Table 4.42 6??>F?:?EBH'B]'HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBH'EH']B=@'J>;D>HFEBH':@@:KF' 4V4
Table 4.43 *Gak';DE?E;' 4V2
Table 4.44 5B@LM>C:?E;'@>L@>F>H?:?EBH'B]'?M>'%Gak >H;DE?E;' 4VV
Table 4.45 ->"'>_E`>'F?>C'J>;D>HFEBH'aE?M'EHJ>L>HJ>H?';:F>'
]B@CF'aM>@>:F'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>*;:F>']B@C'EF'F=LLD>?E`>'
:HJ'?M>'eś ]B@C'EF':'J>L>HJ>H?':bFBD=?E`>']B@C' 4VY
Table 4.46 5EHEC:DEÊHG'e=:H?E!'>@'śkamo% :HJ'?M>';BCE?:?E`>'
;:F>'EH'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH' 4RS
0$!&'"('&6Z0.!'6)7'/$.-6-#/$.! T$$$
Table 4.47 +HE`>@F:D'L@BHB=H'veśeme o:DDp'EH':??>F?>J';:F>'FDB?F'

B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'L:@:JEGCF' 4WR
Table 4.48 !>D>;?E`>'EH?>@@BG:?E`>q@>D:?E`>'L@BHB=H'aE?M'L:@?E?E`>'
@>]>@>H;>':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'LD=@:D'L>@FBH'EHJ>_EHG' 4WR
Table 4.49a 7:?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'
L@BHB=HF':HJ''@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'g5:QB@E?K';B@L=Fh' 4WW
Table 4.49b 7:?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'
L@BHB=HF':HJ''@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'g5EHB@E?K';B@L=F'h' 4W8
Table 4.50 [>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF':??>F?>J']B@':b>FFE`>';:F>'
EH'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH' 4W8
Table 4.51 ->"'>_E`>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF':??>F?>J']B@':b>FFE`>'
;:F>'EH'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH' 4WS
Table 4.52 )B=H*]B;=F'EH?>@@BG:?E`>'L@BHB=HF'
EH'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH' 4WS
Table 4.53a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'laŋgs'oBH?Bp''[BLU[BFF' 4WX
Table 4.53b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'laŋgs'oBH?Bp''',>HE?E`>'
[@BHB=H'U'[BLU[BFF' 4WX
Table 4.54a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'ejs'oEH?Bi'=L'?Bp''[BLU[BFF' 4WY
Table 4.54b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'ejs'oEH?Bi'=L'?Bp'''
,>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U'[BLU[BFF' 4WY
Table 4.55a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'tarka'oLD:;>p'')B=HU[BFF' 4WY
Table 4.55b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'tarka'oLD:;>p''
,>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U')B=HU[BFF' 4WY
Table 4.56a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'sams'o?B':@@E`>p'')B=HU[BFF' 483
Table 4.56b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'sams'o?B':@@E`>p''
,>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U')B=HU[BFF' 483
Table 4.57a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'či͔'oJ:Ki'F=Hp'')B=HU[BFF' 484
Table 4.58a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'źepe'oLB;<>?p'')B=HU[BFF' 484
Table 4.58b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'źepe'oLB;<>?p''
,>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U')B=HU[BFF' 484
Table 4.59' [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH':??>F?:?EBH'B]'JEF;>@HEbD>'F=bD>_E;:' 482
Table 4.60 )E^MH>LpK:HF<E'JE:D>;?']B@CF']B@ kudo oMB=F>pd'skal'
o;Bap':HJ't́ejt́eŕ'oJ:=GM?>@p'LBFF>FF:'
EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'
J>;D>HFEBH'gL@>DECEH:@Kh' 488
T$\ 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.61 &M>'2!,'LBFF>FFB@':HJ'<EH'?>@CF'EH'"@<EHB'

:;;B@JEHG'?B'!M:<MC:?B`' 48Y
'Table 4.62 &M>'4!,'LBFF>FFB@':HJ'<EH'?>@CF'EH'"@<EHB'
:;;B@JEHG'?B'!M:<MC:?B`' 4S3
Table 4.63a [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'BH'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'gLBFF>FFB@'s'
!"Ĕ'o4!,pd':HJ'LBFF>FF:'EH'vaĺma'oaEHJBapd'veĺe'oÈDD:G>ph' 4S4
Table 4.63b [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'BH'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'gLBFF>FFB@'s'toń
‘2FGpd':HJ'LBFF>FF:'EH'vakan'obBaDpd'paŕ'ob:@@>Dph' 4S4
Table 4.63c [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'BH'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'gLBFF>FFB@'s'
sonze'oVFGpd':HJ'LBFF>FF:'EH'ĺom'oC>:JBapd'ĺem'oH:C>ph' 4S2
Table 4.64 7EF?EH;?EBH']B@'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@'B]'LBFF>FF>J'
LBFF>FF:':LL:@>H?'BHDK'EH'4!,'C:@<EHG' 4S2
Table 4.65 ,>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'!"7'F>;BHJ:@K'
HBCEH:?E`>']B@CF'B@':;;B@JEHG'?B'.`F>`t>`'?M>'
LBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=HF'EH'?M>'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH' 4XV
Table 4.66 !>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH' 4XW
Table 4.67 [>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'EH'G>HE?E`>'=F>J':F'CBJE!'>@F' 4YV
Table 4.68 ,>HE?E`>*]B@C'gH>=?@:Dh'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'
aE?M'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' 4YR
Table 4.69 ,>HE?E`>*]B@C'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'
aE?M'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF' 4Y8
Table 4.70' ,>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'JEF?:D'
J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H'C:@<EHG' 4YX
Table 4.71' !EHG=D:@'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'
aE?M'^>@B*C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK'EH':DD'L>@FBHF' 4YY
Table 4.72' ,>HE?E`>*]B@C'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'
aE?M'!"7'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK' 233
Table 4.73' ,>HE?E`>*;:F>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'aE?M'^>@B*C:@<EHG' 232
Table 4.74' ,>HE?E`>*;:F>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'aE?M'!"7'C:@<EHG' 23V
Table 4.75' ,>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'EH']=F>J'M>:J'
;BHF?@=;?EBHF''j!&.5*-.(0U["!!c,.)U7.5*7$!&U#TgU7.(hk' 23R
Table 4.76 6??>F?:?EBH'B]'?aB'CBJE!'>@*aE?MB=?*HB=H'C:@<EHG'
F?@:?>GE>F']B@'?M@>>'F>?F'B]'L@BHB=HF' 23R
Table 4.77 ,>HE?E`>']B@CF'B]'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd'@>"'>_E`>q
EH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF':HJ'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF' 23W
Table 4.78 5B@J`:'V!,'L@BHB=HF'u'D:'n:E;^'g2338A'4YSh' 238
Abbreviations
1P (E@F?'[>@FBH ELA .D:?E`>
1PL (E@F?'[>@FBH'[D=@:D GEN ,>HE?E`>'
1SG (E@F?'[>@FBH'!EHG=D:@ ILL $DD:?E`>
2P !>;BHJ'[>@FBH IMP $CL>@:?E`>
2PL !>;BHJ'[>@FBH'[D=@:D IND $HJE;:?E`>
2SG !>;BHJ'[>@FBH'!EHG=D:@ INDEF $HJ>!'HE?>
3P &ME@J'[>@FBH INE $H>FFE`>
3PL &ME@J'[>@FBH'[D=@:D INF )BH*!'HE?>''EH'%Om
3SG &ME@J'[>@FBH'!EHG=D:@ INTER $H?>@@BG:?E`>
A 6JQ>;?E`> INTERJ $H?>@Q>;?EBH
ABE 6b>FFE`> IRR $@@>D>`:H?
ABL 6bD:?E`> LAT 0:?E`>
ABS 6bFBD=?E`> LOC 0B;:?E`>
ADV 6J`>@b LV 0EH<EHG'\Ba>D
APPROX 6LL@B_EC:?E`> MWN 5BJE!'>@'aE?MB=?'HB=H
ARG1 [@EC:@K'6@G=C>H? N )B=H
ARG2 !>;BHJ:@K'6@G=C>H? NA )B?':??>F?>Jd')B?':LLDE;:bD>
ASSOC 6FFB;E:?E`> NEG )>G:?EBH
ATTR 6??@Eb=?> NOM )BCEH:?E`>
AUX 6=_EDE:@K NB )=Cb>@
CARD #:@JEH:D NP )B=H'[M@:F>
CDX )BH*;BH;:?>H:bD>';:F>' N-STAND )BH*!?:HJ:@J'D:HG=:G>
:HJ'J>E;?E;'C:@<>@ NUM )=C>@:D
CLT #DE?E; Nx )=Cb>@'5:@<>@
COLL #BDD>;?E`> O "bQ>;?
COM #BCE?:?E`> OBL "bDEe=>
COMP #BCL:@:?E`> OVS "bQ>;?'`>@b'F=bQ>;?'
CONJ #BHQ=H;?EBH aB@J'B@J>@
CONTR #BH?@:F?E`> P [>@FBH
CONNEG #BHH>G:?E`> PERS [>@FBH:D
Cx #:F>'5:@<>@ PL [D=@:D
DAT 7:?E`> POP 6JLBFE?EBH
DECL 7>;D>HFEBH POR [BFF>FFB@
DEF 7>!'HE?> POS [:@?'B]'FL>>;M
DEM 7>CBHF?@:?E`> POSS [BFF>FFB@'$HJ>_
DES 7>FEJ>@:?E`> PRED [@>JE;:?EBH'5:@<>@
DIM 7ECEH=?E`> PRES [@>F>H?
DIST 7EF?:D PRETI [@>?>@E?'$
DISTR 7EF?@Eb=?E`> PRETII [@>?>@E?'$$
DX 7>!'HE?>H>FF'5:@<>@ PRO-ADV [@B*:J`>@b
T\$ 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
PRO-DET [@B*J>?>@CEH>@ SOD !L>:'<>@*B@E>H?>J'

PROH [@BMEbE?E`> J>CBHF?@:?E`>
PROL [@BD:?E`> SOV !=bQ>;?'BbQ>;?'`>@b'aB@J'
PRON [@BHB=H B@J>@
PRO-N [@B*HB=H STAND !?:HJ:@J'D:HG=:G>
PRO-Q [@B*e=:H?E!'>@ SVO !=bQ>;?'`>@b'BbQ>;?'aB@J'
PROX [@B_EC:D B@J>@
PRP [@BL>@'HB=H TEMP &>CLB@:DEF
PRT [:@?E;D> TRNSL &@:HFD:?E`>
[&#*"n [:F?'L:@?E;ELD>d',>@=HJ' &_' &>HF>'5:@<>@
EH'%Oź V \>@b
PUM [BFF>FF=CqLBFF>FF: VI $H?@:HFE?E`>'`>@b
Q v=:H?E!'>@ VT &@:HFE?E`>'`>@b
REFL ->"'>_E`>q$H?>HFE`> wo rB@J'"@J>@
REL ->D:?E`> X +HFL>;E!'>J':G>H?':@G=C>H?'
S !=bQ>;? EH'BbQ>;?';BHQ=G:?EBH
SG !EHG=D:@
0. Purpose
&MEF'F?=JK'EF'J>JE;:?>J'?B'CB@LMBDBGE;:D':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'EH'.@^K:'aE?M':H'B=?DEH>'B]'
D:HG=:G>*EH?>@H:D' =HJ>@F?:HJEHG' B]' ?M>' LM>HBC>HBH' ;D=F?>@' :F' :??>F?>J' EH' L@>F>H?*J:K'
G@:CC:@F':HJ'H:?E`>'a@E?EHGFd':DD'L@>F>H?>Jd'aM>@>'LBFFEbD>d'?B'?M>'b@B:J>F?'@>:J>@FMEL'
f'?M>'.HGDEFM*@>:JEHG'aB@DJ'f'aMB'>`>H'?BJ:K'<HBa'DE??D>'B]'?M>'.@^K:'L>BLD>':HJ'?M>E@'
D:HG=:G>c
&M>'6=?MB@'F>?F'?M>']BDDBaEHG'GB:DFA
f' [@BÈJ>' :H' :CLD>' EH?@BJ=;?EBH' ?B' ?M>' .@^K:' D:HG=:G>' aE?M' ;BHFEF?>H?DK' :HHB?:?>Jd'
;BH?>_?=:DDK'F=]!';E>H?'>_:CLD>F']@BC'?M>'DE?>@:@K'B@'FLB<>H'D:HG=:G>c
f'[@BÈJ>':H':JQ=F?>J':HJ':??>F?>J'LMBHBDBGE;:D':;;B=H?'B]'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>';BCL:?EbD>'
aE?M' ?M>' @:HG>' :HJ' C:HE]>F?:?EBH' B]' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' C:@<EHGc' g!>>' FL>;E!';F' EH' gVch'
[MBHBDBGKh
f' [@BÈJ>' :' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' L@>F>H?:?EBH' B]' :JHBCEH:D' L>@FBH' aE?MEH' ?M>' F;BL>' B]' ;B*
B;;=@@EHG' EH"'>_EBH:D' LM>HBC>H:d' Ec>c' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' CB@LMBDBGK' :F' J>F;@Eb>J' EH'
.@^K:'G@:CC:@Fc'g!>>'FL>;E!';F'EH'Rc'5"-[/"0",mh
f' [@BÈJ>' :??>F?:?EBH' :HJ' F?:?EF?E;F' ]B@' :JHBCEH:D' :HJ' :JHBCEH:D*?KL>' L>@FBHd' bB?M'
CB@LMBDBGE;:D' :HJ' D>_E;:Dd' EH' ?M>' .@^K:' HB=H' LM@:F>d' e=:H?E!'>@Fd' :JLBFE?EBH:D' LM@:F>'
:HJ'HBH*!'HE?>';BHF?@=;?EBHF'EH'%Omc
f' $H`>F?EG:?>' ;BH?@B`>@FK' EH' G@:CC:?E;:D' J>F;@EL?EBHF' :HJ' LM>HBC>H:' :??>F?>J' EH' ?M>'
@>F>:@;M' ;B@LB@:d' ]B@' >_:CLD>d' ?M>' b>:@EHG' B]' <EH*?>@C' gMEGM*:HEC:;K' ?aB*:@G=C>H?h'
F>C:H?E;F'BH'?M>'J>]>;?EÈ?K'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>'L:@:JEGC'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHc'g!>>'
FL>;E!';F'EH'gRcRch'[6-67$,5'7.(.#&$\$&m'$)'.-nm6'["!!.!!"-'$)7.T$),ch
f'[@BÈJ>':H':??>F?>J':;;B=H?'B]';BH?>_?=:D'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'aE?M'aME;M'?B'@>FBD`>'
;BH?@B`>@FE>F'EH'?M>'JEF?EH;?EBH'b>?a>>H'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D'
L@BHB=HF' aE?M' F>;BHJ:@K' J>;D>HFEBHc' g!>>' FL>;E!';F' EH' gRcWch'67)"5$)60' !m)&6T' 6)7'
7$!&$),+$!/$),'[.-!")60'[-")"+)'[6-67$,5!ch
f' [@BÈJ>' J:?:' ]B@' :H' .@^K:' ;BH?@Eb=?EBH' ?B' ?M>' ?KLBDBGK' B]' HBH*L@>JE;:?EBH' ]=H;?EBH'
L>@FBHA' ' &M>' @BD>' B]' :JHBCEH:D' :HJ' :JHBCEH:D*?KL>' L>@FBH' EH' .@^K:' :JHBCEH:Dd'
:JLBFE?EBH:D':HJ'HBH*!'HE?>'FKH?:_c
2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
0.1. General outline

&MEF' ?@>:?EF>' B]' :JHBCEH:D' L>@FBH' EH' ?M>' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' FKF?>C' B]' .@^K:' :LL@B:;M>F'
?M>' L@BbD>C' ]@BC' :' CB@LMBDBGE;:Dd' ;BCLBFE?EBH:D' LBEH?' B]' J>L:@?=@>c' ' #M:L?>@' 2' aEDD'
>F?:bDEFM' :' J:?:b:F>' ?B' F>@`>' :F' ?M>' >CLE@E;:D' b:FEF' B]' ?M>' F?=JK' :HJ' FB=@;>' B]' aB@J'
]B@CFc' ' $?' aEDD' L@BÈJ>' :' J>?:ED>J' B=?DEH>' B]' C:??>@Fd' F=;M' :F' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' :H:DKFEFd'
J>;D>HFEBH' ?KL>Fd' ;D:=F>*;BHF?E?=>H?' LM@:F>' FKH?:_d' :F' a>DD' :F' CB?E`:?EBHF' :HJ' C>:HF'
B]':??>F?:?EBH']B@'L>@FBHc''#M:L?>@'V'aEDD'L@BÈJ>':'e=:DE!';:?EBH'B]'LMBH>C>F'=F>J'EH'
?@:HF;@EL?EBH':HJ'LMBHBDBGE;:D'LM>HBC>H:'L>@?EH>H?'?B'?M>';BHF?@=;?EBH'B]':H':=?BC:?E;'
?aB*D>`>D'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'L:@F>@d'F=;M':F'?M>'BH>'=F>J'EH'?M>':H:DKFEF'B]':'LB@?EBH'B]'?M>'
;B@LB@:c''!>;?EBHF'gRc4cfRc2ch'aEDD'GE`>':'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D';BCLBFE?EBH'
B]'J>;DEH:bD>'aB@JFd':HJ':'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'?M>'F>C:H?E;'HB?EBHF'EH`BD`>J'EH'?M>'JEÈFEBH'
B]'.@^K:'F?>CF']B@'>F?:bDEFMEHG'J>;D>HFEBH';D:FF>F'L>@?EH>H?'?B'?M>'F?=JK'B]':JHBCEH:D*
?KL>' L>@FBHc' ' !>;?EBH' gRcVch' aEDD' >F?:bDEFM' F=bD>_E;:' aE?MEH' ?M>' .@^K:*D:HG=:G>' @:HG>'
B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG':HJ'L@BÈJ>'J:?:'BH';BCL:?EbEDE?K'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'
C:@<EHG'aE?M';:F>':HJ'L:@?'B]'FL>>;Mc'!>;?EBH'gRcRch'aEDD'J>:D'aE?M'L:@:JEGC'J>]>;?EÈ?K'
EH'.@^K:'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'g?M>'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>'FDB?F'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHhc'
6HJ'!>;?EBH'gRcWch'aEDD':JJ@>FF':JHBCEH:D'FKH?:_':HJ';BH?>_?=:D'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHc'
#M:L?>@' W' aEDD' ?M>H' L@BÈJ>' ;BH;D=FEBHF' L>@?EH>H?' ?B' ?M>' @BD>' B]' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'
C:@<EHG'EH'?M>'CB@LMBDBGK'B]'.@^K:c
On transcription
&M>'?@:HF;@EL?EBH'=F>J'EH'?MEF'?@>:?EF>'B]'.@^K:':JM>@>F'?B':'@>D:?E`>DK'LMBH>C:?E;'@>HJ>@EHG'
B]'?M>'+@:DE;'[MBH>?E;'6DLM:b>?c''&M>'DECEH:D';BHFBH:H?F'LMBH>?E;:DDK'@>L@>F>H?>J':F'ḱd
ḿd ṕccc':@>'@>HJ>@>J'M>@>':F'kd md p..c''6D?MB=GM':'MEGM'L>@;>H?:G>'B]'`BE;>':HJ'L:D:?:D'
M:@CBHK';:H'b>'L@>JE;?>J'EH'?M>'H:?E`>'.@^K:'`B;:b=D:@Kd'E?'C=F?'b>'F?@>FF>J'?M:?'a>':@>'
C:EHDK'J>:DEHG'aE?M'?M>'a@E??>H'@>GEF?>@F'B]':'DEÈHG'D:HG=:G>d'Ec>c'bK'J@BLLEHG':DD'aB@J'
]B@CF'b>GEHHEHG'aE?M'bd dd zd ž :HJ gd'?KLE;:DDK'HBH*H:?E`>d'a>'aB=DJ'DBF>'BH>'F>`>H?M'
B]'?M>'>H?E@>'?>_?c''/>H;>':D`>BD:@F':@>'C>;M:HE;:DDK'@>HJ>@>J'aE?M'L:D:?:D'C:@<EHG'>`>H'
aM>@>'L:D:?:DE^:?EBH'EF'L@>JE;?:bD>']@BC';BH?>_?i'`BE;>J';BHFBH:H?F':@>'GE`>H':F'F=;MQ'
>`>H' aM>H' `BE;EHG' EF' ;BH?>_?=:DDK' ;BHJE?EBH>J' :F' EH' ?M>' .@^K:' aB@J' tovźuro' ws' tov'
o"'B=@i'JB=GMp'U'śuro'oG@:EHd';>@>:Dpc''0E<>aEF>d'?M>'=H@B=HJ>J'MEGM';>H?@:D'`Ba>D'i͔':HJ'
?M>'`>D:@'H:F:D ŋ :@>':@>'C>;M:HE;:DDK'@>HJ>@>J'EH':DD'LBFE?EBHF'aMED>'?M>'=H@B=HJ>J'CEJ'
;>H?@:D'`Ba>D'e͔d'aME;M'D:;<F':??>F?:?EBH':F':'LMBH>C>d'EF'HB?'gF>>'#M:L?>@'Vhc
1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction to Erzya

Location
&M>'.@^K:'xeŕźay':@>'BH>'B]'?M>'?aB'L@BCEH>H?'j5B@JÈHk'H:?EBHF'F>??D>J'EH'aM:?'?BJ:K'EF'
<HBaH':F'?M>'\BDG:'->GEBHc''&M>'>_BHKC':HJ'@:?M>@'L>QB@:?E`>'?>@C'j5B@JÈHk'EF'=F>J'
EH'?M>'C:QB@E?K'-=FFE:H'D:HG=:G>':HJ'bK'-=FFE:H':=?MB@E?E>F'aM>H'C:<EHG'@>]>@>H;>'?B'
@>L@>F>H?:?E`>F' B]' ?M>' .@^K:d' 5B<FM:' xmokšəyd' !MB<FM:' xšokšəyd'&>@K=<M:H' xt́eŕuxany'
:HJ'v:@:?:K'xmukšəy'L>BLD>Fc''7=>'?B'?MEF':CbEG=E?K'EH'?M>'D:HG=:G>'B]'JB;=C>H?:?EBHd'
?M>'EHJEÈJ=:D'G@B=LF'M:`>'F>DJBC'b>>H';BHFEF?>H?DK'JEF?EHG=EFM>J'EH'F?:?EF?E;F':HJ';>H*
F=F'e=>F?EBHH:E@>Fc''(B@'CBF?'L@:;?E;:D'L=@LBF>Fd'?M>'v:@:?:Kd':F'a>'<HBa'?M>C'?BJ:Kd'
:@>':'@>D:?E`>DK'EH?>G@:?>J'LB@?EBH'B]'?M>'&:?:@*FL>:<EHG';BCC=HE?K':HJ'?M>'&>@K=<M:Hd'
DE<>aEF>d' :' @>D:?E`>DK' EH?>G@:?>J' LB@?EBH' B]' ?M>' -=FFE:H*FL>:<EHG' ;BCC=HE?Kd' aM>@>:F'
?M>'.@^K:d'!MB<FM:':HJ'5B<FM:':DD'bB:F?'H:?E`>'FL>:<>@F'B]'?M>E@'@>FL>;?E`>'EHJEG>HB=F'
D:HG=:G>Fc''6;;B@JEHG'?B'MEF?B@E;'JB;=C>H?:?EBHd'?M>';BHGDBC>@:?>'?>@C'j5B@JÈHk'M:F'
b>>H'=F>J'EH'@>]>@>H;>'?B'LBL=D:?EBHF'EH'-=FFE:'B`>@'?M>'L:F?']>a';>H?=@E>F'?M:?':@>'F;:?*
?>@>J']@BC'H>:@')E^MHK')B`GB@BJ'g.@^K:A'Obran ošh'W8#23t')d'EH'?M>'HB@?Mi'?B')B`K'
+^>HF<'W3#2St')d'EH'?M>'FB=?Mi'!L:FF<d'[>H^:'"bD:F?'RV#44t'.d'EH'?M>'a>F?d':HJ'nD:?B=F?t'
WY#R3t'.d'EH'?M>'>:F?'gF>>'!:@`'2332hc''!BC>aM:?'>_?>HJ>J'a>F?>@H'bB=HJ:@E>F'EHJE;:?>J'
bK'1==FF::@E'g4YVWA'1:@??:'\$$d'T$$h'EJ>H?E]K'F>??D>C>H?':;?EÈ?E>F'EH'?M>'È;EHE?K'B]'&=D:'
gVS#VSt' .hd' :HJ' L@Bb:bD>' ?@:JE?EBH:D' M=H?EHG' @:HG>' :F' ]:@' a>F?' :F' Z@K:HF<' gVR#22t' .hc''
&M=F'EHJEG>HB=F'F>??D>C>H?F'B]'?M>'.@^K:d'!MB<FM:':HJ'5B<FM:'FL>:<>@F';:H'b>']B=HJ'
BH' ?M>' ?>@@E?B@E>F' B]' ?M>' ->L=bDE;' B]' 5B@JBÈ:' :HJ' ?M>' :JQ:;>H?' BbD:F?F' :HJ' @>L=bDE;F'
B]')E^MHK*)B`GB@BJd'#M=`:FME:d'+DK:HB`F<d'&:?:@F?:Hd'Z:FM<B@?BF?:Hd'!:C:@:d'"@>H*
b=@Gd'[>H^:d'!:@:?B`':HJ'&:CbB`'aE?M'H>a>@d'F;:??>@>J'F>??D>C>H?F':HJ'LBL=D:?EBHF'EH'
@>GEBHF'B]'?M>']B@C>@'-=FFE:H'.CLE@>':HJ'!BÈ>?'+HEBHd':F']:@'>:F?':F'1:C;M:?<:d':HJ'
b>KBHJ'?M>'bB@J>@F'B]'?BJ:KtF'-=FFE:'EH'6@C>HE:d'6^>@b:EQ:Hd'Z>D:@=Fd'.F?BHE:d'1:^:<M*
F?:Hd' 1K@GK^F?:Hd' 0:?È:d' 0E?M=:HE:d' &=@<C>HEF?:Hd' ?M>' +<@:EH>' :HJ' +^b><EF?:H' gF>>'
wM??LAqqaaac>?MHB'DBG=>c;BCqFMBaz;B=H?@Kc:FL{H:C>s-+.|hc'
!?:?EF?E;:DDKd'?M>@>'M:F'b>>H':'C:@<>J']:DD'EH'?M>'.@^K:'LBL=D:?EBHc''Z:F>J'BH'J:?:'
]@BC'?M>'D:?>F?'6DD*-=FFE:H';>HF=F'g2332h'?M>'j5B@JÈHk'LBL=D:?EBH'EF'@>;B@J>J':F'3cXR'
CEDDEBHc''$]'a>':JM>@>'?B'?M>';BCCBHDK'M>DJ'b>DE>]'?M:?'?M>'.@^K:';BCL@EF>'?aB*?ME@JF'
B]' ?M:?' ?B?:Dd' B@' :' G>H>@B=F' M:D]' :' CEDDEBH' L>BLD>d' a>' aEDD' :@@E`>' :?' ?M>' >e=E`:D>H?' B]'
:'H:?E`>*FL>:<>@Fp'!'G=@>'>F?EC:?>J'BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]'?M>'j5B@JÈHk'LBL=D:?EBH';B=H?'B]'
4d4WVdW48'EH'?M>'4YXY';>HF=F'g;]c'0:DD=<<:'4YY2i'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'43i'.F?EDD'233RA'24hc''6'
FDEGM?DK' MEGM>@' !'G=@>' EF' L@BÈJ>J' bK' ?M>' .?MHBDBG=>' @>LB@?' BHDEH>' aE?M' :' aB@DJ*aEJ>'
.@^K:'LBL=D:?EBH'B]'8Y8d8V3c''"H'?M>'b:FEF'B]'?M>F>'!'G=@>Fd'a>';:H'MKLB?M>FE^>'J@:F?E;'
CB@?:DE?K'@:?>Fd'D:HG=:G>';M:HG>d'B@';M:HG>'EH'FB;E:D';DEC:?>d'aME;M'aB=DJ'b>';:=F>']B@'
R 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
HBH*JEF;DBF=@>'B]'>?MHE;'b:;<G@B=HJc''&M>'.@^K:'LBL=D:?EBH'EF'F;:??>@>Jd'F=;M'?M:?d'aMED>'
?M>'->L=bDE;'B]'5B@JBÈ:':??>F?F'?B':'@>D:?E`>'J>HFE?K'B]'.@^K:'F>??D>C>H?Fd'?M>K'BHDK'
;BCL@EF>':bB=?'BH>'FE_?M'B]'?M>'->L=bDE;'LBL=D:?EBHi'?M>'->L=bDE;'EF'?M>'MBC>'B]'D>FF'
?M:H'?ME@?K'L>@;>H?'B]'?M>'LBL=D:?EBH'F=bF=C>J'bK'?M>'?>@C'j5B@JÈHkd':HJ'?M:?'LBL=D:*
?EBH'C:<>F'=L'BHDK'BH>'?ME@J'B]'?M>'->L=bDE;'LBL=D:?EBHc''$H'?M>'5B@JBÈ:H'->L=bDE;d'?M>'
5B<FM:'LBL=D:?EBH'C:<>F'=L':LL@B_EC:?>DK'BH>'M:D]'B]'?M>'FB*;:DD>J'5B@JÈH'LBL=D:*
?EBH'aMED>'?M>'.@^K:':HJ'!MB<FM:'C:<>'=L'?M>'B?M>@'M:D]'f'?M>'!MB<FM:':@>'G>H>@:DDK'
J>:D?'aE?M':F'FL>:<>@F'B]':'r>F?>@H'gEH'?M>'a>F?>@H'L:@?'B]'?M>'->L=bDE;d';]c'.?MHBDBG=>h'
.@^K:'JE:D>;?'?M:?'M:F'b>>H'>_LBF>J'?B'>_?>HFE`>'5B<FM:'EH"'=>H;>d':D?MB=GM'?M>@>':@>'
;>@?:EH':FL>;?F'B]'?M>'!MB<FM:'EJEBC':HJ';=D?=@>'?M:?'CEGM?'b>'=F>J'?B'JEF?EHG=EFM'?M>C'
:F'>e=:DF'aE?M'?M>'.@^K:':HJ'5B<FM:'g7c'&FKG:H<EHd'Lc;cd'HcJchc''
6F':'CEHB@E?K'EH':'@>L=bDE;'EH';DBF>'L@B_ECE?K'?B'?M>'H:?EBHtF';:LE?:Dd'?M>'.@^K:'
M:`>' ;BH?EH=:DDK' b>>H' ]:;>J' aE?M' :FFECED:?E`>' L@>FF=@>c' 'rE?M' ?M>' >HJ' B]' ?M>' 4YX3F' :'
F?@>HG?M>HEHG' B]' ;=D?=@:D' :HJ' DEHG=EF?E;' :a:@>H>FF' EH' ?M>' Z:D?E;' !?:?>F' a:F' BbF>@`>Jd'
aME;M' CEGM?' b>' F>>H' :F' FKCL?BC:?E;' B]' aM:?' a:F' M:LL>HEHG' EH' ?M>' !BÈ>?' +HEBH' :F'
:'aMBD>d'>FL>;E:DDK'EH'?M>'HBH*;>H?@:D'@>GEBHF'B]'aM:?'EF'HBa'?M>'-=FFE:H'(>J>@:?EBHc''
&M=F'E?';BC>F':F'HB'F=@L@EF>'?M:?'>?MHE;':a:@>H>FF']@BC'?M>'.@^K:':FL>;?'a:F':'G@:FF*
@BB?F':]]:E@'F?>CCEHG']@BC'B=?FEJ>'?M>';>H?>@*B@E>H?>J'->L=bDE;'B]'5B@JBÈ:d'EH']:;?d'E?'
;:C>']@BC'LD:;>F'F=;M':F'Z=G=@=FD:Hd'aM>@>';=D?=@:D':HJ'DEHG=:D'LD=@:DE?K':@>':;;>L?>Jd'
>`>@KJ:K'>D>C>H?F'B]'DE]>'g\c'&EHG:K>`d'Lc;cd'2332hc''(@BC'?M>'b>GEHHEHG'B]'?M>'H>a'CED*
D>HHE=Cd'MBa>`>@d';>H?@:DE^:?EBH':HJ':';:DD']B@'=HE?K'M:`>'b>;BC>'>`>@'CB@>'L@BCEH>H?i'
aM>@>' b>]B@>' g4YXY' ;>HF=Fh' L>BLD>' a>@>' L@B=J' ?B' JEF;DBF>' ?M>E@' >?MHE;' B@EGEHFd' HBa'
g2332' ;>HF=Fh' BHDK' L>BLD>' :;?E`>DK' :a:@>' B]' :H' >?MHE;' b:;<G@B=HJ' B?M>@' ?M:H' ?M:?' B]'
?M>'J>]:=D?'-=FFE:H'?>HJ'?B'b>';B=H?>J':F'HBH*-=FFE:HFc''$H'?M>'->L=bDE;'B]'5B@JBÈ:'
EHJE;:?EBH'B]'>?MHE;'b:;<G@B=HJ'EF'HB'DBHG>@'GE`>H'EH'?M>'EH?>@H:D'@>GEF?@:?EBH'JB;=C>H?'
jL:FFLB@?kd'aME;M';BH?:EHF'EH]B@C:?EBH'BH'>CLDBKC>H?d'C:@E?:D'F?:?=Fd'JBCE;ED>d'>?;ci'
&:?:@F?:Hd']B@'>_:CLD>d'F?EDD'L@BÈJ>F'EH]B@C:?EBH'BH'>?MHE;'b:;<G@B=HJc
rM>H'CK'!'@F?'FBH'a:F'bB@H'EH'?M>'K>:@'2333d'EH'!:@:HF<d'5B@JBÈ:d'?M>@>'a>@>'
?aB'JB;?B@F'L@>F>H?'f'BH>':'-=FFE:H':HJ'?M>'B?M>@':H'.@^K:c''&M>'-=FFE:H':F<>J'C>'aM:?'
H:?EBH:DE?K'$'EH?>HJ>J'?B'a@E?>'JBaH']B@'CK'H>a*bB@H'FBHd'?B'aME;Md'$'@>LDE>J'?M:?'$'=H*
J>@F?BBJ'?M>'LBDE;K'a:F'?B'G>?':a:K']@BC'C:<EHG'FL>;E!';'C>H?EBH'B]'>?MHE;'b:;<G@B=HJc''
&M>' -=FFE:H' JB;?B@' L>@FEF?>Jd' MBa>`>@d' ?M:?' EHJ>>J' KB=' ;:H' M:`>' >?MHE;' b:;<G@B=HJ'
@>GEF?>@>Jd':HJ':]?>@':'L:=F>'M>':JJ>JA''r@E?>'j-=FFE:Hkc''$';:DCDK'@>FLBHJ>J'bK'F?:?EHG'
?M:?'$'JEJ'HB?'=HJ>@F?:HJ'MEF'DBGE;i'?B'C>'?M>';MEDJ']@BC':H'.@^K:'CB?M>@'BH'BH>'FEJ>'
:HJ':']:?M>@'B]'+c!c6c';E?E^>HFMEL']@BC':'C=D?E*>?MHE;'b:;<G@B=HJ'BH'?M>'B?M>@';B=DJ'
BHDK' b>' @>GEF?>@>J' :F' j&:?:@k' g&M>' -=FFE:H' (>J>@:?EBH' EF' ?M>' MBC>' B]' :LL@B_EC:?>DK'
WcVW'CEDDEBH'&:?:@Fhc''&MEF'@>FLBHF>d'H:?=@:DDKd'?BB<'?M>'BH>'JB;?B@'DE<>':'b=;<>?'B]';BDJ'
a:?>@d'aM>@>:F'?M>'B?M>@'a:F'M=CB@>J'bK'bB?M'?M>'?aEF?'B]'?M>'F?B@K':HJ'MEF';BDD>:G=>tF'
@>:;?EBHc''Z=?d'L>@M:LFd'?M>@>'a:F'FBC>'DBGE;'?B'?M>';MBE;>'B]'&:?:@'B@'?M>';DBF>DK'@>D:?>J'
Z:FM<E@d' H:C>DKd' ?M>K' >CbBJK' :' ]B@CEJ:bD>' L@>F>H;>' BLLBFEHG' :' CBHBDE?ME;d' ;>H?@:D*
B@E>H?>J'-=FFE:H'(>J>@:?EBH':HJd'aM>@>'?M>@>':@>'?aB'F>D]*:a:@>';=D?=@:D*DEHG=:D'G@B=LFd'
>cGc'Z:FM<B@?BF?:Hd'?ME@J*?E>@'>?MHE;'G@B=LF':@>'CB@>'?BD>@:?>Jc''.@^K:*FL>:<EHG'F>??D>*
$)&-"7+#&$") W
C>H?F';:H'b>'DB;:?>J'?M@B=GMB=?'?M>'\BDG:'->GEBHd'b=?'B]!';E:DDK'?M>K'CEGM?'b>'JE]!';=D?'
?B'DB;:?>'B@'>H=C>@:?>i'EH'?M>'C:QB@E?K'-=FFE:H'D:HG=:G>':HJ'CBF?';>HF=F'F?:?EF?E;F'?M>@>'
M:`>'H>:@DK':Da:KF'b>>H'!'G=@>F']B@'?M>'L>QB@:?E`>d';=C=D:?E`>'5B@JÈH'aMED>'?M>':=?B*
HKCF'.@^K:d'5B<FM:d'!MB<FM:d'&>@K=<M:H':HJ'v:@:?:K'@>;>E`>'DE??D>'C>H?EBHc
&@:JE?EBH:DDKd'?M>'j5B@JÈHFk'M:`>'G:EH>J'?M>E@'a>:D?M'EH'?M>']B@>F?F':HJ']>@?ED>'
!'>DJF'B]'?M>'FB=?M>@DK']B@>F?'^BH>c''&M>K':@>'<HBaH']B@'?M>E@'MBH>K'L@BJ=;?EBHd']=@F':HJ'
]:D;BH@Kd' b=?' >;BHBCE;' G@Ba?M' M:F' b>>H' :;ME>`>J' ?M@B=GM' ;BH`>@FEBH' ?B' :G@E;=D?=@>d'
aME;Md'=H]B@?=H:?>DK']B@'?M>Cd'C:J>'?M>C'J>FE@:bD>'?:@G>?F']B@'?:_:?EBH':HJ';BHe=>F?c''
$H'?M>'K>:@'4224d'?M>E@'a>F?>@H'H>EGMbB@'m=@E'\F>`BDBJBÈ;Md'L@EH;>'B]'\D:JECE@*!=^J:Dd'
J>;EJ>J'?B'>@>;?':']B@?@>FF'BH'?M>E@'?>@@E?B@K':?'aM:?'EF'HBa'<HBaH':F')E^MHK*)B`GB@BJ'
g.@^K:A'Obran ošhc''.EGM?'K>:@F'D:?>@d'EH'422Yd'?M>'.@^K:HF'=HJ>@'L@EH;>'[=@G:F':??>CL?>J'
?B'@>?:<>'?MEF'D:HJd'b=?'?B'HB':`:EDi'EH'42V8'?M>'j5B@JÈHk'MBC>D:HJF':DBHG'aE?M'?M>'
\BDG:*Z=DG:@'!?:?>':DD']>DD'?B'?M>'5BHGBD*&:?:@F':HJ'@>C:EH>J':'J>L>HJ>H;K'=H?ED'4WW2'
g]=@?M>@' DE?>@:?=@>A' Z@K^MEHF<Ed' 5c' 4YXVA' Porovti'6b@:CB`' 4YXXA' Purgazhc' 'rMED>' ?M>'
Z=DG:@F':HJ'&:?:@F'bB?M'@>G:@J>J'?M>'j5B@JÈHFk':F':'FB=@;>'B]'?:_>F':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'D>]?'
?M>C'?B'C:EH?:EH'?M>E@'BaH'FB;E:D'F?@=;?=@>F':HJ'F>??D>C>H?F'EH'?M>'J>>L']B@>F?Fd'?M>'F:C>'
;:HHB?'b>'F:EJ'B]'?M>E@'-=FFE:H'H>EGMbB@F'g;]c'!:@`'2332hc''&M=F'?M>'.@^K:';:H'b>'LDB?*
?>J'EH'?M>'C=?=:D'L>@ELM>@K'B]'!D:È;':HJ'&=@<E;';=D?=@>Fd'$FD:CE;d'#M@EF?E:H':HJ'L>@M:LF'
/EHJ='@>DEGEBHFi':HJ'?M>E@'?@:JE?EBH:D'F>??D>C>H?F'FL:H'L:@?F'B]'?M>'?@:JE?EBH:D'-=FFE:H'
JE:D>;?'b@>:<*JBaH'B]'?M>'>:F?>@HCBF?';>H?@:D':HJ'FB=?M>@H'`:@E:H?Fc
&M>' >?MHBHKC' Erzya' xeŕźa ~ æŕźæy' M:F' b>>H' :DEGH>J' bK' FBC>' aE?M' ?M>' L>B*
LD>' j6@EF:k' C>H?EBH>J' EH' ?M>' 1M:^:@' 1EHG' 9BF>LMtF' D>??>@d' J:?>J' Y84' g;]c' 1DEC:'
4YYWi' &FKG:H<EH' 2333A' 4Wi' "]!';E:D' FE?>' B]' ?M>' #M=`:FM' ->L=bDE;A' wM??LAqqGB`c;:Lc@=q
ME>@:@MKz;:Lc:FL{L:G>scqX8qVSRVq43R8q43W3|hc'&MEF'a:F'BH>'B]'?M>'C:HK'L>BLD>'aMB'
L:EJ'?@Eb=?>'?B'?M>'1M:^:@'1EHGd'b=?d':F'&FKG:H<EH'HB?>Fd'HB'>?KCBDBGK'M:F'b>>H'GE`>H'
]B@'?M>'aB@Jc''&M>'>_BHKC'Mordvind'MBa>`>@d';:H'b>'?@:;>J'b:;<'?B'Mordensd'BH>'B]'
?M>'L>BLD>'J>]>:?>J'bK'.@C:H:@E;=F'gx9B@J:H>Ft',>?E;:'WW4A'TT$$$d'448yhc''&MEF'aB@Jd'
MBa>`>@d'BHDK'M:F':'C=?=:D';BGH:?>';:HJEJ:?>'EH'?M>'.@^K:':HJ'5B<FM:'D:HG=:G>F'EH'
?M>']B@C'miŕd́e oM=Fb:HJd'C:D>'FLB=F>p'g;]c'n:E;^'4YYXd'2338hd'aM>@>:F'JE:D>;?F'B]'?M>'
5B<FM:'D:HG=:G>':DFB':??>F?'?B';BCLB=HJ'aB@J']B@CF'aM>@>'?M>'!'H:D'>D>C>H?'EF'mord'
>cGc'ćora mor'oC:H'gDE?c'FEHG=D:@'B]'C:H*]BD<hpd'ava mor'oaBC:H'gDE?c'FEHG=D:@'B]'aBC:H*
]BD<hp'g;]c'Z@K^MEHF<E'4YY4A'Эрямодо надобия'4VRhc
The Erzya language
&M>' .@^K:' D:HG=:G>' EF' :' \BDG:*(EHHE;' D:HG=:G>' B]' ?M>' +@:DE;' D:HG=:G>' ]:CEDKd' aE?M'
;DBF>DK'@>D:?>J'<EHJ@>J'EH'5B<FM:':HJ'?M>'G>BG@:LME;:DDK';DBF>DK'FE?=:?>J'b=?'CB@>'JEF*
?:H?DK'@>D:?>J'/EDD':HJ'5>:JBa'5:@E'D:HG=:G>Fc''7=>'?B'?M>'FL:@F>'JEF?@Eb=?EBH'B]'.@^K:'
:HJ'5B<FM:'F>??D>C>H?Fd'?M>@>':@>']>a'F>??D>C>H?F'aM>@>'?M>'?aB'D:HG=:G>F':@>'=F>J':F'
:'C>:HF'B]'C=?=:D';BCC=HE;:?EBHd':HJ'F=;M'LD:;>F':@>'EH`:@E:bDK'b>KBHJ'?M>'@>:;M>F'
B]'?M>'->L=bDE;'B]'5B@JBÈ:'g7c'&FKG:H<EHd'Lc;cd'4YYShc''6;;B@JEHG'?B'LBL=D:@'b>DE>]d'
?M>' 5B<FM:' D:HG=:G>' :??>F?F' :' MEGM' L>@;>H?:G>' B]'&=@<E;' DB:HaB@JF' HB?' ]B=HJ' EH' ?M>'
8 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
.@^K:'D:HG=:G>d':HJ'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'M:F':'MEGM>@'L>@;>H?:G>'B]'-=FFE:H'DB:HaB@JFc'
rMED>'?M>']B@C>@';D:EC'CEGM?'@>:JEDK'b>'BbF>@`>J'EH'?>_?Fd'>cGc'[::FBH>H'g!+!6'T\d2'
4XYSA'4f8Rh'EHJE;:?>F'4YV'GDBFF>F'B]'&=@<E;'B@EGEH']@BC'aME;M'H>:@DK'83}':@>':??>F?>J'
EH'.@^K:':HJ'B`>@'XW}'EH'5B<FM:d'?M>'e=>F?EBH'B]'!D:È;'`>@F=F'-=FFE:H*D:HG=:G>'EH"'=*
>H;>':HJ'EH?>@:;?EBH'aE?M'!'@F?*H:?EBH'D:HG=:G>F']@BC':'JE:;M@BHE;'L>@FL>;?E`>'M:F'K>?'?B'
b>'LBF>J'EH'?M>'F?=JK'B]'.@^K:'D>_E;:d'>cGc'kravat ob>J'g-=FFE:H'JE:D>;?'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>'
L:D:?:DE^:?EBH'B]'!'H:D'j?khp'g;]c''-K:bB`'4YV4hi'kopjor oJEDD'g-=FFE:H'ukropd'Z=DG:@E:H'
kopurd' #^>;M' koprhpd' :HJ' koridor ~ kalidor o;B@@EJB@' g`:@E:?EBH' EH' ?M>' @>L@>F>H?:?EBH'
B]'?M>'DEe=EJF'l :HJ'r :DFB':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'C:QB@E?K'-=FFE:H'D:HG=:G>':HJ'B?M>@'CEHB@E?K'
D:HG=:G>F'F=;M':F'1BCE'g;]c'1:DEC:4Y43A'WYhhpc''
!EH;>';BH?:;?'b>?a>>H'?M>'.@^K:':HJ'5B<FM:'D:HG=:G>F'EF'@>D:?E`>DK'DECE?>Jd':HJ'
?M>E@'H:?E`>'FL>:<>@F'CEGM?'@>FB@?'?B'=FEHG':'?ME@Jd'F?:HJ:@JE^>J'D:HG=:G>'g-=FFE:Hh']B@'
C=?=:D';BCC=HE;:?EBH'aE?M'FL>:<>@F'B]'?M>'B?M>@'D:HG=:G>d'?M>';BH;>L?'B]'L>BLD>'FL>:<*
EHG'EH'j5B@JÈHk'EF';DBF>'?B'?M:?'B]':'7:H>':HJ':'!a>J>'FL>:<EHG'at'>:;M'B?M>@'EH'?M>E@'
BaH'@>FL>;?E`>'D:HG=:G>Fd':HJ'M:ÈHG'FBC>BH>';D:EC'?M:?'?M>K':@>'FL>:<EHG'Skandi%
naviskac''Z=?'?M>@>':;?=:DDK':@>':?'D>:F?'?aB'F;MBBDF'B]'?MB=GM?'BH'?M>'e=>F?EBH'B]'MBa'
C:HK'j5B@JÈHk'D:HG=:G>F'?M>@>':@>d':HJ'?M>'J>`>DBLC>H?'B]':'C=?=:DDK';BCL@>M>HFE*
bD>'.@^K:*5B<FM:'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>'EF':H'EH?>@>F?EHG';BH;>L?'?M:?'M:F':LL>:@>J':HJ'@>:L*
L>:@>Jc''6D?MB=GM'?M>'LB@?EBHF'B]'?M>'ZEbD>'M:`>'b>>H'?@:HFD:?>J'EH?B'.@^K:':HJ'5B<FM:d'
:'?@:JE?EBH';BCC>H;>J':?'?M>'b>GEHHEHG'B]'?M>'HEH>?>>H?M';>H?=@Kd'LD:HF'a>@>'C:J>'EH'
?M>'4Y23F'gZ:@?>HF'4YYYA'22h'?B'>F?:bDEFM':'C=?=:D'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>']B@'.@^K:':HJ'5B<*
FM:':DE<>c''ZK'4Y2X'?aB'F=b;BCCE??>>F'M:J'b>>H'>F?:bDEFM>Jd'BH>'.@^K:':HJ'?M>'B?M>@'
5B<FM:d'aMB'EH:J`>@?>H?DK'@>?:EH>J'?aB'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>Fd'?M>'5B<FM:'D:HG=:G>'b:F>J'
BH'?M>'1@:FHBFDBbBJF<'JE:D>;?d':HJ'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'b:F>J'BH'?M>'JE:D>;?'FLB<>H'EH'
1B^DB`<:d'Ec>c'?M>'1B^DB`<:'B]'?BJ:KtF'6?K:FM>`B'@:EBH'EH'?M>'->L=bDE;'B]'5B@JBÈ:c''
$HE?E:D'JB;=C>H?:?EBH'B]'?MEF'.@^K:'JE:D>;?'a:F'L@BÈJ>J'bK'?M>'-=FFE:H'DEHG=EF?'Z=b@E<Md'
:'F?=J>H?'B]'!M:<MC:?B`d'EH'4YV3d':HJ':H'>_?>HFE`>'G@:CC:@'EH;D=JEHG'@>]>@>H;>'?B'?MEF'
D:HG=:G>'`:@E:H?'a:F';BH?@Eb=?>J'bK'?M>'>?MHBG@:LM>@d'MEF?B@E:Hd'>HDEGM?>H>@d'.`F>`t>`d'
:' H:?E`>' .@^K:' :HJ' #M=`:FM' FL>:<>@d' B@EGEH:DDK' ]@BC' 5:DK>' 1:@C:DKd' #M=`:FME:d' EH'
4Y2Xf2Yc''$H'?M>'4YV3Fd'MBa>`>@d'?M>'1B^DB`<:*5B<FM:D>E'g#>H?@:D*JE:D>;?h'b:F>'B]'?M>'
D:HG=:G>' a:F' b@B:J>H>J' ?B' EH;D=J>' CB@>' ]>:?=@>F' ]@BC' ?M>' $HF:@' B@' r>F?>@H' JE:D>;?d'
aME;M' C>:H?' J>`>DBLC>H?' :a:K' ]@BC' ?M>'6D:?K@t' B@' )B@?Ma>F?>@H' JE:D>;?d' ]:CEDE:@' EH'
?M>'.@^K:'DE?>@:?=@>'B]'?M>'HEH>?>>H?M';>H?=@K'gF>>'CB@>'BH'JE:D>;?F'b>DBahc''$H'?M>'D:?>'
4YX3Fd'aM>Hd':?'?M>'>HJ'B]'?M>'!BÈ>?'.@:d'H>a'>]]B@?F'a>@>'C:J>'?B'?@:HFD:?>'?M>'ZEbD>d'
:H':??>CL?'a:F'C:J>'?B'J>`>DBL':'C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@K']B@'?M>'?aB'D:HG=:G>F'?B'b>'=F>J'EH'
?@:HFD:?EBHF'B]'ZEbDE;:D'?>_?Fd'b=?'BH;>':G:EHd'?M>'D:HG=:G>F'a>@>'F>>H'?B'b>'?BB'JEF?:H?DK'
@>D:?>J']B@'F=;M':H'=HJ>@?:<EHGd':'C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@K'aB=DJ'BHDK'>F?@:HG>'?M>'@>:J>@FMEL'
g)c'6J=FM<EH:d'Lc;cd'4YYWhc
[@>F>H?DK'?M>@>':@>'C>:F=@>F'b>EHG'?:<>H'EH'!:@:HF<d'?M>';:LE?:D'B]'5B@JBÈ:d'?B'
C:H=]:;?=@>':H':@?E!';E:D'j5B@JÈHk'D:HG=:G>c''&MEF'EHE?E:?E`>'EF'HB?'BH>'C:J>'bK'?M>'
r@E?>@Ft' +HEBHd' HB@' EF' E?' ?:EDB@>J' bK' H:?E`>' F;MBBD' ?>:;M>@Fd' @:?M>@' E?' EF' BH>' B]' L>BLD>'
aMB'JB'HB?'?M>CF>D`>F':;?E`>DK';BH?@Eb=?>'?B'?M>'DE?>@:?=@>F'B]'>E?M>@'D:HG=:G>d'b=?'JB'
$)&-"7+#&$") S
M:`>':'F?@BHG'Fa:K'EH'?M>'EH"'=>H;>'B]'L=bDE;:?EBH'!'H:H;>Fc''&M>K'L@B]>FF':H':??E?=J>'
:DEGH>J'aE?M'?M>'?MEH<EHGF'B]':'KB=HG'(>B<?EF?B`'g4Y83A'8VfX2hd'aMB':DD=J>J'?B':H'>_*
?@>C>DK'MEGM'L>@;>H?:G>'B]'C=?=:D';BCL@>M>HFEbD>'D:HG=:G>'C:?>@E:D'EH'?M>'.@^K:'HB`>D'
j0:`GEHB`k'bK'1BDBC:FB`d':HJ'?M>'FKCL:?ME>F'B]'FBC>'DEHG=EF?E;'?MEH<EHG'EH'/=HG:@Kc''
1>@>F^?>F'g>cGc'4YY3d'4YYWA'RSfWWh'B=?DEH>F':';DBF>H>FF'b>?a>>H'?M>'D:HG=:G>F'B]'.@^K:'
:HJ'5B<FM:d'b=?'M>'B]]>@F'DE??D>';BH;@>?>'J:?:'?B'`>@E]K'?MEF';DBF>H>FFc'',M>HB'g4YYWA'
WSf84h'C:<>F'@>]>@>H;>'?B'1>@>F^?>F':HJ'EHJE;:?>F':'WRc3R}'B]'C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@K'EH'
:'e=:H?E?K'B]'4382'GDBFF>Fc''&MEF'L>@;>H?:G>d'CEGM?'b>'L@BCEFEHG']B@'LD:HH>J'D:HG=:G>'
J>`>DBLC>H?'B`>@'233'K>:@F'g?M>')B@a>GE:H'LBDE;K']B@':'C=?=:D'jF:CHB@F<k'a:F':b:H*
JBH>J'7>;>Cb>@'4Vd'2332hd'b=?':'GD:H;>':?'?M>'C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@E>F'B]'.@^K:':HJ'5B<*
FM:'EHJE;:?>J'bK'D:@G>@'JE;?EBH:@E>F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>F':LL>:@'?B'FMBa'C=;M'D>FF';BM>FEBH'
b>?a>>H'?M>Cd'F>>'?:bD>'4c4c
Table 1.1' !?:?EF?E;F'BH'M>:JaB@J'>H?@E>F'EH'Mordwinisches Wörterbuch'$f$\

.@^K: 5B<FM: 5=?=:D
.H?@E>F (EG=@>F % (EG=@>F % ,@BFF'?B?:D (EG=@>F %
/>:JaB@JF 22d823 61.6% 4Xd2S4 49.8% V8d8XY Rd232 11.5%
(E@F?'M>:JaB@JF'B]' RdRS3 64.3% 2dY44 41.9% 8dYWW RW8 6.5%
@BB?':@?E;D>F
5=?=:D'@BB?F Wd433 73.3% RdWY2 66% 8dYWW 2Y48 41.9%
5=?=:D'@BB?F''D>FF' Vd3'44 69.4% Vd43X 71.6% RdVVX 4dSX4 41%
-=FFE:H';BGH:?>F
5=?=:D'@BB?F''D>FF' Wd324 75.4% RdRXW 67.3% 8d8WY 2dXRS 42.8%
&:?:@';BGH:?>F
5=?=:D'@BB?F'' 2dYVR 69.5% Vd33V 71.1% Rd22V 4dS4R 40.6%
aE?MB=?'-=FFE:H'
B@'&:?:@';BGH:?>F
5EHEC:D'C=?=:D' 2dYVR 42.2% Vd33V 43.2% Rd22V 4dS4R 24.6%
@BB?F'@:?EB'?B'@BB?'
?B?:D
&M>' Mordwinisches Wörterbuch g:' JE:D>;?' JE;?EBH:@K' B]' ?M>' .@^K:' :HJ' 5B<FM:' D:H*
G=:G>F'g4YY3f4YY8hd'b:F>J'BH'?M>'>_?>HFE`>';BDD>;?EBHF'B]'/>E<<E'[::FBH>Hi'M>H;>]B@?M'
j5rkh';BH?:EHF'B`>@'2S33'L:G>F'B]'JE:D>;?'@>L@>F>H?:?EBHF']@BC'?M>'?aB'D:HG=:G>F'EH'
:LL@B_EC:?>DK'V8d8XY':@?E;D>F'B]'aME;M':bB=?'84c8}'>_MEbE?'.@^K:':??>F?:?EBHF'B]'aB@J'
]B@CF':HJ'RYcX}'>_MEbE?'5B<FM:':??>F?:?EBHFc''!EH;>'?M>'aB@J':@?E;D>F':@>'a@E??>H'aE?M'
>?KCBDBGE;:D';BM>FEBH'b>?a>>H'?M>'?aB'D:HG=:G>Fd'a>'FMB=DJ'>_L>;?':'MEGM'L>@;>H?:G>'
B]'C=?=:D'EH?>DDEGEbEDE?Kd'b=?'BHDK':bB=?'44cW}'B]'?M>'aB@J':@?E;D>F';BH?:EH':??>F?:?EBH'
]@BC'bB?M'D:HG=:G>Fc''$HFL>;?EBH']B@':DEGHC>H?'B]'!'@F?'M>:JaB@JF'EH'F?>C'>H?@E>F'EHJE*
;:?>F'BHDK'8cW}'B]'C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@Kd'b=?'E]'a>':FF=C>'C=?=:DDK';BCL@>M>HFEbD>'CB@*
LMBDBGK']B@'?M>'?aB'D:HG=:G>F':HJ';B=H?'@BB?':@?E;D>F':??>F?EHG'M>:JaB@J':@?E;D>F']@BC'
bB?M'D:HG=:G>Fd'a>'aEDD':@@E`>':?':'C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@K'B]'BHDK'R4cY}c''$H'@>J=;EHG'?M>'
X 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
H=Cb>@'B]'@BB?F'bK'?M>'H=Cb>@'B]'-=FFE:H';BGH:?>F'a>'!'HJ':'H>:@DK'BH>'L>@;>H?'J@BL'
EH'C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@Kd'aM>@>:F':H':H:DBGB=F'@>CB`:D'B]'&:?:@';BGH:?>F'@>HJ>@F':'BH>'
L>@;>H?'@EF>c''(EH:DDKd'E]'a>'@>CB`>':DD'@BB?F'aE?M'>E?M>@'-=FFE:H'B@'&:?:@';BGH:?>F'?M>'
C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@K'J@BLF'?B'R3c8}d'aME;Md'EH']:;?d'BHDK'@>L@>F>H?F'2Rc8}'B]'?M>'8dYWW'
@BB?F':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'JE;?EBH:@Kc
5B@>'@>;>H?DK'bB?M'C:_EC:DEF?':HJ'CEHEC:DEF?':LL@B:;M>F'M:`>'b>>H'B]]>@>J']B@'
:??>F?:?EBH'B]'C=?=:D'`B;:b=D:@Kc''0==?BH>Hd'5BFEH':HJ'!M;M:H<EH:'g->`>@F>'7E;?EBH:@K'
B]'5B@JÈHd'233Rh'M:`>'L@BJ=;>J':'DEF?'B]'B`>@'SWd333'aB@JF']@BC'?M>'?aB'D:HG=:G>Fd'
b=?'L:@?E:DDK'J=>'?B'?M>'@EGEJ'@>`>@F>*:DLM:b>?EÊHG':'C=?=:D'D>_E;BH'B]'BHDK':bB=?'Y}'
EF':??>F?>Jd':HJ'?MEF'EF'BHDK'BH'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D':HJ'L:@?*B]*FL>>;M'D>`>DFd'Ec>c'HB'FL>*
;E!';'F>C:H?E;F':@>'EH`BD`>Jc'''[BDK:<B`'P'-=>?>@'g233Rh'L=bDEFM>J':'b@E>]'CB@LMBDBGK'
:HJ'?M@>>*D:HG=:G>'JE;?EBH:@K'.@^K:*5B<FM:*-=FFE:H'5B<FM:*.@^K:*-=FFE:Hd'b=?'?M>'
JE;?EBH:@K'M:F'BHDK':bB=?'VW33'>H?@E>F'aE?M':']B;=F'BH'C:_EC:DEÊHG'?M>'@>L@>F>H?:?EBH'
B]'C=?=:DDK';BCL@>M>HFEbD>'`B;:b=D:@Kc'')>>JD>FF'?B'F:Kd'?M>';BM>FEBH'B]'?M>'?aB'D:H*
G=:G>F'EF'JE]!';=D?'?B':??>F?'BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]'D>_E;:D'@>F>:@;M';BHJ=;?>J'?M=F']:@c'
Erzya dialects
6;;B@JEHG' ?B' &FKG:H<EH' g2333bA' 23f24h' @>F>:@;M' EH' .@^K:' JE:D>;?BDBGK' EF' >_?@>C>DK'
JEFL@BLB@?EBH:?>c''6?'L@>F>H?'E?'C:K'b>'F?:?>J'?M:?'>_?>HFE`>'aB@<'M:F'b>>H';BHJ=;?>J'EH'
?M>'@>F>:@;M'B]'.@^K:*D:HG=:G>']B@CF'FLB<>H'EH'?M>'->L=bDE;'B]'5B@JBÈ:c''"=?FEJ>'B]'
?M>'->L=bDE;d'MBa>`>@d'?M>'D:HG=:G>':HJ'E?F'`:@E:H?F'M:`>'HB?'@>;>E`>J'?M:?'F:C>':??>H*
?EBHc''$H']:;?d':?'L@>F>H?'?M>@>':@>'HB'L=bDE;:?EBHF'BH'?M>'JE:D>;?F'FLB<>H'EH'?M>'+DK:HB`F<d'
1=EbKFM>`F<'B@'"@>Hb=@G'"bD:F?Fd'aM>@>':';BHFEJ>@:bD>'LB@?EBH'B]'?M>'.@^K:*FL>:<EHG'
LBL=D:?EBH'EF'F>??D>Jc''/>H;>d';BCL:@:?E`>'DEHG=EF?E;F'J>:DEHG'aE?M'?M>'J>`>DBLC>H?'B]'
:'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>':HJ'E?F'@>L@>F>H?:?EBH'B]'LM>HBC>H:':??>F?:bD>'EH'?M>'G@>:?>@'.@^K:'
D:HG=:G>'EF'L@B]B=HJDK'DECE?>Jc''
&M>'JEÈFEBH'B]'.@^K:'JE:D>;?F':;;B@JEHG'?B'Z=b@E<M'JEF?EHG=EFM>F'!'`>'b:FE;'JE:*
D>;?' ?KL>Fc' '&M>' JE:D>;?F' ;:H' b>' L@>F>H?>J' :FA' g4h' ?M>' #>H?@:D' B@' 1B^DB`<:*5B<FM:D>E'
JE:D>;?Fi'g2h'?M>'r>F?>@H'B@'$HF:@'JE:D>;?Fi'gVh'?M>')B@?Ma>F?>@H'B@'6D:?K@t'JE:D>;?Fi'gRh'?M>'
!B=?M>:F?>@H'B@'!=@:'JE:D>;?Fd':HJ'gWh'?M>'CE_>J'B@'7@:<EHB*!MB<FM:'JE:D>;?F'gF>>'(>B<*
?EF?B`'4YY3A'TTT$\*T0$$i'&FKG:H<EH'2333bA'4YfR3i'.@C=~<EH'233RA'Wf43d':F'a>DD':F'
EHJEÈJ=:D'?@>:?EF>FA'7:`KJB`'4Y8VA'44Xf2VV'gZBDtFM>*$GH:?B`F<E'JE:D>;?'f'6D:?K@thi'5:@*
<B`'4Y84A'SfYY'g[@E:D:?K@F<E'JE:D>;?'f'6D:?K@thi'):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'Vf4YX'g)E^MH>LtK:HF<E'f'
6D:?K@th'i'"btt>J<EH'4Y84A'433f4Y8'g!?:@B*&=@J:<B`F<E'JE:D>;?'f'$HF:@hi'&FKG:H<EH'4Y84A'
2YRfVYW' g!M=G=@B`:' JE:D>;?' f' !=@:hi'm:<=FM<EH' 4Y84A' 4YSf2YV' g7@:<EHF<E' JE:D>;?' f'
7@:<EHB*!MB<FM:hhc''&M>'L@BbD>C'EF'?M:?'?MEF'F>?'B]'JE:D>;?'?KL>F'EF'DE??D>'CB@>'?M:H':'
J>LE;?EBH'B]'?M>'LMBH>?E;';M:@:;?>@EF?E;F'B]'?M>'`:@EB=F'.@^K:'JE:D>;?F'BH'?M>'?>@@E?B@K'B]'
?M>'->L=bDE;'B]'5B@JBÈ:d'aM>@>d':F'F?:?>J':bB`>d'BHDK':bB=?'BH>'?ME@J'B]'?M>'.@^K:':@>'
F>??D>Jd':HJ'E?'M:F'DE??D>'?B'B]]>@']B@'?M>'?:F<'B]'JE]]>@>H?E:?EHG'b>?a>>H'?M>'DB;:D'JE:D>;?F'B]'
?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]'CB@LMBDBGK'g;]c'&FKG:H<EH'2333A'24hc''
$)&-"7+#&$") Y
Erzya-language in publications and its development

as a literary language
"`>@':'L>@EBJ'B]':bB=?'V33'K>:@Fd'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'M:F'J>`>DBL>J']@BC'E?F'J>b=?'EH'
GDBFF>Fd' :LL>:@:H;>' EH' ?@:HFD:?>J' ?>_?Fd' :HJ' !'@F?*H:?EBH' ]BD<' DE?>@:?=@>' ?B' B@EGEH:D' !';*
?EBH':HJ'HBH*!';?EBH'B]'?M>'?a>H?E>?M':HJ'?a>H?K*!'@F?';>H?=@E>Fc''&M>'j5B@JÈHk'aB@J'
DEF?F' B]' )E;BD:>F' rE?F>H' gx48Y2y' 4S3Whd' aME;Md' ]@BC' :' CBJ>@H' L>@FL>;?E`>d' CEGM?' b>'
@>;BGHE^>J':F'@>L@>F>H?EHG'C:EHDK'JE:D>;?F'B]'?M>'5B<FM:'D:HG=:G>'gF>>'(>B<?EF?B`'P'
!::@EH>H'233WA'4Vhd'C:@<'?M>'b>GEHHEHG'B]':H'>@:']B@'@>;BGHE^:bD>'aB@JF'EH'L@EH?c''&M>'
4S33F'F>>':JJE?EBH:D'L=bDE;:?EBHF'aE?M'CB@>'`B;:b=D:@E>FA'!?@:MD>Hb>@G'g4SV3hd'7:C*
:F<EH'g4SXWh':HJ'[:DD:F'g4SXS*XYhd'?B'C>H?EBH':']>ac''&M>'!'@F?'L=bDE;:?EBH'aE?M'DBHG'
;BHH>;?>J'?>_?F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>d'MBa>`>@d'JB>F'HB?':LL>:@'=H?ED'?M>'.@^K:'?@:HF*
D:?EBH' B]' ?M>' ,BFL>D' ;BC>F' B=?' EH' 4X24d' :HJ' ?M>' @>C:EHJ>@' B]' ?M>' )>a' &>F?:C>H?' EF'
L=bDEFM>J'EH'4X2Sc''"@EGEH:D'.@^K:*D:HG=:G>'?>_?F'J:?>']@BC'?M>'L=bDE;:?EBH'B]'Образцы
мордовской народной словесности I :HJ'II'go!:CLD>F']@BC'5B@JÈH'(BD<'0E?>@:?=@>ph'
EH'1:^:H'g4XX2f4XXVhd'b=?'?M>'L=bDE;:?EBH'B]'B@EGEH:D'.@^K:*D:HG=:G>'DE?>@:?=@>'JB>F'HB?'
:;?=:DDK'G:EH'CBC>H?=C'=H?ED'?M>'4Y23F'aM>H'E?'F=JJ>HDK'F>>F':'D:@G>*F;:D>'EH"'=_'EH'?M>'
C>JE:':HJ'?M>'F;MBBDFd'EH']:;?d'CBF?'?@>:?E>F'B]'?M>'MEF?B@K'B]'?M>'a@E??>H'D:HG=:G>'@>G:@J'
?M>'LBF?*@>`BD=?EBH:@K'K>:@F':F'?M>'bE@?M'?EC>'B]':'aEJ>DK'L=bDEFM>J'.@^K:'DE?>@:@K'D:H*
G=:G>d'aM>@>:Fd':;?=:DDK'FL>:<EHGd'?M>'B@?MBG@:LME;'HB@CFd':JM>@>J'?B'>`>H'?BJ:Kd';:H'
b>'BbF>@`>J'?B';B@@>D:?>'JE@>;?DK'?B'?MBF>'=F>J'EH'?M>'?>_?F'B]'4XX2f4XXVd':HJ'F=bF>e=>H?'
C:EHDK'>;;D>FE:F?E;:D'L=bDE;:?EBHFc''&M>'.@^K:'C>JE:'b>GEHF'G@BaEHG'EH'?M>'4Y23F':HJ'
M:F'b=ED?'E?F>D]':'@>L=?:?EBH'bK'?M>'>:@DK'4YV3F'g;]c'7KBCEH'2334hi'?M>@>]B@>'E?'aB=DJ'b>'
L>@?EH>H?'?B'FL>:<'B]'!'@F?*D:HG=:G>'B@?MBG@:LMK'F?:HJ:@JF'J:?EHG'b:;<'?B'?M>'4XX3Fd'b=?'
!'@F?*D:HG=:G>'LBL=D:@'C>JE:'?B'?M>'4Y23Fc'
$H'?M>'4Y23Fd'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>':LL>:@F':;@BFF'?M>'!BÈ>?'+HEBH'EH'!ECbE@F<d'!:*
C:@:d'5BF;Ba':HJ'B?M>@';>H?>@Fc',@Ba?M';:H'b>'BbF>@`>J'EH'?M>'D:?>'?a>H?E>F':HJ'>:@DK'
?ME@?E>F'aE?M':'a>:D?M'B]'H>a'a@E?>@F';BCEHG']@BC'B=?FEJ>'B]'aM:?'EF'?BJ:K'<HBaH':F'
?M>'->L=bDE;'B]'5B@JBÈ:c'&M>'J>`>DBLC>H?'B]'?M>'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>d'b:F>J'BH':'JE:D>;?'
]@BC'aE?MEH'?M>'6=?BHBCB=F'->GEBH':?'1B^DB`<:d':F'J>;D:@>J'bK':'G@B=L'B]'?>:;M>@F':HJ'
>H?M=FE:F?F'EH'5BF;Ba'EH'?M>'CEJ*4Y23Fd'F>?F':'HB@C:?E`>']@:C>aB@<']B@'.`F>`t>`tF'>_*
?>HFE`>'G@:CC:@'jɈɫɧɨɜɵ'ɦɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɣ'ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢd'ɗɪɡɹɧɶ'ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚk'go&M>'@=JE*
C>H?F'B]'5B@JÈH'G@:CC:@'gEH'-=FFE:Hhpd'o.@^K:',@:CC:@'gEH'.@^K:hphd'E?':DFB'L@BÈJ>F'
Z=b@E<M'aE?M':'L=@LBF>']B@'!'>DJ'aB@<'@>F=D?EHG'EH':'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'?M>'LMBH>?E;F':HJ'
CB@LMBDBGK'B]'?M>'.@^K:'JE:D>;?':?'1B^DB`<:'g4YV3hc''7>FLE?>'?M>']:;?'?M:?'?M>'#>H?@:D'
1B^DB`<:'JE:D>;?'M:J'b>>H'J>;D:@>J'?M>'b:FEF'B]'?M>'DE?>@:@K'F?:HJ:@J'EH'?M>'CEJ'4Y23Fd'
L=bDE;:?EBHF'EH'!:@:HF<'FMBa>J':DCBF?'EHJE]]>@>H;>'?B'?M:?']B@C'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>'EH'?M>'
4YV3Fc'.]]B@?F':LL>:@'?B'M:`>'b>>H'C:J>'?B'@>J=;>'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>'aB@J'F?>CFd':HJ'aM>H'
?M>'D:HG=:G>'F?:HJ:@J'C:?>@E:DF'B]'4YWW':@>'L=bDEFM>Jd'HB'C>H?EBH':?':DD'EF'C:J>'B]'?M>'
#>H?@:D'JE:D>;?c'6D?MB=GMd'F?=J>H?F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>'?BJ:K'gEH]B@C:?EBH']@BC'BaH'?>:;M*
EHG'>_L>@E>H;>'EH'!:@:HF<'4YYXf233Rh':@>'B]?>H':a:@>'B]'?M>'>_EF?>H;>'B]':'1B^DB`<:'
F?:HJ:@Jd' ?M>K' F>DJBC' M:`>' :HK' :;?=:D' <HBaD>JG>' B]' ?M>' `:@E>?K' B]' D:HG=:G>' FLB<>H'
?M>@>c
43 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
(@BC'?M>'D:?>'4YV3F'aE?M'?M>'L=@G>F'B]'4YVSfVX'?B'?M>'>HJ'B]'?M>'!?:DEH'.@:':'@>*
B@E>H?:?EBH'?Ba:@JF':';>H?@:DE^>Jd'-=FFE:H'C:QB@E?K*B@E>H?>J'FB;E>?K'EF'>F?:bDEFM>Jc''&MEF'
;:H' b>' BbF>@`>J' EH' B@?MBG@:LME;' :HJ' D>_E;:D' J>`>DBLC>H?Fd' BH' ?M>' BH>' M:HJd' :HJ' ?M>'
?@:HFD:?EBH'B]'-=FFE:H'DE?>@:?=@>'EH?B'.@^K:d'BH'?M>'B?M>@d'aM>@>:F'?M>'J>`>DBLC>H?'B]'?M>'
.@^K:'D:HG=:G>';BC>F'?B':'È@?=:D'F?:HJF?EDDc''&M>'D:?>'4YW3t'F>>F'?M>'@>*>C>@G>H;>'B]'
:'@>G=D:@'.@^K:*D:HG=:G>'DE?>@:@K*FB;E:D'QB=@H:D'j!=@:Ht'?BD?k'o0EGM?Fq!'@>F'BH'?M>'!=@:pd'
?M>'@>M:bEDE?:?EBH'B]';=D?=@:D'!'G=@>Fd':HJ'DE?>@:?=@>'EDD=F?@:?EHG'.@^K:'DE]>':F':H':;?E`>'L>*
@ELM>@:D'L:@?'B]'J>`>DBLC>H?'D>:JEHG'?B':;ME>`>C>H?F'EH'?M>'+c!c!c-c''&M>'j!=@:Ht'?BD?k'
QB=@H:D';:H'b>'F>>H':F':'FKCL?BC'B]'?M>'@>*>C>@G>H;>'B]'DE?>@:@K'@>G=D:@E?Kd'?M>':JJ@>FF*
EHG'B]'?M>C>F'B?M>@'?M:H'?M>'BCHEL@>F>H?'[:?@EB?E;'r:@d':HJ'?MEF'J>`>DBLC>H?'EF';BCLD>*
C>H?>J'bK'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]'F>CEa>><DK'H>aFL:L>@Fc''&M=F'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>';BH?EH=>F'
?B'>`BD`>'aE?M'a@E?>@F']@BC'`:@EB=F'JE:D>;?'b:;<G@B=HJFd'>:;M':JJEHG'MEF'B@'M>@'BaH'bE?'
B]'`:@E:?EBH'?B'?M>'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>c''&M>'e=:@?>@DK'>`>H?=:DDK'b>G:H'?B':LL>:@'44f42'
?EC>F':'K>:@d':HJ'EH'?EC>';M:HG>J'E?F'H:C>'b:;<'?B'?M>'B@EGEH:D'Syatko o!L:@<p'B]'?M>'
4Y23F':HJ'4YV3Fc
(@BC'?M>'D:?>'4Y83F':HJ'>:@DK'4YS3Fd'H:?E`>*D:HG=:G>'B@E>H?:?EBH'EH'?M>'F;MBBDF'
b>GEHF'?B'DBF>'E?F']:`B@:bEDE?K'gB@:D'EH]B@C:?EBH']@BC'?M>'5B@JBÈ:':HJ'1BCE'->L=bDE;Fh'
f':LL:@>H?DK'?MEF'a:F':'?>HJ>H;K'EH'JE]]>@>H?'L:@?F'B]'?M>'+c!c!c-c'')>>JD>FF'?B'F:Kd'?MEF'
?EC>'L>@EBJ'F:a'?M>'J>;DEH>'B]'F=bQ>;?F'?:=GM?'EH'.@^K:'EH'?M>'F;MBBDFd'aE?M'BHDK'?M>'H:*
?E`>'D:HG=:G>'E?F>D]'@>?:EH>J':F':'@>D:?E`>DK'F?:HJ:@J'F=bQ>;?'EH'?M>'=LL>@'G@:J>F'B]'?M>'ÈD*
D:G>'F;MBBDFd'aM>@>:F'?M>'!'@F?']B=@'G@:J>F'a>@>'G>H>@:DDK'?M>'BH>F'aM>@>'?M>'!'@F?*H:?EBH'
.@^K:';MEDJ@>H'a>@>':]]B@J>J'EHF?@=;?EBH'EH'?M>E@'H:?E`>'D:HG=:G>'EH'?M>'ÈDD:G>'F>??EHGc
$H'?M>'4YX3F'a>'F>>':'H>a'>C>@G>H;>'B]'.@^K:':a:@>H>FFc''&M>';MEDJ@>HtF'F=LLD>*
C>H?'piońereń vajgeĺ o&M>'`BE;>'B]'?M>'LEBH>>@Fp'EH'?M>'!K:?<B'QB=@H:D'b>GEHF':LL>:@EHG'
:F':H'EHJ>L>HJ>H?'L=bDE;:?EBH':HJ';M:HG>F'E?F'H:C>'?B'či͔ĺiśema'o7:aHpc''',@:FF*@BB?F'
:a:@>H>FF'b@EHGF':'@>bE@?M'B]'EH?>@>F?'EH'?M>'D:HG=:G>i'C:HK';DBF>J'@>GEBHF':@>'BL>H>J'?B'
]B@>EGH>@Fd':HJ'F;MBD:@F':@>'>H;B=@:G>J'?B'EH`BD`>'?M>CF>D`>F'EH'EH?>@H:?EBH:D'L@BQ>;?Fd'
>cGc'j.@FlDlEF*F=BC:D:EH>H'F:H:<E@Q:k'bK'9::H:')E>CE':HJ'5E<M:ED'5BFEH'g4YYWhd':HJ'
?M>'F=bF>e=>H?'j!=BC:D:EF*>@FlDlEH>H'F:H:<E@Q:k'bK'6DMB'6DMBHE>CEd')EH:'6G:]BHB`:'
:HJ'5E<M:ED'5BFEH'g4YYYhc'''
$H'?M>'4YY3F':HJ'b>GEHHEHG'B]'?M>'H>a'CEDD>HHE=Cd'!'@F?*D:HG=:G>''EHF?@=;?EBH']B@'
F=bQ>;?F'B?M>@'?M:H'?M>'H:?E`>'D:HG=:G>'b>;:C>':H'EFF=>c''rM:?'F?:@?>J'B=?'EH'ÈDD:G>'L@E*
C:@K'F;MBBDF'b@B=GM?':bB=?':'H>a'?@>HJ'EH'L=bDE;:?EBH'L@:;?E;>Fd':HJ'HBa'=F>'B]'B?M>@'
H>a'C>JE:'EF'FL@>:JEHGd'Ec>c'?M>'F;:??>@>J'LBL=D:?EBH'B]'.@^K:'FL>:<>@F':;?E`>DK'=?EDE^>'
F>@È;>F'B]]>@>J'bK'CBbED>'LMBH>F':HJ'?M>'$H?>@H>?'EH'.@^K:c''&M>'L=bDE;:?EBH'B]'@>:J>@F'
EH'>HÈ@BHC>H?:D'F?=JE>F':HJ'C:?M>C:?E;F'M:F'b>>H':HHB=H;>J']B@'?M>'DBa>@'G@:J>Fd':F'
a>DD':F':';BCLD>?>';=@@E;=D=C']B@'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'EH'?M>'L@EC:@K':HJ'F>;BHJ:@K'F;MBBDFc'
&aB'>H;K;DBL>JE;'aB@<F'B]'B`>@'4333'L:G>F'>:;M'M:`>'b>>H'?@:HFD:?>J':HJ'L@EH?>J'EH'
?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>c''6D?MB=GM'`>@K']>a'B]'?M>F>'bBB<F'a>@>':;?=:DDK'L@EH?>J'f'L>@M:LF'
2333fV333'>:;Md'?M>E@'C>@>'>_EF?>H;>'L@BÈJ>F'?M>'D:HG=:G>'aE?M'>F?>>C'?M:?'EF'H>;>F*
F:@K']B@'>F?:bDEFMEHG'E?F'`:D=>':F':'C>JE=C'B]';=D?=@:D';BM>FEBHc''
$)&-"7+#&$") 44
"HDK'@>;>H?DK'g233Yhd':']B=@*K>:@'L@BQ>;?'M:F'@>;>E`>J'F=LLB@?']@BC'?M>'->L=bDE;'
B]'5B@JBÈ:'?B';BH;B;?':'C=?=:D'5B@JÈH'D:HG=:G>']B@'?M>'EH?>@H:?EBH:DDK'@>;BGHE^>J'
?aB'F>L:@:?>'D:HG=:G>F'B]'.@^K:':HJ'5B<FM:'g;]c'$!"'8VYi'wM??LAqqC:@E=`>@caB@JL@>FFc
;BCq233Yq32q38qCB@JB`F<EE*Q:^K<q|hc''&M>'B=?;BC>'B]'F=;M':'L@BQ>;?'CEGM?'FECLDK'b>'
?M:?'?M>'?aB'F?:HJ:@JF'DBF>':DD']=HJEHG':HJ'?M>'LBFE?EBH'B]'?M>'C:QB@E?K'D:HG=:G>d'-=F*
FE:Hd'aB=DJ'b>']=@?M>@'EHF?EDD>J'aMED>'.@^K:':HJ'5B<FM:'aB=DJ'DBF>':DD';@>JEbEDE?K':F'
B]!';E:D'D:HG=:G>Fd';BCL:@>'6MDeÈF?tF'=HJ>@F?:HJEHG'B]'.@^K:':HJ'5B<FM:'C=?=:D';BC*
L@>M>HFEBHd'b>DBac
j"C'J>FF:'?`lHH>'JE:D><?>@F'BDE<M>?'FEHF>C>DD:H'l@'Ml@'E;<>'F?lDD>?':??'?:D:i'FBC'>??'<@E*
?>@E=C' J>@]`>@' CÄ' GlDD:' J>H' BCF?lHJEGM>?d' :??' >H' .@FlH' >Q' ]@F?Ä@' FEH' CB<F;M:HF<:'
b@BJ>@F'?:D':HHB@D=HJ:'lH'FÄFBC'>??'FD:GF'<:@@E<:?=@']`>@'FE??'>G>?'?=HGBCÄD'B;M':??'J>'
FEHF>C>DD:H'`:HDEG>H'HK??Q:'-KF<:H'FÄFBC'C>J>D':??'G@:'FEG'b>G@ELDEG:']@'M`:@:HJ@:i'$'
:DDClHM>?'F:GJ?'l@'J>HH:'BDE<M>?'JB;<'<H:LL?'F?B@>'lH'J>H'>C>DD:H'(EHF<:H'B;M'.F?HEF*
<:Hck'g6MDeÈF?'4XWYA'Vh'
o&M>@>'EF'HB'@BBC'M>@>'?B'JEF;=FF'?M>'JE]]>@>H;>F'b>?a>>H'?M>F>'?aB'JE:D>;?Fi'BH>';@E*
?>@EBH']B@'?M:?'CEGM?'b>'?M>'F?:?>'B]':]]:E@F'?M:?':H'.@^K:'=HJ>@F?:HJF''?M>'FL>>;M'B]'MEF'
5B<FM:']@E>HJtF':F'HB?MEHG'B?M>@'?M:H'FBC>'<EHJ'B]'Q>F?'C:<EHG'B]'MEF'BaH'D:HG=:G>d':HJ'
?M:?'B@JEH:@EDK'?M>K'=F>'-=FFE:H':F':'C=?=:D'C>:HF'B]''C:<EHG'?M>CF>D`>F'=HJ>@F?BBJi'
G>H>@:DDK'FL>:<EHGd'?MEF'JE]]>@>H;>'EF'F;:@;>DK'CB@>'?M:H'?M:?'b>?a>>H'(EHHEFM':HJ'.F?B*
HE:Hcp'g&M>']@>>'?@:HFD:?EBH']@BC'!a>JEFM'EF'CK'BaHhc
&M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'EF'?M@>:?>H>J':F':H'>H?E?K'BH'?M>'B]!';E:D']@BH?A''"HDK'?EC>'aEDD'?>DDd'
aM>?M>@'?MEF'D:HG=:G>'aEDD'b>':DDBa>J'?B';BH?@Eb=?>'?B'B=@'=HJ>@F?:HJEHG'B]'?M>'aB@DJ'
:@B=HJ'=F'?M@B=GM'E?F'BaH'EHJ>L>HJ>H?'C:EH?>H:H;>':HJ'J>`>DBLC>H?':F':'C>JE=C':HJ'
@>LBFE?B@K'B]';=D?=@:D'a>:D?M':HJ'<HBaD>JG>c''6F':'a@E??>H'C>JE=Cd'?MEF'EHJ>L>HJ>H?'
@BD>'M:F'J>`>DBL>J']B@'H>:@DK'233'K>:@Fd'FBd'L>@M:LFd'E?'EF'=HDE<>DK'?B']:DD'B`>@'HEGM?c
Research in the Erzya language
"`>@'?M>'K>:@F'B]'E?F'J>`>DBLC>H?':F':'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>'f'4X24'?B'?M>'L@>F>H?'f'?M>'.@^K:'
D:HG=:G>'M:F':??@:;?>J'?M>':??>H?EBH'B]'F;MBD:@F'H>:@':HJ']:@c''&M>'!'@F?'G@:CC:@'B]'?M>'
.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'ga@E??>H'bK'#c'`BH'J>@',:b>D>H?^'4XVXfVYh'a:F'b:F>J'BH'?M>'D:HG=:G>'
=F>J'EH'?M>'!'@F?'.@^K:'?@:HFD:?EBH'B]'?M>',BFL>Dd'L=bDEFM>J'EH'4X24':HJ';BCL:@>J'aE?M'
aM:?'a:F':`:ED:bD>'gF>>'5E?M@EJ:?>F'4d'WRYc'$\d'2V8']]c'EH',:b>D>H?^'4XVYA'2VXhc''.`>H'
?MB=GM',:b>D>H?^']B=HJ'C=;M']:=D?'aE?M'?M>'D:HG=:G>'B]'?M>'?@:HFD:?EBHd'MEF'G@:CC:?E;:D'
BbF>@`:?EBHFd'b:F>J'BH'aM:?'?BJ:K'aB=DJ'b>'?>@C>J'L:@:DD>D*;B@L=F'!'HJEHGFd':@>'@>C:@<*
:bD>d':HJ'J>!'HE?>DK'EHJE;:?E`>'B]'HB?'BHDK':'F>:FBH>J'DEHG=EF?tF'EH?>@L@>?:?EBH'B]'?M>'.@^K:'
D:HG=:G>' EH' ?M>' ZEbDE;:D' ?>_?Fd' b=?' :DFB' :' J>F;@EL?EBH' B]' LMBH>?E;d' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' :HJ'
D>_E;:D'LM>HBC>H:'F?EDD'B]'EH?>@>F?'EH'?M>'D:HG=:G>'?BJ:Kc''6F':H':??>CL?'?B'B`>@;BC>'?M>'
b=@J>H'B]'EH]B@C:?EBH'JEFF>CEH:?>J'?B'?M>';BH?@:@Kd'D>?tF'?:<>':'DBB<':?'aM:?',:b>D>H?^'
:;?=:DDK'a@B?>'g;]c'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'V48';E?EHG'x6MDeÈF?'4X84yhc
42 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
j)B;M'C=FF'E;M'J>@'v=>DD>'>@alMH>Hd':=F'a>D;M>@'E;M'G>F;ML]?'M:b>A'>F'EF?'JE>F'JE>'
CB@JaEHEF;M>'+>b>@F>?^=HG'J>@'È>@'.`:HG>DE>Hd'a>D;M>'EC'9c'4X24'EH'!?c'[>?>@Fb=@G':=]'
1BF?>H'J>@'@=FFEF;M>H'ZEb>DG>F>DDF;M:]?'G>J@=;<?'aB@J>H'EF?c'0>EJ>@'EF?'J:`BH'HE;M?'È>D'
0bDE;M>F'^='F:G>Hc'7>@'+>b>@F>?^>@'C:G'aBMD'JE>'!L@:;M>'L@:<?EF;Md'>@D>@H?'M:b>H'=HJ'
J>@F>Db>H'H:;M'7BDC>?F;M>@:@?'`BDD<BCC>H'Cl;M?EG'G>a>F>H'F>KHi':DD>EH'>@'M:?'FE>':=]'
=HaEFF>HF;M:]?DE;M>'=HJ'=H<@E?EF;M>'r>EF>'G>M:HJM:b?c'')E;M?':DD>EHd'J:FF'`BH'>EH>@'"@*
?MBG@:LME>'b>E'EMC'>EG>H?DE;M'G:@'HE;M?'JE>'->J>'F>KH'<:HHd'>@'M:?':=;M'b>E'J>C',>b@:=;M'
J>@' G@:CC:?EF;M>H' (B@C>H' FE;M' +HG>H:=EG<>E?>H' >@D:=b?d' JE>' È>DD>E;M?' EC' G>C>EH>H'
0>b>H'`B@<BCC>H'CG>Hd'JE>':b>@'EH'J>@'!;M@E]?d'=HJ'HB;M'J:^='EH'>EH>@'ZEb>DÅb>@F>?*
^=HGd'HE;M?'G>F?:??>?'a>@J>H'FBDD?>Hc'7:b>E'EF?'>@'=C'JE>'->EHM>E?'J>@'!L@:;M>'a>HEG'b>*
FB@G?'G>a>F>Hi':=;M'aB'EMC'>EH'BJ>@'C>M@>@>'G=?>'CB@JaEHEF;M>'6=FJ@Å;<>'^=',>bB?>'
F?:HJ>Hd' M:?' >@' =Hb><ÅCC>@?' @=FFEF;M>' r@?>@' >EHG>CEF;M?d' JE>' >b>H]:DDF' ?M>EDF' aBMD'
J=@;M'?lGDE;M>H'\>@<>M@'FE;M'EH'JE>'+CG:HGFFL@:;M>'>EHG>F;MDE;M>H'M:b>H'CG>Hd'?M>EDF'
È>DD>E;M?d':DF'@>EH'bEbDEF;Md'FE;M'H=@'CE?'>EHEG>@'5ÅM>'J=@;M'>EH'>H?FL@>;M>HJ>F'M>ECEF;M*
>F'rB@?'>@F>?^>H'DE>FF>Hc'1HH?>'C:H'JE>F':b>@':=;M'HB;M':DD>H]:DDF'MEHG>MH'D:FF>Hd'FB'
EF?'>F'JB;M'EH'J>@'&M:?'=H>@?@lGDE;Md'J:FF'FBG:@'>EH>'5>HG>'[:@?E<>DH':=F'J>C'-=FFEF;M>H'
>H?D>MH?'aB@J>H'FEHJc'(B@'?MBF>'aMB'BHDK'M:`>':'FDEGM?';BH;>L?EBH'B]'?M>'L>;=DE:@E?E>F'
L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>'=F>'B@'@:?M>@'HBH*=F>'B]'L:@?E;D>Fc'r>@'H=@'>EHEG>@C:FF>H'a>EFFd'a>D;M>'
.EG>H?ÅCDE;M<>E?>H'G>@:J>'J>@',>b@:=;M'BJ>@'È>DC>M@')E;M?G>b@:=;M'J>@'[:@?E<>DH'EH'
J>H' !'HHEF;M*?:?:@EF;M>H' !L@:;M>H' J:@bE>?>?d' aE@J' FE;M' >EH>'\B@F?>DD=HG' J:`BH' C:;M>H'
<HH>Hd'aE>'JE>F>'@=FFEF;M>H'(@>CJDEHG>'FE;M'ME>@':=FH>MC>Hd'=HJ'a>D;M>H'.EH"'=FF'EM@'
,>b@:=;M'F>DbF?':=]'JE>'#BHF?@=;?EBH'=HJ'J>H'!?KD':=FÅb>H'C=FFc'!BDD?>H':=;M'O'a:F'
C>@<aÅ@JEG'G>H=G'al@>'O'Q>H>'@=FFEF;M>H'[:@?E<>DH'aE@<DE;M'EH'JE>'+CG:HGFFL@:;M>'
:=]G>HBCC>H'aB@J>H'F>KHd'FB'M:??>'>EH'@E;M?EG>@'&:<?'J>H'+>b>@F>?^>@'b>a>G>H'CÅFF>Hd'
FE>':=F'J>@'!;M@E]?'^='>H?]>@H>Hc''7:'FE>':b>@'H=H'>EHC:D'G>b@:=;M?'aB@J>H'FEHJd'FB'M:b>'
E;M']@>EDE;M'HE;M?'=CMEH'G><BHH?d'FE>':=;M'EH'JE>F>@',@:CC:?E<':H^=]ÅM@>Hi':DD>EH'FE>'
FEHJd'>EH'0=_=Fd'J>FF>H'JE>'!L@:;M>'>H?@:?M>H'<:HHck'g,:b>D>H?^'4XVYA'2VSfVXh'''
o!?EDDd'$'C=F?'C>H?EBH'?M>'FB=@;>'aME;M'$'M:`>'J@:aH'=LBHA'E?'EF'?M>'5B@JÈHE:H'?@:HFD:*
?EBH'B]'?M>',BFL>Dd'aME;M'a:F'L@EH?>J'EH'4X24'EH'!?c'[>?>@Fb=@G':?'?M>'>_L>HF>'B]'?M>'
-=FFE:H'ZEbD>'!B;E>?Kc'+H]B@?=H:?>DKd'?M>@>'EF'HB?'C=;M'L@:EF>aB@?MK'?B'b>'F:EJ'B]'E?c'
&M>'?@:HFD:?B@'C:K'a>DD'M:`>'D>:@H>J'?M>'D:HG=:G>'EH'L@:;?E;>d':HJ'M>'C:K'M:`>':??:EH>J'
:H'EH?>@L@>?>@*DE<>'"'=>H;K'EH'E?d'b=?'M>'M:F'aE>DJ>J'?M>'D:HG=:G>'EH':H'=HF;E>H?E!';':HJ'
=H;@E?E;:D'C:HH>@c')B?'BHDK'EF'?M>@>':'D:;<'B]'B@?MBG@:LME;';BHFEF?>H;Kd'b=?'?M>'?@:HFD:?B@'
M:F'?:<>H'DEb>@?E>F'aE?M'G@:CC:?E;:D']B@CFd'aME;M'CEGM?d'EH'J>>Jd'B;;=@'EH'B@JEH:@K'DE]>d'
b=?'aME;M'EH'a@E?EHG':HJ'>FL>;E:DDK'EH'?M>'?@:HFD:?EBH'B]'?M>'/BDK'!;@EL?=@>F'FMB=DJ'HB?'
b>':DDBa>Jc''/>'M:F'FMBaH'DE??D>';BH;>@H']B@'?M>'L=@E?K'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d':HJ'>`>H'aM>@>'
M>'M:F'M:J'F>`>@:D'GBBJ'5B@JÈHE:H'LM@:F>F'?B';MBBF>']@BCd'M>'M:F';:@>D>FFDK'CE_>J'EH'
-=FFE:H'aB@JFd'aME;M'C:K'a>DD'M:`>'FDELL>J'EH?B'?M>'?>_?']@BC'>`>@KJ:K'`>@H:;=D:@'=F*
:G>d'B@d'L>@M:LFd'M>'M:F'Q=F?']B=HJ'E?'JE]!';=D?'?B'@>LD:;>':'L=@>DK'bEbDE;:D'aB@J'aE?M'?M>'
;B@@>FLBHJEHG'H:?E`>'aB@JFc''6HJ'>`>H'E]'BH>'a>@>'?B':DDBa']B@'?M>F>'FMB@?;BCEHGFd'E?'EF'
F?EDD'=H?BD>@:bD>'?M:?'F=;M':H':CB=H?'B]'L:@?E;D>F'M:`>'b>>H'JE@>;?DK'bB@@Ba>J']@BC'?M>'
$)&-"7+#&$") 4V
-=FFE:Hc''6HKBH>'aMB'>`>H'M:F'?M>'FDEGM?>F?'<HBaD>JG>'B]'aM:?'L>;=DE:@E?E>F':@>'L@>*
F>H?>J'bK'?M>'=F>d'B@'@:?M>@'HBH*=F>'B]'L:@?E;D>F'EH'?M>'(EHHB*&:?:@'D:HG=:G>F';:H'EC:GEH>'
MBa'?B'JB':a:K'aE?M'?M>F>'-=FFE:H'F?@:HG>@F'M>@>d':HJ';:H';BCL@>M>HJ'aM:?'>]]>;?'?M>E@'
=F>'CEGM?'M:`>'BH'?M>';BHF?@=;?EBH':HJ'F?KD>c'6HJ'>`>H'E]'E?'a>@>'?M>';:F>'f'F?@:HG>':F'
E?'C:K'F>>C'f'?M:?'?M>F>'-=FFE:H'L:@?E;D>F'M:`>':;?=:DDK'b>>H'EH;B@LB@:?>J'EH?B'?M>'`>@*
H:;=D:@d'?M>'L@BL>@'F?:H;>'B]'?M>'?@:HFD:?B@'aB=DJ'b>'?B'@>CB`>'?M>C']@BC'?M>'!;@EL?=@>Fc'
!EH;>'?M>K'M:`>'BHDK'b>>H'=F>J'BH;>d'$';:HHB?'M>DL'b=?':JCE?'?M:?'?M>K'M:`>'b>>H';E?>J'
EH'?MEF'G@:CC:@i'?M>K':@>d'MBa>`>@d':'D=_=@K'aME;M'?M>'D:HG=:G>';:H'JB'aE?MB=?c'g&MEF'
@B=GM'?@:HFD:?EBH'EF'CK'BaHchp
!EH;>' ?M>' ?@:HFD:?EBH' B]' ?M>' ,BFL>D' a:F' L@>L:@>J' EH' 1:^:H' gL@>F>H?*J:K'&:?:@F?:Hhd' E?'
;BC>F':F'HB'F=@L@EF>'?M:?'?M>'D:HG=:G>'EH'?M>'!'@F?'.@^K:',BFL>D'CEGM?'J>È:?>']@BC'?M>'
D:HG=:G>' `:@E:H?F' FLB<>H' EH' ?M>' 5B@JBÈ:H' ->L=bDE;' B]' ?BJ:Kc' ' #>@?:EH' B@?MBG@:LME;'
@>HJE?EBHF'EH'?M>'?>_?d'MBa>`>@d'aB=DJ'EHJE;:?>'?M:?'F>`>@:D']B@CF'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>':@>'
@>L@>F>H?>Jd':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'BH>'CEGM?':FF=C>'?M>'L:@?E;EL:?EBH'B]'F>`>@:D'L>BLD>'EH'?MEF'
!'@F?'?@:HFD:?EBH'B]'?M>',BFL>Dd'F>>'>_:CLD>F'b>DBac'
g4h' ɫɚɡɟɦɫɴ'' ' saźems''o?B'?:<>p'g5:@<'VA'23h''Ç'5rA'1:Jd'1:Dd'1:ÉDd'ÑE@'g!MB<FM:h

ɫɚɣɦɟɤɫɴ'' sajmeks o?B'?:<>p'g9BMH'WA'43h'Ç'5rA'\\@'g6D:?K@t'JE:D>;?h
ɫɚɟɦɫɴ''''''sajems o?B'?:<>p'g9BMH'44A'WSh'Ç'5rA'Z:d'Z=G=@d'/Dd'9>Gd'5:@d')!=@<d'
!Ñ:H?d'\>þ<'g.DF>aM>@>h
g2h' ɧɟɣɫɵ'' ' ńej+si͔''F>>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*2!,|V[0'oKB='F>>'?M>Cp'g5:@<'4VA'2h''Ç'1>@>F^?>F'

4YYYA'24R'g)r':HJ').'JE:D>;?Fh
ɧɟɣɫɚɦɢɫɤɶ'' ńej+samiśk''F>>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*2|4['oKB='F>>'C>q=F'g:?'D>:F?'BH>'B]'?M>'
:@G=C>H?F'EF'HB?'EH'?M>'FEHG=D:@hp'g9BMH'4RA'4Yh'Ç'1>@>F^?>F'4YYYA'2RW'g!'JE:D>;?h'
gVh' ɬɹɬɹɦɨɤɴ'' t́ät́a+mok'']:?M>@z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,'oB=@']:?M>@p'g0=<>'VA'Xd'44A'2h''Ç'1B^*

DB`<:'gZ=b@E<M'4YV3hi'6D:?K@t'g;]c'7:`KJB`'4Y8Vi'):Jt<EH'4Y8Xh'
Ɍɹɬɹɧɨɤɴ'' t́ät́a+nok'']:?M>@z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c[0'oB=@']:?M>@Fp'g9BMH''RA'23h'Ç'JE:D>;?F'
aE?M'HB'JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'H=Cb>@'EH'4[0'EHJ>_EHGc
$H!'HE?E`>']B@CF'B]'?M>'?M@>>'@>HJE?EBHF'B]'?M>'EH!'HE?E`>'o?B'?:<>p'EH'g4h'J>CBHF?@:?>'
aB@J']B@CF'?M:?d':;;B@JEHG'?B'5rd'aB=DJ'>H;BCL:FF'CBF?'JE:D>;?'`:@E:?EBH'B]'?BJ:Kd'
]@BC'?M>'!MB<FM:':@>:F'B]'?M>'a>F?'aM>@>'?M>'`>@b'M:F':'%ź% EH'E?F'F?>Cd'?B'?M>'%mks'
?@:HFD:?E`>'EH!'HE?E`>'B]';>@?:EH'6D:?K@t'F=bJE:D>;?Fd':HJ'!'H:DDK'?B'?M>']B@C']:CEDE:@']@BC'
?M>'DE?>@:@K'F?:HJ:@J'sajems o?B'?:<>pc''&M>';BHQ=G:?EBH']B@CF'EH'g2hd':;;B@JEHG'?B'JE:D>;?'
`:@E:?EBH'FMBaH'bK'1>@>F^?>F'g4YYYA'24Rh'aB=DJ':LL>:@'?B'@>L@>F>H?'D:HG=:G>'`:@E:H?'
]@BC'BLLBFE?>'>HJF'B]'?M>'JE:D>;?';BH?EH==Cc''6HJ'!'H:DDK'?M>'JE]]>@>H?E:?EBH'B]'FEHG=D:@'
:HJ' LD=@:D' LBFF>FF:' B]' ?M>' !'@F?' L>@FBH' LD=@:D' LBFF>FFB@' :F' J>CBHF?@:?>J' EH' gVh' aB=DJ'
;B@@>D:?>'?B'6D:?K@t*JE:D>;?'L:@:JEGCF':HJ'?M>'?>HJ>H;E>F'EH'FBC>'L:@?F'B]'?M>'1B^DB`<:*
5B<FM:D>E'JE:D>;?c'
4R 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
!=bF>e=>H?' J>F;@EL?EBHF' B]' ?M>' .@^K:' D:HG=:G>' J>CBHF?@:?>' MEGM>@' L@B!';E>H;K'

B]'?M>'a@E?>@F'EH'?M>'D:HG=:G>c''(c'9c'rE>J>C:HH'L=bDEFM>J':'F>;BHJ'G@:CC:@'B]'?M>'.@*
^K:'D:HG=:G>'EH'4X8Wd'aM>@>'M>'a:F':bD>'?B'>_?@:LBD:?>'=LBH'?M>'!'HJEHGF'B]',:b>D>H?^'
g4XVYhd'?M>'5B<FM:'G@:CC:@'B]'"@H:?B`'g4XVXh':HJ'6MDe=EF?'g4X84hd':F'a>DD':F'?B'=?EDE^>'
H:?E`>*D:HG=:G>'EH]B@C:H?F'DEÈHG'EH'.F?BHE:c''&MEF'.@^K:'G@:CC:@':HJ'FMB@?'`B;:b=D:@K'
g:LL@B_c'Vd8W3'.@^K:'M>:JaB@JF':HJ'8V33',>@C:Hh':DBHG'aE?M'?M:?'B]'6MDeÈF?tF'5B<*
FM:'G@:CC:@'a>@>'?M>H'?M>'b:FEF'B]':'G@:CC:@'B]'?M>'5B@JÈH'D:HG=:G>F'bK'Z=J>H^'
g4X8Yhc''$H'4Y3V';:C>'?M>'F?=JK'B]'5B@JÈH'LMBH>?E;F'bK'[::FBH>Hd':'F>;BHJ'>JE?EBH'?B'
MEF'JEFF>@?:?EBH'B]'4YXVd']BDDBa>J'bK':';M@>F?BC:?MK'g4Y3Yhc''&M>']BDDBaEHG'K>:@'F:a'?M>'
:LL>:@:H;>'B]':'`>@K'>_?>HFE`>';BDD>;?EBH'B]']BD<DB@>'aE?M':'G@:CC:@'F>;?EBH'J>JE;:?>J'
?B':'FC:DD'JE:D>;?':@>:'bK'!M:<MC:?B`'g4Y43hc''&M>'!'@F?'G@:CC:@'a@E??>H'bK':'H:?E`>'
FL>:<>@'a:F';BCLD>?>J']B@'L@EH?'EH'4Y2X'bK'5c'.c'.`F>`t>`c'
6]?>@'?M>'J>:?M'B]'.`F>`t>`'EH'4YV4d'aB@<'EH'G@:CC:@'M:F';BH?EH=>J'?B'?MEF'`>@K'
J:Kc''$CLB@?:H?'H:?E`>':=?MB@F'EH;D=J>A'6c'[c'-K:bBì'5c')c'1BDK:JKBH<Bì'6c'[c'(>B<*
?EF?Bì'7c'\c'&FKG:H<EHi',c'$c'.@C=FM<EHi')c'!c'6DK:C<EHi'0c'[c'\BJK:FB`:d')c'6:FCl>'
:HJ'5c'7c'$C:E<EH:d'?B'H:C>':']>ad':HJ'HBH*H:?E`>FA'7c'\c'Z=b@E<Md'\c'6c'!>@>b@>HHE<Bì'
6c'6DMBHE>CEd'-c'Z:@?>HFd'1c'/>E<<EDld'.c'$?<BH>Hd'5c'1:MD:d'[c'-:ÈD:d'[c'!:=<<BH>Hd'
,c'!?EL:i'0c'1>@>F^?>Fd'.c'5IFû@BFd'1c'-IJ>Ed',c'n:E;î'\c'/:DD:Ld'\c'[:DDi'.c'0>aKc''
.:;M'G>H>@:?EBH'M:F'L@BJ=;>J':'`:@E>?K'B]'G@:CC:@'a@E?>@FA'FBC>'aMB'M:`>'=HJ>@DEH>J'
?M>'D:HG=:G>'=F:G>'B]'L:@?E;=D:@':=?MB@F'aE?M':'?>HJ>H;K'?Ba:@J'L@>F;@EL?E`>'G@:CC:@'
a@E?EHGd':HJ'B?M>@F'aMB'M:`>'L:EHF?:<EHGDK'J>F;@Eb>J'`>@K'FL>;E!';':@>:F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>c
The Erzya literary language of today
.@^K:' EF' <HBaH' ]B@' E?F' È@?=:DDK' ]@>>' aB@J' F?@>FFd' LMBH>?E;' ]>:?=@>Fd' F=;M' :Fd' `Ba>D'
:HJ' L:D:?:D' M:@CBHKd' `BE;EHGd' >?;cd' :CLD>' @>G=D:@' EH"'>;?EBH' :HJ' LBF?LBFE?EBHFd' :HJ'
@>D:?E`>DK' ]@>>' aB@J' B@J>@' aE?M' `:@E:?EBH' b>?a>>H' !"\' :HJ' !\"c' ' !>H?>H;>' F?@>FF' EF'
?M>' L@>JBCEH:H?' ;:=F>' B]' F?@>FF' `:@E:?EBH' EH' .@^K:' aB@JFd' aM>@>:F' .@^K:' aB@JF' ;:H'
?:<>'C:EH'F?@>FF'BH':DD']>>?'g;]c':DFB'-K:bB`'4YVWi'.F?EDD'233Rhc''&M>'LMBHBDBGK'B]'?M>'
D:HG=:G>d' CBF?' @>;>H?DK' J>F;@Eb>J' bK' $C:E<EH:' g233Xhd' F=GG>F?F' ;>@?:EH' FMB@?;BCEHGF'
EH' ?M>' =F>' B]' :H' =HCBJE!'>J' #K@EDDE;' :DLM:b>?c' ' &M>' CB@LMBDBGK' JEFLD:KF' >_?>HFE`>'
J>;D>HFEBH:D':HJ';BHQ=G:?EBH:D'LBFFEbEDE?E>Fd':F'a>DD':F';BCbEH:?EBHF'B]'?M>'?aBc''&MEF'
EF':']>:?=@>'aME;Md'EH'FBC>'EHF?:H;>Fd';:H'b>'F>?'EH';BH?@:F?'aE?M'FKH?:;?E;'>_L@>FFEBHF'
B]'?M>'F:C>'F>C:H?E;Fi'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF';:Hd'?B'FBC>'>_?>H?d'b>'=F>J'
:D?>@H:?>DK'B@'EH'?:HJ>C'aE?M'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHGd':HJ'HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBH'EF'FBC>?EC>F'
F=bQ>;?' ?B' `:@E:?EBH' EH' EHJ>L>HJ>H?' `>@F=F' J>L>HJ>H?' L>@FBH' C:@<EHGc' 'rB@J' B@J>@' EH'
.@^K:' M:F' :Da:KF' L@>F>H?>J' :' L@BbD>C' J=>' ?B' E?F' `:@E:?EBHd' ?MEF' L@BbD>C' F>>CF' ?B' b>'
@BB?>J'EH'F?@:?>GE>F'EH`BDÈHG'EH"'>;?EBH:D'C:@<EHGd')['L@>F>H;>':HJ'JEF;B=@F>']=H;?EBHc
$)&-"7+#&$") 4W
Phonology
&M>'F?:HJ:@J'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'EF'a@E??>H'aE?M':H'=HCBJE!'>J'#K@EDDE;':DLM:b>?d':HJ'?MEF'
D>:JF'F;MBD:@F'?B'>H=C>@:?>'?a>H?K*F>`>H';BHFBH:H?'LMBH>C>F'EHF?>:J'B]'?a>H?K*>EGM?'
:HJ'!'`>'`Ba>DF'EHF?>:J'B]'FE_'g;]c'n:E;^'4YYXA'4XWi'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'2Si'$C:E<EH:'233Xhc''
&M>F>'!'G=@>F'EH;D=J>'?M>'LMBH>C>F'fd'x :HJ'i͔'g:??>F?>J'EH'?M>'JE:D>;?F'?B'`:@EB=F'>_?>H?F'
:@>'?KLE;:D'B]'DB:HaB@JFhd':HJ'ŋd'aME;M'EF'EHJEG>HB=F':HJ']B@CF'FBC>'CEHEC:D'L:E@F'aE?M'
n :HJ'ń b>]B@>'`>D:@'LDBFE`>F'gF>>'C:QB@';BHFBH:H?':HJ'`Ba>D':DDBLMBH>F'b>DBad':HJ':DFB'
F>;?EBH'Vc4ch
Table 1.2' 5:QB@';BHFBH:H?':DDBLMBH>F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>

0:bE:D #B@BH:D 7B@F:D
ZED:b'E:D 0:bEB* 6D`>BD:@ [BF?* [:D:?:D \>D:@
J>H?:D 6D`>BD:@
):F:DF m n ń ŋ
!?BLF [D'BFE`>F \BE;>* p t t́ k
D>FF
\BE;>J b d d́ g
6]]@E;:?>F \BE;>* c č ć
D>FF
\BE;>J dz dž d́ź
(@E;:?E`>F \BE;>* f s š ś x
D>FF
\BE;>J v z ž ź ɣ
6LL@B_E* w j
C:H?F
0Ee=EJF 0:?>@:DF l ĺ
&@EDDF ʙ r ŕ
$H' ?M>' JEF;=FFEBH' B]' :DDBLMBHE;' `:@E:?EBH' EH' ?M>' ]@:C>aB@<' B]' ?MEF' ?M>FEF' ?M>' =LL>@*
;:F>' D>??>@F' Od' Ai' Nd' T' :HJ' D' :@>' =F>J' ?B' EHJE;:?>' :@;MELMBH>C>F' aMBF>' @>"'>_>F' BH'
?M>'F=@]:;>'D>`>D':@>'J>?>@CEH>J'bK'?M>E@'LMBH>?E;';BH?>_?Fc''$H':]!'_*EHE?E:D'LBFE?EBH'?M>'
:@;MELMBH>C>' O'M:F':'@>"'>_'EH'3'aM>H'?M>'L@>;>JEHG'F?>C'>HJF'EH':'`Ba>Dd'aM>@>:F'E?'
:LL>:@F':F':'CEJ'`Ba>D'aE?M']@BH?qb:;<'M:@CBHK'e=:DE?E>F'J>?>@CEH>J'bK'?M>'L@>;>JEHG'
LMBH>?E;';BH?>_?'E]'?M>'F?>C'>HJF'EH':';BHFBH:H?c''g&MEF':@;MELMBHE;';MBE;>'EF'EH';BH?@:F?'
aE?M'?M>'>H;BJEHG'=F>J'bK'FBC>'r>F?>@H'F;MBD:@Fd'aMB'aB=DJ'EH;D=J>'?M>'DEH<EHG'`Ba>D'
:F':'L:@?'B]'?M>'F?>C'f'L>@M:LF':H'>?KCBDBGE;:D'FBD=?EBH'fd':HJ''?M>'!:@:HF<'F;MBD:@Fd'aMB'
M:`>'J>?>@CEH>J'?M:?'?M>'DEH<EHG'`Ba>Dd':'LMBH>?E;:DDK'J>L>HJ>H?'F>GC>H?d'FMB=DJ'b>'
F>L:@:?>J']@BC'bB?M'?M>'F?>C':HJ'?M>':]!'_>Fc'g#]c'1>@>F^?>F'4YY3A'SWd':HJ'/:C:@E'233SA'
WRA'ŕiveźe%ńt́'o]B_z)U,.)c7.(c!,d'aM>@>:F'?MEF':=?MB@'aB=DJ':??:;M'?M>'DEH<EHG'`Ba>D'?B'
?M>':]!'_'ŕiveź+eńt́d':HJ'?M>'!:@:HF<'!;MBBD'aB=DJ':J`B;:?>':'@>HJE?EBH'EH'ŕiveź%e%ńt́hch''
&M>':@;MELMBH>C>'A'M:F'@>"'>_>F'EH'a':HJ'o':;;B@JEHG'?B':'L@BG@>FFE`>'JEFFECED:?B@K'CEJq
48 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
DBa'M:@CBHKc''(EH:DDKd'?M>'Nd'T':HJ'D':@;MELMBH>C>F':DD'M:`>'@>"'>_>F'EH'L:D:?:DE^>JqHBH*
L:D:?:DE^>J']B@CF'J>?>@CEH>J'bK'`Ba>D':HJ'L:D:?:D*M:@CBHK';BH?>_?d'aM>@>:F'E?'aEDD'b>'
HB?>J'?M:?'?M>@>'>_EF?'F=@]:;>*D>`>D'L:D:?:DE^>J'ń':HJ't́'LMBH>C>F'aE?MB=?'HBH*L:D:?:DE^>J'
;B=H?>@L:@?Fc''g&M>@>':@>'HB':@;MELMBH>C>F'Rd'L':HJ'S'EH'?MEF'?@>:?EF>d'aM>@>:F'DEe=EJF'?>HJ'
?B'@>?:EH':'JEF?EH;?EBH'L:D:?:DE^>JqHBH*L:D:?:DE^>J'EH'EH"'>;?EBH'g;]c'$C:E<EH:'233XA'4XWh'
:HJ'?M>':D`>BD:@']@E;:?E`>':DBH>':LL>:@F'?B'M:`>'@>?:EH>J'E?F'L@B?B*D:HG=:G>'L:D:?:DE^>Jq
HBH*L:D:?:DE^>J'JEF?EH;?EBHc'g!>>'?:bD>'Vc8':HJ'L@>;>JEHG'JEF;=FFEBHd';]c'6bBHJBDB'4YXSA'
24Y*2VVch
6DDBLMBHE;' `:@E:?EBH' ;:H' b>' :??@Eb=?>J' ?B' F>`>@:D' ]>:?=@>Fc' ' &M>F>' EH;D=J>A' L:D:?:D'
M:@CBHK' :HJ' L@BG@>FFE`>' `BE;EHGc'6D?MB=GM' ?M>' LMBH>C:?E;' JEF?EH;?EBH' n `>@F=F' ń EF'
:??>F?>J'EH'aB@J*EHE?E:D'LBFE?EBHd'>cGc'naka oM>@>'KB='GBÖp'ńaka oJBDDpd'E?'EF'e=E?>'C:@GEH:Dc''
&M>@>':LL>:@F'?B'b>':'G@>:?>@'L@>F>H;>'B]'b:;<q]@BH?':DDBCB@LMFd'F=;M':F'?MBF>']B=HJ'
EH'?M>'4!,'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'*ONd'>cGc'skal!"'oCK';BaFp#:HJ'ĺišmeĔ'oCK'MB@F>Fpc''&M>'
EHJ>!'HE?>' G>HE?E`>' EH' %Ońd' M:ÈHG' HB' :DDBCB@LME;' `:@E:?EBHd' @>HJ>@F' ]B@CFd' F=;M' :F'
skal!Ĕ oB]':';Bai'B]';BaFp':HJ'ĺišmeĔ'oB]':'MB@F>i'B]'MB@F>Fpc''&M=F'a>':@>'L@BÈJ>J'
aE?M' :??>F?:?EBH' ]B@' F>L:@:?>' H:F:D' LMBH>C>FA' ' nqń' ws' N' :HJ' ńc' ' &MEF' :??>F?:?EBH' B]'
:DDBLMBHE;'`:@E:?EBHd'G>H>@:DDK'DECE?>J'?B'F?BLF'gNd'Td'Dhd'D>:`>F':'LMBH>?E;'G:Ld'H:C>DKd'
HBH*L:D:?:DE^>J' :D`>BD:@' F?BLF' EH' ]@BH?*`Ba>D' ;BH?>_?Fd' aM>@>' ?M>' L@>F>H;>' B]' :' HBH*
L:D:?:DE^>J'F?BL'aB=DJ'EHJE;:?>':'@>;>H?'-=FFE:H'DB:H'aB@Jd'>cGc'fen o]:Hpd'kit oaM:D>pd'
:HJ' šved o!a>J>pc' ' &M>' HB?EBH' B]' L@BG@>FFE`>' `BE;EHG' :]]>;?F' BHF>?' ;BHFBH:H?F' bB?M'
aB@J*EHE?E:DDK':HJ'EH?>@H:DDKd'F=;M'?M:?d':?'?M>'b>GEHHEHG'B]':'aB@J'`BE;EHG'B]'LDBFE`>Fd'
:]]@E;:?>F' :HJ' ]@E;:?E`>' EF' >E?M>@' EHJE;:?E`>' B]' DB:HaB@J' B@EGEHd' :F' EHd' d́źudo oQ=JBp' B@'
?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]':'L@>;>JEHG'`BE;>J';BHFBH:H?d'HB?'H>;>FF:@EDK'EH'?M>'F:C>'LM@:F>d'>cGc'
xkudow zi͔t́y' MBC>z)c06&' :@@E`>z\c$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*2!,' o:@>' KB=' b:;<' MBC>pc' ' />@>' ?M>'
`BE;>J'xzy'EF'?M>'@>F=D?'B]'L@BG@>FFE`>'`BE;EHGc'(EH:DDK'?M>'LBD>CE;F'B]'xwy'`>@F=F'xvy';:H'
b>'BbF>@`>J'EH'?M>']:;?'?M:?'?M>'L@BH=H;E:?EBH'B]'D:bEBJ>H?:DF'EH'H:?E`>'aB@JF'EF'DECE?>J'
?B'BHF>?'LBFE?EBHd'b>]B@>'HBH*D:bE:D'`Ba>DFd'EH'?M>'@EC>'?M>'?>HJ>H;K'EF'?B'=F>'xwyc
Table 1.3' 5:QB@'`Ba>D':DDBLMBH>F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>

(@BH? #>H?@:D Z:;<
/EGM i i͔ u
5EJ e e͔ o
0Ba :
#BHFEJ>@:?EBH'B]'?M>'.@^K:'`Ba>D':DDBLMBH>F'EH`BD`>F'?M>'?aB'F>L:@:?>'e=>F?EBHF'B]'?M>'
MEGM';>H?@:D'`Ba>D':HJ'?M>'CEJ';>H?@:D'`Ba>Dc''rMED>'?M>'CEJ';>H?@:D'`Ba>D'e͔'CEGM?'b>'
:??>F?>J':]?>@'?M>':D`>BD:@']@E;:?E`>':HJ'LBF?*:D`>BD:@F'EH'F>e=>H;>Fd'F=;M':Fd's U'e͔ B@'aE?M'
EH?>@CE??>H?';BHFBH:H?'s U'xt'Ü'ky'U'e͔ 'E?'EF'BHDK':??>F?>J':F']B@CEHG'H>:@'CEHEC:D'L:E@Fd'>cGc'
xśeske͔y'o@EGM?'?M>Hp'`>@F=F'xśeśkjey'oCBFe=E?Bpc'&M>'MEGM';>H?@:D'`Ba>D'i͔d'BH'?M>';BH?@:@Kd'
;:H'b>':??>F?>J'aE?MB=?'L@>;>JEHG':D`>BD:@Fd'>cGc'pi͔xad́ems o?B'L=]]pd'F>>':??>F?:?EBHF'EH'
;M:L?>@'Vc
$)&-"7+#&$") 4S
Morphology
Declension
6'F>?'B]':?'D>:F?'!']?>>H'JE]]>@>H?'CB@LM>C>F';:H'b>':??>F?>J':F';B*B;;=@@EHG'aE?M';BCLD>_'
)[F'EH'G@:CC:?E;:D'gF=bQ>;?d'JE@>;?'BbQ>;?d'EHJE@>;?'BbQ>;?':HJ';BCLD>C>H?hd'DB;:D':HJ'
CBJE!'>@']=H;?EBHFd'F>>'?:bD>'4cRc
Table 1.4' $HJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>']B@';BCLD>_')['M>:JF''kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>p

0:b>D ._:CLD> ,@:Cc 0B;:D 5BJE!'>@
)"5 kudo oMBC>qMB=F>p U
,.) kudo+ń oB]'xMBC>Ü':q?M>'MB=F>yp U U
76& kudo+ńeń o]B@'?M>'MBC>p U U
6Z0 kudo+do o:bB=?'xMBC>Ü:'MB=F>yp' U U
$). kudo+so ox:?'MBC>ÜEH':q?M>'MB=F>yp U U U
.06 kudo+sto o]@BC'xMBC>Ü':q?M>'MB=F>yp U U U
$00 kudo+s oEH?B':q?M>'MB=F>p U U U
06& kudo+v oMBC>'g,"60hp U
[-"0 kudo+va oxEH':@B=HJ'?M>'MB=F>ÜEH'MBC>Fy'xU7$!&-yp U U
&-)!0 kudo+ks oMBC>qMB=F>'g;BCLD>C>H?'LBFE?EBHhp U U
#"5[ kudo+ška o?M>'FE^>'B]':'MB=F>p U U
6Z. kudo+vtomo oaE?MB=?':'MBC>qMB=F>p U U
#"5 kudo+ńek oaE?M'?M>'aMBD>'MB=F>p U
0"# mastor+o oBH'?M>'G@B=HJp U U
&.5[ varma+ńe oaM>H'E?tF'aEHJKp U
.@^K:'M:F'?M@>>'JE]]>@>H?'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fc''6DD'?M@>>'?KL>F';:H'b>'=F>J'EH'?M>'C:@<EHG'
B]'J>!'HE?>'@>]>@>H?F'?B'JE]]>@>H?'J>G@>>Fc''&M>@>':@>'gEh'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHd'=F>J'
C:EHDK'aE?M'L@BL>@':HJ'L>@FBHE!'>J'HB=HFd':F'a>DD':Fd'EHJ>!'HE?>'HB=HF'gF>>'?:bD>'4cRhd''
?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'J>E;?E;'C:@<EHG'?KL>F'B]'gEEh'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd'=F>J'C:EHDK'
aE?M'EH]>@>H?E:D':HJ'FEHGD>?BH*F>?'J>!'HE?>H>FFd':HJ'gEEEh'?M>'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHd'=F>J'?B'
C:@<':'D:@G>'H=Cb>@'J>!'HE?>H>FF'?KL>F'EH;D=JEHG'H>=?@:D'J>E;?E;':HJ'?BLE;:DE?Kc
&M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd';>H?@:D'?B'?MEF'?M>FEFd'@>]>@F'?B'?M>'F>?'B]':]!'_>F'=F>J'
EH'?M>'M>:J'C:@<EHG'B]'?M>'.@^K:'LBFF>FFE`>';BHF?@=;?EBHc''&KLBDBGE;:DDK'FL>:<EHGd'?M>'
.@^K:'LBFF>FFE`>';BHF?@=;?EBH':??>F?F'M>:J'C:@<EHG'EH';BH?>_?F'aM>@>'?M>';BH?@BDD>@'EF'
J>!'HE?>c' ' $]' ?M>' ;BH?@BDD>@' B]' ?M>' LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_>J' M>:J' :LL>:@F' EH' ?M>' F:C>' )[' :F' :'
J>L>HJ>H?d'?M>H'E?'aEDD'b>'C:@<>J'EH'?M>'G>HE?E`>d'M>H;>'?M>'D:HG=:G>'EF'F>>H':F':'C:HE*
]>F?:?EBH'B]'JB=bD>*C:@<>J'LBFF>FFE`>';BHF?@=;?EBHFd'aME;M'C>:HF'?M:?'?M>'?KL>'`:D=>'
GE`>H'EGHB@>F'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]' )")*7.($)$&.' #")&-"00.-!d'BH'?M>'BH>'M:HJd':HJ'?M>'LBF*
F>FFE`>';BHF?@=;?EBHF'aE?M' 7.($)$&.*56-1.7' /.67!d' BH' ?M>' B?M>@c' '&M>' ;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'
:JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<>@F';:H'b>'LBDK>_LBH>H?E:Dc''rMED>'?M>K'EHJE;:?>'?M@>>'L>@FBHF'
:HJ' ?aB' H=Cb>@F' B]' ?M>' ;BH?@BDD>@qLBFF>FFB@' EH' ?M>' C:@<EHG' B]' LBFF>FF:d' e=:H?E!'>@Fd'
4X 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
:J`>@bE:Dq:JLBFE?EBHF':HJ'HBH*!'HE?>Fd'FBC>'B]'?M>';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<>@F';:H':DFB'EH*
JE;:?>'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@'B]'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>*;:F>'LBFF>FF=Cd'F>>'?:bD>'g4cWhc
Table 1.5' )BCEH:?E`>*;:F>']B@CF']B@'?M>'.@^K:'kudo oMBC>i'MB=F>i'@BBCp'

' ' :HJ't́ev o?:F<i'?MEHGp':F':'LBFF>FF=C
[BFF>FF:
["- !, [0
'4 !, kudo+m t́ev+em kudo+n ~ kudo+m t́ev+eń ~ t́ev+em
[0 kudo+nok t́ev+eńek kudo+nok t́ev+eńek
2 !, kudo+t t́ev+et́ kudo+t t́ev+et́
[0 kudo+ŋk t́ev+eŋk kudo+ŋk t́ev+eŋk
V !, kudo+zo t́ev+eze kudo+nzo t́ev+enze
[0 kudo+st t́ev+est kudo+st t́ev+est
&M>F>' F:C>' :JHBCEH:D' ;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D' C:@<>@F' ;:H' b>' :??>F?>J' aB@J' ]B@CF' aE?M'
;:F>' :]!'_>Fd' F>>' ?:bD>' g4c8hc' ' $H' ?M>' HBH*;B@>' ;:F>Fd' ?M>' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' :]!'_>F' :@>'
CBHB>_LBH>H?E:Dd'Ec>c'EH'?M>F>';:F>F'?M>'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>'C:<>F'HB'JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'?M>'
G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF=Cd':HJ'?M>':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<>@F':@>'@>:JEDK'
JEF?EHG=EFM>J']@BC'bB?M'F?>C':HJ'B?M>@';BH;:?>H:?E`>':]!'_>Fc
Table 1.6' \:@E>J'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'aE?M':JHBCEH:D';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'C:@<EHG

["- )"5c!, )"5c[0 $). )+5*#"00* ["[ $)(U$00
6!!"#
oMBC>i'MB=F>i'@BBCp o?M@>>p oaE?Mp o?B':@@E`>p

!, kudo+m kudo+n ~ kudo+so+n ~ kolmo+ńe+ń ~ marto+n ~ sa+m+oz+on ~
4 kudo+m kudo+so+m kolmo+ńe+m marto+m sa+m+oz+om
[0 kudo+nok kudo+nok kudo+so+nok kolmo+ńe+ńek marto+nok sa+m+oz+onok
2 !, kudo+t kudo+t kudo+so+t kolmo+ńe+t́ marto+t sa+m+oz+ot
[0 kudo+ŋk kudo+ŋk kudo+so+ŋk kolmo+ńe+ŋk marto+ŋk sa+m+oz+oŋk
V !, kudo+zo kudo+nzo kudo+so+nzo kolmo+ńe+nze marto+nzo sa+m+oz+onzo
[0 kudo+st kudo+st kudo+so+st kolmo+ńe+st marto+st sa+m+oz+ost
"]'?M>'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'C>H?EBH>J':bB`>d';>@?:EH'BH>F'B]'?M>C':LL>:@'EH';BH?>_?F'aM>@>'
EHF?>:J' B]' J>L>HJ>H?' C:@<EHG' B]' ?M>' LBFF>FFB@d' E?' EF' :DFB' LBFFEbD>' ?B' =F>' EHJ>L>HJ>H?'
L>@FBH:D'C:@<>@Fd'Ec>c'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFc''$H';>@?:EH';E@;=CF?:H;>F'E?'EF'LBFFEbD>'B@'>`>H'
BbDEG:?B@K'?M:?'bB?M'?M>'LBFF>FFB@':HJ'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'b>'C:@<>Jd'F>>'b>DBac
&M>'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH';BHFEF?F'B]'CB@LM>C>F']B@'?aB'H=Cb>@F'C:@<EHG'HB=HF'
:HJ'HBH*!'HE?>Fc''6DD'E?>CF'C:@<>J'LD=@:D'b>:@'JB=bD>'C:@<EHG']B@'H=Cb>@d'Ec>c'?M>'aB@J'
skal o;Bapd' aM>H' @>HJ>@>J' EH' ?M>' EHJ>!'HE?>' HBCEH:?E`>' LD=@:D'skal+t o;BaFpd' @>;>E`>F'
BH>'C:@<>@d'?M>'%Td':HJ'aM>H'E?'EF'@>HJ>@>J'aE?M'?M>'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D':F'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'
skal+t+ne o?M>q?MBF>q?M>F>';BaFpd':H':JJE?EBH:D'%Ne C:@<>@'U7.(c[0c)"5'EF'L@>F>H?c
$)&-"7+#&$") 4Y
gRh' :c' skal

;Baz)c)"5c!,g$)7.(h
o;Bap
bc' skal+t
;Baz)c)"5c[0g$)7.(h
o;Bap
;c' skal+ozo
F<:Dz)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,
oMEFqM>@';Bap
Jc' skal+onzo
;Baz)U["!!*V!,|x)"5c[0Ü,.)y
oMEFqM>@';BatF'gG>HE?E`>hpd'oMEFqM>@'MB=F>FqMBC>Fp
>c' skal+oś
;Baz)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?MEFq?M:?q?M>';Bap
]c' skal+t+ne
;Baz)U[0U7.(c[0c)"5
o?M>F>q?MBF>q?M>';BaFp
&M>'J>!'HE?>'C:@<>@F'EH'.@^K:':HJ'5B<FM:':@>'L=@LB@?>J'?B'b>';B=H?>@*>_:CLD>F'?B'?M>'
HB?EBH'?M:?'J>!'HE?>H>FF'C:@<EHG'BHDK'B;;=@F':F':H':@>:D']>:?=@>'g;]c'0KBHF'4YYYA'RYhc''
#=@EB=FDKd'MBa>`>@d'0KBHF'C>H?EBHF'?M>'?>@C')B@?M'-=FFE:H'JE:D>;?Fd'BH'?M>'F:C>'L:G>d'
M:ÈHG'?M>'F:C>'<EHJ'B]'LM>HBC>HBHc''.@^K:':HJ'5B<FM:'JE]]>@']@BC'5:@E':HJ'?M>'[>@*
CE;'D:HG=:G>Fd'CBF?'B]?>H'EHJE;:?>J'aM>H'C:<EHG'@>]>@>H;>'?B'j)B@?M'-=FFE:H'JE:D>;?Fkd'
EH' ?M:?' .@^K:' :HJ' 5B<FM:' HB?' BHDK' M:`>' LBFF>FFB@' EHJ>_EHG' ]:CEDE:@' ]@BC' ?M>' +@:DE;'
D:HG=:G>F'b=?'EH"'>;?EBH:D'J>!'HE?>'C:@<EHGd':F'a>DDc''&@>:?EF>F';BCL:@EHG')B@?M'-=FFE:H'
JE:D>;?F'aE?M'?M>'[>@CE;'D:HG=:G>F':HJ'5:@E':@>'G>H>@:DDK'EH?>@>F?>J'EH'?M>'J>!'HE?>']=H;*
?EBH'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@'EHJE;>F'EH'?M>F>'+@:DE;'D:HG=:G>Fd':HJ'FEH;>'.@^K:':HJ'5B<FM:':@>'
HB?'>_:CLD>F'B]'aM:?'M:LL>HF'EH'B?M>@'D:HG=:G>Fd'?M>K'?>HJ'?B'b>'EGHB@>J'g;]c'&E<MBHB`:'
4Y88hc
$H'.@^K:'J>;D>HFEBH'?M>@>':@>']>a'EHF?:H;>F'B]':G@>>C>H?'EHFEJ>'?M>' )[d'=F=:DDK'
E?'EF'BHDK'?M>'M>:J'B]'?M>' )['?M:?'J>;DEH>F'EH'?M>'`:@EB=F';:F>Fc''$H'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@d'
MBa>`>@d':'J>?>@CEH>@';:H':DFB'b>'C:@<>J'gF>>'-=>?>@'")'v+6)&$($#6&$")'$)'&/.'.-nm6'
06),+6,.d']B@?M;BCEHGhc''"H;>'?M>'M>:J'B]'?M>')['M:F'b>>H'J>;DEH>Jd'aME;M'C:K'EH`BD`>'
;:F>d'H=Cb>@':HJ'J>!'HE?>'B@';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'C:@<EHGd'E?'EF'F?EDD'LBFFEbD>']B@':'
GE`>H'aB@J']B@C'?B'b>':=GC>H?>J'?M@B=GM']=@?M>@':]!'_:?EBHd'>cGc'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHd'
23 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBH'aE?M'B@'aE?MB=?'F=bF>e=>H?'>H;DE?E;'C:@<EHGc''6'HB=H'J>;DEH>J'EH'
?M>'EH>FFE`>';:F>d']B@'>_:CLD>d';:H':LL>:@'EH'?M>'LBFE?EBH'B]'FL:?E:D'CBJE!'>@'EH':')['B@'EH'
?M>'LBFE?EBH'B]'L@>JE;:?EBH'?:@G>?':?'?M>';D:=F:D'D>`>Dd'>cGc'pŕa+so+nzo M>:Jz)U$).U["!!*
V!,'oBH'MEFqM>@'M>:Jpd'pŕa+so+nzo+ĺt́ M>:Jz)U$).U["!!*V!,U[-.&$$c[-.7*V[0'o?M>K'a>@>'
BH'MEFqM>@'CEHJp'gZ:@GB`:'4YYSA'Вечкемань усият'V3hc'6HB?M>@':D?>@H:?E`>'?M:?'L@>F*
>H?F'E?F>D]'F?>CF']@BC'?M>'?>HJ>H;K'?B'J@BL'L@>JE;?:bD>'M>:J'HB=HFd'aME;M'@>F=D?F'EH'?M>'
CBJE!'>@'gH>:@>F?'!'H:D'LBFE?EBH'EH'?M>')[h'b>;BCEHG'?M>')['C:EH'E?>C'g;]c',ED'r60!A'84'
679.#&$\.!' r$&/"+&' )"+)!hc''!EH;>'CBF?'CBJE!'>@F';:H'F?:HJ':DBH>'aM>H':'L@>JE;?:bD>'
M>:J'HB=H'EF'J@BLL>Jd':HJ'aB@J']B@CF';B@@>D:?EHG'?B'F>`>@:D'B]'?M>';:F>F';:H']=H;?EBH':F'
CBJE!'>@F'f'a>'CEGM?';MBBF>'?B'J>;DEH>'?M>'CBJE!'>@F'g;]c'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'434f43Vi'#BD*
DEHJ>@'4Y8YA'2V4i'.GB@B`:'4YS8i'1>@>F^?>F'233Wi'-=>?>@'"H'5BJE!'>@F'aE?MB=?')B=HF'EH'
.@^K:d']B@?M;BCEHGhc'g!>>':DFB'F>;?EBH'RcWch
gWh' :c' ašo kudo+ś

aME?>z6c6Z!'' MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>'aME?>'MB=F>p
bc' ašo Ø+ś

aME?>z6c6Z!'' áz)U)"5c7.(c!,
aME?>z6U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>'aME?>'xBH>yp
g8h' :c' kiĺej+eń kudo+ś

bE@;Mz)U,.)' MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>'MB=F>'B]'bE@;Mp
bc' kiĺej+eń+śe Ø+ś

bE@;Mz)U,.)U[-")*7.5*7$!&' áz)U)"5c7.(c!,
bE@;Mz)U,.)U[-")*7.5*7$!&A)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M:?'xBH>y'B]'bE@;Mp
gSh' :c' pakśa+so kudo+ś

!'>DJz)U$).''MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>'MB=F>'EH'?M>'!'>DJp
bc' pakśa+so Ø+ś

!'>DJz)U$).''áz)U)"5c7.(c!,
!'>DJz)U$).U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>'xBH>y'EH'?M>'!'>DJp
$)&-"7+#&$") 24
gXh' :c' kurg+so+nzo čuvar+ońt́

CB=?Mz)U$).U["!!*V!,' ' F:HJz)U,.)c7.(c!,
o?M>'F:HJ'EH'MEF'CB=?Mp
bc' kurg+so+nzo Ø+ńt́

CB=?Mz)U$).U["!!*V!,''' áz)U,.)c7.(c!,
CB=?Mz)U$).A)U,.)c7.(c!,
g6b@:CB`'4YS4A'2YSh'o?M:?'EH'MEF'x$d́>C>`Ğ'gDE?c'aEDJ'FLE@E?hy'CB=?Mp
$H'gWfXh'a>'aEDD'BbF>@`>'?M@>>'JE]]>@>H?'EHF?:H;>F'B]'CBJE!'>@F'b>;BCEHG'?M>'C:EH'E?>CF'
B]'?M>E@'@>FL>;?E`>' )[Fd':HJ'?M=F'=HJ>@GBEHG'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHc''$H'gWh'a>'aE?H>FF'
:'e=:DE]KEHGd';BDB@'CBJE!'>@d':HJ'EH'g8h':H'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>'LD=F'JEF?:D*J>CBHF?@:?E`>'
;BCbEH:?EBHc''$H'gSfXh'?M>@>':@>'?aB'EHF?:H;>F'B]'EH>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHF'=F>J'EH'CBJE]KEHG'
LBFE?EBHA''?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'EH>FFE`>d':HJ'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'V!,'EH>FFE`>c''$H'.@^K:d'?M>@>':@>'
F>`>@:D';:F>F'EH'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'?M:?';:H'b>'=F>J':F')['CBJE!'>@F':HJ':@>'?M>@>]B@>'
LBFFEbD>';:HJEJ:?>F']B@'F>;BHJ:@K*J>;D>HFEBH'C:EH'E?>CFc''&:bD>'g4cSh'L@BÈJ>F':'DEF?'B]'
EHJ>!'HE?>';:F>']B@CF'aME;M';:H'b>':??>F?>J'EH'bB?M')[*CBJE!'>@':HJ'L@>JE;:?>'LBFE?EBHc''
22 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 1.7' $HJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH';:F>F':??>F?>J'EH'CBJE!'>@'`Fc';BCLD>C>H?'LBFE?EBH

#:F> [@>CBJE!'>@ [@>JE;:?>
6Z. kudo+vtomo psaka psakaś kudo+vtomo
MB=F>qMBC>z)U6Z.'';:?z)c6Z! ;:?z)c)"5c!,c7.(''MB=F>qMBC>z)U6Z.
oMBC>D>FF';:?p o?M>';:?'xEFy'MBC>D>FFp
#5[ vaz+oška kiska kiskaś vaz+oška
;:D]z)U#5[''JBGz)c6Z! JBGz)c)"5c!,c7.('';:D]z)U#5[
oJBG'?M>'FE^>'B]':';:D]p o?M>'JBG'xEFy':F'bEG':F':';:D]p
.06 Turku+sto professoroś professoroś Turku+sto
&=@<=z)U.06''L@B]>FFB@z)c)"5c L@B]>FFB@z)c)"5c!,c7.(''&=@<=z)U.06
!,c7.( o?M>'L@B]>FFB@'xEFy']@BC'&=@<=p
o?M>'L@B]>FFB@']@BC'&=@<=p
,.) Purgaz+oń t́e
[=@G:^z)*[-"[U,.)'' ?MEFz[-")*7.5*[-"T'''
kudoś kudoś Purgaz+oń'
MB=F>qMBC>z)c)"5c!,c7.( MB=F>qMBC>z)c)"5c!,c7.(''[=@G:^z[-[U,.)
o[=@G:^tF'MB=F>p o?MEF'MB=F>'xEFy'[=@G:^tFp
$00 jarsa+m+s kšim kši+m kad+i͔ja
>:?z\U$)(U$00''b@>:Jz)c["!!*4!,' b@>:Jz)U["!!*4!,''D>:`>z\U$)7c[-.&$c'
araś' [-.7*4!,|V!,'
HBH*>_EF?>H?z[&#c$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!, čokšne+s jarsa+m+s'

o$'JBHp?'M:`>'b@>:J'?B'>:?p >`>HEHGz)U$00''>:?z\U$)(U$00
o$'D>]?'CK'b@>:J']B@'>`>HEHG'?B'>:?p
$). pakśa+so lomań lomań+eś pakśa+so
!'>DJz)U$).''M=C:Hz)c6Z! M=C:Hz)U)"5c7.(c!,''!'>DJz)U$).
o:q?M>'L>@FBH'EH'?M>'!'>DJp o?M>'L>@FBH'xEFy'EH':q?M>'!'>DJp
)"5* kiska ĺevks t́e kiska
6Z! JBGz)c6Z!''B]]FL@EHGz)c)"5c!, ?MEFz[-")*7.5*[-"T''JBGz)c)"5c!,
oL=LLKp o?MEF'xEFy':'JBGp
0"# ikeĺ+e pe+ś pe+ś ikeĺ+e
:M>:Jz67\U0"#''>HJz)c)"5c!,c7.( >HJz)U)"5c!,c7.('':M>:Jz67\U0"#
o?M>']@BH?'>HJp o?M>q?MEFq?M:?'>HJ'EF':M>:Jp
[-"0 pakśa+va moĺ+ema+ńt́ ki+ś
!'>DJz)U[-"0'GBz\U)U,.)c!,c7.(' @B:Jz)U)"5c7.(c!,''
końd́amo' moĺ+ś pakśa+va'
DE<>z[[c6Z! GBz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''!'>DJz)U[-"0
oDE<>'GBEHG'?M@B=GM':'!'>DJp o?M>'@B:J'a>H?'?M@B=GM?':q?M>'!'>DJp
&-)!0 kudo+ks čočko rama+ś čočk+t
MB=F>qMBC>z)U&-)!0'DBGz)c)"5c!, b=Kz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''DBGz)c)"5c[0
o:q?M>'DBG']B@'xb=EDJEHGy':'MB=F>p od kudo+ks
H>az6c6Z!''MB=F>qMBC>z)U&-)!0'
oM>qFM>qE?'bB=GM?'DBGF']B@'xbcy':'H>a'MB=F>p
$)&-"7+#&$") 2V
Conjugation
.@^K:']>:?=@>F'?aB';BHQ=G:?EBH'L:@:JEGCF']B@'E?F'!'HE?>'`>@bFA'':'F=bQ>;?';BHQ=G:?EBH':HJ'
:'J>!'HE?>qL>@]>;?*:FL>;?'BbQ>;?';BHQ=G:?EBHc''/>H;>'?M>'EHJE;:?E`>'L@>F>H?'L:@:JEGC'B]'
?M>'`>@b'palams o?B'<EFFpd'L@>]>@@>J'EHE?E:DDK'EH'?M>'5B<FM:'`>@b'L:@:JEGCF'B]'6MDeÈF?'
g4XWYA'2RfRVh'?B'?M>'C:;:b@>']@>e=>H?:?E`>']B@CF'B]'?M>'`>@b'kalmams o?B'b=@Kp'=?EDE^>J'
bK' "@H:?B`' g4XVXA' V2fW4hd' ;BCL@EF>F' 24' F>L:@:?>' aB@J' ]B@CFA' FE_' ]@BC' ?M>' F=bQ>;?'
;BHQ=G:?EBHd' HEH>' ]@BC' ?M>' ?ME@J' L>@FBH' BbQ>;?' ;:?>GB@Kd' :HJ' ?M@>>' >:;M' ]@BC' ?M>'!'@F?'
:HJ' F>;BHJ' L>@FBH' BbQ>;?' ;:?>GB@E>F' g;]c' 1>@>F^?>F' 4YYYi' &@BF?>@=J' 2338A' 2WVf2WXhc''
6F'CEGM?'b>'BbF>@`>J'b>DBa'g>_:CLD>'g24h'B]'?M>'EH?@BJ=;?EBHh'EH'?M>'L@>F>H?:?EBH'B]'
?M>'F>H?>H;>'inžeńt́ śimd́iź vinado o&M>'G=>F?'a:F'GE`>H'DEe=B@'?B'J@EH<p'?M>'`>@b']B@CF'
:FFB;E:?>J' aE?M' ?ME@J' L>@FBH' LD=@:D' śimd́iźd' palasamiź,' palatadi͔ź' :HJ' palasi͔ź CEGM?'
:DD' b>' =F>J' EH' ;BHF?@=;?EBHF' aE?M' HBH*@>]>@>H?E:D' F=bQ>;?F' gL>@FBH:D' BbF>@`:?EBH' ]@BC'
?@:HFD:?EBH'B]'?>_?F'aE?M'F?=J>H?F'B]'(EHHEFM'EH'!:@:HF<'4YYXf233Rhc''/>H;>'?M>F>''!'@F?'
:HJ'F>;BHJ'L>@FBH'BbQ>;?']B@CF'CEGM?'b>';BHFEJ>@>J'J>]:=D?'EH';BH?@:F?'?B'?M>'FL>;E!';:DDK'
EHJEÈJ=:?>J':@G=C>H?*F>C:H?E;F'B]'?M>'FEHG=D:?E`>']B@CFA'4!,|2!,d'2!,|4!,d'V!,|4!,'
:HJ'V!,|2!,c'''/>H;>'?M>'HB?:?EBHF' [-.7*T|4[':HJ' [-.7*T|2['aEDD'b>'=F>J'?B'EHJE;:?>'
J>]:=D?'!'@F?':HJ'F>;BHJ'L>@FBH'BbQ>;?';BHQ=G:?EBH'aM>@>' 6-,4d' 6-,2'B@'bB?M' 6-,4':HJ'
6-,2'M:`>'LD=@:D'@>]>@>H?Fc
Table 1.8' $HJE;:?E`>'L@>F>H?'L:@:JEGC'B]'?M>'.@^K:'`>@b'palams 'o?B'<EFFp

6-,4 ARG2'g:G>H?'L>@FBHh
!=bQ>;? "bQ>;?';BHQ=G:?EBH
;BHQ=G:*
?EBH
4!, 4[0 2!, 2[0 V!, V[0
4!, pal+an )6 )6 pala pala+samam
+samak
4[0 pala+tano )6 )6 pala+samiź
2!, pal+at pala )6 )6 pala +tanzat
+tan
2[0 pala+tado pala+t́adi͔ź )6 )6 pala+t́adi͔ź
V!, pal+i͔ pala pala+sak pala+si͔

+sa pala+si͔ńek pala+si͔ŋk pala+si͔ź
V[0 pal+i͔+t́ pala pala+si͔t́ pala+si͔ńźe
+si͔ń
(B@' ?MBF>' aMB' DE<>' EH?@:HFE?E`>' ;D:=F>F' aE?M' C:@<EHG' BH' >D>C>H?F' B?M>@' ?M:H' :' !'HE?>'
`>@bd'.@^K:'L@BÈJ>F':'H=Cb>@'B]'BLLB@?=HE?E>Fc'')BCEH:D*;BHQ=G:?EBH'C:@<EHG';:H'b>'
:??>F?>J'aE?M':HK'H=Cb>@'B]'?:@G>?F'EH;D=JEHG'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'B]'HB=HF'g:DD'?M@>>'J>;D>H*
FEBHFh'gYf44hd'CBJE!'>@':JQ>;?E`>F':HJ'L@BHB=HF'g42f4Vhd'FBC>'DB;:D':HJ'CBJE!'>@';:F>F'
2R 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
g4Rf4Whd' ?M>' F:C>' L@>JE;:?EBH' C:@<EHG' ;:H' b>' :??>F?>J' ]B@' FBC>' HBH*!'HE?>F' g48h' :HJ'
e=:H?E!'>@F'g4Sh'g;]c'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'44Wf42Wd'4VSf4VXd'4RXf4RYd'4W8d'4Y3d'2Y2d'2YRd'
V3Vi'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'48Yhc''
gYh' :c' ton ́

$!%&"' ()*&+.
KB=z[-")*[.-!*2!,''' commander_N.NOM.SG+IND.PRES.PRED-2SG
oKB=p@>':';BCC:HJ>@'g;D:FF'C>Cb>@hp
bc' ton komand́ir.

KB=z[-")*[.-!*2!,''' ;BCC:HJ>@z)c)"5c!,
oKB=p@>';BCC:HJ>@'g;:L:;E?K'EH'EH]>@>H?E:D'F>??EHGhp
g43h' fjodor ivanovič+eń

(KBJB@z[-[c)"5c!,''' $`:HBÈ;Mz[-[U,.)''
̗ ,Ě*,.*&+?
+,-+ ̗ – d́ivaźev+ś
daughter_N+POSS-3SG>NOM+IND.PRES.PRED-2SG{ b>*?:<>H*:b:;<z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,
komzolov. vaj, eź+it́iń
1BC^BDB`z[-[c)"5c!,c''' BMz$)&.-9d''HB?z\*).,*$)7c[-.&$U[-.&$c[-.7*4!,|2!,
soda, ton kona+ś
@>;BGHE^>q<HBaz\c#")).,d''KB=z[-")*[.-!*2!,c)"5c!,'' aME;Mz[-")*$)&.-U)"5c7.(c!,
– pokš+oś eĺi viškińe+ś?
f''bEGz6U)"5c7.(c!,''' B@z#")9''' DE??D>z6U)"5c7.(c!,{
g7B@BHEH'4YYVA'4Xh'o6@>'KB='(KBJB@'$`:HBÈ;MtF'J:=GM?>@{':F<>J'1BC^BDB`'EH':F?BH*
EFMC>H?c''5Kd'$'JEJHp?'@>;BGHE^>'KB=d'aME;M'BH>':@>'KB=d'?M>'bEG'BH>'B@'?M>'DE??D>'BH>{p
g44h' ĺiś+i mon veĺe+se vaśeńśe

;BC>'B=?z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,''' $z[-")*[.-!*4!,c)"5'' ÈDD:G>z)U$).'' !'@F?z)+5c6Z!
/!%&Ĕ*Ğ*&"
person_N+NOM.DEF.SG+IND.PRED-1SG
o$?'?=@HF'B=?d'$pC'H=Cb>@'BH>'EH'?M>'ÈDD:G>'gBH'?M>'"'K'6?K:FM>`Bd'2332hp
g42h' %&.*&+, %&.*&+,

beautiful_A+IND.PRES-PRED-2SGd'' beautiful_A+IND.PRES-PRED-2SGd'
t́eke nolśe+ź vaz+at
DE<>z#")9'' DE;<z\U[&#*"n''' ;:D]z)U$)7U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*2!,
g;MEDJ@>HtF'M>;<D>h'oKB=p@>';=?>d'KB=p@>';=?>d'KB=p@>'DE<>':'DE;<>J';:D]'gH>a*bB@H';:D]d'
aBbbDK'D>GF':HJ':DDhp
g4Vh' ńej+at kodamo rudazov+an,

F>>z\U$)7c[-.!*[-.7*2!,''' MBaz[-")*$)&.-*6c6Z!'''!'D?MKz6c)"5c!,U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*4!,d'
ton+gak nej ́
(Ğ+&%*&+.
KB=z[-")*[.-!*2!,c)"5U#0&'''HBaz67\'''like-that_PRON-A.NOM.SG+IND.PRES.PRED-2SG
g5B?B@<EH'4YYSA'4W4h'o7B'KB='F>>'MBa'JE@?K'$':Cd'HBa'KB=':@>'DE<>'?M:?'?BBcp
$)&-"7+#&$") 2W
g4Rh' $!*0*&+?
wh-spatial_PRON-INTER+INE+IND.PRES.PRED-2SG
oaM>@>':@>'KB=p
g4Wh' koda a koda

MBaz[-")*$)&.-*67\*56)).-'''HB?z[-&*).,''' MBaz[-")*$)&.-*67\*56)).-''
vańo ĺeĺa+m mińek
\:HKBz[-[U6Z!'''>DJ>@*b@B?M>@q;B=FEHz)U["!!*4!,|)"5c!,'''a>z[-")*[.-!c,.)c["!!*4[0''
)&Ğ$,*0+,*Ď.
family_N+ELA+IND.PRETII.PRED-3SG
gZ:@GB`:'4YYSA'43Xh'o)B'C:??>@'MBa'KB='DBB<>J':?'E?d'CK';B=FEH'\:HKB'a:F']@BC'B=@'
]:CEDKp'
g48h' &"'*!%*0*&+?
feed_V+INF-OM+ILL+IND.PRES.PRED-2SG
o!M:DD'$'G>?'KB='FBC>?MEHG'?B'>:?{'gJ>DEb>@:?E`>hp
g4Sh' gŕebńev marto pikśe+t́ano

,@>bH>`z[-[c6Z!'''aE?Mz["[''' GB*?M@B=GM*?ME;<*:HJ*?MEHz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*4[0''
ve tarka+so vet́e+ška ije+t́,
BH>z)+5*#6-7c6Z!''LD:;>z)U$).'''!'`>z)+5*#6-7U6[[-"Tc6Z!''K>:@z)U[0c)"5d'
śe+ks vajgeĺ+enze koŕa+s
?M:?z[-")*7.5U&-)!0'''`BE;>z)U["!!*V!,|,.)'':;;B@JEHG*?Bz["[U$00''
tonad+i͔ń čaŕkod́+em+e,
G>?*=F>J*?Bz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*4!,'' =HJ>@F?:HJz\U$)(U0"#''
kodamo jožo+zo, ńej
aM:?*<EHJ*B]z[-")*$)&.-*6c6Z!'' ]>>DEHGz)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,d''HBaz67\*&.5[
son avoĺ
E?z[-")*[.-!c)"5''HB?z[-&*).,*#")&-6!&''
1&)*+*",*' ,*Ď ́
good_A.N+PL+DEF.PL+ABL+IND.PRETII.PRED-3SG
g&E<FM:E<EH'2343A'VXh'o)Bad'a>p`>'b>>H'aB@<EHG'?BG>?M>@d',@>bH>`':HJ'$d']B@':bB=?'
!'`>'K>:@Fd'FB'$'M:`>';BC>'?B'=HJ>@F?:HJ'aM:?'<EHJ'B]'CBBJ'M>tF'EH'bK'x?M>'FB=HJ'B]y'
MEF'`BE;>d':HJ'?MEF'?EC>'E?'a:FHp?'BH>'B]'MEF'b>??>@'BH>Fcp
6a:@>' B]' ?M>F>' F:DE>H?' ]>:?=@>F' B]' ?M>' D:HG=:G>' :F' :' b:;<G@B=HJd' .@^K:' ;B=DJ'
b>' F:EJ' ?B' ]>:?=@>' :' @>D:?E`>DK' L@BJ=;?E`>' EH"'>;?EBH:D' FKF?>C' aE?M' :CLD>' :DDBCB@LME;'
`:@E:?EBH':HJ'@>G=D:@':]!'_*C>:HEHG';=C=D:?EBHd'aME;M'CEGM?'L@BCB?>'JEF;=FFEBHF'EH'?M>'
J>!'HE?EBH'B]'J>@E`:?EBH'`>@F=F'J>;D>HFEBH':HJ';BHQ=G:?EBHc''
28 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Word order
!KH?:;?E;:DDKd'.@^K:':LL>:@F'?B'=F>'G@:CC:?E;:D':HJ'BbDEe=>';:F>'C:@<EHG'?B'EHJE;:?>'
;B@>']=H;?EBHFd':HJ'HB?'aB@J'B@J>@c''[>@FBH';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<EHG'BH'?M>'!'HE?>'`>@bd'
B@'B?M>@'LBEH?F'B]'L@>JE;:?EBHd':LL>:@'?B'F=L>@F>J>'!=bQ>;?':HJ'"bQ>;?':@G=C>H?Fc''$H':'
GE`>H';BH?>_?'bB=HJ'L>@FBH':G@>>C>H?'C:@<>@F':DDBa']B@'?M@>>'LBFE?EBHF'BH'?M>'!=bQ>;?q
"bQ>;?'@>]>@>H;>';DEH>d'Ec>c'g:h')[d'gbh'[@BHB=H':HJ'g;h'n.-"c'Z>;:=F>'B]'?MEF'E?'EF'B]?>H'
JE]!';=D?'?B':F;>@?:EH'aM>?M>@'.@^K:'EF'!"\'B@'!\"d'Ec>c'.@C=~<EH'g233RA'4WWh'F?:?>F'?M:?'
EH'?M>'!@>JH>?KBFMF<E'JE:D>;?':H'BbQ>;?'aE?M'J>!'HE?>'B]'LBFF>FFE`>'C:@<EHG'aEDDd'J=>'?B'E?F'
J>!'HE?>H>FFd'L@>;>J>'?M>'`>@bd'aM>@>:F':H'EHJ>!'HE?>'BbQ>;?'aE?M'HB'C:@<EHG'aEDD']BDDBa'
?M>'`>@bc''(EH:DDKd'J>!'HE?>H>FF':LL>:@F'?B'M:`>':H'>]]>;?'BH'aB@J'B@J>@'F=;M'?M:?'?M>'n.-"'
C:@<>J'EHJ>!'HE?>'F=bQ>;?':HJ'BbQ>;?'aE?M'EHJ>!'HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>'C:@<EHG'gn.-"h':LL>:@'
@EGM?'B]':';BH;=@@>H?'J>!'HE?>':@G=C>H?c''&MEFd'EH'L@>F>H?:?EBH:D'?KL>';D:=F>F'BH'?M>'BH>'
M:HJd'C:K':DFB'@>F=D?'EH'\!':HJ'"\!'aB@J'B@J>@Fc'+F>'B]':H:LMB@E;'L>@FBH':G@>>C>H?d'
E?'aB=DJ'F>>Cd'@>HJ>@F'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]'CB@>'?M:H'BH>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:F>']B@C'EH]@>e=>H?'
EH'FBC>'G>H@>Fc''(=@?M>@CB@>'L@BFBJE;':HJ'aB@J'B@J>@'`:@E:?EBH'@>HJ>@F'.@^K:':H'>`>H'
CB@>'J>FE@:bD>'BbQ>;?'B]'@>F>:@;M'f'FBC>?MEHG'?M:?';:H'b>':LL@B:;M>J'?M@B=GM';B@LB@:'
bB?M'a@E??>H':HJ'FLB<>Hc
$H'MEF'JEF;=FFEBH'B]'?M>'!@>JH>?KBFMF<E'JE:D>;?d'.@C=~<EH'g233RA'4WWf4W8h'LBEH?F'
B=?' `:@E:?EBH' EH' aB@J' B@J>@' BH' ?M>' b:FEF' B]' ?M>' J>!'HE?>H>FF' B]' :' GE`>H' )[c' 'rMED>' ?M>'
J>!'HE?>'?BLE;:D'F=bQ>;?'L@>;>J>F'?M>'`>@b'FB'JB>F'?M>'J>!'HE?>'BbQ>;?d':HJ'EH'?M>':bF>H;>'
B]':'F=bQ>;?'?M>'J>!'HE?>'?BLE;:D'BbQ>;?':DFB'L@>;>J>F'?M>'!'HE?>'`>@bc''&MEF':;;B=H?'B]'.@*
^K:'aB@J'B@J>@';:H'@>:JEDK'b>':LLDE>J'?B'B?M>@'FLB<>H'`:@E:H?F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>':F'a>DDd'
:D?MB=GM'J>!'HE?>H>FF'EF'HB?'?M>'BHDK'G@B=HJF']B@':'HB=H'B@'L@BHB=H'?B'b>'LD:;>J'D>]?'B]'
?M>'!'HE?>'`>@bc'
g4Xh' veŕgiz+eś sala+ś ŕeve

aBD]z)U)"5c7.(c!,'' F?>:Dz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'' FM>>Lz)c)"5c!,
g.@C=~<EH'233RA'4WWh'o&M>'aBD]'F?BD>':'FM>>Lcp
g4Yh' ćora+ś ĺišme+nze kiĺd́+iźe

C:Hz)U)"5c7.(c!,''' MB@F>z)U["!!*V!,'' M:@H>FFz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,|V!,
g.@C=~<EH'233RA'4WWh'o&M>'C:H'M:@H>FF>J'MEF'MB@F>cp
g23h' son śeja+ńt́ śimd+iźe

M>qFM>z[-")*[.-!*V!,c)"5'' GB:?z)U,.)c7.(c!,''a:?>@z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,|V!,
g.@C=~<EH'233RA'4WWh'o!M>'a:?>@>J'?M>'GB:?cp
g24h' inže+ńt́ śimd́+iź vina+do

G=>F?z)U,.)c7.(c!,'' L@BÈJ>*aE?M*J@EH<z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0|V[''DEeB=@z)U6Z0
g.@C=~<EH'233RA'4WWh'o&M>'G=>F?'a:F'GE`>H'DEe=B@'?B'J@EH<cp
$)&-"7+#&$") 2S
.@^K:'EF'`>@K';BH?>_?*B@E>H?>Jd'Ec>c'?M>'F?:?>C>H?':bB=?'?M>'aBD]'F?>:DEHG':'FM>>L'EH'?M>'
!\"'B@J>@'aB=DJ'F>@`>':F':H':HFa>@'?B'?M>'e=>F?EBHA''jrM:?'M:LL>H>J'aMED>'$'a:F':a:K{k''
$]'a>'a>@>'?B'EH`>@?'?MEF'B@J>@'?B'!"\d'MBa>`>@d'veŕgiześ ŕeve salaś CEGM?'e=:DE]K':F':H'
:HFa>@'?B'?M>'e=>F?EBHA''jrMK':@>'KB='b=EDJEHG':']>H;>{k''Z=?'aM:?'M:LL>HF'aM>H':'
F>??EHG'EF'GE`>H':HJ'bB?M'?M>'F=bQ>;?':HJ'BbQ>;?':@>'EH;D=J>J'EH'?M>'H>a'EH]B@C:?EBH{'
/>@>d'aM>@>'?M>@>'EF'HB'C:@<EHG'?B'JE]]>@>H?E:?>'?M>'F=bQ>;?':HJ'BbQ>;?d'E?':LL>:@F'?M:?'
aB@J'B@J>@'?:<>F'B`>@':HJ'!'EF'@>e=E@>J'?B'L@>;>J>'"'aMED>'?M>'!'HE?>'`>@b'EF'F?EDD':DDBa>J'
]@>>JBC'B]'CB`>C>H?d'F>>'g22hc
g22h' :c' viŕ udal+o pakśa+so+ńt́ ćora+t

aBBJFz)U,.)c7.(c!,'' b>MEHJz["[U0"#''!'>DJz)U$).U7.(c!,''C:HqbBKz)U[0c)"5'
van+śt́ alaša+t
a:?;Mz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0'' MB@F>z)U[0c)"5
g-:L?:HB`'4YXWA'424h'o$H'?M>'!'>DJ'b>KBHJ'?M>'aBBJF'bBKF'a>@>'M>@JEHGq?>HJEHG'
MB@F>Fcp
bc' viŕ udal+o pakśa+ńt́ keĺe+s

aBBJFz)U,.)c7.(c!,'' b>MEHJz["[U0"#''!'>DJz)U,.)c7.(c!,''aEJ?Mz)U$00
kolxoz+t modamaŕ+t́ put+i͔t́
;BDD>;?E`>*]:@Cz)U[0c)"5''LB?:?Bz)U[0c)"5'' L=?z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V[0
g+[&5).'WA'4S2h'o$H'?M>'!'>DJ'b>KBHJ'?M>'aBBJF';BDD>;?E`>']:@C'aB@<>@F':@>'LD:H?EHG'
LB?:?B>Fcp
$H'F=CC:@Kd'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'M:F'@E;M'EH"'>;?EBH:D'FKF?>CF']B@'bB?M'J>;D>HFEBH':HJ'
;BHQ=G:?EBHc' $?' :DFB' M:F' J>L>HJ>H?' `>@F=F' EHJ>L>HJ>H?' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' C:@<EHG'
`:@E:?EBHd'EH"'>;?EBH:D'J>E;?E;'C:@<EHG'`:@KEHG'b>?a>>H'H>=?@:DqJ>!'HE?>':HJ'L>@FBH:Dd':F'
a>DD':Fd':'@>D:?E`>DK']@>>'aB@J'B@J>@c''6DD'B]'?M>F>'F>@`>'?B'EHJE;:?>'?M>']>:FEbEDE?K'B]'?M>'
.@^K:'D:HG=:G>':F':H'BbQ>;?'B]';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'F?=JE>Fd':CBHG'C:HK'B?M>@Fc'
1.2. Introduction to person

&M>'HB?EBH'B]'L>@FBH'EH'DEHG=EF?E;F'EF'G>H>@:DDK'L>@;>E`>J':F':'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@Kd':HJ'
:F'F=;Md'E?'CEGM?'b>'GE`>H'>e=:D':??>H?EBH':F':@>'GE`>H'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@E>F':HJ'HB*
?EBHF'B]'G>HJ>@d'H=Cb>@d';:F>d'?>HF>d'J>!'HE?>H>FFd'>?;c''[>@FBH'JEF?EHG=EFM>F'b>?a>>H'?M>'
FL>:<>@d'?M>':JJ@>FF>>':HJ'?M>'BH>'FLB<>H'B]c''&MEF'EFd'B]';B=@F>d':H'B`>@FECLDE!';:?EBHd'
b>;:=F>'a>';:H'L>@;>E`>d'E]'HB?'EJ>H?E]Kd':'JE]]>@>H;>'b>?a>>H'aM>?M>@'@>]>@>H;>'EF'b>EHG'
C:J>'?B'?M>'FL>:<>@'bK'C>:HF'B]':'HB=H'B@':H':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<>@'gL>@FBH:D'L@B*
HB=Hd';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<>@hc''rM>H'=FEHG'HB=HFd':HJ'>FL>;E:DDK'
L@BL>@'HB=HFd'?B'EHJE;:?>'?M>' ![.61.-d' 677-.!!..'B@' "Z9.#&' "(' 7$!#"+-!.d':'F=L>@!';E:D'
]:CEDE:@E?K'aE?M'?M>';BH?>_?'aEDD'@>`>:D'?M>'EJ>H?E?K'B]'>:;Mc''+F>'B]'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'
B@';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<>@Fd'MBa>`>@d'@>e=E@>F':'J>>L>@';BH?>_?=:D':a:@>H>FFd'aME;M':D*
2X 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
DBaF'?M>'DEF?>H>@'?B'EJ>H?E]K'?M>':;?=:D'@>]>@>H?F'EHJE;:?>J'bK'?M>'FME]?EHG'JEF;B=@F>'@BD>F'
B]'?M>F>'L>@FBH'C:@<>@Fc''7>L>HJEHG'BH'?M>'D:HG=:G>'EH'e=>F?EBHd'?MEF'CEGM?'>H?:ED'?aB'
:;?E`>'L:@?E;EL:H?Fd'?M>'FL>:<>@':HJ'?M>':JJ@>FF>>d'B@'?M>F>'F:C>':;?E`>'L:@?E;EL:H?F'LD=F'
?M>')")*[6-&$#$[6)&'-"0.d'aMB'EF'H>E?M>@'FL>:<>@'HB@':JJ@>FF>>d'B]'aMBC'?M>'L:@?E;EL:H?F'
FL>:<c''&M=F'?M>'@BD>F'B]'L>@FBH';:H'b>'J>!'H>J':FA''gEh'?M>':;?E`>'L:@?E;EL:H?'![.61.-d'B@'
($-!&'[.-!")d'?M>'B@EGEH:?B@'B]':H'=??>@:H;>'B@'FB=@;>'B]'EH]B@C:?EBH'"'Bai'gEEh'?M>':;?E`>'
L:@?E;EL:H?' 677-.!!..d' B@' !.#")7' [.-!")d' ?M>' BH>' ?B' aMBC' ?M>' "'Ba' B]' EH]B@C:?EBH' EF'
JE@>;?>J'gDEF?>H>@d'@>:J>@d'EH?>HJ>J':=JE>H;>hd':HJ'gEEEh':'?ME@J'L:@?Kd'?M>'&/$-7'[.-!")d'Ec>c'
?M>'BH>'FLB<>H'B]c''
&M>F>'?M@>>'@BD>F':@>'B]?>H':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>';:?>GB@K'B]'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@d'
aME;M':DDBaF']B@'JE]]>@>H?E:?EBH'EH'H=Cb>@'B]'FL>:<>@Fd':JJ@>FF>>F':HJ'BbQ>;?F'B]'JEF;=F*
FEBHd'BH'?M>'BH>'M:HJd':HJ'J>E;?E;'FME]?>@Fd'F=;M':Fd'?M>'FL:?E:D'thisd'thatd'thesed'thosed'
here :HJ'thered':HJ'?M>'?>CLB@:D'now :HJ'thend'BH'?M>'B?M>@c''/>H;>'BH>'CEGM?'F>>'?M>'
J>E;?E;';>H?>@F'EH'Id'here :HJ now FME]?EHG']@BCA'BH>'@>]>@>H?'?B':HB?M>@':F'?M>'@BD>'B]'
FL>:<>@'EF'?@:HF]>@@>J']@BC'BH>'L>@FBH'?B':HB?M>@'gF=;M':F'EF'BbF>@`>J'EH'JE:DBG=>hi'BH>'
FL:?E:D'F>??EHG'?B':HB?M>@'gaE?M'@>D:?E`>'?@:HF]>@'B]'JEF;B=@F>'DB;:?EBHhd'B@'BH>'?>CLB@:D'
F>??EHG'?B':HB?M>@'gEH'?M>'"'Ba'B]'?EC>hc'
The person morpheme
[>@FBH';:H'b>'BbF>@`>J'EH'C:HK'C:HE]>F?:?EBHFc''6;;B@JEHG'?B'!E>aE>@F<:'g233RA'48h'
?M>'b:FE;'JEÈFEBH'B]'L>@FBH'C:@<>@F'aE?M'@>G:@J'?B'CB@LMBDBGE;:D']B@C'EF'?M:?'b>?a>>H'
EHJ>L>HJ>H?':HJ'J>L>HJ>H?'L>@FBH'C:@<>@Fd'aM>@>:F'?M>'?>@CF']@>>d']=DDd'F>D]qF?:HJEHGd'
;:@JEH:Dd']B;:Dd'F?@BHGd'DBHG':HJ'JEFQ=H;?E`>':@>':DFB'=F>J'EH'@>]>@>H;>'?B'?M>'EHJ>L>HJ>H?'
C:@<>@Fd':HJ'?M>'?>@CF'@>J=;>Jd'bB=HJd'J>]>;?E`>d'J>!';E>H?':HJ';BHQ=H;?E`>':@>'=F>J'EH'
@>]>@>H;>'?B'?M>'J>L>HJ>H?'C:@<>@Fc''#@E?>@E:';BCCBHDK'=F>J']B@']:;EDE?:?EHG':'FLDE?'EH'
?MEF'?>@CEHBDBGK';BHFEF?'B]'gEh'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D';M:@:;?>@EF?E;'xà!.[6-6&.'r"-7yi'gEEh'?M>'
L@BFBJE;';M:@:;?>@EF?E;'xà[-$56-m' !&-.!!yd':HJ'gEEEh'?M>'FKH?:;?E;':bEDE?K'?B';BHF?E?=?>':H'
>H?E@>'B@'>DDEL?E;:D'=??>@:H;>'xàr/"0.' +&&.-6)#.yc''!E>aE>@F<:'HB?>F':'JE;MB?BCK'EH'?M>'
LBFFEbEDE?K'?B'=F>'.HGDEFM'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'EH'FEHGD>*aB@J'=??>@:H;>F'F=;M'?M:?'BbQ>;?'
]B@CF':@>'@>:JEDK'=F>J':F'FKH?:;?E;:DDK'EHJ>L>HJ>H?';BHF?E?=>H?Fd'aM>@>:F'F=bQ>;?']B@CF'
:@>'HB?c''/>H;>'?M>'e=>F?EBH'jrMBgCh':@>'?M>K'GBEHG'?B':F<{k';:H'@>:JEDK'b>':HFa>@>J'
=FEHG':'FECLD>d'BbQ>;?'L@BHB=Hd']B@'EHF?:H;>'j5>kd'j/>@k'B@'j+Fkd'EH':'FEHGD>*aB@J'@>LDKc''
$?'FMB=DJ':DFB'b>'HB?>Jd'MBa>`>@d'?M:?'E?'EF'?M>'BbQ>;?':HJ'HB?'F=bQ>;?'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'
EH' .HGDEFM' ?M:?' ;:H' b>' =F>J' EH' ?MEF' ]:FMEBHd' ?M=F' :' FEHGD>*aB@J' >DDEL?E;' e=>F?EBH' aE?M'
:'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H';B@>]>@>H;EHG'?M>'F=bQ>;?d'F>>'?:bD>F'g4cYh':HJ'g4c43hd'aB=DJd'EH':'
J>F;@EL?E`>'G@:CC:@'B]'?M>'.HGDEFM'D:HG=:G>d':;?=:DDK'>CLDBK':H'BbQ>;?'L@BHB=Hc''
Table 1.9' !EHGD>*aB@J'>DDEL?E;'e=>F?EBH'aE?M'BbQ>;?'L@BHB=H'EH'F=bQ>;?']=H;?EBH

:c />'F:EJ'?M:?'M>'aB=DJ'JB'E?{
bc grMBh'MEC{'
g!E>aE>@F<:'233RA'4S'xg2hyh
$)&-"7+#&$") 2Y
rMED>'!E>aE>@F<:'M:F'HB?'>_LDE;E?DK'EHJE;:?>J'?M:?'?M>'BbQ>;?':HJ'F=bQ>;?']=H;?EBHF':@>'
:??@Eb=?>J' ?B' ?M>' F:C>' FEHGD>*aB@J' ]B@CFd' ?M>' :JQ:;>H;K' B]' M>@' ?aB' ?:bD>F' EDD=F?@:?EHG'
F=bQ>;?*]=H;?EBH';BCL:?EbEDE?Kd':F'F>>H'EH'g4cYd'DEH>'bhd':HJ'F=bQ>;?*]B@C'EH;BCL:?EbEDE?Kd'
:F'F>>H'EH'g4c43d'DEH>'bhd'J@:aF':H'ECLDE;E?';BHH>;?EBHc''
Table 1.10' !EHGD>*aB@J'>DDEL?E;':HFa>@'aE?M'BbQ>;?'L@BHB=H'EH'F=bQ>;?']=H;?EBH

:c rMB'a@B?>'?M:?{
bc â$c'q'â/>c''q'âr>c
;c $'JEJc'q'/>'JEJc'q'r>'JEJc'
Jc 5>c''q'{'/ECc'q'{'+Fc
g;]c'!E>aE>@F<:'233RA'4S'gRhh
!E>aE>@F<:'HB?>F'?M:?':H'EFBD:?>J'F=bQ>;?'L@BHB=Hd'F=;M':F'?MBF>']B=HJ'EH'g?:bD>'4c43d'DEH>'
bhd'aB=DJ'HB?'F=]!';>']B@':H':HFa>@d'b=?'EHF?>:J'E]'?M>'F=bQ>;?'L@BHB=H'a>@>'?B'b>'=F>Jd'
:H':DEGHC>H?'aE?M':H':=_EDE:@K'`>@b'aB=DJ'b>'@>e=E@>Jd'M>H;>'a>'M:`>'?M>':;;>L?:bD>'
:HFa>@F'EH'g?:bD>'4c43d'DEH>';hc'$H'g4c43d'DEH>'Jh'$'M:`>'?:<>H'?M>'DEb>@?K'?B'L@BÈJ>'BbQ>;?*
L@BHB=H' >e=E`:D>H?F' ]B@' >DDEL?E;' :HFa>@F' L:@:DD>DEHG' ?M>' BbQ>;?*]B@C' F?@:?>GK' ]B=HJ' EH'
g&:bD>'4cYd'DEH>'bhi'aM>@>:F'?M>'!'@F?':HFa>@d'Med F>>CF'@>D:?E`>DK':;;>L?:bD>'EH'CK'BaH'
H:?E`>'<HBaD>JG>'B]'.HGDEFMd'?M>'F>;BHJ'?aBd'Him :HJ'Usd'F?@E<>'C>':F'D>FF'FBc''/>H;>'
e=>F?EBHF'C:K':DFB':@EF>'@>G:@JEHG'?M>':;;>L?:bEDE?K'B]'L>@FBH*C:@<>@']B@CF'EH'@>D:?EBH'
?B'?M>'FL>;E!';'L>@FBH':HJ'H=Cb>@'B]':H'EHJEÈJ=:D'C:@<>@qL@BHB=Hd'aM>@>'L>@FBH'F?@:?>*
GE>F'Bb?:EHEHG'EH'?M>'FEHG=D:@d']B@'EHF?:H;>d'JB'HB?'@>"'>;?'?MBF>'B]'?M>'LD=@:Dd':HJ'È;>'
`>@F:c'
$H':JJE?EBH'?B'?M>'`>@b:D':@G=C>H?'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd'!E>aE>@F<:':DFB'EHJE;:?>F'
?M>'>_EF?>H;>'B]'?aB'`:@E>?E>F'B]'?M>'FB';:DD>J' ["!!.!!$\.' [-")"+)!'EH'.HGDEFMd'BH>'F>?'
;BHFEF?EHG'B]'?M>'FKH?:;?E;:DDK'J>L>HJ>H?'J>?>@CEH>@Fd'F=;M':Fd'myd'yourd'ourd'theird':HJ'
?M>'B?M>@'?M>'FKH?:;?E;:DDK'EHJ>L>HJ>H?'LBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=HFd'F=;M':Fd'mined'yoursd'oursd'
theirsc''&MEF'L:E@'EHJE;:?>F'?M:?'.HGDEFM'M:F':'F>CE*@>G=D:@'JE;MB?BCK'aE?M'@>G:@J'?B'?M>'
]>:?=@>'xà!m)&6#&$#600m' $)7.[.)7.)&yd':HJ'?M:?'?M>@>]B@>'g?:bD>'4c44d'DEH>';h'L@BÈJ>F':'
]>DE;E?B=F':HFa>@'?B'g?:bD>'4c44:h'b=?'g?:bD>'4c44d'DEH>'bh'JB>F'HB?c
Table 1.11' 7>L>HJ>H?'`Fc'EHJ>L>HJ>H?''LBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=H

:c rMB':@>'a>'GBEHG'?B'EHÈ?>d'KB=@'CB?M>@'B@'CK'CB?M>@{
bc â5Kc
;c 5EH>c'
g!E>aE>@F<:'233RA'4S'gVhh
$H'M>@'?KLBDBGK'B]'L>@FBHd'!E>aE>@F<:':JM>@>F'?B'?M>'ECLB@?:H;>'B]'MBa'L@BHB=HF':@>'
HB@C:DDK'È>a>J':F'EHJ>L>HJ>H?'aB@JFc''(BDDBaEHG']@BC'?MEF':JM>@>H;>'?B';BHFEF?>H;K'
aE?M'jHB@C:D'È>ak'!E>aE>@F<:'?M>@>]B@>'BL?F'?B'C:<>'?M>'J>L>HJ>H?'`>@F=F'EHJ>L>H*
J>H?'FLDE?':?'?M>'CB@LMBLMBHBDBGE;:D'D>`>Dc''&MEF'EF':'a>DD*C>@E?>J';MBE;>d'b=?'>`>H'?M>'
@>D:?E`>DK'FECLD>'L>@FBH:D'FKF?>C'B]'.HGDEFM':??>F?F';>@?:EH'JEF;@>L:H;E>F'aE?M'@>G:@J'?B'
V3 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
?M>';BH;>L?'B]'EHJ>L>HJ>H?']B@CFd'D>?'=F'BbF>@`>'?M>'@>"'>_E`>'L@BHB=HFd']B@'EHF?:H;>d'
myselfd'yourselfd'himselfd'herselfd'itselfd'ourselvesd'yourselves':HJ'themselvesc''rMED>'
CBF?' >J=;:?>J' H:?E`>' FL>:<>@F' CEGM?' b>' ]:CEDE:@' aE?M' :JJE?EBH:D' ]B@CFd' F=;M' :Fd' his%
self :HJ'theirselvesd'?M>F>']B@CF':@>'CBF?'DE<>DK'?B'b>'@>Q>;?>J':F'HBH*F?:HJ:@J']B@CFc''
&M>@>':@>d'MBa>`>@d'FE?=:?EBHF'EH'?M>'.HGDEFM'G@:CC:@'aM>@>'?M>F>'`>@K'jHBH*F?:HJ:@Jk'
]B@CF':@>'?M>'BHDK'BH>F'>DEGEbD>']B@'G@:CC:?E;:DDK':;;>L?:bD>';BHF?@=;?EBHFd'F>>'g2Vf2Rhd'
aM>@>'?M>']B@C>@'EF':'e=B?:?EBH']@BC'6G:?M:'#M@EF?E>d':HJ'?M>'D:??>@':H'>_;>@L?']@BC':'
D>??>@'CK'CB?M>@'@>;>H?DK'a@B?>'C>'aE?M':'F=bF>e=>H?'EHJE@>;?'e=B?:?EBHc
g2Vh' jone choked 2(0#/(++/,#0,/3k'

g6G:?M:'#M@EF?E>d'6)7'&/.)'&/.-.'r.-.')").h
g2Rh' :c' We’re being !4)#404&/#5406#0,/7,0c

g5BCtF'D>??>@'5:@;Md'2343h
' bc' They’re being +2,()#404&/#5406#0,/7,0c

g$HJE@>;?'e=B?:?EBH'B]'2V:h
$?':LL>:@F'?M:?'BH;>'?M>'?ME@J'L>@FBH'@>"'>_E`>'L@BHB=HF':@>'@>HJ>@>J':F'HB=H'LM@:F>Fd'
?M>K':@>']B@;>J'?B'b>M:`>':F'F=;M'aE?M'CB@LMB*FKH?:;?E;:DDK':;;>L?:bD>']B@CFc
Personal pronouns and cross-referential markers
[>@FBHd':D?MB=GMd']@>e=>H?DK':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M';BHQ=G:?EBH'EH'`>@bFd':?'?M>';D:=F>'D>`>Dd'EF'
a>DD'@>L@>F>H?>J':?'?M>'LM@:F:D'D>`>Dd':F'a>DDd'aM>@>'E?'CEGM?';@BFF*@>]>@>H;>':'LBFF>FFB@d'
?M>'BbQ>;?'B]':'HBH*!'HE?>';BHF?@=;?EBHd':H':JLBFE?EBH:D';BCLD>C>H?d'>?;c'''&M=Fd'EH':JJE?EBH'
?B'?M>';@BFF*@>]>@>H;EHG'B]'FKH?:;?E;'F=bQ>;?'EH':'HBCEH:?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'B@'BH'
:'!'HE?>*`>@b']B@Cd':F'BH>'CEGM?'>H;B=H?>@'EH'?M>';BHQ=G:?EBHF'B]'`:@EB=F'D:HG=:G>F'EH'
.=@BL>d'F>>'?:bD>'g4c42hd'b>DBad'?M>@>':@>':DFB';@BFF*@>]>@>H;EHG'F?@:?>GE>F']B@'>_L@>FFEHG'
?M>'L>@FBH'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@d'F>>'?:bD>'g4c4Vhc''g$?'FMB=DJ'b>'HB?>J'?M:?'?M>'/=HG:@E:H'V['
]B@CF'van':HJ'vannak':@>'=F>J'EH'DB;:?E`>'L@>JE;:?EBHd'b=?'HB?'>e=:?E`>ch
Table 1.12' &M>'EHJE;:?E`>'L@>F>H?';BHQ=G:?EBH'B]'?M>'`>@b'to be':F':??>F?>J'

' ' EH'FBC>'D:HG=:G>F'B]'.=@BL>
!a>JEFM ,>@C:H (@>H;M /=HG:@E:H (EHHEFM
4 !, (jag) är (ich) bin (je) suis (én) vagyok (minä) olen
[0 (vi) är (wir) sind (nous) sommes (mi) vagyunk (me) olemme
2 !, (du) är (du) bist (tu) es (te) vagy (sinä) olet
[0 (ni) är (ihr) seid (vous) êtes (ti) vagytok (te) olette
!, (han/hon/ (er/sie/es) ist (il/elle) est (ő) van (hän/se) on
V den/det) är
[0 (de) är (sie) sind (ils/elles) sont (ők) vannak (he/ne) ovat
$)&-"7+#&$") V4
rE?MEH'?M>';BH!'H>F'B]'?M>'.=@BL>:H';BH?EH>H?':DBH>d'`:@E:?EBHF'>_EF?'b>?a>>H'F?@:?>GE>F'B]'
L>@FBH'C:@<EHG':?'?M>';D:=F>'D>`>Dd'aM>@>:F'FBC>'D:HG=:G>F':DDBa']B@';@BFF*@>]>@>H;EHG'
B]'?M>'L>@FBH'@BD>F'bB?M'BH'?M>'L@>JE;:?EBH'?:@G>?d'>cGc':]!'_:D'C:@<EHG'B]'FKH?:;?E;*F=bQ>;?'
L>@FBH' BH' ?M>' !'HE?>' `>@bd' :HJ' EH' ?M>' EHJ>L>HJ>H?' L>@FBH:D' L@BHB=HFd' ?M>@>' :@>' B?M>@F'
aME;M'M:`>'J@BLL>J'?M>E@':]!'_:D'C:@<EHG':D?BG>?M>@c''6CBHG'?M>'D:HG=:G>F'aM>@>'bB?M'
D>_E;:D':HJ':]!'_:D'C:@<EHG':@>'C:HE]>F?d'?M>@>'EF'`:@E:?EBH'B]'JE]]>@>H?'FB@?F'GB`>@HEHG'
?M>'JEF?@Eb=?EBH'B]'?M>F>'?aB'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GE>Fc''$H':'FECED:@'`>EHd'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'LM@:F>'
C:K':DFB':??>F?'?B'`:@E:?EBH'EH':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GE>F']@BC'D:HG=:G>'?B'
D:HG=:G>c'rM>@>'BH>'D:HG=:G>'C:K':DDBa']B@'?M>'FEC=D?:H>B=F'=F>'B]'D>_E;:D':HJ':]!'_:D'
C:@<EHG'B]'L>@FBHd'B?M>@F'D:;<'?M>':]!'_:D'C:@<EHGc''!BC>'D:HG=:G>F'>CLDBK'L@BHB=HF'
@>"'>;?EHG'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'F?@=;?=@EHG'B]'?M>E@' )[';B=H?>@L:@?F'aMED>'B?M>@F':??>F?'?B'
LBFF>FFE`>*L@BHB=H'F?@:?>GE>Fd'JE`B@;>J'B]'?M>E@')[';B=H?>@L:@?Fc'
Table 1.13' 6JHBCEH:D'LBFF>FFE`>';BHF?@=;?EBHF':F':??>F?>J'EH'FBC>'D:HG=:G>F'B]'.=@BL>'

' ' oCK'MB=F>d'B=@'MB=F>d'>?;cp
!a>JEFM ,>@C:H (@>H;M /=HG:@E:H (EHHEFM
4 !, (mitt) hus (mein) Haus (ma) maison (én) házam (minun) taloni
[0 (vårt) hus (unser) Haus (notre) (mi) (meidän) talomme
maison házunk
2 !, (ditt) hus (dein) Haus (ta) maison (te) házad (sinun) talosi
[0 (ert) hus (euer) Haus (votre) (ti) házatok (teidän) talonne
maison
!, (hans/hen% (sein/ihr) (sa) maison (ő) háza (hänen) talonsa
V nes/dess) Haus
hus
[0 (deras) hus (ihr) Haus (leur) maison (ő) házuk (heidän) talonsa
Typologies relevant to this treatise
$H'?M>'rB@DJ'6?D:F'B]'0:HG=:G>'!?@=;?=@>'gM>H;>]B@?M'r60!hd'ZE;<>D':HJ')E;MBDF'J>!'H>'
:'?KLBDBGK']B@'0"#+!' "('56-1$),' $)'["!!.!!$\.')"+)'[/-6!.!'gr60!']>:?=@>q;M:L?>@'
2Rhd'aM>@>EH']B=@'F?@:?>GE>F':@>'L@>F>H?>JA''gEh'M>:J'C:@<EHGi'gEEh'J>L>HJ>H?'C:@<EHGi'
gEEEh'JB=bD>'C:@<EHGd':HJ'gE`h'HB'C:@<EHGd'F>>'g2Wf2Xhc
g2Wh' />:J'C:@<EHG
s’adyúm’ə gâam’a
4!,cb@B?M>@'''V!,cMB=F>
oCK'b@B?M>@tF'MB=F>p'gDE?c'oCK*b@B?M>@'MEF*MB=F>ph'
x6;BC:'g1>@>F:Hi')>a'5>_E;Bi'5EDD>@'4Y8WA'4SShy
V2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
g28h' 7>L>HJ>H?'C:@<EHG
loem%an k’orni
DEBH*,.)'''b:bKc:HEC:D'
oDEBH';=bpd'oDEBHtF';=bp''gDE?c'oB]*DEBH';=bph'
x#M>;M>H'g)E;MBDFd'BaH'J:?:hy
g2Sh' 7B=bD>'C:@<EHG
cuku%ŋ hu:ki%ʔ%hy:
JBG*,.)'''?:ED*V!,'
oJBGtF'?:EDp'gDE?c'oB]*JBG'E?F*?:EDph'
x!B=?M>@H'!E>@@:'5EaB<'g5EaB<*#BF?:HB:Hi'#:DE]B@HE:i'Z@B:Jb>H?'4Y8RA'4VVh'y
g2Xh' )B'C:@<EHG
jərəkəpai tuwaɹa
;@B;BJED>'''?:ED'
og:q?M>h';@B;BJED>tF'?:EDp''gDE?c'o;@B;BJED>'?:EDph
x&EaE'gEFBD:?>i'HB@?M>@H'6=F?@:DE:i'"FbB@H>'4YSRA'SRhy
$H':']=@?M>@'?KLBDBGKd'BbDEG:?B@K'LBFF>FFE`>'EH"'>;?EBH'gr60!']>:?=@>q;M:L?>@'WXhd'ZE;<>D'
:HJ')E;MBDF'JEF;=FF'?M>'LM>HBC>HBH'B]'bB=HJ'HB=HF'Bb?:EHEHG'EH'FBC>'D:HG=:G>F'B]'?M>'
aB@DJ'aME;M';:HHB?'b>'=F>J'EH'?M>'D:HG=:G>'aE?MB=?'FL>;E:D'C:@<EHGc''&M>K'HB?>'?M:?''
HB=HF'B]';>@?:EH'F>C:H?E;'@>]>@>H;>'>H?:ED':H'EHM>@>H?':@G=C>H?'F?@=;?=@>d'Ec>c'.HGDEFM'
aB@JF']B@'bBJK'L:@?F'B@'<EHFMEL'@>D:?EBHF':??>F?'?B'BbDEG:?B@K'LBFF>FFB@Fd':HJ'EH'D:HG=:G*
>F' aM>@>' M>:J*C:@<EHG' F?@:?>GE>F' :@>' BbF>@`>J' ]B@' LBFF>FFE`>' LM@:F>F' ?M>@>' :@>' ?MBF>'
D:HG=:G>F'aE?M'HB=HF':??>F?EHG'BbDEG:?B@K'LBFF>FFE`>'EH"'>;?EBHc
#@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHGd'MBa>`>@d';:H'b>':??>F?>J'BH':JLBFE*
?EBHF'gZ:<<>@'r60!']>:?=@>q;M:L?>@'RXhc''$H'?MEF'?KLBDBGK'Z:<<>@'LD:;>F'G@>:?'ECLB@*
?:H;>'BH'?M>'J>DECE?:?EBH'B]'aM:?':;?=:DDK'e=:DE]K':F':JLBFE?EBHFc''6CBHG'?M>'LM>HBC>H:'
M>';MBBF>F'?B'JEF@>G:@J':@>'HBCEH:D'F?@:?>GE>F'=F>J'?B'>_L@>FF'DB;:DE?Kd'F>>'g2Yhc''&M=F'?M>'
@>F=D?EHG'J>!'HE?EBH'B]':JLBFE?EBH':LL>:@F'?B'EHJE;:?>'D>_>C>F'aE?MB=?'HB=H';B@@>D:?>Fc
g2Yh' ya nai%sa
4!,''' @Eb*0"#
ob>FEJ>'C>p'x&:=K:'g5:;7BH:DJ'4YY3A'2XVh'y'
,ED'L@BÈJ>F':'?KLBDBGK'679.#&$\.!'r$&/"+&')"+)!'gr60!']>:?=@>q;M:L?>@'84hd'EH'aME;M'
M>' :H:DK^>F' ?M>' b>M:ÈB@' B]' :JQ>;?E`>F' aE?MEH' ?M>' HB=H' LM@:F>d' aM>@>' ?M>K' ?KLE;:DDK'
]=H;?EBH' :F' :??@Eb=?>F' ?B' HB=HFd' F>>' gV3:hc' ' />' C>H?EBHF' ?M:?' =HJ>@' ;>@?:EH' ;BHJE?EBHF'
aM>@>' ?M>' CBJE!'>J' HB=H' EF' :bF>H?' >E?M>@' J=>' ?B' E?F' =HECLB@?:H;>' B@' E?F' ;BH?>_?=:D'
@>;BHF?@=;?EbEDE?Kd'?M>':JQ>;?E`>'@>C:EHF':F'?M>'C:EH'D>_E;:D'E?>C'aE?MEH'?M>'HB=H'LM@:F>d'
J>HB?EHG'?M>'=HJ>@F?BBJ'BbQ>;?d'F>>'gV3bhc''
$)&-"7+#&$") VV
gV3h' :c' I want the ),' applec'g,ED'r60!']>:?=@>q;M:L?>@''84h
bc' I want the ),'#!",. g,ED'r60!']>:?=@>q;M:L?>@''84h
,EDtF'?KLBDBGK'>H=C>@:?>F'?M@>>';>H?@:D'>H;BJEHG'LBFFEbEDE?E>FA'gEh':JQ>;?E`>F'JB'HB?'B;;=@'
aE?MB=?'HB=HFi'gEEh':JQ>;?E`>F'C:K'B;;=@'aE?MB=?'C:@<EHGd':HJ'gEEEh':JQ>;?E`>F'B;;=@@EHG'
aE?MB=?'?M>'HB=HF'?M>K'CBJE]K'C:K'HB?'B;;=@'EH'b:@>']B@CFc''#>H?@:D'?B'?MEF'?@>:?EF>'aEDD'
b>'?M>';BH?>CLD:?EBH':HJ'EDD=F?@:?EBH'B]'5"7$($.-!'r$&/"+&')"+)!'g5r)hd'F>>'F>;?EBH'RcWc'
67)"5$)60'!m)&6T'6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")d'aM>@>:F':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'C:@<>@F'DE<>'
C:HK'B?M>@'CBJE!'>@F'C:K'b>;BC>'?M>'C:EH'D>_E;:D'E?>C'aE?MEH':H')[c'
Hierarchies
$H' M>@' ?@>:?C>H?' B]' L>@FBH' :G@>>C>H?d' !E>aE>@F<:' g233RA' 4VXf4S2h' >_MEbE?F' ?M>'
LBFF>FF>J'HB=H'ME>@:@;MKA'EH:DE>H:bD>'|':DE>H:bD>d'aME;M'F?:?>F'?M:?'E]':'D:HG=:G>'M:F'
L>@FBH':G@>>C>H?'C:@<EHG'BH':DE>H:bD>'HB=HFd'?M>@>'EF':DFB'L>@FBH':G@>>C>H?'C:@<EHG'
:??>F?>J'BH'?M>'EH:DE>H:bD>'HB=HFd'aM>@>:F'?M>';BH`>@F>'JB>F'HB?'H>;>FF:@EDK'MBDJc''6H'
EH:DE>H:bEDE?K' ME>@:@;MK' g!E>aE>@F<:' 233RA' 4RV' x)E;MBDF' g4YXXA' WS2i' 4YY2A' 483hyh' EF'
:DFB'L@>F>H?>J'?M:?'L@BÈJ>F':H'EHJE;:?EBH'B]'aME;M'@>]>@>H?'?KL>F'F=L>@F>J>'B?M>@F'EH'
EH?>@L@>?:?EBH':F'EH:DE>H:bD>d'F>>'ME>@:@;MK'g4c4h
Hierarchy 1.1 The inalienability hierarchy

bBJK'L:@?F':HJqB@'<EHFMEL'?>@CF'|'L:@?*aMBD>'|'FL:?E:D'@>D:?EBHF'|';=D?=@:DDK'b:FE;'LBFF>FF>J'
E?>CF'|'B?M>@
gF>>'!E>aE>@F<:'233RA'4RV'x)E;MBDF'g4YXXA'WS2i'4YY2A'483hyh
+HJ>@'?M>']=H;?EBH'B]'L>@FBH']B@CFd'!E>aE>@F<:'g233RA'4SVf24Vh'B=?DEH>F'?M>'G>H>@:D'
:LL@B:;M' ?B' @>]>@>H?E:D' >_L@>FFEBHF' :JBL?>J' aE?MEH' ;BGHE?E`>' JEF;B=@F>' :H:DKFEF' aE?M'
L:@?E;=D:@']B;=F'BH'?M>':FF=C>J'@>D:?EBHFMEL'b>?a>>H'?M>';BGHE?E`>'F?:?=F'B]'JEF;B=@F>'
@>]>@>H?F'EH'?M>'C>CB@K'F?B@>'B]'?M>':JJ@>FF>>':HJ'CB@LMB*FKH?:;?E;'>H;BJEHGc'')B?EBHF'
B]' 6##.!!$Z$0$&m'D>`>DF':@>'L@>F>H?>Jd'aM>@>EH'L>@FBH']B@CF':@>'F>>H':F'@>L@>F>H?:?E`>'
B]' CEJ*MEGM' B@' MEGM' :;;>FFEbEDE?Kd' :HJ' aM>@>' ?M>' JEF?EH;?EBH' b>?a>>H' ?KL>F' B]' L>@FBH'
]B@CF'EH'JEF?@Eb=?EBH']BDDBaF']@BC'L:@:C>?>@F'J>?>@CEHEHG'D>`>DF'B]';BGHE?E`>':;;>FFE*
bEDE?Kc''[>@FBH']B@CF'DE<>'B?M>@'J>E_EF'C:@<>@F':@>'=?EDE^>J'bK'?M>'JEF;B=@F>'L:@?E;EL:H?F'
?B'C:EH?:EH':;?E`:?EBH'B@'F:DE>H;K'D>`>DF'B]'@>]>@>H?F'EH'?M>'=H]BDJEHG'J>`>DBLC>H?'B]':'
GE`>H'JEF;B=@F>c''/>@>'J>E;?E;'C:@<>@Fd':HJ'EH'?MEF'EHF?:H;>'L>@FBH']B@CFd':]]B@J'?M>'L:@*
?E;EL:H?F';D:@E?K'EH'CEHEC:D'CB@LMB*FKH?:;?E;'>H;BJEHG'B]'JEF;B=@F>'@>]>@>H?Fd'aM>@>:F'
CEHEC:D'>H;BJEHG'ECLDE>F'?M>']B@>]@BH?>JH>FF'B]':'GE`>H'@>]>@>H?c''g!>>'JEF;=FFEBH'B]'
FL>;E:D'4FG|G>H']B@CF'aE?M'<EH'?>@CF'EH'F>;?EBHF'g2cSch':HJ'gRcRhch
$H'FBC>'EH?>@L@>?:?EBHF':;;>FFEbEDE?K'EF'FMBaH'?B'J>L>HJ'=LBH':'@:HG>'B]'ME>@:@*
;ME>F':JJ@>FFEHG'HB?EBHF'B]'>H?E?K'F:DE>H;K'f'EHM>@>H?':HJ'JEF;B=@F>*@>D:?>Jc''$HM>@>H?'
F:DE>H;K' EF' :]]>;?>J' bK' ?M>' <HBaD>JG>' B]' ?M>' JEF;B=@F>' L:@?E;EL:H?F' B@' EH?>@DB;=?B@F' f'
VR 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
?M>E@'L>@FBH:D'>_L>@E>H;>Fd':]]>;?EBHFd'>?;cd':HJ'JEF;B=@F>'F:DE>H;K'EF'F>HFE?E`>'?B'D>`>DF'
B]'ECLB@?:H;>d']@>e=>H;Kd'H>aH>FFd'>?;c'B]'?M>'@>]>@>H?E:D';BHF?E?=>H?d'F>>'ME>@:@;ME>F'EH'
ME>@:@;MK'g4c2hc
Hierarchy 1.2 Saliency hierarchies of accessibility

:c' !L>:<>@'|':JJ@>FF>>'|'HBH*L:@?E;EL:H?'gV@J'L>@FBHh
bc' /EGM'LMKFE;:D'F:DE>H;>'|'DBa'LMKFE;:D'F:DE>H;>
;c' &BLE;'|'HBH*?BLE;
Jc' ,@:CC:?E;:D'F=bQ>;?'|'HBH*F=bQ>;?
>c' /=C:H'|':HEC:?>'|'EH:HEC:?>
]c' ->L>:?>J'@>]>@>H;>'|']>a'L@>ÈB=F'@>]>@>H;>F'|'!'@F?'C>H?EBH
Gc' )B'EH?>@`>HEHGq;BCL>?EHG'@>]>@>H?F'|'C:HK'EH?>@`>HEHGq;BCL>?EHG'@>]>@>H?F
gF>>'!E>aE>@F<:'233RA'4SWh
&M>F>' :;;>FFEbEDE?K' ME>@:@;ME>F' ;:H' b>' >_:CEH>J' ]B@' ?M>E@' @>D:?EBHFMEL' ?B' CB@LMB*
FKH?:;?E;' >H;BJEHG' J>CBHF?@:?>J' EH' ?M>' :;;>FFEbEDE?K' C:@<EHG' F;:D>d' ME>@:@;MK' g4cVhd'
aM>@>' ?M>' D>`>D' B]' CB@LMB*FKH?:;?E;' C:@<EHG' EH;@>:F>F' EH' ;B@@>D:?EBH' ?B' ?M>' J>;@>:F>'
EH':;;>FFEbEDE?K'B]'?M>'?:@G>?'@>]>@>H?c''g!>>'F>;?EBH'RcR'[6-67$,5' 7.(.#&$\$&m' $)'.-nm6'
["!!.!!"-' $)7.T$),d'aM>@>'MEGM'LBFE?EBH'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@'EH'?M>' !60$.)#.' /$.-6-#/$.!' "('
6##.!!$Z$0$&m'aM>H':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'MEGM'EH:DE>H:bEDE?K'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'C:K';B@@>D:?>'
aE?M'?M>':;;>FFEbEDE?K'C:@<EHG'F;:D>c''(B@'CB@>'BH'J>]>;?EÈ?K'F>>'1:@DFFBH'2333ch
Hierarchy 1.3 The accessibility marking scale

^>@B'w'@>"'>_E`>F'w'L>@FBH':]!'_>F'w'L>@FBH';DE?E;Fd'=HF?@>FF>J'L@BHB=HF'w'F?@>FF>J'L@BHB=HF'w'
F?@>FF>J'L@BHB=HF'LD=F'G>F?=@>'w'L@B_EC:D'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'gU)[h'w'JEF?:D'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'gU)[h'w'
L@B_EC:D'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'U'g)[h'U'CBJE!'>@'w'JEF?:D'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'U'g)[h'U'CBJE!'>@'w'!'@F?'H:C>'
w'D:F?'H:C>'w'FMB@?'J>!'HE?>'J>F;@EL?EBH'w'DBHG'J>!'HE?>'J>F;@EL?EBH'w']=DD'H:C>'w]=DD'H:C>'U'
CBJE!'>@
gF>>'!E>aE>@F<:'233RA'4S8'x6@E>D'4YY3yh
Interim summary
$H'DEHG=EF?E;Fd'L>@FBH';:H'b>'JEÈJ>J'EH?B'?M@>>'@BD>FA'FL>:<>@'g!'@F?'L>@FBHhi':JJ@>FF>>'
gF>;BHJ' L>@FBHhd' :HJ' HBH*L:@?E;EL:H?' g?ME@J' L>@FBHhc' ' &M>F>' @BD>F' ;:Hd' EH' ?=@Hd' b>'
:FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@K'B]'H=Cb>@d':HJ':F'J>E;?E;'FME]?>@F'?M>K';:H'b>'
:FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?@:HF]>@'EH'bB?M'FL:?E:D':HJ'?>CLB@:D'F>??EHGFc
&M>@>' :@>' ?KLBDBGE>F' ?M:?' ;:H' @>:JEDK' b>' :LLDE>J' ?B' ?MEF' ?@>:?EF>A' gEh' 7E]]>@>H?' ;@BFF*
@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH']B@CF';:H'b>'JEF?EHG=EFM>J']B@'JE]]>@>H?'FKH?:;?E;'LBFE?EBHFd':HJ'?M>F>'
C:K':DFB'b>'F=bQ>;?'?B'`:@E:?EBH'aE?M'@>G:@J'?B'F?@=;?=@>';BCLD>_E?Kc'&M>K'C:K':DFB'`:@K'
EH' JEF?@Eb=?EBH' F?@:?>GE>F' EH' :;;B@J:H;>' aE?M' aM>?M>@' ?M>K' :@>' L@>JE;:?>*]=H;?EBH' aE?M'
;D:=F:D*:@G=C>H?' ;@BFF*@>]>@>H;>d' B@' ?M>K' M:`>' :' LBFF>FFE`>*;BHF?@=;?EBH' B@E>H?:?EBHc''
$)&-"7+#&$") VW
gEEh' &M>@>' :@>' C:HK' EH?>@L@>?:?EBHF' B]' aM:?' :H' :JLBFE?EBH' EFd' :HJ' ?M>@>]B@>' ;>@?:EH'
J>DECE?:?EBHF'CEGM?'b>'BbF>@`>J'EH'?M>'EHFL>;?EBH'B]'L>@FBH*C:@<EHG';BCL:?EbEDE?K'aE?M'
:JLBFE?EBHFc''gEEEh')B?EBHF'B]'CBJE!'>@F'aE?MB=?'HB=HF'gM>H;>]B@?M' 5r)h'CEGM?'b>'J>:D?'
aE?M'EH'?M>'EHFL>;?EBH'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'C:@<EHGc
&M>@>' :@>' ME>@:@;ME>F' :LLDE;:bD>' ?B' C:@<EHG' F?@:?>GE>F' aE?M' @>G:@J' ?B' :DE>H:bEDE?K' B]'
:' LBFF>FF=Cd' F:DE>H;>' B]' :' JEF;B=@F>' @>]>@>H?' :HJ' F;:D>' B]' :;;>FFEbEDE?K' L@BCEH>H;>'
;B@@>D:?EHG'?B'CEHEC:D'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GE>Fc
1.3. Research in the Erzya category of adnominal person

->F>:@;M'EH'?M>'.@^K:';:?>GB@K'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'EF'b:F>J'BH'J>F;@EL?E`>'G@:CC:@F'
B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d':F'a>DD':Fd'`:@EB=F'?@>:?EF>F'B]'LBFF>FFEBHd'HBH*!'HE?>Fd':@G=C>H?':G@>>*
C>H?d' :HJ' F>;BHJ:@K' J>;D>HFEBHd' FL:HHEHG' ?M>' ?EC>' ]@BC' ?M>' L=bDE;:?EBH' B]' ?M>' !'@F?'
G@:CC:@'B]'.@^K:'g,:b>D>H?^'4XVYh'?B'?M>'L@>F>H?c''&MEF'?@:JE?EBH'M:F'DBHG'>F?:bDEFM>J'
?aB'C>:HF']B@'?M>'EHJE;:?EBH'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBHd'aME;M':@>' 6(($T.!':HJ' $)7.[.)7.)&'
[.-!")60'[-")"+)!d'?M>']B@C>@'B]'aME;M'EF'?M>']B;=F'B]'?MEF'?@>:?EF>c'
rE?MEH'?M>'@:HG>'B]'CB@LMBDBGE;:D':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'?M>@>':@>'!'`>'C:QB@'
;D=F?>@F'?M:?'C:K'b>'EJ>H?E!'>J':F'?:@G>?FA'gEh')"+)'[/-6!.!i'gEEh'v+6)&$($.-!i'gEEEh'[.-!")60'
[-")"+)!i'gE`h' 67["!$&$")60' [/-6!.!d':HJ'g`h' )")*($)$&.' [/-6!.!'EH'%Omc'')B=H':HJ'HBH*
!'HE?>'LM@:F>F'>_MEbE?'`:@E:?EBH'EH':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'aE?M'F?@:?>GE>F':DDBaEHG']B@'
D>_E;:Dd' :]!'_:D' B@' bB?M' ?KL>F' FEC=D?:H>B=FDKc' ' v=:H?E!'>@F' :??>F?' ?B' :H' BbDEG:?B@K' :]!'_:D'
C:@<EHG'B]'?M>';BH?@BDD>@qLBFF>FFB@':HJ'JEF:DDBa'D>_E;:D'C:@<EHG'B]';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D':J*
HBCEH:D'L>@FBHc'[>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'JEF:DDBa':]!'_:D'C:@<EHG'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>d'aM>@>:F'EH'
?M>'BbDEe=>';:F>F'?M>'F?:HJ:@J'D:HG=:G>':??>F?F'BbDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH':]!'_>Fc'6HJ'
:JLBFE?EBHF'BbF>@`>':'F?@:?>GK'B]';BCLD>C>H?:@K'JEF?@Eb=?EBHd'aM>@>bK'?M>K'M:`>':'F?@BHG'
?>HJ>H;K'?Ba:@JF'>E?M>@':]!'_:D'C:@<EHG'B@'D>_E;:D'EHJE;:?EBH'B]':';BCLD>C>H?d'b>'?M:?':'
G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'B@':';BCLD>C>H?')['f'EH'>E?M>@'?M>':bFBD=?E`>'gHBCEH:?E`>'
FEHG=D:@'>e=E`:D>H?']B@Ch'B@'?M>'G>HE?E`>'gEHJ>!'HE?>d'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'B@'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:Dhc''
1.3.1. Background
6]!'_:D' C:@<EHG' B]' :JHBCEH:D' L>@FBHd' >DF>aM>@>' @>]>@@>J' ?B' :F' ;BH?@BDD>@qLBFF>FFB@'
EHJ>_EHG' B@' :JHBCEH:D*?KL>' ;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D' C:@<EHG' gJ=>' ?B' :' @:HG>' ?M:?' ;:HHB?' b>'
J>DECE?>J'aE?M'FECLD>'L:@?F*B]*FL>>;M';:?>GB@E^:?EBHhd'EF'M>DJ'bK'?MEF':=?MB@'?B'b>'BH>'B]'
?M>'?M@>>'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>F'L>@C>:?EHG'?M>';D:=F>*;BHF?E?=>H?'HB=Hd'e=:H?E!'>@d':JLBFE?EBH:D'
:HJ'HBH*!'HE?>'LM@:F>F'B]'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>c''&MEF'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>'EF'G>H>@:DDK'@>]>@@>J'
?B' :F' ?M>' ["!!.!!$\.' 7.#0.)!$")d' :' ?>@C' ;BH?@E`>J' ]@BC' E?F' @>L@>F>H?:?EBH' EH' ?M>' HB=H'
LM@:F>d'?M>'?@:JE?EBH:DDK'L>@;>E`>J'@:HG>'B]';:F>'C:@<EHGc''6F'>:@DK':F'?M>'!'@F?'G@:CC:@'
B]'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'Versuch einer Mordwinischen Grammatik o6??>CL?':?':'5B@JÈH'
V8 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
,@:CC:@p' g,:b>D>H?^' 4XVYh' ;BH?@BDD>@qLBFF>FFB@' EHJE;>F' ]B@' ?M@>>' L>@FBHF' :HJ' ?aB'
H=Cb>@F'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@'aE?M'B;;:FEBH:D'JEF?EH;?EBH'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@'`Fc'HBCEH:?E`>'
LD=@:D':HJ'BbDEe=>*;:F>']B@CFd'F>>'?:bD>'g4c4Rhd'M>@>':HJ'M>H;>]B@?M'?M>'HB?:?EBH')6'aEDD'
EHJE;:?>'>E?M>@')"&'6&&.!&.7'B@')"&'6[[0$#6Z0.c
Table 1.14' [BFF>FFB@'EHJE;>F'EH'.@^K:':F';:H'b>'J>@E`>J']@BC',:b>D>H?^'g4XVYA'2WVf2WSh

[ )Z )"5 "Z0 #:F>']B@CF'FL>;E!';:DDK':??>F?>J'bK',:b>D>H?^
)"5 ,.) 76& 6Z0 $). .06 $00 [-"0
4 !, %Om %ON + + )6 + + + + )6
[0 %NOk ~ %mOk %NOk + )6 )6 + + )6 + )6
2 !, %OT %OT + + )6 )6 + + + )6
[0 %Oŋk %Oŋk + )6 )6 )6 + + + )6
V !, %OzO ~ %OnzO %OnzO + + + + + + + )6
[0 %Ost %Ost + + )6 )6 + + + +
6;;B@JEHG'?B',:b>D>H?^'?M>@>'EF':'JEF?EH;?EBH'b>?a>>H'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'BbDEe=>';:F>F'EH'
?M>'!'@F?':HJ'?ME@J'L>@FBHFd'aM>@>:F'B?M>@'L>@FBHF'M:`>'HB?'b>>H'FL>;E!'>Jd':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'
?M>'HBCEH:?E`>qBbDEe=>'B@E>H?:?EBH'EH'?M>'?:bD>'M:F'b>>H':FF=C>J'bK'?MEF':=?MB@'BH'?M>'
b:FEF'B]'?:bD>F':HJ'>_:CLD>F'L@BÈJ>J'EH',:b>D>H?^'g4XVYhc''&M>'J:?E`>d'H:?=@:DDKd'C=F?'
HB?'b>'B`>@DBB<>Jd':F',:b>D>H?^'M:F':DFB'JEF;>@H>J':'J:?E`>']B@C'B]'?M>'V!,'LBFF>FFB@'
EHJ>_d'aME;M'JE@>;?DK';B@@>D:?>F'?B'%Onsteń'B]'?M>'CBJ>@H'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>c
rMED>',:b>D>H?^'DECE?>J'MEF'F?=JE>F'FL>;E!';:DDK'?B'?M>'DEHG=EF?E;'LM>HBC>H:']B=HJ'
EH'?M>',BFL>Dd'rE>J>C:HH'M:J'HB'e=:DCF'B]'L@BJ=;EHG']=DD*"'>JG>Jd'MKLB?M>?E;:D'L:@:*
JEGCF'aM>@>'CBJ>@H'<HBaD>JG>'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>'aB=DJ';:DD']B@':?'D>:F?'FBC>'@>F?@:EH?'
gF>>':DFB'1>@>F^?>F'4YYYA'42Xd'aM>@>'1>@>F^?>F'@>C:@<F'BH'?M>'F>>CEHGDK':@?E!';E:D'BL?:*
?E`>'L:@:JEGC':;;B@JEHG'?B'rE>J>C:HH'g4X8WA'SWhch'rE>J>C:HH';D:ECF'g4X8WA'W2fWVh'
aM:?' :LL>:@' ?B' b>' @>G=D:@DK' ]B@C=D:?>J' J:?E`>' ]B@CF' EH' ?M>' LBFF>FFE`>' J>;D>HFEBH' ]B@'
:DD' FE_' L>@FBHFd' @>FL>;?E`>DKd' *nend %nentd %nenzed %nenekd %nenkd %nenstc' ' $H' :JJE?EBHd'
EH'L:@>H?M>F>Fd'?M>'2!,'%ten :HJ'V!,'%nsten']B@CF':@>'GE`>Hd'aME;M':;?=:DDK';B@@>FLBHJ'
?B'J:?E`>']B@CF':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'L:@:JEGCF'B]'?M>'CBJ>@H'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>c''$H'
]:;?'E]'a>':=GC>H?'?M>F>'?aB'L:@>H?M>?E;:D']B@CF'?B'?M>'4!,'B]'rE>J>C:HHtF'FE_*C>Cb>@'
L:@:JEGC']B@CF'%nend'a>'aEDD':@@E`>':?'?M>'?M@>>'FEHG=D:@'L>@FBH'J:?E`>']B@CF'L@BÈJ>J'EH'
?M>'CBF?'@>;>H?'.@^K:'G@:CC:@'g2333A'8d'YWf433h']B@'HB=HFi'?M>F>';:H'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'EH'
?M>'CB@LMBLMBH>CE;'HB?:?EBHF'4!,'%Neńd'2!,'%Teńd':HJ'V!,'%Onsteńc''g!>>'F>;?EBH'RcRc'
[6-67$,5' 7.(.#&$\$&m' $)'.-nm6' ["!!.!!"-' $)7.T$),ch''&M>'FE_*C>Cb>@'L:@:JEGCd'MBa*
>`>@d'FMB=DJ'HB?'b>'>H?E@>DK'B`>@DBB<>Ji'E?':LL>:@F'?B'J>@E`>']@BC'?M>'L>@FBH:D*L@BHB=H'
L:@:JEGCd':D?MB=GM'E?']:EDF'?B':LL>:@'>DF>aM>@>'EH'?M>'D:HG=:G>c'g!>>'?:bD>'g4c48hd'b>DBah
&M>' H>_?' G@:CC:@' B]' J>F;@EL?E`>' ECLB@?' EF' ?M>' Mordwinische Chrestomathie
o5B@JÈH' #M@>F?BC:?MKp' bK' [::FBH>H' g4Y3Yhc' ' />@>' [::FBH>H' GE`>F' >_LDE;E?' JE:D>;?'
@>:JEHGF']B@'FBC>']B@CF'aE?M'ECLDE;E?'F?:HJ:@J']B@CFc''$H'?:bD>'g4c4Wh'a>'aEDD'BbF>@`>A'
gEh':H'N >D>C>H?'?M:?'JB>F'HB?':LL>:@'EH':DD'FDB?F'B]'?M>'L:@:JEGCi'gEEh':bF>H;>'B]'J:?E`>'
]B@CF']B@'?M>'LD=@:D'L>@FBHFd':HJ'gEEEh':H':bF>H;>'B]'G>HE?E`>']B@CF']B@'?M>'LBFF>FF:'B]'
?M>'4[0':HJ'2[0c
$)&-"7+#&$") VS
Table 1.15' [BFF>FFB@'EHJE;>F'EH'.@^K:'J>@EÈHG']@BC'[::FBH>H'g4YWVA'3R*3Wh

["- #:F>':HJ'H=Cb>@'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF=C
[ )Z )"5 ,.) 76& $).
!, [0
x!?:HJy 7E:D x!?:HJy 7E:D
4 !, %Om %On %Om %On [%Oń] %Ońe(ń) %sO%m[%n]
[0 %NOk %mOk %NOk %mOk )6 )6 )6
!, %Ot )6 %Ont, %Ot́ [%Ońt́, %Ot, %Ot́e(ń), %Ot́et́ %so%t
2 %Ot %Ont]
[0 %Oŋk %Oŋk )6 )6 )6
!, %OzO %OnzO %OnzO %On(t)ste(ń) %so%nzo
V [%OnzOk]
[0 %Ost %Ost %Ost [%Onst] )6 %so%st
&M>'F;MBD:@'B]'.@^K:':HJ'>`>H'(EHHB*+G@E:H'D:HG=:G>F'aEDD'HB?>'?M>'J>:@?M'B]'N EH'?M>'
HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@']B@CF':HJ'E?F':b=HJ:H;>'EH'HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:D':HJ'G>HE?E`>']B@CF'
:??>F?>Jc' ' $H' ?MEF' N DE>F' C:?>@E:D' >ÈJ>H;>' ]B@' LD=@:D' C:@<EHG' MKLB?M>F>Fd' aME;M' J@:a'
BH'B?M>@'(EHHB*+G@E:H'D:HG=:G>Fd':F'a>DD'gF>>'F>;?EBH'Rc2c2c')+5Z.-hc''&M>':bF>H;>'B]'
J:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>']B@CFd'E?'aB=DJ'F>>Cd'EHJE;:?>F'?M:?'[::FBH>H'EF':'J>F;@EL?E`>'G@:C*
C:@E:Hd':HJ'?M:?'FBC>'`:@E>?K'B]'J>]>;?EÈ?K'EF'b>EHG'J>?>;?>J'EH'?M>'L:@:JEGCFd':D?MB=GM'
E?'C=F?'HB?'b>':FF=C>J'?M:?'j)B?'6??>F?>Jk'EHJE;:?>F':bF>H;>'B]']B@C'B@']=H;?EBHc''[::*
FBH>Hd'E?';:H'b>'BbF>@`>Jd'M:F'=HaE??EHGDK'L@BÈJ>J'HB'F?:HJ:@J']B@C']B@'LD=@:D'LBFF>FF:'
aE?M'?M>'2!,'@>:JEHGd'HB@'M:F'M>'GE`>H'G>HE?E`>':HJ'EH>FFE`>']B@CF']B@'?M>'!'@F?':HJ'F>;*
BHJ'L>@FBHF'LD=@:Dc'')B':??>F?:?EBH'B]'J:?E`>']B@CF']B@'LD=@:D'LBFF>FFB@'EHJE;>F'J@:aF'B=@'
:??>H?EBH'?B'?M>']:;?'?M:?'[::FBH>H'M:F'@>;BGHE^>J'J:?E`>']B@CF']B@'?M>'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FFB@'
EHJE;>F'`>@K'C=;M':DEGH>J'aE?M'?MBF>'F>?'B]]'EH'L:@>H?M>F>F'bK'rE>J>C:HH':HJ'M>DJ':F'
F?:HJ:@J']B@CF'EH'CBJ>@H'G@:CC:@F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>'?BJ:Kc
$?' EF' EH?>@>F?EHG' ?B' HB?>' ?M:?' [::FBH>H' >CLDBKF' ?M>' aB@J'ćora GDBFFEHG' E?' oFBHpd'
H:C>DKd' ?MEF' CEGM?' b>' ;BHF?@=>J' :F' :' <EH' ?>@Cd' :HJd' EH' ]:;?d' <EH' ?>@CF' a>@>' @>;BG*
HE^>J':F'M:ÈHG':'b>:@EHG'BH'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>']B@CF'EH'!M:<MC:?B`tF'Мордовскій
этнографическій сборникъ' o5B@JÈH' >?MHBG@:LME;' ;BDD>;?EBHpd' b:F>J' BH' ?M>' .@^K:'
F=b*JE:D>;?'FLB<>H'EH'"@<EHB'g4Y43A'SYSfSYXhc''&M>'HB?EBH'1$)'&.-5'EF'!'@F?']B@a:@J>J'?B'
>_LD:EH'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>';MBE;>'B]'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>']B@CF'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF:'C:@<>J'aE?M'
4!,' :HJ' 2!,' ;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D' CB@LM>C>Fd' F=;M' ?M:?d' !M:<MC:?B`' L@BÈJ>F' :' CEHEC:D'
L:E@';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK']B@'?M>'aB@J'ava oD:JKi'CB?M>@pd'bK'aME;M'?M>'
BbQ>;?*C:@<>J'LBFF>FF=C'aE?M'2!,';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<EHG'`:@E>F'EH']B@C':;;B@JEHG'?B'
?M>'L:@:C>?@E;']>:?=@>'xà1$)y'B]'?M>'@>]>@>H?d'F>>'gV4hc
gV4h' :c' mon večk+sa ava+t

$z[-")*[.-!*4!,c)"5'' DB`>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*4!,|V!,''' D:JKz)U["!!*2!,
g!M:<MC:?B`'4Y43A'SYXh'o$'DB`>'KB=@'BDJ'D:JKcp
VX 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
bc' mon večk+sa ava+t́

$z[-")*[.-!*4!,c)"5'' DB`>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*4!,|V!,''CB?M>@z)U["!!*2!,|x1$)y,.)
g!M:<MC:?B`'4Y43A'SYXh'o$'DB`>'KB=@'CB?M>@cp
+LBH' >F?:bDEFMEHG' ?M>' L:@:C>?@E;' JEF?EH;?EBH' xà1$)yd' !M:<MC:?B`' ?M>H' >_MEbE?F' :' F>?'
B]'<EH'?>@CF']>:?=@EHG'FL>;E:D'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>']B@CF'EH'?M>';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'
C:@<>@F'B]'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,c''&MEF'L:@:C>?@E;'JEF?EH;?EBH'M:F'b>>H'@>?:EH>J'EH'F=bF>e=>H?'
J>F;@EL?EBHF'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d':D?MB=GM'?M>@>'EF'FBC>'`:@E:?EBH'EH'E?F':??>F?:?EBHc''.`F>`t>`'
g4Y8VA'444f442hd']B@'>_:CLD>d'GE`>F':'FDEGM?DK'FD:;<>@'HB?EBH'B]'<EH'B@'FBC>BH>';DBF>DK'
:FFB;E:?>Jq@>D:?>J'?B'?M>'FL>:<>@'EH';BHQ=H;?EBH'aE?M'?M>'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'LBFF>FF:'B]'?M>'
4!,'LBFF>FFB@d'b=?'D>:`>F'?M>'2!,'C:@<EHG'BL>H'?B':DD'HB=HFc''$H'?M>'CBF?'@>;>H?'G@:CC:@'
B]'.@^K:d'6J=FM<EH:'EDD=F?@:?>F'?M>'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>*;:F>'aB@J']B@CF'B]'<EH'LBFF>FF:'
:F'FKCC>?@E;d'b=?'?MEF':LL>:@F'BHDK':F':'?>HJ>H;K'EH'CBJ>@H'.@^K:'DE?>@:?=@>c
.`F>`t>`'EJ>H?E!'>F'F>`>@:D'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>F'aME;M';:H'b>'JE@>;?DK':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'
)['M>:J'J@BLLEHG':HJ'?M>';BH?>_?=:D'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'B]'CBJE!'>@Fd'?M>F>'EH;D=J>'?M>'
J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'B]':JQ>;?E`>Fd';:@JEH:D'H=C>@:DFd'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>d'?@:HFD:?E`>d'EH>F*
FE`>':HJ';BCL:@:?E`>d':F'a>DD':Fd'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd''g;]c'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'
W4d' 434f43Vd' 428d' 42Yf4V2d' 4VRf4VWd' 482hc' ' 5B@LMBDBGE;:DDKd' ?M>' EHJ>!'HE?>*G>HE?E`>'
]B@CF' @>e=E@>' :' JEF?:D*J>CBHF?@:?E`>' >D>C>H?' %śe% b>]B@>' F=bF>e=>H?' J>;D>HFEBHd' :HJ'
?MEF':LL>:@F'?B'?M>'F:C>'F?@:?>GK'.`F>`t>`':LLDE>F'?B'MEF'J>!'HE?>'jLBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=HFkd'
aME;M':@>'b>F?'J>F;@Eb>J':F':';BH;:?>H:?EBH' ,.)$&$\.*#6!.' [.-!")60' [-")"+)'U' 7$!&60'
7.5")!&-6&$\.'[-")"+)'U'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")c
1.3.2. The category of adnominal person

in contemporary grammars of Erzya
&M>' ;:?>GB@K' B]' :JHBCEH:D' L>@FBH' EH' ?M>' CBF?' @>;>H?' G@:CC:@' B]' .@^K:d' Eŕźań keĺ,
morfologija o&M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>d'CB@LMBDBGKpd'M>H;>]B@?M'g.15'2333hd'EF':JJ@>FF>J'
EH':FFB;E:?EBH'aE?M'!'`>'JE]]>@>H?'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;Mc''&MEF'EF'J=>'?B'?M>'F;BL>'B]':JHBCEH:D*
?KL>'L>@FBHd'H:C>DKd'HB=H'LM@:F>Fd'HBH*!'HE?>'LM@:F>F':HJ':JLBFE?EBH:D'LM@:F>Fc''/>H;>'
:JHBCEH:D*?KL>'L>@FBH'EF'J>:D?'aE?M'EH'HB=HF'=HJ>@'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@K'B]'LBFF>F*
FEBH'g6J=FM<EH:'2333A'XYf432hd'EH'H=C>@:DF'g1M:@E?BHB`:'2333A'44Wf42Vhd'EH'L@BHB=HF'
g6G:]BHB`:'2333A'42Rf4RWhd'EH'`>@bF'=HJ>@'EH!'HE?E`>':HJ'G>@=HJF'g&FKL<:E<EH:'2333A'
4WRf4WWd' 22Wf22Shd' :HJ' EH' LBF?LBFE?EBHF' gZ=^:<B`:' 2333A' 2RYf2WRhc' ' $H' :JJE?EBH' ?B'
E?F' >_?>HFE`>' @:HG>d' :JHBCEH:D' L>@FBH' ;:H' b>' :??>F?>J' CB@LMBDBGE;:DDK' EH' ?aB' C:HE*
]>F?:?EBHFd'Ec>c':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'EF'>_L@>FF>J'D>_E;:DDK'EH'?M>']B@C'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'
L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd'aME;M'EH':'C:QB@E?K'B]';D:=F>*;BHF?E?=>H?'LM@:F>F'aEDD':LL>:@':F':'
G>HE?E`>*]B@C'CBJE!'>@d':HJ'CB@LMBDBGE;:DDK'EH';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'C:@<EHGd'aM>@>'
E?'C:HE]>F?F'E?F>D]'EH':'M>:J*C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK'LBF?LBF>J'BH'?M:?'M>:Jc'&M>';:?>GB@K'B]'
:JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'EH'.@^K:':??>F?F'?B'?M@>>'L>@FBHF'EH'?aB'H=Cb>@Fd'aE?M'HB'EHJE;:?EBH'B]'
EH;D=FE`>*>_;D=FE`>'F>C:H?E;Fc
$)&-"7+#&$") VY
Personal pronouns
&M>'>_?>HFEBH'B]'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'JEF?EHG=EFM>F':';D:FF'B]'FE_'F?>CF':JM>@EHG'?B'C=?=:DDK'
:LLDE;:bD>' J>;D>HFEBH' F;M>C>F' ]B@' ?M>' `:@EB=F' EH"'>;?EBHFc' ' $H' L@:;?E;>' ?MEF' EH`BD`>F'
:' ?aB*a:K' FLDE?' EH' ?M>' L@BHB=H' F?>CFd' H:C>DKd' ?M>@>' EF' ?M>' G@:CC:?E;:D' F?>C' B]' ?M>'
HBCEH:?E`>';:F>d'BH'?M>'BH>'M:HJd':HJ'?M>'BbDEe=>'F?>C'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>';:F>d'BH'?M>'B?M>@c''
$H' :' L:@:JEGC:?E;' L@>F>H?:?EBH' B]' L>@FBH:D' L@BHB=HFd' FMBaH' b>DBad' ?M>' BbDEe=>' ;:F>F'
;:H'b>'F;M>C:?E;E^>J'EH'?M>']BDDBaEHGA'' ,.)$&$\.' !&.5'U'#T' ("-5'U' #-"!!*-.(.-.)&$60'
67)"5$)60*&m[.'56-1.-d'aM>@>:F'?M>';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<>@'EF'EH':G@>>C>H?']B@'L>@FBH'
:HJ'H=Cb>@'aE?M'?M>'F>C:H?E;F'B]'?M>'L@BHBCEH:D'F?>Cc
Table 1.16' )>=?@:D'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'L:@:JEGC'EH'?M>'!'`>'CBF?']@>e=>H?';:F>F

)"5 ,.) 76& 6Z0 6Z.
[-")'U'["!! [-")c,.)''U'#T'U'["!!
4 !, mon moń mońeń mońd́eń mońt́emeń
[0 miń mińek mińeńek mińd́eńek mińt́emeńek
2 !, ton toń ~ tońt́ tońet́ tońd́et́ tońt́emet́
[0 ti͔ń ti͔ŋk ti͔ńeŋk ti͔ńd́eŋk ti͔ńt́emeŋk
!, son sonze sońenze sońd́enze sońt́emenze
V [0 si͔ń si͔nst si͔ńenst ~ si͔ńd́est si͔ńt́emest
si͔ńest
Cross-referential adnominal person
#@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D' :JHBCEH:D*?KL>' L>@FBH' C:@<>@F' ;:H' @>:JEDK' b>' :??>F?>J' ]B@' ?M>' F:C>'
JEF?@Eb=?EBH']B=HJ'EH'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@E>F'B]'L>@FBH':HJ'H=Cb>@'EH'?M>'L>@FBH:D'
L@BHB=HFd'Ec>c'?M>@>':@>'FE_'JEF?EHG=EFM:bD>'CB@LM>C>'F>?Fc''ZK'CB@LM>C>'F>?F'E?'EF'C>:H?'
?M:?'?M>@>':@>d'EH']:;?d'CB@>'HB?EBHF'?B'b>'CB@LMBDBGE;:DDK'JEF?EHG=EFM>J'EH'?M>'aB@<EHGF'
B]' ?M>' ;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D' C:@<>@Fc' ' "H>' F=;M' C:??>@' EF' ?M>' JEF?EHG=EFMEHG' B]' :' FEHG=D:@'
LBFF>FF=C' EH' ?M>' HBCEH:?E`>' ;:F>' aM>H' J>:DEHG' aE?M' !'@F?' :HJ' ?ME@J' L>@FBH' FEHG=D:@'
;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<>@Fd'F>>'?:bD>'g4c4Shc
Table 1.17' #@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'C:@<>@F'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>

["!!.!!+5 ["!!.!!6
)"5c!, )"5c[0
["-
4 !, %Om %ON
[0 %ONOk %ONOk
2 !, %OT %OT
[0 %Oŋk %Oŋk
V !, %OzO %OnzO
[0 %Ost %Ost
R3 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
&M>' G>HE?E`>' :HJ' J:?E`>' ;:F>F' B]' ?M>' LBFF>FF:' EH?@BJ=;>' ]=@?M>@' L>;=DE:@E?E>F' EH?B' ?M>'
LBFF>FFE`>' J>;D>HFEBHc' ' 6J=FM<EH:' g2333A' Y8fYXh' ECLDE>F' ?M:?' ?M>@>' :@>d' EH' ]:;?d' HB'
G>HE?E`>' B@' J:?E`>' ]B@CF' ]B@' ?M>' ;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D' C:@<>@F' EH' LBFF>FFE`>' ;BHF?@=;?EBHF'
EH`BDÈHG' LD=@:D' LBFF>FFB@Fd' :HJ' :' C:QB@E?K' B]' ?M>' LBFF>FFE`>' ;BHF?@=;?EBHF' EH`BDÈHG'
FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FFB@Fc''!L>;E:D'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>']B@CF']B@'C:@<EHG'?M>'LBFF>FF:'B]'!'@F?'
B@'F>;BHJ'L>@FBH'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FFB@F':@>'GE`>H']B@'<EH'?>@CFd':HJ'E?'EF'HB?>J'?M:?'?M>'?ME@J'
L>@FBH' FEHG=D:@' ;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D' C:@<>@F' :DDBa' B?M>@' HB=HF' :F' a>DDd' F>>' ?:bD>' g4c4Xhc''
g6;;B@JEHG' ?B' ?M>' !:@:HF<' !;MBBDd' ?M>' DEH<EHG' `Ba>Dd' ]B=HJ' b>?a>>H' ?M>' aB@J' F?>C'
:HJ'?M>'!'@F?';BHFBH:H?'B]':'GE`>H':]!'_d'EF'HB?':;?=:DDK'L:@?'B]'?M>':]!'_d':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'
6J=FM<EH:' M:F' F>L:@:?>J' M>@' DEH<EHG' `Ba>DF' gF>>' JEF;=FFEBH' B]' :DDBLMBH>F' ]BDDBaEHG'
?:bD>'4c2hch
Table 1.18' 1EH'?>@CF':F'LBFF>FF:'B]'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FFB@F'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>d'G>HE?E`>'

' ' :HJ'J:?E`>';:F>F':;;B@JEHG'?B'6J=FM<EH:'g2333A'YSh
[BFF>FFB@F
4!, 2!, V!,
[BFF>FF=C [BFF>FF: [BFF>FF=C [BFF>FF:
)"5 sazor%o%m sazor%o%n sazor%o%t sazor%o%zo sazor%o%nzo
,.) sazor%o%ń sazor%o%t́ sazor%o%nzo
76& sazor%o%ńeń sazor%o%t́eń sazor%o%nsteń
$H'?:bD>'g4c4Yh'E?'aEDD'b>'HB?>J'?M:?'C:@<EHG'JE]]>@>H?E:?EBH'EH'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@K'
B]' H=Cb>@' BHDK' >_EF?F' EH' ?M>' HBCEH:?E`>d' aM>@>:F' bB?M' ?M>' G>HE?E`>' :HJ' ?M>' J:?E`>'
CB@LM>C>F':@>';BCCBH'?B'bB?M'FEHG=D:@':HJ'LD=@:Dc
Table 1.19' [BFF>FF:'B?M>@'?M:H'<EH'?>@CF'EH'?M>'!'@F?'L>@FBH'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'

' ' :;;B@JEHG'?B'6J=FM<EH:'g2333A'YSh
[BFF>FF=C [BFF>FF:
)"5 vaĺma%m veĺe%m vaĺma%n veĺe%ń
,.) f f f f
76& f f f f
6Z0 vaĺma%do%n veĺe%d́e%ń
$). vaĺma%so%n veĺe%se%ń
.06 vaĺma%sto%n veĺe%ste%ń
$00 vaĺma%zo%n veĺe%ze%ń
[-"0 vaĺma%va%n veĺe%va%n
#"5[ vaĺma%ška%n veĺe%ška%n
6Z. vaĺma%vtomo%n veĺe%vt́eme%ń
$H' ?:bD>' g4c4Yhd' ]>:?=@EHG' ;BCCBH' HB=HFd' ?M>@>' EF' :' F?@=;?=@:D' "':a' :LL:@>H?' EH' ?M>'
?@>:?C>H?'B]'?M>'?aB';BCCBH'HB=HF'vaĺma oaEHJBap':HJ'veĺe oÈDD:G>pd'H:C>DKd'?M>@>'
EF'HB':??>F?>J'JE]]>@>H?E:?EBH']B@'H=Cb>@'B]'LBFF>FF:'GE`>H'b>KBHJ'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>d':HJ'
?M>@>]B@>'BH>'CEGM?'@>]B@C=D:?>'?MEF'?:bD>'EH'?M>']BDDBaEHG'L:@:JEGC'gF>>'?:bD>'4c23hc''
&M>' ECLDE;E?' :bF>H;>' B]' G>HE?E`>' ]B@CF' EH'6J=FM<EH:tF' L@>F>H?:?EBH' B]' ?M>' LBFF>FFE`>'
$)&-"7+#&$") R4
J>;D>HFEBH'EF'>;MB>J'EH'[:DDtF'b@E>]'JEF;=FFEBH'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd':F'a>DD'g[:DD'
4YY8A'4V*4Rhc''rE?M'?M>'>_;>L?EBH'B]'?M>'V!,':HJ'LBFFEbDK'4!,']B@CF'?M>@>'EF'HB']B@C:D'
JEF?EH;?EBH' b>?a>>H' aB@J' ]B@CF' aE?M' ]=H;?EBHF' G>H>@:DDK' :??@Eb=?>J' ?B' ?M>' HBCEH:?E`>'
:HJ'G>HE?E`>';:F>Fc'g!>>'F>;?EBH'Rc2c4c4c'#B@>'#:F>Fd'b>DBa']B@']=@?M>@'JEF;=FFEBHch
Table 1.20' [BFF>FF:'B?M>@'?M:H'<EH'?>@CF'EH'?M>'!'@F?'L>@FBH'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FFE`>

)"5c!, )"5c[0 ,.) 76& 6Z0
vaĺma vaĺma+m vaĺma+n – – vaĺma+do+n
oaEHJBap
veĺe oÈDD:G>p veĺe+m veĺe+ń – – veĺe+d́e+ń
$). .06 $00 [-"0 #"5[ 6Z.

vaĺma+so+n vaĺma+sto+n vaĺma+z+on vaĺma+va+n vaĺma+ška+n vaĺma+vtomo+n
veĺe+se+ń veĺe+ste+ń veĺe+z+eń veĺe+van veĺe+ška+n veĺe+vt́eme+ń
6G:]BHB`:' g2333A' 4V8f4R4h' EHJE;:?>F' :' H=Cb>@' B]' J>!'HE?>' :HJ' EHJ>!'HE?>' L@BHB=HF'
aME;M':@>']>:FEbDK'J>;DEH>J'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHc''&M=F'FM>'EHJE;:?>F'HB?'BHDK'?M>'
L@>F>H;>'B]'J>!'HE?>'L@BHB=H']B@CFd'F=;M':Fd'ĺija+m B?M>@z[-")*7.&U["!!*4!,d'eŕva+m'
>:;Mz[-")*7.&U["!!*4!,':HJ'iśt́amo+m'DE<>*?MEFz[-")*7.&U["!!*4!,d'b=?':DFB'EHJ>!'HE?>'
L@BHB=HFd'F=;M':Fd'koj%meźe+m FBC>?MEHGz[-")*$)7.(U["!!*4!,'':HJ kańa%kodamo+m
FBC>*<EHJ*B]z[-")*$)7.(U["!!*4!,. '6G:]BHB`:'g4RVf4RWh':DFB'L@BÈJ>F'G>HE?E`>']B@CF'
B]'?M>'L>@FBH:D':HJ'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HFd'aME;M';:H'b>'EH"'>;?>J'EH'?M>'J>!'HE?>'
J>;D>HFEBHd'F>>'?:bD>F'g4c24f4c22hc
Table 1.21 [>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'EH'G>HE?E`>';:F>'=F>J':F'CBJE!'>@F

)>=?@:D ->"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>
moń $z[-")*[.-!*4!,c,.) mon+ś+eń $z[-")*[.-!*4!,c-.(0U["!!*4!,|,.)
toń KB=z[-")*[.-!*2!,c,.) ton+ś+et́ KB=z[-")*[.-!*2!,c-.(0U["!!*2!,|,.)
sonze M>qFM>qE?z[-")*[.-!*V!,c["!!* son+ś+enze M>qFM>qE?z[-")*[.-!*V!,c
V!,c,.) -.(0U["!!*V!,|,.)
mińek a>z[-")*[.-!*4[0c["!!*V!,c miń+ś+eńek a>z[-")*[.-!*4[0c-.(0U["!!*4[0|,.)

,.)
ti͔ŋk KB=z[-")*[.-!*2[0c["!!*2[0c ti͔ń+ś+eŋk KB=z[-")*[.-!*2[0c-.(0U["!!*2[0|,.)

,.)
si͔nst ?M>Kz[-")*[.-!*V[0c["!!*V[0c si͔ń+ś+est ?M>Kz[-")*[.-!*V[0c-.(0U["!!*V[0|,.)

,.)
$H' ?M>' ?@:HFE?EBH' ]@BC' G>HE?E`>*]B@C' @>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>' L@BHB=HFd' MBa>`>@d' ?M>' !'@F?'
:HJ'F>;BHJ'L>@FBH'FEHG=D:@']B@CF'DBF>'?M>E@'LBFF>FFE`>'C:@<>@F':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'?M>'4!,'
:HJ'2!,';BH;:?>H:?EBH'F;M>C>'aB=DJ'EHJE;:?>',.)$&$\.*#6!.'[.-!")60'[-")"+)'U'7$!&60'
7.5")!&-6&$\.'[-")"+)'U'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")d'EHF?>:J'B]'?M>'>_L>;?>J',.)$&$\.*("-5'
-.(0.T$\.q$)&.)!$\.' [.-!")60' [-")"+)' U' !.#")76-m' 7.#0.)!$")d' ;]c' ' .`F>`t>`' g4Y8VA'
482f48Vhc'g$H'?MEF':=?MB@tF'?@:HF;@EL?EBH'B]'?M>'#K@EDDE;'F;@EL?'?M>'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'F?>CF'EH'
?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF':@>'C:@<>J'L:D:?:DE^>J'ńch
R2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 1.22 ,>HE?E`>*;:F>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF''FEHG=D:@'

' ' aE?M'`:@E>J';BH;:?>H:?EBH'F?@:?>GE>F
!EHG=D:@')['M>:J
4!, 2!, V!,
!,
)"5 moń+śe+ś toń+śe+ś son+ś+enze+ś
,.) moń+śe+ńt́ toń+śe+ńt́ son+ś+enze+eńt́
76& moń+śe+ńt́eń toń+śe+ńt́eń son+ś+enze+eńt́eń
6Z0 moń+śe+d́e+ńt́ toń+śe+d́e+ńt́ son+ś+enze+d́e+ńt́
$). moń+śe+se+ńt́ toń+śe+se+ńt́ son+ś+enze+se+ńt́
.06 moń+śe+ste+ńt́ toń+śe+ste+ńt́ son+ś+enze+ste+ńt́
[-"0 moń+śe+va+ńt́ toń+śe+va+ńt́ son+ś+enze+va+ńt́
&-)!0 moń+śe+ks toń+śe+ks son+ś+enze+ks
#"5[ moń+śe+ška+ńt́ toń+śe+ška+ńt́ son+ś+enze+ška+ńt́
6Z. moń+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ toń+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ son+ś+enze+vt́eme+ńt́
'g;]c'6G:]BHB`:'2333A'4RVf4RRh
Possession
[BFF>FFB@' EHJ>_EHG' EF' =F>J' aE?M' :' `:@E>?K' B]' LBFF>FF:' EH;D=JEHGA' gEh' <EHFMEL' ?>@CF'
EHJE;:?EHG' ;DBF>' @>D:?E`>F' gV2hi' gEEh' HB=HF' J>FEGH:?EHG' bBJK' L:@?F' gVVhi' gEEEh' HB=HF'
J>FEGH:?EHG' :LL:@>D' gVRhi' gE`h' HB=HF' J>FEGH:?EHG' LMKFE;:Dd' LFK;MBDBGE;:D' F?:?>F' :HJ'
`:@EB=F' LM>HBC>H:' :F;@Eb>J' ?B' :;?EÈ?E>F' B]' ?M>' M=C:H' B@G:HEFC' gVWhd' :HJ' g`h' HB=HF'
J>FEGH:?EHG'C>:F=@>C>H?F':HJ'B?M>@'e=:DE?E>F'B]'BbQ>;?F'gV8h'g;]c'&E<MBHB`:'4YX3A'4XVf
4XShc' ' g(B@' B?M>@' @>:JEHG' EH' .@^K:' LBFF>FFEBHd' F>>' (>B<?EF?B`' 4Y8Vd'&E<MBHB`:' 4YSRd'
&FKG:H<EH'4YSX':HJ'1=J:FMB`:'2332ch
gV2h' &7&*.!*-&$, kat́a baba,

mother_N+POSS-3SG>NOM.SG+CLT''1:?K:z)*[-[c6Z!'' BDJ*D:JKz)c)"5c!,d''
sa+ś ü!)&*"0+,Ĕ# # # # # # # # ĺezda+m+o,
:@@E`>z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'' son_N+POSS-3SG>DAT M>DLz\U$)(*0"#d
son+gak uĺńe+ś pek
M>qFM>z[-")*[.-!*V!,c)"5U#0&'' b>z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,' `>@Kz67\
kol mekš+t́+ńe+ń meĺga jaka+mo+ńt́
F<EDD>Jz6c)"5c!,'' b>>z)U[0U7.(c[0U,.)''' :]?>@z["[' ' a:D<z\U)*"5U,.)c7.(c!,
kuvalt, ̗
&+&*"0+,Ĕ## # # # # # # # # # # # ešt́o
:;;B@JEHGz["[d''old-man_N+POSS-3SG>DAT'':D@>:JKz67\*&.5[''
ĺezdakšno+ś
M>DLz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,
g&E<MBHB`:'4YX3A'4XVA'xä@<:Eyh'o.`>H'MEF'CB?M>@d',@:CC:'1:?K:d';:C>'?B'M>DL'M>@'
FBHd'FM>'?BB'a:F'`>@K'GBBJ':?'aB@<EHG'aE?M'b>>Fd'FM>'M:J'M>DL>J'M>@'BDJ'C:H'xaM>H'M>'
a:F':@B=HJycp
$)&-"7+#&$") RV
gVVh' ́
$,' *,Ĕ######################################### þ&%&*%
hand/arm_N+POSS-1SG>NOM.PL face_N+POSS-1SG>NOM.SG''
šĺakšnokšn+i͔ń to+so eŕekśija+ń
a:FMz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*4!,|V[0'' ?M>@>z[-")*7.5U$).''e=E;<FED`>@z)U,.)''
ved́+se
a:?>@z)U$).''
g&E<MBHB`:'4YX3A'4XRA'x[K:?:K>`d'äcyh'o$p`>'a:FM>J'CK'M:HJF':HJ']:;>'?M>@>'EH'?M>'
;@KF?:D*;D>:@'a:?>@Fp
gVRh' pet́a di͔ miša kajśe+śt́

[>?K:z)*[-[c)"5c!,'' :HJz#")9''' 5EFM:z)*[-[c)"5c!,''?:<>*B]]z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0'
1!ƾ$0*!0+##############81&"&)*!0+# śulm+iź
pants_N+POSS-3PL-shirt_N+POSS-3PL''?E>z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0|V[''
pŕa+z+ost di͔ valg+śt́
M>:Jz)U$00U["!!*V[0'' :HJz#")9''' GB*JBaHz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0''
ved́+eńt́eń
a:?>@z)U7.(c!,c76&''
g&E<MBHB`:'4YX3A'4XRA'x6b@:CB`d'1cyh'o[>?K:':HJ'5EFM:'?BB<'B]]'?M>E@';DB?M>Fd'?E>J'
?M>C'BH'?M>E@'M>:JF':HJ'a>H?'JBaH'?B'?M>'a:?>@cp
gVWh' paŕak, t́e t́ej+eź+gak ańśak

L>@M:LFz67\d''' ?MEFz[-")*7.5c)"5c!,''' JBz\U[&#*"nU#0&'' BHDKz67\''
śe+ń kis, štobu mixal di͔
?M:?z[-")*7.5U,.)'' ]B@z["[c$00d''FB*?M:?z#")9'' 5E<M:Dz)*[-[c)"5c!,'':HJz#")9
anka $,Ĕ&)$0*!0+#######kijak marto
6H<:z)*[-[c)"5c!,'' joy_N+POSS-3PL'':HKbBJKz[-")*$)7.(c)"5c!,'' aE?Mz["[
avoĺ+t́ javo
HB?z\*6+T*).,*#")9U[0''' FM:@>z\c#")).,
g&E<MBHB`:'4YX3A'4XRA'xä@<:Ed')cyh'o5:Kb>d'?MEF'M:J':;?=:DDK'b>>H'JBH>'FB'?M:?'5E<M:D'
:HJ'6H<:'aB=DJ'HB?'FM:@>'?M>E@'Q=bED:?EBH'aE?M':HKBH>cp
gV8h' ton, jefim ivanovič, davaj

KB=z[-")*[.-!*2!,c)"5d''m>!'Cz)*[-[c)"5c!,''$`:HBÈ;Mz)*[-[c)"5c!,d''GE`>z[-&*$5[
uźeŕe+ńt́ moń+eń, t́e
:_z)U,.)c7.(c!,'' $z[-")*[.-!*4!,c76&c["!!*4!,d''?MEFz[-")*7.5c6Z!''
t́ev+eś moń. ańśak jovt+i͔k,
?MEHGz)U)"5c7.(c!,''$z[-")*[.-!*4!,c)"5c''BHDKz67\'' ?>DDz\U$5[c[-.7*2!,|V!,d''
kodamo [stoĺ+eńt́] $,Ď,*.,
aM:?*<EHJ*B]z[-")*$)&.-*6c)"5c!,''x?:bD>z)U,.)c7.(c!,y'' width_N+POSS-3SG>NOM.SG
di͔ ####$47&/%!*.!#### karm+i uĺ+em+e
:HJz#")9''' length_N+POSS-3SG>NOM.SG'' b>GEHz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,' b>z\U$)(U0"#
g&E<MBHB`:'4YX3A'4XWA'xä@<:E'4Y8YA'R3yh'ox"<:Ky'm>!'C'$`:HBÈ;Md'M:HJ'C>'?M:?':_d'
?MEF'EF'CK'QBbc''9=F?'?>DD'xC>y'MBa'aEJ>':HJ'DBHG'E?'EF'GBEHG'?B'b>cp
RR 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
#BH?@BDD>@qLBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'EF'HB?'DECE?>J'?B'?M>'F>C:H?E;F'B]'LBFF>FFEBH'@:?M>@'?MEF'
EHJ>_EHG'F?@:?>GK'EF'=F>J'aE?M';BH?>_?=:DDK'=HEe=>'?:@G>?'@>]>@>H?Fd':F'a>DDd'aME;M'M:`>'
b>>H' :JJ@>FF>J' :F' E?>CF' =HEe=>' ?B' :' GE`>H' FE?=:?EBH' B@' ?M>' =HE`>@F>c'&MEF' =HEe=>H>FF'
B@'MEGM'LMKFE;:D'F:DE>H;>d'EF'L>@M:LF'L:@:DD>D'?B'?M>'`>@K'F:C>'J>E;?E;'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK'
]B=HJ'EH'?M>'EHJE;:?EBH'B]'bBB<'L@E;>Fd'F>>'gVShd'aM>H'?M>'L@E;>'B]':'bBB<'EF'GE`>H'EH'.@*
^K:'BH'?M>';B`>@'B]'?M>'bBB<d'a>'!'HJ'?M>'aB@J']BDDBa>J'F=bF>e=>H?DK'bK'?M>'L@E;>'`:D=>d'
oL@E;>p'EF':H'EH?>G@:D':??@Eb=?>'B@'JEC>HFEBH'B]'?M>'@>]>@>H?'obBB<pc
gVSh' pit́ńe+ze
L@E;>z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,'
oE?F'L@E;>p
$H':'L:@:DD>D'?B'?M>'MEGM'LMKFE;:D'F:DE>H;>':??>F?>J'EH'gVShd'a>'aEDD'HB?>'?M:?':H'EH?>G@:D'
L:@?'B]':'F?@>:Cd'C:K'a>DD'b>'?M>'?>CL>@:?=@>'B]'?M>'a:?>@'EH'E?'f'aM>@>'MEGM'LMKFE;:D'
F:DE>H;>'EF'>FL>;E:DDK'a>DD'L>@;>E`>J'E]'?M>'a:?>@'EF'>_;>L?EBH:DDK';BDJd'F>>'gVXhc'g!>>'
JEF;=FFEBH'EH'F>;?EBH'Rc2cVc4cVc'&/$-7'[.-!")ch
gVXh' koda poŋg+it́ si͔zrań+ev?

MBaz[-")*$)&.-''' >HJ*=Lz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*2!,'' !K^@:Hz)*[-[U06&{
miŕd́e+m to+sto+ń, – vera
M=Fb:HJz)U["!!*4!,|)"5c!,'' ?M>@>z[-")*7.5U.06U,.)d''f' \>@:z)*[-[c)"5c!,''
kaj+ińźe tufĺa+t́+ńe+ń di͔
?:<>*B]]z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,|V[0''' FDELL>@z)U[0U7.(c[0U,.)'' :HJz#")9
eskeĺd́a+ś čud́ikeŕks+eńt́eń. – vaj,
F?@EJ>z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'' F?@>:Cz)U7.(c!,c76&c''f'' BMz$)&.-9d
kodamo keĺme ́
7,' *,.,!
aM:?*<EHJ*B]z[-")*$)&.-*6'';BDJz6c)"5c!,''water_N+POSS-3SG>NOM.SG
g6D?KFM<EH'4YX8A'2Xh'o/Ba'JEJ'KB='>HJ'=L'EH'!K^@:H{'q'5K'M=Fb:HJ'xEFy']@BC'?M>@>d''f'
\>@:'?BB<'B]]'M>@'FDELL>@F':HJ'F?>LL>J'EH?B'?M>'F?@>:Cc''5Kd'?MEF'a:?>@'EF';BDJÖp
#@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'EH'.@^K:'EF'C:HE]>F?'EH'?M>'@:HG>'B]'HB=H'
LM@:F>Fd' L>@FBH:D' L@BHB=HF' :HJ' e=:H?E!'>@Fd' :F' a>DD' :Fd' :JLBFE?EBH:D' :HJ' HBH*!'HE?>'
LM@:F>Fc' '6D?MB=GM' ;>@?:EH' L:@:DD>DF' ;:H' b>' J@:aH' b>?a>>H' ?M>F>' !'`>' F=b@:HG>F' aE?M'
@>G:@J'?B';BH;:?>H:?EBH'B@J>@EHGd'?M>@>':@>'B?M>@'L:@:C>?>@Fd'?BBc''&M>F>'CEGM?'EH;D=J>'
?M>' BL?EBH:DE?K' B]' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' C:@<EHGd' ?M>' `:@E:?EBH' b>?a>>H' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' :HJ'
D>_E;:D'C:@<EHG'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBHd'?M>'J>]>;?EÈ?K'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>'FDB?F'B]'
?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd':HJ'?M>'JEFL:@E?K'B]';BH;:?>H:?EBH'EH'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'
F?@:?>GE>Fc'
2. Methodology and Corpora
Outline of methodology
&MEF';M:L?>@'aEDD'J>F;@Eb>'?M>'C>?MBJBDBGK']BDDBa>J'EH'?M>'F?=JK'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'
EH'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'FKF?>C'B]'.@^K:':HJ':JJ@>FF'`:@EB=F'?M>B@>?E;:D'EFF=>F'>H;B=H?>@>J'
?M>@>EHc''
&M>'F?>LF'EH'F=;M':'F?=JK';:H'b>'>H=C>@:?>J'EH'?M>']BDDBaEHGA''
$'' 6'J:?:b:F>'M:F'b>>H'>F?:bDEFM>J'?B'F>@`>':F'?M>'>CLE@E;:D'b:FEF'B]'F?=JKc'&MEF';BH*
FEF?F'B]';BCLEDEHG'C:?>@E:DF'@>L@>F>H?:?E`>'B]'aB@<'EH'.@^K:'G@:CC:@':HJ'?aB'?>_?';B@*
LB@:'B]'?M>'.@^K:'a@E??>H'D:HG=:G>c''&M>'FB=@;>F'B]'G@:CC:@Fd'J>F;@EL?EBHF':HJ'?@>:?EF>F'
B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>'FL:H'?M>'>@:'4XVY'?B'2343d':HJ'?M>K';BCL@EF>'aB@<F'bK':=?MB@F'bB?M'H:*
?E`>':HJ'HBH*H:?E`>c'''&M>'a@E??>H'FB=@;>Fd';BHFEF?EHG'B]'C:EHDK'B@EGEH:D'.@^K:'DE?>@:?=@>'
]@BC'?M>'4XX3F'?B'?M>'L@>F>H?d'M:`>'b>>H'F=bJEÈJ>J'EH?B':'FB';:DD>J' 569"-$&m' #"-[+!d'
;BCL@EFEHG':'?B?:D'B]'4R2'JB;=C>H?Fd':HJ':'F=bF>?'?M>@>B]';BHFEF?EHG'B]'Y'JB;=C>H?Fd'?M>'
5$)"-$&m' #"-[+!d'aME;M'M:F'b>>H'F>CE*:=?BC:?E;:DDK'L:@F>J'aE?M':'?aB*D>`>D':H:DK^>@'
;BHF?@=;?>J':;;B@JEHG'?B'?M>'J>F;@EL?EBHF':]]B@J>J'EH'F?>LF'g$$*$$$h':HJ'F=bF>e=>H?DK'JEF*
:CbEG=:?>J'C:H=:DDKc
$$'' 6'J>F;@EL?EBH'aEDD'b>'GE`>H'B]'?M>'LMBHBDBGE;:D'LM>HBC>H:':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'B@?MB*
G@:LMK' B]' ?M>' DE?>@:@K' D:HG=:G>' aME;M' aEDD' EH;D=J>' :H' :??>F?:bD>' >H=C>@:?EBH' B]' LMB*
H>C>F'EH'?M>'D:HG=:G>':HJ'BH>F'=?EDE^>J'EH'?M>'?@>:?EF>c''6JJE?EBH:DDKd'@>G=D:@*>_L@>FFEBH'
HB?:?EBHF'EDD=F?@:?EHG'@>D>`:H?'FB=HJ'`:@E:?EBH':LLDE;:bD>'?B'?aB*D>`>D':DDBCB@LME;'J>*
F;@EL?EBH'aEDD':DFB'b>'GE`>Hc
$$$'' 6'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'F?>C'?KL>F':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'@:HG>'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<*
EHG'aEDD'b>'GE`>H'aE?M':'F=bF>e=>H?'CB@LMB*F>C:H?E;'EHFL>;?EBH'B]':DD':]!'_>F':FFB;E:?>J'
aE?M' ?M>F>' F?>C' ?KL>Fd' Ec>c' ;:F>d' J>E;?E;' C:@<EHG' gLBFF>FFE`>' :HJ' J>!'HE?>' J>;D>HFEBHhd'
HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBH':HJ'>H;DE?E;'C:@<EHGd'F=;M':F'aB=DJ'L@BÈJ>'H>;>FF:@K'EH]B@C:?EBH'
]B@'?M>';BHF?@=;?EBH'B]':'?aB*D>`>D'F>CE*:=?BC:?E;'L:@F>@']B@'=F>'EH'?M>'JEF:CbEG=:?EBH'
B]'?M>'5$)"-$&m'#"-[+!c
$\'' &M>'4V';:F>']B@CF';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHGd':F'B=?DEH>J'EH'?M>'
CB@LMB*F>C:H?E;'EHFL>;?EBHd'aEDD'b>'=F>J'EH';BCbEH:?EBH'aE?M']@>e=>H;K'J:?:'?B'>F?:b*
DEFM'F=bD>_E;:'L>@?EH>H?'?B'?M>'F?=JK'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHGc
\'' 6'?aB*D>`>D'F>CE*:=?BC:?E;'L:@F>@'M:F'b>>H';BHF?@=;?>Jd'=?EDEÊHG'?M>'J>F;@EL?EBHF'
:]]B@J>J'EH'$$*$$$d']B@'@>HJ>@EHG':'L:@F>J'`>@FEBH'B]'?M>'5$)"-$&m'#"-[+!d'aME;M'a:F'?M>H'
C:H=:DDK'JEF:CbEG=:?>J'FB'?M:?';BCL:@:?E`>'J:?:';B=DJ'b>'Bb?:EH>J']B@'?M>'EHFL>;?EBH'B]'
FBC>d'B?M>@aEF>d':CbEG=B=F'L:@:JEGC';>DDF'Bb?:EHEHG'EH'?M>'569"-$&m'#"-[+!c
\$'' !?:?EF?E;F'aEDD'b>'GE`>H']B@'`:@E:?EBHF'EH'?M>';BCL:?EbEDE?K'B]'F=bD>_E;BH*;:F>':DEGH*
C>H?F'>_?@:;?>J'EH'F?>L'$\'aE?M'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'`>@F=F'D>_E;:D':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'b:F>J'BH'
J:?:']@BC'bB?M';B@LB@:c
R8 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
\$$'' 6H'EHFL>;?EBH'aEDD'b>'C:J>'B]'J>]>;?EÈ?K']B;=FEHG'BH'?M>'G>HE?E`>'FDB?'B]'?M>'LBF*
F>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHc'
\$$$'' 6H'EHFL>;?EBH'aEDD'b>'C:J>'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG':HJ'E?F';BCL:?EbEDE?K'
aE?M'?aB'F?@:?>GE>F'B]';BH?>_?=:D'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHd'5r)c
$H'L@:;?E;>d'?M>F>'F?>LF':@>'HB?'JEFQBEH?d'b=?':@>'H>;>FF:@EDK'B`>@D:LLEHG'?B'FBC>'J>G@>>c''
$H'?M>']BDDBaEHG'F>;?EBHF'$'aEDD'JEF;=FF'?M>';MBE;>F'C:J>'EH'?MEF'C>?MBJBDBGK'EH'G@>:?>@'
J>?:EDc
2.1. Corpora
$H'B@J>@'?B']:;EDE?:?>':'@>L@>F>H?:?E`>'EDD=F?@:?EBH'B]'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>d'?M>@>':@>';>@?:EH'
]:;>?F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>'?M:?';:H'b>'b>F?':??>F?>J'BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]':'C:QB@E?K';B@L=Fc'&MEF'
C>:HF'?M:?'CB@LMBDBGE;:D':HJ'B@?MBG@:LME;:D'L@:;?E;>F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>'FMB=DJ'b>'JB;=*
C>H?>J'BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]'LBFE?E`>'>ÈJ>H;>d'Ec>c'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]'CB@LMBDBGE;:D']B@CFd':F'
a>DD':F'?M>';BCLEDEHG'B]':??>F?>J'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'L:@:JEGCF':HJ'FKH?:_'J:?:c''&B'?MEF'>HJ'
:'C:QB@E?K';B@L=Fd';BHFEF?EHG'B]'4R3'L=bDE;:?EBHF'EH'.@^K:'@>HJ>@>J'EH'T50']B@C:?d'M:F'
b>>H'>F?:bDEFM>J':DBHG'aE?M':'F>CE*:=?BC:?E;:DDK'L:@F>J':HJ'C:H=:DDK'JEF:CbEG=:?>J'
CEHB@E?K';B@L=F'@>L@>F>H?EHG'?M>'a@E?EHGF'B]'FE_'.@^K:':=?MB@Fc''!EH;>'?M>'>F?:bDEFMC>H?'
B]' ?M>' C:QB@E?K' ;B@L=F' EH`BD`>F' ?M>' F;:HHEHG' :HJ' L@BB]*@>:JEHG' B]' :DD' 4R3' ?>_?F' gF>>'
wM??LAqqaaacDEHGcM>DFEH<Ec!'qÇ@=>?>@q@F;q@=>?>@*.@^K:!B=@;>c_CD|hd' E?' ;:H' b>' ;M:@:;?>@*
E^>J':F'?EC>*;BHF=CEHGd'?M>';@E?>@E:']B@'F>D>;?EBH'B]':'@>L@>F>H?:?E`>'CEHB@E?K';B@L=Fd'
MBa>`>@d':@>'b>F?'B=?DEH>J'b>DBac
$H':H'>HJ>:`B@'?B'J>DECE?'DE?>@:@K';B@LB@:'EDD=F?@:?E`>'B]'?M>'G@:CC:@':HJ'=F:G>'
LBBD'FB=@;>F':`:ED:bD>'EH':'@>;>H?DK'>F?:bDEFM>J'DE?>@:@K'C>JE=C'g.@^K:'4X24'?B'L@>F>H?hd'
E?'EF'H>;>FF:@K'?M:?'FL>;E!';'L:@:C>?>@F'b>'F>?c'!=;M'J>DECE?>@F'>H?:EDA''g4h'?M>'D:HG=:G>'
B]'B@EGEHi'g2h'?M>'LBEH?'BH'?M>'@>ÈFEBH*>JE?EHG';DEH>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>'?>_?d':HJ'gVh'?M>'
:`:ED:bEDE?K'B]':JJE?EBH:D'C:?>@E:DF']B@':=?MB@'EHFL>;?EBH'EH'?M>';BCLD>?>'?>_?';B@LB@:c''
ZK'C>:HF'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>'B]'B@EGEH'L:@:C>?>@'a>':@>':bD>'?B'JEF;@ECEH:?>'EH']:`B@'
B]'B@EGEH:D'H:?E`>'?>_?Fd'aME;M'CEGM?'M>DL'?B':`BEJ'?M>']@>e=>H;K'B]'?@:HFD:?EBH'"':aFd'
Ec>c'?@:HFDEHG=:D'EH?>@]>@>H;>d'@>F=D?EHG'EH'F?:?EF?E;:D'F<>aEHG'B]'=F:G>'F?@:?>GE>F'EH`BD`*
EHG'aM:?'aB=DJ'B?M>@aEF>'b>';BHFEJ>@>J'H:?E`>*D:HG=:G>'LM>HBC>H:c''&MEF'J>DECE?:?EBH'
JB>F'HB?d'MBa>`>@d'@=D>'B=?'?M>'>F?:bDEFMC>H?'B]'?@:HFD:?EBH';B@LB@:d'FEH;>'?M>F>':@>'=F>*
]=D'EH'L:@:DD>D';B@LB@:'@>F>:@;Md'aMBF>'@>F=D?F';:H':EJ'EH'?M>':J`:H;>C>H?'B]'?@:HFD:?EBH'
F?@:?>GK' :HJ' F?KDEF?E;' EHF?@=;?EBHc' (=@?M>@CB@>d' ?@:HFD:?>J' DE?>@:?=@>' CEGM?' b>' ?M>' BHDK'
JBC:EH' :??>F?EHG' G>H@>F' J>LE;?E`>' B]' =F>@' ?:@G>?>J' gJBGC:?E;hd' =F>@' B@E>H?>J' g:;;>FFh'
DE?>@:?=@>'EH'?M>'B@EGEH:D'D:HG=:G>c
$H':H'>]]B@?'?B'>F?:bDEFM'`:@E:H?F'B]'?M>'a@E??>H'D:HG=:G>'FECED:@'B@':JQ:;>H?'?B'?MBF>'
@>L@>F>H?>J'EH'EH?>@:;?EBH:D';BCC=HE;:?EBHd'Ec>c'JE:DBG=>':F';BH;>E`>J'bK':H'EHJEÈJ=:D'
5.&/"7"0",m'6)7'#"-["-6 RS
H:?E`>'FL>:<>@d'a>'aEDD'GE`>':'L@>]>@>H;>'?B'manuscriptsd':F'@>L@>F>H?:?E`>'B]'B@EGEH:D'
b=?'LBFFEbDK'@>ÈF>J'@>HJE?EBHF'B]':H'EHJEÈJ=:D'D:HG=:G>'=F>@tF';BH;>L?EBH'B]'D:HG=:G>'
EH';BH?>_?c''&M>'D:HG=:G>']B=HJ'EH'?MEF'!'@F?'LM:F>'B]'?M>'a@E?EHG'L@B;>FF'aB=DJ'L@>F=C*
:bDK'JE]]>@']@BC'?M:?']B=HJ'EH'>JE?>J'`>@FEBHFd'aM>@>'?M>'a@E??>H'L@BJ=;?'EF'F=bQ>;?'?B'?M>'
;BB@JEH:?>J' >]]B@?F' B]' :?' D>:F?' ?aB' EHJEÈJ=:DFd' aM>@>:F' @>ÈF>J' `>@FEBHF' B]' L=bDEFM>J'
C:?>@E:DF'B]?>H'aE?H>FF'?M>'EH;=@FEBH'B]'>`:D=:?EHG'L>>@Fd'EJ>BDBGEF?Fd'>?;c''$?'FMB=DJ'b>'
HB?>Jd'MBa>`>@d'HB'C:??>@'MBa'C:HK'?EC>F':'LE>;>'EF'@>a@E??>Hd'L@BB]*@>:J':HJ'>JE?>Jd'E?'
C=F?'?B'FBC>'>_?>H?'@>?:EH'FBC>?MEHG'B@EGEH:D']@BC'E?F':=?MB@d':HJ'?M>@>]B@>d'@>G:@JD>FF'
B]'aM>?M>@'?M>'L=bDEFM>@'a:F':'?KLBG@:LMKd'QB=@H:Dd'L=bDEFMEHG';BCL:HK'B@'B?M>@d'?M>'
H:C>'B]'?M>':=?MB@'FMB=DJ'b>'EH;D=J>J'aM>H>`>@'E?'EF':`:ED:bD>c''g&M>@>'EF':'?>HJ>H;K'EH'
CBJ>@H'@>F>:@;M'B]'?M>'.@^K:':HJ'5B<FM:'D:HG=:G>'?B'D>:`>'?M>':=?MB@F'=HC>H?EBH>J'
E]'?M>K'M:LL>H'?B'b>'L=bDEFM>J'EH':'QB=@H:Dc''&MEFd'B]';B=@F>d'EF'DE<>'EHJE;:?EHG'?M>'H:C>'
B]':'L@BCEH>H?'QB=@H:D'aM>H'E?'M:F'L=bDEFM>J':H'>_;>@L?']@BC'!M:<>FL>:@>tF'aB@<Fd'EH*
F?>:J'B]'!M:<>FL>:@>'MECF>D]ch''&M>'EHJE;:?EBH'B]':=?MB@F'M>DLF'EH'?M>'EJ>H?E!';:?EBH'B]'
FKH;M@BHE;*G>BG@:LME;:D'L:@:C>?>@F'?M:?'CEGM?'@>:JEDK';B@@>D:?>'aE?M'?@>:?EF>F'BH'.@^K:'
JE:D>;?'@>F>:@;Mc''6a:@>F'B]'?M>'@>D:?E`>DK'FMB@?'MEF?B@K'B]'a@E??>H'.@^K:d'E?'aB=DJ':LL>:@'
?M:?' :' JE:D>;?*FKH;M@BHE;' ]@:C>aB@<' ' B]' .@^K:' F?=JE>F' CEGM?' b>' CB@>' ]>:FEbD>' ?M:H' :'
MKLB?M>?E;:D*JE:;M@BHE;']@:C>aB@<'g;]c'6:FCl>'233SA'28Y*2S3hc
Original publications'=HJ>@GB'?M>'F;@=?EHK'B]'LBFFEbD>'L@BB]*@>:J>@F':HJ'>JE?B@Fd'
aMB'F=bQ>;?'?M>'a@E?EHG'?B'?M>'F?:HJ:@JE^:?EBH'>]]B@?F'B]'?M>E@'BaHd'L>@FBHF';BH;>E`:bDK'
@>L@>F>H?EHG':'JE]]>@>H?'D:HG=:G>'b:;<G@B=HJ'?B'?M:?'B]'?M>':=?MB@c'!EH;>':HK':CB=H?'B]'
F;@=?EHK']@BC':'F>;BHJ'L:@?K'C:K'b@EHG':bB=?':D?>@:?EBHFd'FB';:DD>J'>HM:H;>C>H?F':HJ'
>Cb>DDEFMC>H?Fd'EH'?M>'EHJEÈJ=:DtF'EH?>G@:?EBH:D'>]]B@?Fd'a>'C=F?':FF=C>'?M:?'a>':@>'HB'
DBHG>@'J>:DEHG'aE?M':'D:HG=:G>']B@C'>H?E@>DK'aE?MEH'?M>'EHJEÈJ=:DtF';BCL>?>H;>'B]'EH?>*
G@:?EBH:D'D:HG=:G>c'"@EGEH:D'L=bDE;:?EBHF':@>d'MBa>`>@d'?M>'a@E??>H']B@C'?B'b>'L@>F=C>J'
;DBF>F?'?B'?M>'B@EGEH:D'C:H=F;@EL?d':HJ':HK'F=bF>e=>H?'L=bDE;:?EBHF'B@'>JE?EBHF'aEDD'b>'
:FF=C>J'?B'J>L:@?'>`>H']=@?M>@']@BC'?M:?'B@EGEHc
rM>H'a@E?EHGF':@>'F=bQ>;?>J'?B']=@?M>@'F>D]*EH?@BFL>;?EBHd'F;@=?EHK':HJ'>JE?EHG':F'
EF'DE<>DK'EH'?M>';:F>'B]'second printings and editionsd'?M>K'M:`>'B]?>H'=HJ>@GBH>':J*
Q=F?C>H?F' EH`BDÈHG' :D?>@:?EBHF' EH' aB@J' =F:G>d' FKH?:;?E;' F?@=;?=@>d' :HJd' L>@M:LFd' >`>H'
?M>C:?E;:D' J>`>DBLC>H?c'&MEF' ?KL>' B]' :D?>@:?EBH' C:K' >HM:H;>' ?M>' :@?EF?E;' `:D=>' B]' ?M>'
DE?>@:@K'aB@<d'b=?'E?'JE`B@;>F'E?']@BC'?M>'B@EGEH:D'EHJEÈJ=:D'>]]B@?':?'EH?>G@:?EBH:D';BC*
C=HE;:?EBH'BH':H'EHJEÈJ=:D'D>`>Dc'->!'H>J'DE?>@:@K'aB@<F'CEGM?'?M>H'C:<>'?M>E@'BaH'
;:?>GB@K'B]'?>_?';B@LB@:c'/>H;>'E?'CEGM?'b>':@G=>J'?M:?'?M>@>'EF':Da:KF':'JE]]>@>H;>'b>*
?a>>H':H'B@EGEH:D'a@E?EHG'bK':'@>!'H>J':=?MB@':HJ'?M>'@>!'H>J'?>_?'B]':H'B@EGEH:D':=?MB@c
ZK'J>DECE?EHG'?M>'.@^K:'DE?>@:@K';B@LB@:'B]'C:H=F;@EL?F':HJ'!'@F?'L@EH?EHGF'B]'H:*
?E`>'a@E?EHGF']=@?M>@'aE?M':'e=:H?E?K']:;?B@'B]'433d333'aB@JFd'a>'DECE?'B=@F>D`>F'?B':'F>?'
B]'C:?=@>'a@E?>@Fd'aMB'B`>@'?EC>'M:`>'L=bDEFM>J':?'D>:F?'?aB'D:@G>'LE>;>F'B]'DE?>@:?=@>c''
/>@>' 1E@EDDB`d' aMBF>' :`:ED:bD>' C:?>@E:DF' ;BHFEF?' B]' ;BDD>;?>J' aB@<F' :HJ' :' ?@:HFD:?EBH'
]@BC'?M>'C:QB@E?K'-=FFE:H'D:HG=:G>d'aEDD'F>@`>':F':';BH;>E`:bDK'F<>a>J'F=b*F=bF>?A
RX 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
' ƒ'' 6b@:CB`d'1=^tC:',c'g4Y4Rf233Xh
' ƒ'' Z@K^MEHF<Ed'5E<M:ED'$c'g4YW4h
' ƒ'' 7B@BHEHd'6D><F:HJ@'5c'g4YRSh
' ƒ'' 1=?B@<EHd'6HJ@>E'7c'g4Y38f4YY4h
' ƒ'' !M;M>GDB`d'6D><F:HJ@'!c'g4Y48f4YXYh
' ƒ'' 1E@EDDB`d'[KB?@'!c'g4Y43f4YWWh
Table 2.1' &M>'5$)"-$&m'#"-[+!';BCL@EF>F'?M>']BDDBaEHG'L=bDE;:?EBHFA

.@^K:' "@EGEH:D' [=bDE;:?EBH' m>:@'B]' &E?D>'f'G>H@> rB@JF'?B?:D
a@E?>@ D:HG=:G> F?:?=F :;e=EFE?EBH
6b@:CB` .@^K: (E@F?'L@EH?EHG 4YXX [=@G:^'f'HB`>D 131,162
Z@K^MEHF<E .@^K: 5:H=F;@EL? 2338 1E@J:É?'f'>?MB]:H?:F?E;F 50,666
Z@K^MEHF<E .@^K: (E@F?'L@EH?EHG 4YY4 .Ě:CBJB'H:JBbEQ:'f' 46,903
FMB@?'F?B@E>Fd'>FF:KF
Z@K^MEHF<E .@^K: (E@F?'L@EH?EHG 4YXV [BDB`?'f'FMB@?'F?B@K 36,993
7B@BHEH .@^K: (E@F?'L@EH?EHG 2334 1=ĨC:'6Ď><Ğ>Q'f'HB`>D 102,819
1=?B@<EH .@^K: (E@F?'L@EH?EHG 4YXS 0:ÉHEଭ ü:'!=@:d'$$$' 94,665
f'HB`>D
!M;M>GDB` .@^K: (E@F?'L@EH?EHG 4YX3 1:`<Ğ?'ғ þ:þBĨd'$'f'HB`>D 94,450
1E@EDDB` .@^K: !>;BHJ' 4YYS g!>D>;?>J'a@E?EHGFh 78,620
L@EH?EHGF
1E@EDDB` -=FFE:H (E@F?'L@EH?EHG 4YW4 gZ=b>HHBÀ'jZ>D:K:' 179,256
b>@KB^:kh'6~B'<EĎ>Q'
f'HB`>D
&B?:D'aB@JF 815,534
2.2. Phonological phenomena of modern Erzya

&MEF'LB@?EBH'aEDD'EH;D=J>'?M>'>F?:bDEFMC>H?'B]':'F>?'B]'LMBH>C>F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>d'
:HJ' :' J>F;@EL?EBH' B]' ?M>E@' EH?>@:;?EBH' EH' ?M>' LMBH>?E;' L@B;>FF>Fc' ' (E@F?d' :??>F?:?EBHF' B]'
LMBH>C>' F?:?=F' aEDD' b>' C:J>' ]B@' BH>' :JJE?EBH:D' `Ba>D' :HJ' ;BHFBH:H?' EH' ?M>' CBJ>@H'
.@^K:'D:HG=:G>c'&M>']B@C>@':??>F?:?EBH'aEDD'@>e=E@>':'F;@=?EHK'B]'C:QB@E?K*;B@L=F'aB@J'
]B@CF' ]B@' CEHEC:D*L:E@' :??>F?:?EBH' EH' r"-7' !&.5!d' aM>@>:F' ?M>' D:??>@' aEDD' EH`BD`>' ?M>'
F;@=?EHK'B]' r"-7' !&.5F'`>@F=F' r"-7' !&.5'U'x' 7.#0.)!$")'Ü' .)#0$&$#' 56-1$),'y'F;M>C>Fc''
!>;BHJd'B=?DEH>F'aEDD'b>'L@BÈJ>J']B@'LM>HBC>H:';>H?@:D'?B'?M>'B@?MBG@:LME;'aB@<EHGF'
B]'?M>'a@E??>H'D:HG=:G>d'>cGc'`Ba>D'M:@CBHKd'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHKd'J>`BE;EHGd'`BE;EHGd'DBFF'
B]':]!'_*EHE?E:D'vd F?>C*!'H:D'`Ba>D'DBFFc
5.&/"7"0",m'6)7'#"-["-6 RY
2.3. Morpho-semantic evaluation of stems and affixes

&M>'CB@LMB*F>C:H?E;'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'F?>CF':HJ':]!'_>F';BCL@EF>F'?M>'>F?:bDEFMC>H?'B]'
?M@>>' HB=H*F?>C' ?KL>F' :HJ' ?M>' EHFL>;?EBH' B]' :]!'_>F' =F>J' EH' ?M>' ?M@>>' D:K>@F' B]' HB=H'
EH"'>;?EBHc'&M@>>' HB=H*F?>C' ?KL>F' ;:H' b>' J>@E`>J' ]@BC' J>;D>HFEBH' HB?:?EBHF' L@BÈJ>J'
EH' ?M>' D:?>F?' .@^K:*-=FFE:H' JE;?EBH:@K' ɗɊɁəɇɖ*ɊɍɁɈɇɖ' ȼȺɅɄɋ' gM>H;>]B@?M' .-\' 4YYVhc''
#:F>' ]B@CFd' J>!'HE?EBHF' :HJ' :??>F?:?EBH' EH`BD`>' aB@<' aE?M' F>`>@:D' G@:CC:@F' B]' ?M>'
.@^K:'D:HG=:G>d':HJ'C:QB@E?K*;B@L=F':??>F?:?EBH'B]'J:?:'EF'L@BÈJ>Jd'aM>@>'LBFFEbD>d']B@'
CB@LM>C>F'aE?M'@>]=?>J'B@'J=bEB=F':??>F?:?EBH'EH'G@:CC:@Fc
2.4. Compatibility of case and

adnominal-person morphology
&M>'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F'aEDD'b>'F>:@;M>J']B@';B*B;;=@@>H;>F'B]';:F>':HJ':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'
C:@<EHGc' ' &MEF' EF' :;ME>`>J' bK' ;B=H?EHG' =HEe=>' aB@J' ]B@CF' EH' ?M>' ;B@L=Fd' :HJ' ?M>H'
!'D?>@EHG']B@'?MBF>']B@CF'aE?M'CB@LMBDBGE;:D';:F>':HJ'L>@FBH'C:@<EHGc''6'DEF?'B]'=HEe=>'
aB@J']B@CF'aE?M'?M>E@';B@@>D:?EHG']@>e=>H;K';B=H?F'aEDD'b>'J>@E`>J']@BC'?M>'C:QB@E?K'
;B@L=F'=FEHG'?M>']BDDBaEHG';BCC:HJFA
ã';:?';B@L=Fc?_?'Ü'?@'tå't'tåHt'Ü>G@>L'*]';K@EDDE;Fc@>G>_'Ü'FB@?'Ü'=HEe'*;Ü'FB@?'*H@'|
&MEF' aEDD' L@BJ=;>' :' @>:J*B=?' B]' aB@J' ]B@CFd' a@E??>H' EH' #K@EDDE;Fd' aE?M' :' H=Cb>@'
;B@@>FLBHJEHG' ?B' ?M>' H=Cb>@' B]' ME?F' ]B@' >:;M' L:??>@Hc' ' &M=F' ?M>' ?>H' CBF?' ]@>e=>H?'
aB@J' ]B@CF' EH' ?M>' C:QB@E?K' ;B@L=F' B]' :bB=?' ]B=@' :HJ' :' M:D]' CEDDEBH' aB@JFd' B]' aME;M'
?M>@>' :@>' :bB=?' 2X8dXS8' =HEe=>' aB@J' ]B@CFd' ;:H' b>' >_MEbE?>J' EH' ?:bD>' g2c2hd' aM>@>:F'
?M>'?@:HF;@EL?EBH':HJ'L:@F>';BD=CHF'M:`>'b>>H':JJ>J'bK'?MEF':=?MB@'?B']:;EDE?:?>'b>??>@'
;BCL@>M>HFEBH'bK'?M>'@>:J>@c
Table 2.2 &>H'CBF?']@>e=>H?'aB@J']B@CF'EH'?M>'.@^K:'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F'B]'RcW'CEDDEBH'aB@JF

"@J>@ (@>e=>H;E>F rB@J']B@CF &@:HF;@EL?EBH [:@F>
4 ''YRd823 ɞɵ di͔ :HJqb=?z#")9
2 ''S3dWX8 ɚ a HB?z[-&*).,
b=?z#")9
V ''V3dXX4 ɫɨɧ son M>qFM>qE?z[-")*[.-!*V!,c)"5
R ''24d2R2 ɦɚɪɬɨ marto aE?Mz["[
W ''23dY2V ɷɡɶ eź HB?z\*6+Tc[-.&$c[-.7*V!,
8 ''4XdW3S ɬɟ t́e ?MEFz[-")*7.5c)"5c!,
S ''4Xd42W ɤɨɞɚ koda MBaz[-")*$)&.-
aM>Hz[-")*-.0
X ''4SdRWS ɥɚɧɝɫ laŋg+s BHq:?z["[U$00
Y ''48dX3V ɦɟɪɫɶ meŕ+ś F:Kz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,
43 ''48dVX8 ɋɨɧ son M>qFM>qE?z[-")*[.-!*V!,c)"5
W3 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
$H'?:bD>'g2c2h'E?'aEDD'b>'HB?>J'?M:?'?M>'V!,'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H':LL>:@F'EH'bB?M'DEH>'V':HJ'
DEH>'43c''&M>'=LL>@*;:F>']B@C'B]'?MEF'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'EH'DEH>'g43h'EHJE;:?>F'?M:?'?M>'aB@J'
]B@C' a:F' DB;:?>J' EH' F>H?>H;>*EHE?E:D' LBFE?EBHi' ?MEF' L@BÈJ>F' :H' EHFEGM?' EH?B' F>H?>H;>*
F?@=;?=@>'?M:?'EF'>FL>;E:DDK'=?EDE^>J'EH'?M>':??>F?:?EBH'B]':JLBFE?EBH':HJ':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'
]B@C'`:@E:?EBHc
"H;>'?M>'aB@J']B@CF':HJ']@>e=>H;E>F'M:`>'b>>H'>_?@:;?>Jd':'!'D?>@';BHFEF?EHG'B]'
aB@J*!'H:D'EH"'>;?EBHF'>e=E`:D>H?'?B';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'C:@<>@F']BDDBa>J'bK'BL?EBH*
:D'HBCEH:D'L@>JE;:?EBH'C:@<>@F':HJ'!'H:DDK':H'BL?EBH:D';DE?E;'aEDD'b>'=F>J'EH';BCbEH:?EBH'
aE?M':H'ECC>JE:?>DK'L@>;>JEHG';:F>'C:@<>@c''&M>' -.,.T'b>DBa'L@BÈJ>F':H'>_:CLD>'B]'
MBa';B*B;;=@@>H;>']B@'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'L>@FBH'L:??>@HFd'?M>'CBF?':CbEG=B=Fd'aEDD'b>'
J>@E`>Jc'
Table 2.3' 7>@E`:?EBH'B]'HBCEH:?E`>*;:F>'L@>JE;:?>*L>@FBH'L:??>@HF
4!,'s''gɚÜɹÜɨÜɺÜɟÜɷÜɢÜɵÜɭÜɸhɦgÜɝɚɤÜɚɧgÜɝɚɤhÜɚɬgÜɤɚɤhÜɬɚgɧÜɞhɨgÜɹɤhÜgɨÜɟhɥɢɧɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɨÜɟh
ɥɢɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhÜgɨÜɟhɥɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɨÜɟhɥɢɧɟɤgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜgɨÜɟhɥɢɞɟgÜɹɤhÜgɨÜɟhɥɶɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhhgwÜãÜ'h
çç
4!,'s''gɚÜɹÜɨÜɺÜɭÜɸhɧgÜɝɚɤÜɚɧgÜɝɚɤhÜɚɬgÜɤɚɤhÜɬɚgɧÜɞhɨgÜɹɤhÜgɨhɥɢɧɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɨh
ɥɢɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhÜgɨhɥɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɨhɥɢɧɟɤgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜgɨhɥɢɞɟgÜɹɤhÜgɨhɥɶɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhhgwÜãÜ'h
çç
4!,'s''gɟÜɷÜɢÜɵhɧgɶÜɝɚɤÜɹɧgÜɝɚɤhÜɹɬgÜɤɚɤhÜɬɹgɧÜɞhɨgÜɹɤhÜgɟhɥɢɧɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɟhɥɢɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhÜgɟh
ɥɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɟhɥɢɧɟɤgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜgɟhɥɢɞɟgÜɹɤhÜgɟhɥɶɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhhgwÜãÜ'h
çç
2!,'s''gɚÜɹÜɨÜɺÜɭÜɸhɬgÜɤɚɤÜɚɧgÜɝɚɤhÜɚɬgÜɤɚɤhÜɬɚgɧÜɞhɨgÜɹɤhÜgɨhɥɢɧɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɨh
ɥɢɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhÜgɨhɥɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɨhɥɢɧɟɤgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜgɨhɥɢɞɟgÜɹɤhÜgɨhɥɶɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhhgwÜãÜ'h
çç
2!,'s''gɟÜɷÜɢÜɵhɬgɶÜɤɚɤÜɹɧgÜɝɚɤhÜɹɬgÜɤɚɤhÜɬɹgɧÜɞhɨgÜɹɤhÜgɟhɥɢɧɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɟhɥɢɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhÜgɟh
ɥɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɟhɥɢɧɟɤgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜgɟhɥɢɞɟgÜɹɤhÜgɟhɥɶɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhhgwÜãÜ'h
çç
V!,c)"5c!,'s'gɚÜɹÜɨÜɺÜɟÜɷÜɢÜɵÜɭÜɸhɡggɨÜɷhgÜɹɤhÜɚɧgÜɝɚɤhÜɚɬgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜgɨÜɷhɥɢɧɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɨÜɷh
ɥɢɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhÜgɨÜɷhɥɶgÜɝɚɤhhgwÜãÜ'h
çç
V!,'s'gɚÜɹÜɨÜɺÜɟÜɷÜɢÜɵÜɭÜɸhɧɡggɨÜɷhgÜɹɤhÜɨɬgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜɷɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhÜɚɧgÜɝɚɤhÜɚɬgÜɚɤÜɤɚ
ɤhÜɨɬɚgɧÜɞhɨÜɷɬɹgɧÜɞhɨgÜɹɤhÜgɨÜɷhɥɢɧɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɨÜɷhɥɢɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhÜgɨÜɷhɥɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɨÜɷh
ɥɢgɧɟɤgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜɞɟgÜɹɤhhÜgɨÜɟhɥɶɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhhgwÜãÜ'h
çç
4[0's'gɚÜɹÜɨÜɺÜɭÜɸhɧɨɤgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤÜɚɧgÜɝɚɤhÜɚɬgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜɬɚgɧÜɞhɨgÜɹɤhÜɨɥɢɧɶgÜɝɚɤhÜɨɥɢɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤ
ɚɤhÜɨɥɶgÜɝɚɤhÜɨɥɢɧɟɤgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜɨɥɢɞɟgÜɹɤhÜɨɥɶɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhhgwÜãÜ'h
çç
4[0's'gɟÜɷÜɢÜɵhgɧɟɤÜxéwɚɹɺɨɸɭyâɧɷɤhgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤÜɚɧgÜɝɚɤhÜɚɬgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜɬɚgɧÜɞhɨgÜɹɤhÜɟɥɢɧɶgÜɝɚ
ɤhÜɟɥɢɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhÜɟɥɶgÜɝɚɤhÜɟɥɢɧɟɤgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜɟɥɢɞɟgÜɹɤhÜɟɥɶɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhhgwÜãÜ'h
çç
5.&/"7"0",m'6)7'#"-["-6 W4
2[0's'gɚÜɹÜɨÜɺÜɟÜɷÜɢÜɵÜɭÜɸhɧɤgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤÜɚɧgÜɝɚɤhÜɚɬgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜɬɚgɧÜɞhɨgÜɹɤhÜgɨÜɟh
ɥɢɧɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɨÜɟhɥɢɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhÜgɨÜɟhɥɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɨÜɟhɥɢɧɟɤgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜgɨÜɟhɥɢɞɟgÜɹɤhÜgɨÜɟh
ɥɶɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhhgwÜãÜ'h
çç
V[0's'gɚÜɹÜɨÜɺÜɟÜɷÜɢÜɵÜɭÜɸhgɫɬhgÜɤɚɤÜɚɧgÜɝɚɤhÜɚɬgÜɤɚɤhÜɬɚgɧÜɞhɨgÜɹɤhÜgɨÜɷhɥɢɧɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɨÜɷh
ɥɢɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhÜgɨÜɷhɥɶgÜɝɚɤhÜgɨÜɷhɥɢɧɟɤgÜɚɤÜɤɚɤhÜgɨÜɷhɥɢɞɟgÜɹɤhÜgɨÜɷhɥɶɬgɶÜɹɤÜɶɤɚɤhhgwÜãÜ'h
7:?:'>_?@:;?>J'aE?M'?MEF'F>?'B]'@>G=D:@'>_L@>FFEBHF'aEDD'b>'=F>J']B@'>F?:bDEFMEHG'F=bD>_E;:'
?KLE;:DDK':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBHc''!=bD>_E;BH'JEF?EH;?EBHF'aEDD'FMBa';DBF>':J*
M>@>H;>'?B'?M>'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'>F?:bDEFM>J'bK'5:@EK:'$C:E<EH:'g2333A'W8fWYhd'aM>@>'FM>'
>H=C>@:?>F'?>H'JE]]>@>H?'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;MA')"+)!d'679.#&$\.!d')+5.-60!d'[-")"+)!d'\.-Z!d'
67\.-Z!d'["!&["!$&$")!d'#")9+)#&$")!d'[6-&$#0.!d':HJ'$)&.-9.#&$")!c''6JJE?EBH:D'F>C:H?E;'
;M:@:;?>@EF?E;F'aEDD'b>'?:<>H'EH?B';BHFEJ>@:?EBH'?B'L@BÈJ>':'CB@>';BH;EF>'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'
:JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'CB@LMBDBGKc''
&M>'J:?:'C:K'?>HJ'?B'L@BÈJ>':CbEG=B=F'@>:JEHGF']B@'?M>'!'@F?':HJ'F>;BHJ'L>@FBHF'
FEHG=D:@'B]'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>';:F>';:HJEJ:?>Fd'J=>'?B'?M>'@>:JEHGF'EHJ>!'HE?>'
G>HE?E`>']B@'*нь'89Ĕ :HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:D']B@'*тьq*т'8:c''&M>'@>:JEHG'$)7.(c
,.)']B@''*нь'ws'89Ĕ';:H'b>';BH?@:F?>J'aE?M'?M>'@>:JEHG'["!!*4!,|[0q"Z0'*нь'ws'89;i ':HJ''
?M>'@>:JEHG'[0']B@'*тьq*т'ws'8:';:H'b>';BH?@:F?>J'aE?M'?M>'@>:JEHGF'["!!*2!,'*тьq*т'ws'
́
89:':HJ'["!!*2!,|xU1$)y,.)'*ть'ws'8+c'c''g&MEF'EF':';B=H?>@'?B'?M>':FF=CL?EBH'?M:?'*тьq*т'
;:H'b>'@>J=;>J'?B':'@>L@>F>H?:?EBH'g;]c'6bBHJBDB'4YXSA'24Y*2VVhch''&M>F>'?aB':CbEG=*
B=F'F>?F':DFB'EDD=F?@:?>'DECE?:?EBHF'EH'j>G@>Lk'F?@:?>GK':??>F?:?EBH':HJ'L@BÈJ>':H'EHJE;:*
?EBH':F'?B'aMK';>@?:EH'F?@:?>GE>F'B]':`BEJEHG'4!,':HJ'2!,'CB@LM>C>F'CEGM?'b>'C>@E?>Jd'
]B@'>_:CLD>d':=?BC:?E;'L:@FEHG'F?@:?>GE>F'EH`BDÈHG'B?M>@'L>@FBHFc'
2.5. The semi-automatic parser

$H':'CB@LMBDBGE;:D':H:DKFEF'B]'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'BH>'C=F?'b>:@'EH'CEHJ'?M>'>_?>H?'B]'
FKH;M@BHE;'EH"'>;?EBH:D'C>;M:HEFCF'=?EDE^>J'bK'?M>';BDD>;?E`>'B]'FL>:<>@F':HJ'a@E?>@F'B]'
?M>'D:HG=:G>c''ZK'J>!'HEHG'7.#0$)6Z0.'r"-7!':F'aB@JF'?M:?';:H'?:<>';:F>'C:@<EHG'EH'?M>'
F:C>'C:HH>@':F'HB=HFd'aE?M'F>C:H?E;'DECE?:?EBHFd'a>'aEDD':@@E`>':?'F=bF>?F'B]'?M>'.@^K:'
D>_E;BH'>H=C>@:?>J'EH'HB=HFd':JQ>;?E`>Fd'H=C>@:DFd'L@BHB=HFd'HBH*!'HE?>Fd'FL:?E:D':J`>@*
bE:DF':HJ':JLBFE?EBHFc''&M>F>'F=bF>?F'B]'?M>'.@^K:'D>_E;BH':??>F?'?B'`:@E>J'ECLD>C>H?:*
?EBHF' B]' ?M>' ?M@>>' J>;D>HFEBH' ?KL>Fd' Ec>c' ?M>' $)7.($)$&.d' ?M>' 7.($)$&.' :HJ' ?M>' ["!!.!!$\.'
7.#0.)!$")!c''
&M>'C>?MBJBDBGE;:D'L@EH;ELD>F'@>e=E@>J']B@'?M>'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>*
;D>HFEBH' EH' .@^K:' L:@:DD>D' aB@<' EH' ?M>' 5"-[/"*!.56)&$#' 6)60m!$!' "(' &/.' /+),6-$6)'
)"+)' [/-6!.' bK' 5B@:`;FE<' g233Vhc' ' />@' aB@<' EF' e=E?>' ;BCL:?EbD>' aE?M' ?M>' L@>L:@:*
?B@K'CB@LMB*F>C:H?E;'>`:D=:?EBH'@>e=E@>J'EH'?M>';BHF?@=;?EBH'B]':'!'HE?>*F?:?>'?aB*D>`>D'
CB@LMBDBGE;:D' L:@F>@d' F=;M' :F' ECLD>C>H?>J' EH' ?M>' "L>H' 5B@LMBDBGK' B]' ?M>' />DFEH<E'
(EHE?>*!?:?>' &@:HFJ=;>@' gwM??LAqqaaacDEHGcM>DFEH<Ec!'q<E>DE?><HBDBGE:q?=?<EC=FqM]F?q|hd'
W2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
M>H;>]B@?M' /(!&c' ' g!>>' :DFB' 1@EF?>@' 0EHJIHd' 5EE<<:' !ED]`>@b>@G' :HJ' &BCCE' [E@EH>H'
233Ych''&M>'?aB'J>F;@EL?EBHFd'E?'FMB=DJ'b>'HB?>Jd'M:`>'JE]]>@>H?'F;BL>Fd':HJ':D?MB=GM':'
F>CE*:=?BC:?>J':H:DKFEF'B]'.@^K:d'?M>'D:HG=:G>'B]'F?=JKd'CEGM?':??>F?'?B':'!'H>@'G@:H=*
D:@E?K'EH'F=bJEÈFEBHF'B]'?M>'D>_E;BH'C:J>'LBFFEbD>'bK';B*B;;=@@>H;>';BHF?@:EH?F'EHM>@*
>H?'EH'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D';BH;:?>H:?EBH'F?@:?>GE>F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d'JEF:CbEG=:?EBH']B@'
MBCBHKCB=F']B@CF'aB=DJ'b>'?M>'?:@G>?'B]':';D:=F:D'FKH?:;?E;'J>F;@EL?EBH':HJqB@'C:H=:D'
JEF:CbEG=:?EBH'B]':'GE`>H':H:DK^>J'?>_?c
&M>';BHF?@=;?EBH'B]':H'/(!&*b:F>J'CB@LMBDBGE;:D':H:DK^>@'EH`BD`>F'>F?:bDEFM*
EHG' CB@LMB*FKH?:;?E;' b=EDJEHG' bDB;<F' :HJ' F?@=;?=@:D' @=D>F' ?M:?' aEDD' EHF=@>' ?M>' a>DD*
]B@C>JH>FF' B]' :' HBH*;BH?>_?=:D' aB@J' ]B@C' ?M@B=GM' ?M>' J>DECE?:?EBH' B]' ;B*B;;=@@>H;>'
EH' LMBH>C>Fd' CB@LM>C>F' :HJ' F>C>C>Fd' :HJ' ?M>' J>DECE?:?EBH' B]' DEH>:@' B@J>@EHGc' '6H'
ECLD>C>H?:?EBH' B]' F=;M' J>DECE?:?EBH' F?@:?>GE>F' ;:H' b>' B=?DEH>J' EH' ?M>' ]BDDBaEHG' F>?F'
:HJ' ]B@C=D:?EBHFd' aME;M' ;B@@>FLBHJ' ?B' ?M>' J>F;@EL?EBH' B]' .@^K:' @>HJ>@>J' EH' F>;?EBHF'
gVcfRcVchA''gEh':H':DLM:b>?'B]'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>d'Ec>c'LMBHBDBGE;:D':HJ'G@:LME;:D'@>L@>*
F>H?:?EBHF' ?M>@>B]' g:DLM:b>?hi' gEEh' F>?F' B]' D>??>@F' @>L@>F>H?EHG' `:@EB=F' LMBH>?E;qG@:LME;'
]>:?=@>'G@B=LF'EHM>@>H?'?B'LMBH>?E;';BH?>_?F'gF>?Fhi'gEEEh'LMBH>?E;qG@:LME;';BH?>_?F'EH?@EH*
FE;'?B':DDBCB@LME;'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>'aB@<EHG'B]'@=D>F'g;BH?>_?Fhi'gE`h'@=D>F'aME;M':DDBa'B@'
JEF:DDBa';B*B;;=@@EHG'LMBH>?E;qG@:LME;';BH?>_?F'g@=D>Fhi'g`h'L:@?*B]*FL>>;M'G@B=LF'aE?M'
CB@LMB*F>C:H?E;'G@:H=D:@E?K'EHM>@>H?'EH'?M>'J>@E`:?EBH'B]'a>DD*]B@C>J'D>_>C>F'g@BB?*
D>_E;BHhd':HJ'gÈh';BH?EH=:?EBH'D>_E;BH'F?@:?>GE>F'L@BÈJEHG']B@'L@BL>@'DEH>:@'B@J>@EHG'B]'
?M>'CB@LM>C>F'EH':'GE`>H'aB@J'g;BH?EH=:?EBH'D>_E;BHhc''&M=F'?M>'>_?>HFEbD>'F?@=;?=@:D'EH*
]B@C:?EBH':HJ'F>?F'=?EDE^>J'EH'?M>';BHF?@=;?EBH'B]'?M>'?aB*D>`>D'L:@F>@':DDBa']B@':JJ@>FF*
EHG' C:??>@F' B]' ;=C=D:?E`>' >_L@>FFEBHd' >_?>HJ>J' >_LBH>H;>d' CB@LM>C>' ;B*B;;=@@>H;>'
:HJ'DEH>:@'B@J>@EHG'FEC=D?:H>B=FDKd':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'L@BÈJ>F'ECLD>C>H?:?EBH:D']B@;>d'?B'
?M>'B?M>@aEF>'L:@:DD>D'J>F;@EL?EBH':]]B@J>J'EH'?M>'EH]B@C:?EBH'>_?@:;?>J']@BC'/=HG:@E:H'
bK'5B@:`;FE<d'F>>'F:CLD>'L:@F>'?:bD>'g2cRhc
Table 2.4 ._:CLD>'B]':H':H:DK^>J'?>_?']@:GC>H?

Ton ramik ašo eĺi seń paćańt́? – Ašońt́c''g#]c'.GB@B`:'4YS8h
o7EJ'KB='b=K'?M>'aME?>'B@'?M>'bD=>'<>@;ME>]{'f'&M>'aME?>'xBH>ycp
T50'EHL=?'!'D>']B@'>@^K:c]F?A
wL|
wF>H?|w?_?|Ɍɨɧ'ɪɚɦɢɤ'ɚɲɨ'ɷɥɢ'ɫɷɧɶ'ɩɚɰɹɧɬɶ{wq?_?|wqF>H?|
wF>H?|w?_?|Ⱥɲɨɧɬɶcwq?_?|wqF>H?|
wqL|
"=?L=?A
w{_CD'`>@FEBHsk4c3k'>H;BJEHGsk=?]*Xk{|
wL|
wF>H?|
w?_?|w;BHF?'?KL>sk?>_?k'aB@J(B@CskɌɨɧk|
wL:@F>'EJskɬɨɧk|U[@BHU[>@FU2!GU)BCU)B[@>J_U)B#DE?E;wqL:@F>|
wq;BHF?|
5.&/"7"0",m'6)7'#"-["-6 WV
w;BHF?'EF:skaFk'?KL>skabkq|
w;BHF?'?KL>sk?>_?k'aB@J(B@Cskɪɚɦɢɤk|
wL:@F>'EJskɪɚɦɚɦɫk|U\>@bU"@?MzCB@LMU$CLU2VU)B#DE?E;wqL:@F>|
wL:@F>'EJskɪɚɦɚɦɫk|U\>@bU"@?MzCB@LMU$HJU[@>?$U2VU)B#DE?E;wqL:@F>|
wq;BHF?|
w;BHF?'?KL>sk?>_?k'aB@J(B@Cskɚɲɨk|
wL:@F>'EJskɚɲɨk|U)#BCU$H:HECU#H?U#_U$HJ>?U!GU)BCU3!=]U)B[@>J_U)B#DE?
E;wqL:@F>|
wL:@F>'EJskɚɲɨk|U6JQU#_U$HJ>?U!GU)BCU3!=]U)B[@>J_U)B#DE?E;wqL:@F>|
wq;BHF?|
w;BHF?'?KL>sk?>_?k'aB@J(B@Cskɷɥɢk|
wL:@F>'EJskɷɥɢk|U#BHQ=H;?EBHwqL:@F>|
wq;BHF?|
w;BHF?'?KL>sk?>_?k'aB@J(B@Cskɫɷɧɶk|
wL:@F>'EJskɫɷɧɶk|U6JQU#_U$HJ>?U!GU)BCU3!=]U)B[@>J_U)B#DE?E;wqL:@F>|
wL:@F>'EJskɫɷɧɶk|U)#BCU$H:HECU#H?U#_U$HJ>?U!GU)BCU3!=]U)B[@>J_U)B#DE?
E;wqL:@F>|
wq;BHF?|
w;BHF?'?KL>sk?>_?k'aB@J(B@Cskɩɚɰɹɧɬɶk|
wL:@F>'EJskɩɚɰɹk|U)#BCU$H:HECU#H?U)B0\!?>CU#_U7>?U!GU,>HU)B#DE?E;wq
L:@F>|
wq;BHF?|
w;BHF?'EF:sk{k'?KL>skL=H;?kq|wq?_?|
w?_?|w;BHF?'?KL>sk?>_?k'aB@J(B@CskȺɲɨɧɬɶk|
wL:@F>'EJskɚɲɨk|U)#BCU$H:HECU#H?U)B0\!?>CU#_U7>?U!GU,>HU)B#DE?E;wq
L:@F>|
wL:@F>'EJskɚɲɨk|U6JQU)B0\!?>CU#_U7>?U!GU,>HU)B#DE?E;wqL:@F>|
wq;BHF?|
w;BHF?'EF:skck'?KL>skL=H;?kq|wq?_?|wqF>H?|
wqL|
WR 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Manual disambiguation
"H;>'?M>';B@LB@:'M:`>'b>>H':=?BC:?E;:DDK'L:@F>J'?M>@>':@>':'H=Cb>@'B]'JEF:CbEG=:?EBH'
L@BbD>CF'?B'b>'J>:D?'aE?Mc'rM>@>:F'CBF?'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H']B@CF'M:`>'FEHGD>?BH'L:@F>Fd'
?M>':CbEG=B=F']B@C'si͔ń'M:F'?aB':D?>@H:?E`>'@>:JEHGFA'BH>'EF'?M>'?ME@J'L>@FBH'LD=@:D'o?M>Kp'
:HJ' ?M>' B?M>@' :' !'HE?>' `>@b' ]B@C' o$' :@@E`>Jpd' F>>' ?:bD>' b>DBac' ' (=@?M>@' :CbEG=E?K' ;:H'
b>' J>?>;?>J' EH' ?M>' L@BHB=HFq:JLBFE?EBHFd' F=;M' :F' ?M:?' ]B=HJ' EH' t́eń' aE?M' ?M>' @>:JEHGF'
G>HE?E`>*]B@C'L@B_EC:D'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H'oB]'?MEFi'?MEF'gBbQ>;?hpd':HJ'J:?E`>'B]'?M>'
!'@F?'L>@FBH'FEHG=D:@'o?B'C>pd'F>>'?:bD>F'g2cWh':HJ'gRcRY:*bhc
Table 2.5' ._:CLD>F'B]'E?>CF'@>e=E@EHG'C:H=:D'JEF:CbEG=:?EBH'EH'?MEF'?@>:?EF>

/BCBHKCF 6CbEG=B=F'L:@F>F
si͔ń ?M>Kz[-")*[.-!c)"5
:@@E`>z\c[-.&$c[-.7*4!,
t́eń ?Bq]B@z'[-")*76&c["!!*4!,
?MEFz[-")*7.5*!,c,.)
2.6. Sublexicon-case alignments and variation

in adnominal person
&M>'F=bD>_E;:'JEF?EHG=EFM>J'EH'F>;?EBH'2cRc'aEDD'b>'=F>J'EH'?M>'EHFL>;?EBH'B]';:F>':HJ':J*
HBCEH:D'L>@FBH';BCL:?EbEDE?K'EH'?M>'C:QB@E?K':HJ'CEHB@E?K';B@LB@:c''/>@>'?M>'aB@JF':?*
?>F?>J']B@'MEGM'F?:?EF?E;']@>e=>H;K'aE?M'["!!.!!$\.'7.#0.)!$")d'?M:?'EFd';:F>':HJ':JHBCEH:D'
L>@FBH';BCL:?EbEDE?Kd'aEDD'b>'EHFL>;?>J']B@';BCL:?EbEDE?K'aE?M'D>_E;:D':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBHc''
&M=F';D:ECF'C:J>'B]']@>>'`:@E:?EBH'EH':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH']B@C'CEGM?'b>':]]B@J>J'F?:?EF?E*
;:D'J:?:']B@'CB@>'>_?>HFE`>'=HJ>@F?:HJEHG'B]'?M>'LM>HBC>H:'EH`BD`>Jd':HJ'L:@:DD>DF'C:K'
b>'J@:aH'b>?a>>H'F:C>*;:F>'EH"'>;?EBHF'B]'aB@J']B@CF'EH'JE]]>@>H?'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;Mc''
2.7. Defectivity in the genitive slot of the possessive

declension
7>]>;?EÈ?K':F'JEF;=FF>J'EH'1:@DFFBH'g2333h'EF':'LM>HBC>HBH'?M:?'EF'HB?'FL>;E!';'?B'?M>'
(EHHEFM'D:HG=:G>c''$H']:;?d'J>]>;?EÈ?K'EH'.@^K:'EF'HB?'=H<HBaHi'1>@>F^?>F'g4YYYA'42X*4V3h'
;BCC>H?F'BH'?M>':LL:@>H?DK':@?E!';E:D'BL?:?E`>'L:@:JEGCF'B]'rE>J>C:HH':HJ'Z=J>H^d'
L>@M:LF'M>'C>:HF'?M:?'bB?M'G@:CC:@'a@E?>@F'M:`>':H:DBGE;:DDK']B@C>J'L:@:JEGCFc''
$H'?MEF'?@>:?EF>'B]'.@^K:d'J>]>;?EÈ?K'EF'F>>H'EH'?M>'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>'FDB?F'B]'?M>'
LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH';M:@?Fd'aM>@>'?M>'?aB'EHF?:H;>F';:H'b>'JEF?EHG=EFM>J':F'F>L:@:?>'
LM>HBC>H:c''&M>@>':@>'JE]]>@>H;>F'EH'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'@>L@>F>H?:?EBHd'BH'?M>'BH>'M:HJd'
:HJ'JEFL:@E?K'EH'?M>'J>!'HE?EBH'B]'aM:?':'<EH'?>@C'EF'EH'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,';BH?>_?Fc'&M>'
G>HE?E`>';:F>'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH';:H'b>';BH"':?>J'aE?M'?M:?'B]'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'
EH'LD=@:D'L>@FBHF':HJ'2!,'EH'?M>'CBJ>@H'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>d':HJ'?M>@>'EF'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>'
4!,'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHi':F'F=;M'?M>':JJE?EBH'B]'?aB'CB@>'C:@<>@Fd'4!,':HJ'2!,']B@'
5.&/"7"0",m'6)7'#"-["-6 WW
FL>;E:D'<EH'?>@CFd';BHF?E?=?>F':'F=@LD=F'B]'G>HE?E`>'C:@<EHGc'&M>'J:?E`>';:F>'B]'?M>'LBF*
F>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd'BH'?M>';BH?@:@Kd'EF'BHDK':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'?aB'FL>;E:D'<EH*?>@C']B@CF'B]'
?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH':HJ'?M>'V['gF>>'76&$\.'EH'F=bF>;?EBH'Rc2c4c4c'#"-.'
#6!.!ch''rM>H'a>':JJ@>FF'?M>'C:??>@'B]']=H;?EBHF':??@Eb=?>J'?B'?M>'G>HE?E`>d'F>>',.)$&$\.'
EH'F>;?EBH'Rc2c4c4c'#"-.' #6!.!d'a>'aEDD'HB?>'?M:?'E?';:H'b>':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>']=H;?EBHF'
B]'["!!.!!"-d'67["!$&$")'#"5[0.5.)&':HJ'($)$&.*\.-Z'6-,+5.)&']B@C'aE?M'L>@FBH':G@>>*
C>H?'EH'?M>'BbQ>;?';BHQ=G:?EBHd':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'a>';:H':??>F?':'L@>F>H;>'B]'G>HE?E`>']B@CF'
]B@'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@E>F'B]'L>@FBH':HJ'H=Cb>@d':Db>E?'BHDK'?M>'V!,'C:@<>@'B]]>@F'
EHJEFL=?:bD>'L@BB]']B@'?MEFd':HJ'?M>H'BHDK'aE?M'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FF:c''&M=F'?M>'FL>;E:D'C:@<*
>@F']B@'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,'G>HE?E`>'FDB?F'B]'<EH'?>@CF':@>':JJE?EBHF'?B'?M>'FE_'B@'F>`>H'G>HE*
?E`>']B@CF':D@>:JK'L@>F>H?d'Ec>c'FBC>'`:@E:H?F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d'>FL>;E:DDK'6D:?K@t*JE:D>;?'
?KL>Fd'JEF?EHG=EFM'H=Cb>@'EH'?M>'4!,'G>HE?E`>d':F'a>DD':F'2!,d'4[0':HJ'>`>H'V[0c''&M>'
J:?E`>d'MBa>`>@d'JB>F'HB?':??>F?'?B':H'=HJ>@DKEHG'F>?'B]'FE_':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<>@Fd'
EHF?>:J'?M>@>':@>'BHDK'?M@>>'C:@<>@F'?M:?':@>']@>e=>H?DK'e=B?>J'EH'?M>'G@:CC:@F'B]'?M>'
D:HG=:G>c''/>H;>'?M>'J:?E`>';:F>'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH':??>F?F'?B':'J>:@?M'B]'C:@<*
>@Fd':F'BLLBF>J'?B'?M>'F=@LD=F':??>F?>J']B@'?M>'G>HE?E`>';:F>c''+LBH';DBF>@'EHFL>;?EBH'B]'
?M>'!M:<MC:?B`tF':??>F?:?EBH'B]'4!,':HJ'2!,'<EH'?>@CFd'E?'b>;BC>F':LL:@>H?'?M:?'4!,'<EH'
?>@CF'EHJE;:?>'JEF?EH;?d'FEHG=D:@'@>]>@>H?F'f'=F=:DDK'>DJ>@'?M:H'>GB'f':HJ'2!,'<EH'?>@CF'EH*
JE;:?>'FM:@>J*EH]B@C:?EBH'@>]>@>H?F'?M:?';B=DJ'b>'EH?>@L@>?>J'aE?M'DE??D>':CbEG=E?K'bK'?M>'
C>@E?F'B]'2!,'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'B@'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHc''(EH:DDKd'aM>@>:F'4!,'FL>;E:D'
G>HE?E`>'C:@<EHG':LL>:@F'aEJ>*FL@>:Jd'?M>'2!,'<EH*?>@C'F?@:?>GE>F':@>'D>FF'FBc''/>H;>d'E?'
M:F'b>>H'MKLB?M>FE^>J'?M:?'=F>'B]'FL>;E:D']B@CF']B@'?M>'?aB'L>@FBHF'4!,':HJ'2!,'aEDD'HB?'
b>'>e=:DDK':??>F?:bD>'EH'?M>'a@E??>H';B@LB@:c
&MEF'F>;?EBH'aEDD'LD:;>'FL>;E:D'>CLM:FEF'BH'?M>'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'J>]>;?EÈ?K'EH'?M>'
G>HE?E`>';:F>'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd'=?EDEÊHG'JE:D>;?':??>F?:?EBHF':HJ'?@>:?EF>F'?B'
>HM:H;>'?M>'LE;?=@>'L@BÈJ>J'EH'G@:CC:@F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>':HJ'?M>'C:QB@E?K';B@L=Fc''$?'
aEDDd'aM>@>'LBFFEbD>d':??>CL?'?B'EDD=CEH:?>'?M>'aB@<EHGF'B]'J:?E`>'L:@:JEGC'J>]>;?EÈ?Kd'
:F'a>DDc
2.8. Secondary declension

!>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'EF':'LM>HBC>HBH'B]'?M>'HB=H'LM@:F>d':HJ'C:K'b>F?'b>'J>F;@Eb>J'
:F'?M>';BH?>_?=:D'J@BLLEHG'B]':'L@>JE;?:bD>'M>:J'HB=Hd'F=;M'?M:?d'BH>'B]'E?F'CBJE!'>@F'
b>;BC>F' ?M>' C:EH' E?>C' B]' ?M>' )[d' :HJ' ?M=F' a>' ;:H' FL>:<' B]' 5r)' gCBJE!'>@F' aE?MB=?'
HB=HFhd';]c',ED'gr60!']>:?=@>q;M:L?>@'84'x6JQ>;?E`>F'aE?MB=?'HB=HFyhc'''/>@>d'CBJE!'>@F'
aEDD'b>'F;@=?EHE^>J']B@';BCL:?EbEDE?K'aE?M'?aB'JE]]>@>H?'F?@:?>GE>F'B]' 5"7$($.-*r$&/"+&*
)"+)'C:@<EHG'gM>H;>]B@?M' 5r)hd' n.-"'C:@<EHG'`>@F=F' ![.61.-*"-$.)&.7' 7.5")!&-6&$\.'
C:@<EHG' gM>H;>]B@?M' !"7hc' ' !=bF>e=>H?DKd' :' J>F;@EL?EBH' aEDD' b>' GE`>H' B]' :JHBCEH:D*
L>@FBH*C:@<EHG';BCL:?EbEDE?K'aE?M'?M>'?aB'F?@:?>GE>F'B]' 5r)d'aM>@>:F'aB@J'E?>CF'aEDD'
b>' >_:CEH>J' ]B@' ;BCL:?EbEDE?K' aE?M' F>;BHJ:@K' J>;D>HFEBH' EH' LBFF>FFE`>*J>;D>HFEBH'
]B@CFd' BH' ?M>' BH>' M:HJd' :HJ' LBFF>FFE`>*J>;D>HFEBH' aB@J' ]B@CF' aEDD' b>' >_:CEH>J' ]B@'
;BCL:?EbEDE?K'aE?M'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'B]':HK']B@Cd'BH'?M>'B?M>@c
3. Phonology
"=@'=HJ>@F?:HJEHG'B]']B@C'EF'@>:JEDK'J>`>DBL>J'bK';BHFEJ>@EHGA''g4h'LMBH>C>F'EH'.@^K:'
?@:HFDE?>@:?EBHd':HJ'g2h'LMBH>?E;'LM>HBC>H:'b>MEHJ':DDBCB@LME;'`:@E:?EBHc
3.1. Phonemes in Erzya transliteration

&M>'JEF;=FFEBH'B]'.@^K:'LMBH>?E;F'aEDD'b>'DECE?>J'?B'?M>'LM>HBC>H:':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'a@E?*
?>H';B@LB@:d':'F=bF>?'B]':DD'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'L=bDE;:?EBHF'FEH;>'4X24'gF>>';B@LB@:d'2c4chd'
?M:?'M:`>':'b>:@EHG'BH':DDBLMBHE;':HJ':DDBCB@LME;'`:@E:?EBH'EH'aB@J']B@CF'aM>@>':J*
HBCEH:D*?KL>';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'C:@<EHG';:H'B;;=@c''(B@'?MEF'@>:FBH'FL>;E:D':??>H*
?EBH'C:K'b>':]]B@J>J'E?>CF'aME;Md'B?M>@aEF>d':@>']B@>GBH>'EH'G@:CC:@F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>c''
6;;B@JEHG'?B'?M>'CBF?'@>;>H?'?@>:?EF>'B]'.@^K:'LMBH>?E;F'jɇɟɟɧɶ'ɲɤɚɧɶ'ɷɪɡɹɧɶ'
ɤɟɥɟɫɶd'ɮɨɧɟɬɢɤɚk'go&M>'CBJ>@H'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>d'LMBH>?E;Fp'q'o&M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'EF'
:'CBJ>@H'BH>d'LMBH>?E;Fph'bK'5:@E:'7c'$C:E<EH:d'?M>'D:HG=:G>';:H'b>'LMBH>C:?E;:DDK'
@>L@>F>H?>J'aE?M'W'`Ba>DF':HJ'2X';BHFBH:H?FA'wɚd'ɷd'ɢd'ɨd'ɭ|d'wɛd'ɜd'ɝd'ɞd'ɞtd'ɠd'ɡd'ɡtd'ɣd'
ɤd'ɥd'ɥtd'ɦd'ɧd'ɧtd'ɩd'ɪd'ɪtd'ɫd'ɫtd'ɬd'ɬtd'ɮd'ɯd'ɰd'ɰtd'ɱd'ɲ|'g$C:E<EH:'233XA'Y4d'2YRhc''&MEFd'EH'
]:;?d'@>L@>F>H?F'?M>'F:C>'F;MBBD'B]'?MB=GM?':F'aM:?'EF']B=HJ'EH':']:E@DK'@>;>H?'HBH*H:?E`>'
G@:CC:@'B]'?M>'.@^K:':HJ'5B<FM:'D:HG=:G>'bK'-:EQ:'Z:@?>HF'Mordvalaiskielten rak%
enne ja kehitys'go&M>'!?@=;?=@>':HJ'7>`>DBLC>H?'B]'?M>'5B@JÈH'0:HG=:G>Fphd'M>H;>*
]B@?M'gZ:@?>HF'4YYYhd'F>>'?M>'?:bD>Fd'aME;M':@>'bB@@Ba>J']@BC'Z:@?>HFd'b>DBac'g$]'a>'
;B=H?'?M>';BHFBH:H?Fd'MBa>`>@d'a>'aEDD'HB?E;>'?M>@>':@>':;?=:DDK'2Y':HJ'HB?'?M>'2X'C>H*
?EBH>J'EH'?M>'?>_?ch
Table 3.1 \Ba>D'LMBH>C>F':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'!'@F?'FKDD:bD>

(@BH? #>H?@:D Z:;<
/EGM i u
5EJ e o
0Ba a
g;]c'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'2Sh
WX 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 3.2' #BHFBH:H?FA'2Y';BHFBH:H?'LMBH>C>F

0:bE:D 6D`>BD:@ [BF?*:D`>BD:@ [:D:?:D \>D:@
[DBFE`>F p t t́ k
b d d́ g
6]]@E;:?>F c č ć
!gMhEbED:H?F s š ś
z ž ź
(@E;:?E`>F gfh gχh
v j
):F:DF m n ń gŋh
0:?>@:DF l ĺ
r ŕ
g;]c'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'2Sh
&M>'BHDK';BH"'E;?'b>?a>>H'?M>F>'?aB'>H=C>@:?EBHF'B]'LMBH>C>F'EF']B=HJ'EH'?M>'?a>H?K*
HEH?M' ;BHFBH:H?' B]' Z:@?>HFtF' ?:bD>d' ?M>' `>D:@' H:F:D' ŋc' '&MEF' JEFL:@E?K' CEGM?' b>' J=>' ?B'
?M>']:;?'?M:?'?M>'a@E??>H'F?:HJ:@J'B]'CBJ>@H'.@^K:'EF'b:F>J'BH':'HBH*>_?>HJ>J'#K@EDDE;'
:DLM:b>?d'aME;M'M:F'HB'C:@<EHG']B@':'`>D:@'H:F:Dc''$C:E<EH:':LL>:@F'?B'?B?:DDK'EGHB@>'?M>'
>_EF?>H;>'B]':'`>D:@'H:F:D'LMBH>C>d':HJ'Z:@?>HF'L@BÈJ>F'?M>'>_LD:H:?EBH'?M:?'ŋ':LL>:@F'
EH':'`>@K'FC:DD':@>:'EH'?M>')B@?Ma>F?>@H'g6D:?K@th'JE:D>;?'?KL>'gF>>'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'2Shc''
\E@?=:DDK':DD'`>D:@'H:F:DF'EH'?M>'.@^K:'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>'B;;=@'EH'?M>';BJ:']BDDBa>J'bK':'
`>D:@'LDBFE`>c''.DF>aM>@>'?M>'`>D:@'H:F:D'B]'?M>')B@?Ma>F?'JE:D>;?'?KL>'M:F':FFECED:?>J'
?B' ?M>' `>D:@*D:bE:D' :HJ' L:D:?:D' GDEJ>Fc' ' />H;>' ?M>' ;BH?>H?EBH' EF' ?M:?' ?M>' LMBH>?E;' `>D:@'
H:F:D']B=HJ'b>]B@>'`>D:@'LDBFE`>F'EF':DDBLMBHE;d':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'E?';:H'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'
?M>':D`>BD:@'H:F:D'n'LMBH>C>c''&MEFd'EH']:;?d'FMB=DJ'b>'?M>';BH;D=FEBH'f'L@BÈJ>J'?M>@>'
:@>'HB'EHF?:H;>F'B]'LMBH>?E;':D`>BD:@'H:F:DF'n':HJ'ń JE@>;?DK'L@>;>JEHG'?M>'`>D:@'LDBFE`>F'
k :HJ'gc''$H'?M>'FLB<>H'D:HG=:G>d'?M>@>'EF':;?=:DDK':'L:@?E;D>'aE?M':H'BHF>?'@B=HJ>J'`>D:@'
H:F:D'ŋot oFB'xKB='F>>yp'g)EEH:')=Q:HÊH:*6:FCl>d'Lc;cd'233Yi';]c'):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'4SShc''
&M>@>':@>'CEHEC:D'L:E@F'?B'J>CBHF?@:?>'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]'HBH*`>D:@'H:F:DF'L@>;>JEHG'`>D:@'
LDBFE`>Fd'F>>'?:bD>'gVcVhc
Table 3.3 6??>F?:?EBH'B]'LMBH>?E;':D`>BD:@'H:F:D'b>]B@>'`>D:@'LDBFE`>'EH'.@^K:

#K@EDDE;F [MBH>?E;'@>L@>F>H?:?EBH
/>:JaB@J rB@J']B@C ,DBFF />:JaB@J rB@J']B@C
ɹɧ ɹɧUɝɚ L:?Mz)U[-"0 jan janga
ɹɧɝɚɦɫ ɹɧɝɚUá b@>:<z\U#"))., jaŋgams jaŋga
ɺɧ ɺɧUɤɫ'Ç'ɺɧUɨɤɫ GBBJz6U&-)!0d jon jonks ~ jonoks
FEJ>z')U&-)!0
ɺɧɤɫ ɺɧɤɫ FEJ>qJE@>;?EBHz)c)"5c!, joŋks joŋks
&M>' H=Cb>@' B]' CEHEC:D' L:E@F' B]' ?MEF' ?KL>' :@>' >_?@>C>DK' DECE?>J' FEH;>' ?MEF' :LL>:@F' ?B'
b>':'LM>HBC>HBH'BH'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:DE^:?EBH';DEH>d'aM>@>'?M>'aB@J'joŋks'oFEJ>i'JE@>;*
[/")"0",m WY
?EBHi'@>GEBHp'EF':'J>@E`>J']B@C']@BC'jon'oFEJ>p':HJ'?M>'J>@E`:?EBH'CB@LM>C>'%ksd'aME;M'
:LL>:@F'?B'b>'G@:LME;:DDK'EJ>H?E;:D'?B'BH'`:@E:H?'B]'?M>'?@:HFD:?E`>d'?M=F'a>';:H'BbF>@`>'
LMBH>?E;'JEF:CbEG=:?EBH'?M:?'JB>F'HB?'FMBa':?'?M>'B@?MBG@:LME;'D>`>Dc''&MEF'EF':H'EHF?:H;>'
B]'F?>C'@>?>H?EBH'aM>@>':'F?>C';BHFBH:H?'BbF>@`>F'L:@:JEGC:?E;';BHFEF?>H;K'?M@B=GMB=?'
J>;D>HFEBHd';BHQ=G:?EBH':HJd'=D?EC:?>DKd';DE?E;'C:@<EHGc''&M>@>]B@>'?M>':??>F?:?EBH'B]':'
`>D:@'LMBH>C>'MEHG>F'BH'?M>'C>@E?F'B]'?M>'CEHEC:D'L:E@'not oHB?>p'`>@F=F'ŋot oFBpd':HJ'
?M>'Q=H;?=@>F'aE?M'?M>'F>e=>H;>A':JQ:;>H?'F?>C':D`>BD:@'H:F:D':HJ':]!'_:D'`>D:@'F?BLd':F'
a>DD':F'H:F:D*F?BL'U'`>D:@*LDBFE`>'F>e=>H;>F':??>F?>J'EH'@>;>H?'-=FFE:H'DB:HaB@JF'EH'xnky'
`>@F=F'.@^K:!'>J'DB:HF':HJ'H:?E`>'F?>CF'EH'xŋkyc
$]'a>'GB'b:;<'?B'?M>'?@>:?C>H?'B]'.@^K:'LMBH>?E;F'EH'?M>'4Y23F':HJ'4YV3Fd'a>'aEDD'
HB?>'?M:?'.`F>`t>`'g4Y2Yh':HJ'Z=b@E<M'g4YV3h']B;=F'FBC>':??>H?EBH'BH'?M>'LMBH>?E;:DDK'
:??>F?>J'=H@B=HJ>J'MEGM':HJ'CEJ';>H?@:D'`Ba>DFc''.`F>`t>`';BH?>CLD:?>F'?M>'=H@B=HJ>J'
MEGM';>H?@:D'`Ba>D'EH'-=FFE:H'DB:H'aB@JF':HJ'?M>']:;?'?M:?'5B@JÈHF'D>FF']:CEDE:@'aE?M'
-=FFE:H'?>HJ'?B'@>LD:;>'?MEF'`Ba>D'aE?M':H'=H@B=HJ>J'MEGM']@BH?'`Ba>Dd'F>>'?:bD>'b>DBac''
Z=b@E<M'HB?>F'?M:?'?M>@>':@>'HB'CEHEC:D'L:E@F']B@'=H@B=HJ>J'MEGM':HJ'CEJ'`Ba>DF']BD*
DBaEHG':D`>BD:@F':HJ'LBF?*:D`>BD:@Fc''/EF':@G=C>H?F':@>'?M:?'EH'.@^K:*?KL>'L@BH=H;E:?EBH'
LBF?*:D`>BD:@F':@>'H>`>@']BDDBa>J'bK']@BH?'`:@E:H?F'B]'?M>'MEGM':HJ'CEJ'`Ba>DFd':HJ'?M:?'
aE?M' :D`>BD:@' ;BHFBH:H?F' ?M>' L:D:?:DE^>J' BH>F' ;B*B;;=@' aE?M' ]@BH?' `:@E:H?F' B]' ?M>' =H*
@B=HJ>J'MEGM':HJ'CEJ'`Ba>DF'aMED>'HBH*L:D:?:DE^>J'BH>F';B*B;;=@'aE?M';>H?@:D'`:@E:H?F'
g;]c'Z=b@E<M'4YV3A'Wd'43hc
Table 3.4 [@BH=H;E:?EBH'B]'-=FFE:H'ы'bK'.@^K:'FL>:<>@F'=H]:CEDE:@'aE?M'-=FFE:H

-=FFE:H .@^K:'L@BH=H;E:?EBH ,DBFF
ɦɵ ɦɢ a>z[-")*[.-!*4[0
ɦɵɥɨ ɦɢɥɨ FB:Lz)
ɦɵɲɶ ɦɢɲɶ CB=F>z)
ɜɵ ɜɢ KB=z'[-")*[.-!*2[0
ɜɵɲɢɜɤɚ ɜɢɲɢɜɤɚ >Cb@BEJ>@Kz)
ɪɵɛɚ ɪɢɛɚ !'FMz)
ɛɵɥ ɛɢɥ a:Fz\c[6!&c56!#+0$).
g.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'28h
$H'FMB@?'Z=b@E<M';D:EC>J'?M:?'?M>':DDBLMBH>F']@BH?'i':HJ';>H?@:D'i͔' ;B=DJ'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'
bK':H'=H@B=HJ>Jd'MEGM']@BH?'LMBH>C>'id':HJ'DE<>aEF>'?M>':DDBLMBH>F']@BH?'>':HJ';>H?@:D'
e͔' ;B=DJ'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK':H'=H@B=HJ>Jd'CEJ']@BH?'LMBH>C>'ec''.`F>`t>`d'BH'MEF'L:@?d'
;BH?>HJ>J' ?M:?' .@^K:F' =H]:CEDE:@' aE?M' ?M>' -=FFE:H' D:HG=:G>' aB=DJ' L@BHB=H;>' :H'
=H@B=HJ>J']@BH?'MEGM'`Ba>D'EHF?>:J'B]'?M>'-=FFE:H';>H?@:D'`Ba>D':]?>@'D:bE:DF':HJ'>`>H'
?M>':D`>BD:@'?@EDDc''&MEF':@G=C>H?:?EBH'M:F'b>>H'F>E^>J':?'bK'r>F?>@H'F;MBD:@Fd':F'a>DDd'
:HJ'CEGM?'GB'=H;BH?>F?>J'E]'E?'a>@>'HB?']B@'?M>']:;?'?M:?'?M>'!BÈ>?':HJ'[BF?*!BÈ>?'.@:F'
M:`>'b@B=GM?'-=FFE:Hd'C:QB@E?K'D:HG=:G>'DE?>@:;K'?B'È@?=:DDK':DD'FL>:<>@F'B]'.@^K:d':HJ'
?M:?'?M>@>'EF'CEHEC:D'L:E@'>ÈJ>H;>']B@'=H@B=HJ>J'MEGM']@BH?':HJ';>H?@:D'`Ba>DF'EH'.@^K:'
aB@J'@BB?Fd'b=?'HB?'J>@E`:?EBHd'F>>'?:bD>'gVcWhd'b>DBac
83 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 3.5 6??>F?:?EBH'B]'=H@B=HJ>J'MEGM';>H?@:D':HJ']@BH?'`Ba>DF'EH'.@^K:

rB@J ,DBFF rB@J ,DBFF
i͔rnems o?B'MBaD'C>H:;EHGDKp irnems o?B'MBaDd'?B'KBaDp
vi͔ška o:H?>HH:p viška oDE??D>p
vi͔j o=GMd'K=;<p vij oCEGM?d'F?@>HG?Mp
bi͔znems o?B'b=^^'gB]':'b=CbD>'b>>hp biźńems o?B'aMEH>'gB]':'CBFe=E?Bhp
mi͔r oEJ>BLMBHE;'gL=@@EHG'FB=HJhp mir oL>:;>p
ki͔rgama o;=@@K';BCbd'b@=FMp kirgams o;D>:H'B]'g?aEGFd'<HB?Fhp
!EH;>'=H@B=HJ>J'MEGM']@BH?':HJ';>H?@:D'`Ba>DF';:H'b>':??>F?>J']B@':?'D>:F?':]]>;?>J':HJ'
DB:H' `B;:b=D:@Kd' ?M>' e=>F?EBH' @>C:EHFd' aM>?M>@' ?M>@>' EF' :DFB' >ÈJ>H;>' ]B@' ?aB' HBH*
b:;<' ;>H?@:D' `Ba>D' LMBH>C>Fc' '6' e=E;<' ;M>;<' B]' ?M>' ;B@LB@:' FMBa>J' ?M:?' ?M>@>' a>@>'
V28dYRX'=HEe=>'aB@J']B@CF'EH'?M>';B@LB@:d':HJ'?M:?':'?B?:D'B]'2XRd2YV'=HEe=>'aB@J']B@CF'
;BH?:EH' HBH*:D`>BD:@' ;BHFBH:H?Fc' "]' ?M>F>' 4dR2R' =HEe=>' aB@J' ]B@CF' ;BH?:EH' EHF?:H;>F'
B]'HBH*:D`>BD:@';BHFBH:H?F']BDDBa>J'bK'?M>'MEGM';>H?@:D'`Ba>D'ы':HJ'4Y4'=HEe=>'aB@J'
]B@CF' :??>F?' EHF?:H;>F' B]' HBH*:D`>BD:@' ;BHFBH:H?F' ]BDDBa>J' bK' ?M>' CEJ' ;>H?@:D' `Ba>D'
эc' ' $HF?:H;>F' aE?M' :' CEJ' ;>H?@:D' `Ba>D' э' EH;D=J>J' ?M>' L@BH=H;E:?EBH' B]' :;@BHKCF' :HJ'
EH?>@Q>;?EBHF' B?M>@aEF>' ?M>' C:QB@E?K' B]' EHF?:H;>F' a>@>' J=>' ?B' ?KLBG@:LME;:D' >@@B@Fi' HB'
CEHEC:D'L:E@F'a>@>':??>F?>Jd':HJ'?M>'L@BH=H;E:?EBH'B]':;@BHKCF';:H':DFB'b>'EDD=F?@:?>J'
=FEHG' ?M>' =H@B=HJ>J' MEGM' ;>H?@:D' ыc' '6FF=CEHG' ?M:?' H=Cb>@F' B]' !']?>>H' B@' D>FF' CEGM?'
b>' EHJE;:?E`>' B]' :' FEHGD>' M>:JaB@J' @>L@>F>H?:?EBH' B@' C>@>DK' ?KLBG@:LME;:D' >@@B@Fd' ?M>'
G@:LM>C>' э' aEDD' b>' BbF>@`>J' ?B' B;;=@' @>G=D:@DK' BHDK' :]?>@' :D`>BD:@' ]@E;:?E`>F' EH' aB@J*
EHE?E:D'LBFE?EBHc''&M>F>']@E;:?E`>F'f'E?'aEDD'b>'HB?>J'f':LL>:@'?B'b>'?M>'BHDK';BHFBH:H?F'aE?M'
@Bb=F?'CEHEC:D'L:E@F'?B':??>F?'LMBH>C:?E;'L:D:?:DqHBH*L:D:?:D':D`>BD:@'JEF?@Eb=?EBHF'?M:?'
;:Hd'?M@B=GM';BCL:@:?E`>'DEHG=EF?E;F'b>'?@:;>J'b:;<'?B'?M>'[@>*5B@JÈHE;'L@B?B*D:HG=:G>F'
g&FKG:H<EHd'Lc;chc''&M>'H:F:D'F?BLd'E?'aEDD'b>'HB?>Jd'M:F':'`>@K'DBa':??>F?:?EBH':F'HBH*L:D:?:D'
b>]B@>'HBH*b:;<'`Ba>DF':HJ'L:D:?:D'b>]B@>'b:;<'`Ba>Dd':']:;?'aME;M'EF'@>"'>;?>J'EH'FBC>'
]@>>'CB@LM':HJ'EH"'>;?EBH:D';BCbEH:?EBHFd'>cGc'Иваннызэ'o$`:HtF'aE]>p']@BC'Иван'o$`:Hp'
U'низэ'oaE]>i'MEF'aE]>pi'эйкакш+т+нэ';MEDJz)U[0U7.(c[0d'F>>'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHK'b>DBac
Table 3.6 rB@J*EHE?E:D'FEHGD>':D`>BD:@F']BDDBa>J'bK'`Ba>DF'EH'=HEe=>'aB@J']B@CF'

' ' B]'?M>'.@^K:';B@LB@:
6D* а ы у э о я и ю е ё &B?:D
`>B*
D:@
т R3X2 V4X 4YXW 44 R3YV 24X 8W3 SS2 W32V 24Y 17371
д RSX 443 SXS W 4422 S4 XSX 2W X3S 4VS 4420
н VY8W 4R 4YSW 4W 4XR3 X2 4448 RX V388 4W 12136
ц 443 8X X 3 X2 WR2 YX8 2WV X3X X3Y 3666
с RR3V 484Y 2V28 4VSW VYSX 43XS 23Y2 4WRR R4S4 4W4W 24110
з 484X 4VV 8X 2V8 28S 24X X3 42 R3Y S2 3113
р VV48 442 442Y 4V 4XRS 4X3 YRS 82 4V2R 3 8930
л RRW4 RSV S8X S 28WV XX 288W 2WR R24Y 4XV 15761
&B?:D 22423 2847 9046 1662 15882 2486 9414 2970 19827 2950 89507
[/")"0",m 84
(B@' L=@LBF>F' B]' LMBH>?E;' ?@:HF;@EL?EBH' EH' ?MEF' JEFF>@?:?EBH' a>' aEDD' =F>' :' F>?' B]' 2Y'
;BHFBH:H?F' :HJ' 8' `Ba>DF' EH' ?M>' L@>F>H?:?EBH' B]' bB?M' aB@J' F?>CF' :HJ' EH"'>;?EBHFd' F>>'
?:bD>F'gVcSd'VcXhc'
Table 3.7 \Ba>D'LMBH>C>F':??>F?>J'EH'.@^K:'aB@J'F?>CF'g8h

(@BH? #>H?@:D Z:;<
/EGM i i͔ u
5EJ e o
0Ba a
Table 3.8 #BHFBH:H?'LMBH>C>F':??>F?>J'EH'.@^K:'g2Yh

6D`>BD:@F
0:bE:DF 0:bEB* )BH*L:D:?:D* [:D:?:DE^>J [BF?*6D`>B* [:D:?:D \>D:@F
J>H?:DF E^>J D:@F
[DBFE`>F p t t́ k
b d d́ g
):F:DF m n ń ŋ
6]]@E;:?>F c ć č
(@E;:?E`>F f s ś š χ
v z ź ž
&@>C=* r ŕ
D:H?F
0:?>@:DF l ĺ
6LL@B_E* j
C:?>
&M>'D:bEB*J>H?:D'LMBH>C>'v'M:F'?aB'b:FE;':DDBLMBH>FA'EH'?M>';BJ:'LBFE?EBH'E?'EF'@>:DE^>J'
:F':'D:bE:D':LL@B_EC:H?d'aM>H']BDDBa>J'bK':'HBH*D:bE:D'`Ba>D'EH'BHF>?'LBFE?EBH'?M>'LMB*
H>?E;'@>:DE^:?EBH'EF'?M:?'B]':'D:bEB*J>H?:D']@E;:?E`>c
&M>'bED:bE:D'?@>C=D:H?d'EHJE;:?>J'aE?M'tpr'EH'?M>'DE?>@:?=@>d':LL>:@F'?B'b>'DECE?>J'
?B'?M@>>'aB@J'F?>CFd'ʙu'oM:D?Ö'g?B':'MB@F>hpi'ʙuga'og;Ba';:DDhp'g5r'$$$A'4Y32bhi':HJ'?M>'
CB?M>@>F>'ʙuav'oB=?FEJ>'g06&hpc''&MEF'LMBH>C>'EF'>_?@>C>DK'DECE?>J'D>_E;:DDK':HJ'M:F'
?M>@>]B@>'b>>H'D>]?'B=?'B]'?M>'?@>:?EF>c'
&M>'?aB'LMBH>C>F':J`B;:?>J'EH'?MEF'?@>:?EF>'B]'.@^K:d'?M>'=H@B=HJ>J';>H?@:D'MEGM'
`Ba>D'i͔ :HJ'?M>'`>D:@'H:F:D'ŋd':@>'C:@GEH:Dc''&M>'`Ba>D'i͔ EF'LMBH>C:?E;'EH'aB@J'F?>CF'
BHDKd':HJ'?M>':??>F?:?EBH'B]':D`>BD:@'HBH*L:D:?:D'H:F:D'n b>]B@>'`>D:@'F?BLF'EF'C:HE]>F?'
BHDK':?'?M>'Q=H;?=@>'B]'F?>CF':HJ';:F>'B@';DE?E;'C:@<EHGd'BH'?M>'BH>'M:HJd':HJ'H>a'-=F*
FE:H' DB:HaB@JFd' BH' ?M>' B?M>@c' ' &M>' EJ>H?E!';:?EBH' B]' ?M>F>' ?aB' :JJE?EBHFd' MBa>`>@d' EF'
:H:DBGB=F'?B'?M>'EJ>H?E!';:?EBH'B]'bB?M'L:D:?:D':HJ'HBH*L:D:?:D':D`>BD:@'F?BLFd'aMED>'?M>'
L@>F>H;>'B]':'HBH*L:D:?:D':D`>BD:@'F?BL'EH':']@BH?*`Ba>D';BH?>_?'È@?=:DDK':Da:KF'EHJE*
;:?>F'?M>'@>D:?E`>'H>aH>FF'B]':'-=FFE:H'DB:HaB@Jd'>cGc'stud́ent oF?=J>H?pd'kit oaM:D>p':HJ'
čĺen oC>Cb>@pi'?M>E@';BJ:*LBFE?EBH'F?BLF':@>'HBH*L:D:?:Dd':HJ';:H'@>:JEDK'b>'EJ>H?E!'>J':F'
HBH*.@^K:'BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]'?MEF';@E?>@EBH'g;]c':DFB'6bBHJBDB'4YXShc
82 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
3.2. Phonetic phenomena behind allomorphic variation

6DDBCB@LME;' `:@E:?EBH' EH' .@^K:' ;:H' @>:JEDK' b>' :??@Eb=?>J' ?B' `Ba>D' M:@CBHKd' L:D:?:D'
M:@CBHKd'J>`BE;EHGd'`BE;EHGd'DBFF'B]':]!'_*EHE?E:D'V'B]'?M>':b>FFE`>d':HJ'F?>C*!'H:D'`Ba>D'
DBFFc'
3.2.1. Vowel harmony

\Ba>D'M:@CBHK'EH'.@^K:'EF']@BH?qb:;<'M:@CBHK':]]>;?EHG'?M>'CEJ'`Ba>DFd'@>L@>F>H?>J'
B@?MBG@:LME;:DDK'EH'.@^K:'bK'эd'е':HJ'оc'$H'?M>'F?:HJ:@J'D:HG=:G>'?MEF'M:@CBHK'EF'b:*
FE;:DDK'?@EGG>@>J'bK'?M>'L@>;>JEHG'`Ba>D'B@';BHFBH:H?'e=:DE?E>Fd'F=;M'?M:?d'L:D:?:DE^>J'
:D`>BD:@Fd'?M>'L:D:?:D'GDEJ>':HJ']@BH?'`Ba>DF';B*B;;=@'aE?M'F=bF>e=>H?']@BH?'`Ba>DF'э'
:HJ'еd'aMED>'b:;<'`Ba>DF']BDDBa>J'bK'HBH*L:D:?:DE^>J';BHFBH:H?F'?@EGG>@'b:;<'`Ba>D'
M:@CBHK'EH'оc'')B?':DD'EHF?:H;>F'B]']@BH?'CEJ'`Ba>DF'M:`>'b:;<*`Ba>D';B=H?>@L:@?Fd'FB'E?'
;:H'b>':FF=C>J'?M:?'`Ba>D'M:@CBHK'EH'?M>'CEJ'`Ba>DF'EF'?M>'@>"'>_'B]':'LMBH>C>'JE]]>@*
>H?']@BC'?MBF>']B=HJ'EH'?M>'J:?E`>'%неньq%нэньd';BCE?:?E`>'%некq%нэк':HJ'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'
%неq%нэd'?B'H:C>':']>ac
&M>'?:@G>?'B]'`Ba>D'M:@CBHK';:H'b>'DB;:?>J'EH']B=@'LBFE?EBHFc''$?';:H'b>'EH'g4h'
?M>' :]!'_*EHE?E:D' LBFE?EBH' aM>H' ?M>' :]!'_' @>e=E@>F' :' `Ba>D' :HJ' ?M>' L@>;>JEHG' F?>C' M:F'
HB'B`>@?'`Ba>D'?B'L@BÈJ>d'>cGc'G>HE?E`>'*Ońd'F>;BHJ'L>@FBH'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FFE`>'F=]!'_'
%OTi'g2h':]!'_*EH?>@H:D'LBFE?EBHd'>cGc'?M>'!'@F?'`Ba>D'EH'?M>':b>FFE`>'%VTOmOi'gVh':]!'_*
!'H:D'LBFE?EBHd'>cGc'EH>FFE`>'%sOd':HJ'gRh':F':'F?:HJ*:DBH>':]!'_'EH'?M>'DB;:?E`>'*Oc''!EH;>'
`Ba>D'M:@CBHK'EF':'L@BG@>FFE`>'LM>HBC>HBHd'a>'Q=F?'M:`>'?B'DBB<'?B'?M>'L@>;>JEHGd'D>]?'
;BH?>_?d'aME;M'EF':Da:KF'?M>'?@EGG>@d':HJ';DBF>':FFECED:?EBH':LL>:@F'?B'L@BÈJ>'?M>'b>F?'
;M:@:;?>@E^:?EBH'B]'?MEF'LM>HBC>HBH'EH'?M>'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>c'
&B'J>F;@Eb>'?M>'D>]?';BH?>_?'a>'aEDD'J>;D:@>'@>D>`:H?'F>?F'B]'`Ba>DF':HJ';BHFBH:H?FA
Table 3.9' !>?F'=F>J'EH'?M>'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'.@^K:'`Ba>D'M:@CBHK

!MB@? 6bb@>* !L>;E!';F !>?F
È:?EBH
Z:;<'&@EGG>@' Z&\ \Ba>DF'?@EGG>@EHG'F=bF>e=>H?' xɚÜɹÜɨÜɺÜɭÜɸy
\Ba>DF b:;<'`Ba>D'M:@CBHK's
(@BH?'&@EGG>@' (&\ \Ba>DF'?@EGG>@EHG'F=bF>e=>H?' xɟÜɷÜɢÜɵy
\Ba>DF ]@BH?'`Ba>D'M:@CBHK's
(@BH?'&@EGG>@' (&# #BHFBH:H?F':HJ'JEG@:LMF'B?M* xɣÜɞɶÜɡɶÜɧɶÜɪɶÜɫɶÜɬɶÜɰɶy
#BHFBH:H?F' >@' ?M:H' ль' ?@EGG>@EHG' F=bF>*
D>FF'ль e=>H?']@BH?'`Ba>D'M:@CBHK's
)BHL:D:?:D' )[# #BHFBH:H?F'?M:?'JB'HB?';:=F>' xɛÜɜÜɝÜɞÜɠÜɡÜɤÜɥÜɦÜɧÜɩÜɪÜɫÜɬÜɮÜɯÜɰÜɲ
#BHFBH:H?F ]@BH?' `Ba>D' M:CBHKd' Ec>c' :DD' Üɳy
;BHFBH:H?F'b=?'й's
6DD' 6# 6DD';BHFBH:H?F':HJ'JEG@:LMFd' xɣÜɞɶÜɡɶÜɥɶÜɧɶÜɪɶÜɫɶÜɬɶÜɰɶÜ'ɛÜɜÜɝÜɞÜɠ
#BHFBH:H?F Ec>c'(&#d')[#'LD=F'ль's ÜɡÜɤÜɥÜɦÜɧÜɩÜɪÜɫÜɬÜɮÜɯÜɰÜɲÜɳy
[/")"0",m 8V
&M>']@BH?'B@?MBG@:LME;'`:@E:H?F'э':HJ'е'B]'?M>'=H@B=HJ>J'CEJ']@BH?'`Ba>D'LMBH>C>'aEDD'
:Da:KF'b>';MBF>H'E]'?M>'D>]?';BH?>_?';:H'b>'J>F;@Eb>J'bKA
g:h'(&\'x'(&#'Ü')[#'Ü'ɥɶ'y'6#â
gbh'Z&\'(&#'6#â
g;h'Z&\'ɥɶ'xJ>@E`:?EBH:D';BHFBH:H?';D=F?>@y'6#â
&M>'b:;<'B@?MBG@:LME;'`:@E:H?'о'aEDD'b>';MBF>H':]?>@':DD'B?M>@'D>]?';BH?>_?FA
gJh'Z&\')[#U
g>h'Z&\'ɥɶ'xHBH*J>@E`:?EBH:D';BHFBH:H?';D=F?>@y'6#â
&M>'@:HG>'B]'`Ba>D'M:@CBHK'EF'EDD=F?@:?>J'EH'?M>'?:bD>'b>DBad'aM>@>':'C:Q=F;=D>':@;ME*
LMBH>C>'O'EHJE;:?>F'?M>'?:@G>?'`Ba>Dc
Table 3.10' -:HG>'B]'`Ba>D'M:@CBHK'EH'.@^K:':]!'_>F

5B@LM>C> ,DBFF [BFE?EBH'EH':]!'_
6]!'_*EHE?E:D 6]!'_*EH?>@H:D 6]!'_*!'H:D !?:HJ*:DBH>
%Онь ,.) U * * *
%Ов 06& U * * *
%Ом, %ОН, %Онь ["!!*4!, U * * *
%ОНень ["!!*4!,|76& U * * *
%Онк ["!!*2[0 U * * *
%ОТ, %Оть ["!!*2!, U * * *
%ОТень ["!!*2!,|76& U * * *
%Онстэнь ["!!*Vc76& U * * *
%Ост ["!!*V[0 U * * *
%Оль [-.&$$c[-.7cV!, U * * *
%Окс &-)!0 U * * *
%ОНОк, %НОк ["!!*4[0 à U * *
%Ос $00 à * * *
%ВТОмО 6Z. * U U *
%ДО 6Z0 * * U *
%стО .06 * * U *
%сО $). * * U *
%ОзО, %ОнзО ["!!*V!, U * U *
%О 0"# * * * U
8R 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
3.2.2. Palatal harmony

[:D:?:D'M:@CBHK'EH'.@^K:':]]>;?F'?M>':D`>BD:@'F?BLF'EH':]!'_'BHF>?d'Ec>c'B@?MBG@:LME;:DDK'
?M>'H>=?@:D'LDBFE`>F'T':HJ'Dd':F'a>DD':F'?M>'H:F:D'N':@>'@>:DE^>J'aE?M'F=bF>e=>H?'L:D:?:D'
C:@<EHG'EH'ьd'е':HJ'яc''!EH;>'?M>@>':@>'B?M>@':]!'_>F'>HJEHG'EH'%Онь'o,.)i'["!!*4!,|,.)'
gaE?M'<EH':HJ'@>D:?EBH'?>@CFhpd':HJ'%Оть'o["!!*2!,|,.)'gaE?M'<EH':HJ'@>D:?EBH'?>@CFhp'b=?'
?M>F>':@>'H>`>@'@>:DE^>J':F'HBH*L:D:?:D'`:@E:H?F'EH'?M>'F?:HJ:@J'D:HG=:G>d'a>'CEGM?':F*
F=C>'?M:?'?M>'H>=?@:D'F?BLFd'LMBH>C:?E;:DDK'@>L@>F>H?>J'aE?M'C:Q=F;=D>':@;MELMBH>C>F'
EH'%ON':HJ'%OTd':@>'HBH*L:D:?:DE^>J'LMBH>C>F'aE?M':DDBLMBHE;'`:@E:?EBH'EH't'q't́i'd'q'd́d'
:HJ'n'q'ń'@>FL>;?E`>DKc''/>H;>'?M>'.@^K:'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>'L@BÈJ>F'C:@GEH:D'>ÈJ>H;>'EH'
@>b=?:D'?B'?M>'>_L>@EC>H?:D'CEHEC:DE^:?EBH'B]';BHFBH:H?'LMBH>C>F'g;]c'6bBHJBDB'4YXShc
[:D:?:D'M:@CBHK'EF'?@EGG>@>J'bK'?M>'D>]?';BH?>_?d':HJ'?M>'F>?F':LLDE;:bD>'?B'`Ba>D'
M:@CBHK';:H'b>'>_?>HJ>J'bK'CB@>'FL>;E!';':@?E;=D:?EBH'LBEH?'F>?Fd'F>>'?:bD>'gVc44hd'b>DBac
Table 3.11 !>?F'=F>J'EH'?M>'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'.@^K:'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHK

!MB@? 6bb@>* !L>;E!';F !>?F
È:?EBH
)BH*[:D:?:D* 6D`# 6D`>BD:@';BHFBH:H?F'aE?M'HB'F=bF>* xɞÜɡÜɥÜɧÜɪÜɫÜɬÜɰy
E^>J' 6D`>BD:@' e=>H?'C:@<EHG']B@'L:D:?:DE^:?EBH's
#BHFBH:H?F
0:bE:D' 0:b# 0:bE:D';BHFBH:H?F's xɩÜɛÜɮÜɜÜɦy
#BHFBH:H?F
\>D:@' \>D# \>D:@'#BHFBH:H?F's xɤÜɝÜɯy
#BHFBH:H?F
[BF?*6D`>BD:@' [*6D`# [BF?*6D`>BD:@'#BHFBH:H?F's xɱÜɲÜɠÜɳy
#BHFBH:H?F
)BH*6D`>BD:@' )*6D`# 0:b#d'[*6D`#':HJ'\>D#'s xɩÜɛÜɮÜɜÜɦÜɱÜɲÜɠÜɳÜɤÜɝÜɯy
#BHFBH:H?F
&M>'H>=?@:D':D`>BD:@'F?BLF':]]>;?>J'bK'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHK':@>']BDDBa>J'bK'L:D:?:D'C:@<EHG'
aM>H'?M>'D>]?';BH?>_?';:H'b>'J>F;@Eb>J'bKA
g:h'(&\
gbh'Z&\
g;h'(&\'6#â')*6D`#
[:D:?:DE^:?EBH'JB>F'HB?'B;;=@'EH'?M>':D`>BD:@'F?BLF'aM>H'?M>'D>]?';BH?>_?'EFA
gJh'6D`#
[/")"0",m 8W
!KH;M@BHE;'`:@E:?EBH';:H'b>'BbF>@`>J'EH'?M>'L:D:?:DE^:?EBH'B]':D`>BD:@'F?BLF'aM>H'?M>'D>]?'
;BH?>_?'EF'?M>']BDDBaEHGA
g>h'Z&\')[#â')*6D`#'
&M>' @:HG>' B]' L:D:?:D' M:@CBHK' EF' EDD=F?@:?>J' EH' ?M>' ?:bD>' b>DBad' aM>@>' ?M>' C:Q=F;=D>'
:@;MELMBH>C>F'T:HJ'N'EHJE;:?>'?M>'?:@G>?':D`>BD:@'F?BLFc
Table 3.12 -:HG>'B]'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHK'EH'.@^K:':]!'_>F

5B@LM>C> ,DBFF /:@CBHK'?@EGG>@
[@>;>JEHG'`Ba>D [@>;>JEHG';BHFBH:H?
%T [0 U U
%Tano [-.!c[-.7*4[0 U U
%Tado [-.!c[-.7*2[0 U U
%Tan [-.!c[-.7*4!,|2!, U U
%Tanzat [-.!c[-.7*V!,|2!, U U
%Tadi͔ź [-.!c[-.7*T|2[ U U
%OT ["!!*2!, U *
%ON ["!!*4!, U *
%Ne 7.(c[0 à U
&M>']:;?'?M:?'?M>'%Ne'o7.(c[0p'C:@<>@d'EH':]!'_*BHF>?'LBFE?EBHd'EF';BHJE?EBH>J'bK'?M>'L@>*
;>JEHG'`Ba>Dd'EF'@>D:?>J'?B'?M>'LBFE?EBH'?MEF':]!'_'MBDJF'BH'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:DE^:?EBH';DEH>c''
6F'JEF;=FF>J':bB`>d'?M>'CEJ'HBH*b:;<'`Ba>D'M:F'?aB':DDBLMBH>F'EH']@BH?'e':HJ';>H?@:D'
e͔c''!EH;>'?M>@>'EF':H'>_?@>C>DK'DBa':??>F?:?EBH'B]':'MKLB?M>?E;:D'CEJ';>H?@:D'LMBH>C>d'
BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]';B@L=F'C:?>@E:Dd'E?'CEGM?'b>'F=@L@EFEHG'?B'HB?>'?M:?'?M>'C>@>'b:;<*`Ba>D'
EH'?M>'D>]?';BH?>_?'EF'F=]!';E>H?'?B'L@>`>H?'?M>'LMBH>?E;'L:D:?:DE^:?EBH'B]'N':]?>@':'HBH*
:D`>BD:@';BHFBH:H?'>`>H'?MB=GM'E?'EF']BDDBa>J'bK':']@BH?'`Ba>Dc''7B=bD>'EF'?M>'F=@L@EF>d'
MBa>`>@d'aM>H'?M>'HBH*:D`>BD:@';BHFBH:H?'M:F'b>>H'J@BLL>J'bB?M'EH'FL>>;M':HJ'EH'?M>'
B@?MBG@:LMKd'>cGc'?M>' )"+)!2'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>'xiśt́atney'истя+т+нэ'DE<>*?MEFq?M:?z[-")*
7.(U[0U7.(c[0d'aME;M'EF'?M>'@>G=D:@'J>;D>HFEBH'B]'xiśt́amoy'истямо'DE<>*?MEFq?M:?z[-")*
7.(c6Z!'F=;M'?M:?'?M>'F?>C*!'H:D'CEJ'`Ba>D'M:F'b>>H'J@BLL>J':HJ'?M>'D:bE:D'H:F:Dd':F'a>DDd'
F>>'F>;?EBH'gRc4ch')"5$)60*&m[.'r"-7*!&.5'5"-[/"0",mc
[:D:?:D'M:@CBHK';BH?@Eb=?>F'?B':CbEG=E?K'EH']@BH?*`Ba>D';BH?>_?F'EH'?M>'EH?>@L@>*
?:?EBH'B]'F=@]:;>';BJ:'%ń':HJ'%t́c'6JHBCEH:D'4!,'%ON C:@<EHG'EF'@>:DE^>J'EH';BJ:'%ń':HJ'
?M=F'EF':'MBCBHKC'B]'?M>'@>:DE^:?EBH'B]'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'G>HE?E`>'%Ońd'aME;M'EF'
:DFB'=F>J'EH'C:@<EHG'?M>'G>HE?E`>';:F>'BH'JEF?EH;?d'FEHG=D:@'@>]>@>H?Fd'>FL>;E:DDK'L@BL>@'
HB=HF':HJ'LBFF>FF:'B]'?M>'4!,'LBFF>FFB@d'F>>'g4f2hc''g!>>':DFB'F>;?EBHF'Rc2cVc4c4c'($-!&'
[.-!")d'Rc2cVc4c2'!.#")7' [.-!")':HJ'RcRc'[6-67$,5' 7.(.#&$\$&m' $)'.-nm6' ["!!.!!"-' $)*
7.T$),ch''6JHBCEH:D'2!,'%OT C:@<EHG'EF'@>:DE^>J'EH';BJ:'%t́' :HJ'?M=F'EF':'MBCBHKC'B]'
?M>'@>:DE^:?EBH'B]'?M>'2!,'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'<EH*?>@C'G>HE?E`>'%Ot́':HJ'FBC>?EC>F'?M>'
HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:D'EH'%Td'F>>'gVfRhc
88 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
g4h' :c' ćora+ON''''''''''''''''' s|''ćoran'

FBHz)U["!!*4!,|)"5c[0'Ç'FBHz)U["!!*4!,|,.)c[0'
bc' ćora+Oń'''''''''''''''''''s|''ćorań
FBHz)U,.)'Ç'FBHz)U["!!*4!,|x1$)y,.)
g2h' :c' ńi+ON''''''''''''''''''''' s|''ńiń'

aE]>z)U'["!!*4!,|)"5c[0 ~ aE]>z)U'["!!*4!,|,.)
bc' ńi+Oń''''''''''''''''''''' s|''ńiń

aE]>z)U,.)''Ç'aE]>z)U["!!*4!,|x1$)y,.)
gVh' :c' ćora+T'''''''''''''''''''' s|''ćorat'

FBHz)U[0c)"5'
bc' ćora+Ot́'''''''''''''''''''s|''ćorat́
FBHz)U["!!*2!,|x1$)y,.)'
;c' ćora+OT''''''''''''''''''s|''ćorat
FBHz)U["!!*2!,|)"5''Ç'FBHz)U["!!*2!,|,.)
gRh' :c' miŕd́e+T''''''''''''''''' s|''miŕd́t́ ~ miŕd́et́'

M=Fb:HJz)U[0c)"5
bc' miŕd́e+Ot́''''''''''''''''s|''miŕd́et́
M=Fb:HJz)U["!!*2!,|x1$)y,.)'
;c' miŕd́e+OT'''''''''''''''s|''miŕd́et́
M=Fb:HJz)U["!!*2!,|)"5''Ç'M=Fb:HJz)U["!!*2!,|,.)
3.2.3. Devoicing
$H'?M>'CBJ>@H'.@^K:'F?:HJ:@Jd'FKH;M@BHE;'J>`BE;EHG':]]>;?F'?M>'`BE;>J':D`>BD:@'LDBFE`>'d'
:HJ'?M>'`BE;>J'`>D:@'LDBFE`>'g EH':]!'_'BHF>?'LBFE?EBHc''&M>'?>@C'jFKH;M@BHE;'J>`BE;EHGk'
EF'=F>J'?B'EDD=F?@:?>'?M>']:;?'?M:?'EH'EH?>@`B;:DE;'LBFE?EBH'?M>'@>"'>_'B]'?M>F>'LDBFE`>F'EF'
`BE;>Jc' ' />H;>d' aM>H' ?M>' @>"'>_' EF' HB?' `BE;>J' ]BDDBaEHG' :' HBH*`BE;>J' ;BHFBH:H?d' ?M>'
LM>HBC>HBH';:H'b>'@>G:@J>J':F'FKH;M@BHE;'J>`BE;EHGd':D?MB=GM'jJE:;M@BHE;'`BE;EHGk'
CEGM?':DFB'b>']B@a:@J>J'g;]c'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'VSfR4i'6bBHJBDB'4YXShd'F>>'>_:CLD>F'b>DBac
[/")"0",m 8S
Table 3.13 7>`BE;EHG'B]':]!'_:D'BHF>?'LDBFE`>F']BDDBaEHG'`BE;>D>FF';BHFBH:H?F':HJ'LDBFE`>F'

' ' g;]c'$C:E<EH:'233XA'4VRh
6bD:?E`>'*DO [@BD:?E`>'*Ga
kudo'oMB=F>i'MBC>p kudo+do kudo+va
klass'o;D:FF@BBCi';D:FFp klass+to klass+ka
zal'oM:DDi'DEÈHG*@BBCp zal+do zal+ga
ked́'oM:HJi':@Cp ked́+t́e xket́:ey ked́+ga
krug'o;E@;D>p krug+do krug+ka xkruk:ay
$H'L@:;?E;>'E?'EF'F=]!';E>H?'?B';M:@:;?>@E^>'?M>'D>]?*;BH?>_?'?@EGG>@'B]'?MEF'LM>HBC>HBH'bK'
?M>']BDDBaEHG'?aB'F?:?>C>H?FA
g:h'\BE;>D>FF';BHFBH:H?
gbh'\BE;>J'LDBFE`>'B]'F:C>':@?E;=D:?EBH'LBEH?
&M>'@:HG>'B]'?M>'J>`BE;EHG'LM>HBC>HBH'EF':DFB'CEHEC:Dd'aM>@>:F'E?'EH`BD`>F'?M>'
CB@LM>C>FA':bD:?E`>'%DO':HJ'L@BD:?E`>'%Gac''
3.2.4. Voicing
$H';BDDBe=E:D'FL>>;M':HJ'>FL>;E:DDK'EH'BDJ>@'?>_?Fd'?M>@>'EF':DFB':'`BE;EHG'LM>HBC>HBH'
:]]>;?EHG'?M>'T'B]'?M>'L@>JE;:?>'C:@<>@F'*Tano'o[-.!c[-.7*4[0pd'%Tado'o[-.!c[-.7*2[0pd'
%Tan'o[-.!c[-.7*4!,|2!,pd'%Tanzat'o[-.!c[-.7*V!,|2!,p':HJ'%Tadi͔ź'o[-.!c[-.7*T|2[pc''
&MEF' LM>HBC>HBH' EF' ?@EGG>@>J' bK' ?M>' xU\"$#.7y' ]>:?=@>' B]' ?M>' :JQ:;>H?' ;BHFBH:H?' EH'
?M>' D>]?' ;BH?>_?c' ' />H;>d' ?M>' DE?>@:@K' moĺ+t́ano' GBz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*4[0' EF' L@BHB=H;>J'
xmoĺd́anoyd'bK'FBC>c''&M>'LM>HBC>HBH'B]'L@BG@>FFE`>'`BE;EHG'EH'.@^K:'L>@C>:?>F'?M>'
B@:D':HJ'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>d':F'E?'EF':??>F?>J':?'?M>'bB=HJ:@K'B]'F?>C':HJ';BHQ=G:?EBH:D'
EH"'>;?EBHFd']@>>'CB@LM'U']@>>'CB@LM'D>_>C>Fd':F'a>DD':F'FKH?:;?E;';BDDB;:?EBHFc
3.2.5. Loss of affix-initial V

&M>'DBFF'B]':]!'_*EHE?E:D'V':]]>;?F'?M>':b>FFE`>'CB@LM>C>'%VTOmOd'F=;M'?M:?'V'EF'DBF?'
aM>H'?M>'L@>;>JEHG'F?>C'>HJF'EH':';BHFBH:H?c
8X 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
3.2.6. Stem-final vowel loss

!?>C*!'H:D'`Ba>D'DBFF':]]>;?F':]!'_*!'H:D':HJ'@BB?*!'H:D'`Ba>DF':DE<>c''$?';:H'b>'BbF>@`>J'
EH'?aB'JE]]>@>H?'@:HG>FA
g:h'!?>C':HJ':]!'_*!'H:D'`Ba>DF':@>'J@BLL>J'EH';BH?>CLB@:@K'.@^K:'aM>H']BDDBa>J'bK'?M>'
L@>F>H?'L@>JE;:?>';@BFF*@>]>@>H;>'C:@<>@F']B@'?M>'!'@F?':HJ'F>;BHJ'L>@FBHF'FEHG=D:@d'>cGc'
vadŕa+at''vadŕat'oKB=':@>'HE;>pd'aME;M'EF'?M>'@>HJ>@EHG'B]'vadŕa'o!'H>qHE;>p':HJ'*at'
o[-.!c[-.7*2!,pc'g!>>']BD<DB@>d'BDJ'DE?>@:@Kd':HJ'6D:?K@t'F=bJE:D>;?F'vadŕajath
gbh'&M>@>':@>'?M@>>'HBCEH:D'F?>C'?KL>F'EH'.@^K:d'B]'aME;M'BH>';:H'b>'@>;BGHE^>J'bK'
FKHBHKCB=F'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B@':bF>H;>'B]':'F?>C*!'H:D'CEJ'`Ba>D'b>]B@>'?M>'
`BE;>D>FF*BHF>?':]!'_>F'LD=@:D'*Td'EH>FFE`>'*sOd'>D:?E`>'*stO':HJ'EDD:?E`>'*sd'F>>'HBCEH:D'
F?>C'?KL>F'b>DBac
6bB`>'a>'M:`>'L@BÈJ>J':'LMBH>?E;';M:@:;?>@E^:?EBH'B]'?M>'CBF?'F:DE>H?'LMBH>?E;']>:*
?=@>F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>c'&M>F>':@>']>:?=@>F'aE?M':'b>:@EHG'BH':DDBCB@LME;'`:@E:?EBH'
EH'?M>'EH"'>;?EBH'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d':HJ'?M>K'FMB=DJ'b>'F=]!';E>H?':D?MB=GM'HB?'>_M:=F?E`>'
]B@'?M>'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'EH'.@^K:c''6'F>?'B]'g8h'FE_'`Ba>D':HJ'g2Yh'?a>H?K*
HEH>';BHFBH:H?'LMBH>C>F'M:F'b>>H'>H=C>@:?>J']B@'.@^K:d'aME;M'EF'?aB'CB@>'?M:H'?M>'
:FF>FFC>H?'L@BÈJ>J'bK'$C:E<EH:'g233Xhd'F=;M'?M:?'=H@B=HJ>J'MEGM';>H?@:D'i͔' :HJ'`>D:@'
H:F:D'ŋ'M:`>'b>>H':??>F?>J'aE?M'?M>'M>DL'B]'CEHEC:D'L:E@Fc''!B=HJ'@=D>F'M:`>'b>>H'GE`>H'
EH'?M>']B@C'B]'D>]?*;BH?>_?'J>F;@EL?EBHFd';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M'?M>':=?BC:?E;'?aB*D>`>D'L:@F>@'
@=D>F'=F>J'EH'?M>'?@>:?C>H?'B]'?M>'CEHEC:D';B@L=Fc''&M>'`Ba>DF':HJ';BHFBH:H?F'B]'?M>'
.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'M:`>'b>>H'b@B<>H'JBaH'EH?B'F>?F';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M'?M>'aB@<EHGF'B]'g4h'
`Ba>D'M:@CBHKd'g2h'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHKd'gVh'J>`BE;EHGd'gRh'`BE;EHGd'gWh'DBFF'B]':]!'_*EHE?E:D'
\':HJ'g8h'F?>C*!'H:D'`Ba>D'DBFFc
4. Morphology
"=@'=HJ>@F?:HJEHG'B]']B@C'EF'@>:JEDK'J>`>DBL>J'bK';BHFEJ>@EHGA''gEh':DDBCB@LME;'`:@E*
:?EBH' EH' HBCEH:D*?KL>' aB@J' F?>CF' :HJ' J>;D>HFEBHFi' gEEh' DEH>:@' B@J>@EHG' B]' EH"'>;?EBH:D'
C:@<>@Fd':HJ'gEEEh';B*B;;=@@>H;>c'
Morphemes
Allomorphic variation
6DDBCB@LME;'`:@E:?EBH'EH'.@^K:':]]>;?F'F=bG@B=LF'B]'H>:@DK':DD'?>H'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'>F?:b*
DEFM>J'EH'.15'2333c''&M>'LMBHBDBGE;:D'aB@<EHGF'B]'?MEF'`:@E:?EBH'M:`>'b>>H'J>CBH*
F?@:?>J':bB`>'EH'F>;?EBH'Vc4c'[/")"0",$#60'[/.)"5.)6'Z./$)7'600"5"-[/$#'\6-$6&$")c''$H'
?MEF'F>;?EBH'a>'aEDD'J>F;@Eb>'?M>'L@>ÈB=FDK'>F?:bDEFM>J'?:@G>?F'B]'?MEF'`:@E:?EBH'EH'F>L:*
@:?>'F=bF>;?EBHFc''gRc4ch')"5$)60*&m[.'r"-7*!&.5'5"-[/"0",m'aEDD'L@BÈJ>':H'B=?DEH>'?B'
J>!'H>'.@^K:'aB@J*F?>C'?KL>F'aME;M':@>':LLDE;:bD>'?B'EH"'>;?EBHF']B@'?M>'@:HG>A''HB=HFd'
H=C>@:DFd'L@BHB=HFd':J`>@bq:JLBFE?EBHF':HJ'HBH*!'HE?>F'EH'%OmAc''!>;?EBH'gRc2ch'6(($T.!'
aEDD'?M>H'b>'JEÈJ>J'EH?B'?M>'F=bF>;?EBHFA'gRc2c4ch'#6!.i'gRc2c2ch')+5Z.-i'gRc2cVch'7.$#&$#'
56-1.-!i'gRc2cRch')"5$)60' #")9+,6&$")' 56-1.-!d':HJ'gRc2cWch'&/.' #0$&$#'%Gakc''!>;?EBH'
gRcVch'67)"5$)60*&m[.' [.-!")' $)' [6-&!' "(' ![..#/' aEDD' @>;>E`>' ]=@?M>@' FL>;E!';:?EBH' EH'
F=bF>;?EBHFA' ' gRcVc4ch' ["!!.!!$\.' 7.#0.)!$")' #"5[6&$Z$0$&m' ("-' 7$!&$),+$!/$),' [6-&!' "('
![..#/d'aM>@>';:F>']B@C':??>F?:?EBH'LD:KF':'C:QB@'@BD>i'gRcVc2ch'6&&.!&.7'[6-&!'"('![..#/'
6)7' !+Z0.T$#6i'gRcVcVch'7-6r$),' #")#0+!$")!c''!>;?EBH'gRcRch'[6-67$,5' 7.(.#&$\$&m' $)'
.-nm6'["!!.!!"-'$)7.T$),'EHFL>;?F'?M>'F?:?=F'B]'4!,':HJ'2!,'G>HE?E`>'C:@<EHG'aE?M'@>G:@J'
?B'?M>'1$)'&.-5'L:@:C>?>@c''6HJ'F>;?EBH'gRcWch'67)"5$)60'!m)&6T'6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)*
!$")'J>F;@Eb>F'?M>';BCL:?EbEDE?K'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'aE?M'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHc
4.1. Nominal-type word-stem morphology

rM>H'>F?:bDEFMEHG'HBCEH:D*?KL>'aB@J'F?>CFd'E?'CEGM?'B;;=@'?B'BH>'?B']BDDBa'?M>'?M@>>*
`Ba>D'FLDE?'FKF?>C'BbF>@`>J']B@'`>@bF'EH'?M>'(EHHEFM':HJ':LL:@>H?DK'?M>'.F?BHE:H'!;MBBDF'
B]'5B@JÈH'F?=JE>F'g;]c'-:ÈD:'4Y2YA'43R*43Wi'[:DD'4YY8A'22i'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'422i'/:C:@E'
233SA'88hc''&M>'`>@bFd'E?'EF'C:EH?:EH>Jd';:H'b>'JEÈJ>J'EH?B'?M@>>'G@B=LF'BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]'
aME;M'`Ba>D'L@>;>J>F'?M>'ms'F>GC>H?'EH'?M>'EH!'HE?E`>A'a'gpala%ms'o?B'<EFFphd'o'gvano%ms'
o?B'a:?;Mph'B@'e gńiĺe%ms'o?B'Fa:DDBaphc''&M>'L@BbD>C'aE?M'?MEF'?M@>>*a:K'FLDE?'EF'?M:?d'
aMED>' a%F?>C' `>@bF' :Da:KF' @>?:EH' ?M>E@' `Ba>D' EH' $)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,' C:@<EHGd' ?M>' ?aB'
CEJ*`Ba>D*F?>C'`>@bF'GE`>H'DBF>'?M>E@Fd'M>H;>'pala+ś'<EFFz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'FMBaF'
`Ba>D'@>?>H?EBHd'aM>@>:F'van+ś'a:?;MzÙ$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,':HJ'ńiĺ+ś'Fa:DDBazÙ$)7c
[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'JB'HB?c''rM:?'C:<>F'?MEF':a<a:@J']@BC':'LBEH?'B]';BH;:?>H:?EBH'EF'?M:?'
?M>@>':@>':DFB'CEJ*`Ba>D'`>@b'F?>CF'?M:?'@>?:EH'?M>E@'`Ba>DFd'>cGc''pid́ems'o?B';BB<pA''pid́e+ś'
;BB<zÙ$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,':HJ'udoms'o?B'FD>>LpA'udo+ś'FD>>LzÙ$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,c
S3 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
$H'?M>'CBF?'@>;>H?'.@^K:*-=FFE:H'JE;?EBH:@K'gɗɪɡɹɧɶ*ɪɭɡɨɧɶ'ɜɚɥɤɫd'4YYVhd'M>H;>*
]B@?M'g.-\'4YYVh':'`>@?E;:D'F>L:@:?B@'jÜk'EF'ECLD>C>H?>J'?B'EHJE;:?>':'b@>:<EHG'LBEH?'EH'
?M>'M>:JaB@J'aM>@>'EH"'>_EBH'B]'?M>'`:@EB=F'aB@J'?KL>F';:H'@>:JEDK'b>';BHQ=G:?>J'B@'
J>;DEH>Jc''$H'?M>'EHF?:H;>'B]'`>@b'M>:JaB@JFd'?MEF'C>:HF'?M:?':H':JJE?EBH:D'EHJE;:?EBH'B]'
?M>'EHJE;:?E`>'L@>?>@E?'$'?ME@J'L>@FBH'FEHG=D:@'aEDD'b>'GE`>Hd':HJ'EH'?M>';:F>'B]'HB=H'M>:J*
aB@JF'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:Di']B@'FBC>'@>:FBHd'MBa>`>@d':JQ>;?E`>F':HJ'B?M>@'
CBJE!'>@F':@>'HB?'FKF?>C:?E;:DDK'C:@<>Jc''
&M>' @BD>' B]' ?M>' `>@?E;:D' F>L:@:?B@' EH' `>@b' M>:JaB@JF' EF' ?B' EHJE;:?>' aM>?M>@' ?M>'
`Ba>D'B;;=@@EHG'b>]B@>'?M>'ms'EH!'HE?E`>'C:@<>@'EFd'EH']:;?d':'F?>C'`Ba>D'B@':'DEH<EHG'
`Ba>Di'?M>'$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'C:@<>@'%ś'M:F'HB':]!'_*EHE?E:D'`Ba>D'gF>>':DFB'&FKL<:E<EH:'
2333A'4W8hc
"H'?M>'b:FEF'B]'?M>':bB`>d'a>';:H'MKLB?M>FE^>'?aB'`>@b*F?>C'?KL>Fd'Ec>c'`>@bF'?M:?'
@>?:EH'?M>E@'F?>C'`Ba>DF'EH'?M>' $)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'FDB?d':HJ'?MBF>'?M:?'JB'HB?c''&M=F'?M>'
`>@bF'palams'o?B'<EFFpd'pid́ems'o?B';BB<p':HJ'udoms'o?B'FD>>Lp'b>DBHG'?B'BH>'G@B=Ld':HJ'
vanoms'o?B'a:?;Mp':HJ'ńiĺems'o?B'Fa:DDBap'?B'?M>'B?M>@c''6'F>;BHJ'MKLB?M>FEF'a>';:H'
C:<>'EF'?M:?'?M>'EH!'HE?E`>'C:@<>@'EFd'EH']:;?d'*Oms aE?M':H':@;MELMBH>C>'O'?B'EHJE;:?>'
?M:?':'`Ba>D'C=F?':Da:KF'b>'L@>F>H?i'EH'?M>'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>'?M:?'EF'g;]c'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'
2X8hc''.`F>`t>`'EHJE;:?>F'?M:?'?M>@>':@>';>@?:EH'`>@b'F?>CF'?M:?'DBF>'?M>E@'CEJ*`Ba>D'EH'
JE:D>;?' @>L@>F>H?:?EBH' B]' ?M>' EH!'HE?E`>d' >cGc' moĺems Ç moĺmeks' o?B' GBp' :HJ' kadoms Ç'
kadmoks'o?B'D>:`>'g\&hpd'aMED>'B?M>@F'JB'HB?A'udoms Ç udomks'o?B'FD>>Lpc''g&@BF?>@=J'
g2338A'2W3h'B]]>@F':'LMBH>?E;'FBD=?EBH'?B'F?>C*`Ba>D'J>D>?EBH'b>]B@>';BHFBH:H?*EHE?E:D'
F=]!'_>Fc''/>'@>;BGHE^>F':H'ECLB@?:H?'@BD>'LD:K>J'bK';BHFBH:H?';D=F?>@F'b=?'JB>F'HB?'F>>''
?M>';B@@>D:?EBH'?B'?M>'F?>C*`Ba>D'`>@F=F'DEH<EHG*`Ba>D'JE;MB?BCKch''
&M>'JE;MB?BCK'jF?>C'`Ba>D'`>@F=F'DEH<EHG'`Ba>Dk';:H'b>']=@?M>@'J>`>DBL>J'=LBH'
L>@=F:D'B]'?M>'.@^K:*-=FFE:H'JE;?EBH:@Kc''&M>@>':@>d'EH']:;?d'?M@>>'?KL>F'B]'`>@bF'?B'b>'
:??>F?>Jd'Ec>c'sod|omsA'%ś'o?B'?E>p'g`>@bF'aE?M'DEH<EHG'`Ba>DFhd'soda|msA'%ś'o?B'<HBai'?B'@>;*
BGHE^>p'g`>@bF'aE?M'F?>C'`Ba>DFhd':HJ'kundato|msA'%tś'o?B'b>;BC>'?E>J'gB]'?M>'?BHG=>hp'
g`>@bF'aE?M'F?>C'`Ba>DF':HJ':JJE?EBH:D'T'CB@LMBDBGKhc''&M>'?ME@J'`>@b'?KL>d'B@EGEH:DDK'
b@B=GM?'?B'CK':??>H?EBH'bK'!:DB'g;]c'!:DBd']B@?M;BCEHGhd'?:<>F':H':JJE?EBH:D'T'b>]B@>'?M>'
$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'C:@<>@c''6''L:@:DD>D'?B'?MEF'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'`:@E:?EBH'b>?a>>H'm':HJ'T'
;:H'b>'BbF>@`>J'EH'?M>':??>F?:?EBH'B]'?aB'HB=H']B@CF'EH'1B^DB`<:'JE:D>;?A'utom'oF?B@>*
MB=F>pA'utotso'oEH'?M>'F?B@>MB=F>p':HJ'kaštom'oB`>HpA'kaštotso'oEH'?M>'B`>Hp'g;]c'Z=b@E<M'
4YV3A'VVhc''
&M>'?ME@J'`>@b'?KL>'EF'HB?':JM>@>J'?B'bK':DD'FL>:<>@F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d'F=;M'?M:?'
$C:E<EH:'gB@EGEH:DDK']@BC':H'$HF:@'B@'r>F?>@H'JE:D>;?'b:;<G@B=HJd'b=?'aE?M':'DE]>?EC>'
EH'=HE`>@FE?K*D>`>D'5B@JÈH'F?=JE>Fh'EHJE;:?>F'?aB'F>L:@:?>'@>"'>_>F']B@'?M>'`>@b'satoms'
o?B' b>' >HB=GMpA' satotś' g233XA' Y8h' :HJ' satś' ' gEbEJc' 2X2h' oF=]!';>z\c$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,pd'
aM>@>:F'?M>'-=FFE:H*D:HG=:G>'?@>:?EF>'B]'.@^K:'`>@bF'L=bDEFM>J'bK'5IFû@BF'EGHB@>F'E?'
:D?BG>?M>@'g;]c'4YYYA'448*423hc''
&M>'.@^K:'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>':??>F?F'?B':'FKF?>C'B]'?M@>>'`>@b'?KL>F':F'J>LE;?>J'EH'
.-\'g4YYVhc''&M>@>]B@>d'?M>'?M@>>'`>@b'?KL>F'J>F;@Eb>J'bK'?M>'(EHHEFM'!;MBBDd'>FL>;E:DDK'
?M>'o':HJ'e'`>@b*?KL>'J>F;@EL?EBHF'B]'?M>'.@^K:d'M:`>'DE??D>'?B'JB'aE?M'?M>'FKH;M@BHE;'F?:?>'
B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d':D?MB=GM'?M>K'C:K'B]]>@'L:@?E:D'EHFEGM?'EH?B'D:HG=:G>'MEF?B@Kc''
5"-[/"0",m S4
$H'HB=HF'?M>'`>@?E;:D'F>L:@:?B@'jÜk'F>@`>F'?B'C:@<'?M>'@>CB`:D'B]'?M>'#K@EDDE;'FB]?'
FEGH'b>]B@>'?M>'LD=@:D'C:@<>@'Td'BH'?M>'BH>'M:HJd':HJ'FBC>'EHF?:H;>F'B]'CEJ'`Ba>DFd'BH'
?M>'B?M>@d'aM>@>:F'DBa'F?>C'`Ba>DF':@>'H>`>@'>DEJ>J'EH';BHQ=G:?EBH'B@'J>;D>HFEBHd':HJ'
?M>@>]B@>':';B@@>D:?EBH'b>?a>>H'`>@b':HJ'HBCEH:D*?KL>'F?>CF'CEGM?'b>'LBFE?>J'g;]c'n:E;^'
4YYXA'4XXf4XYhc
0>?'=F'?M>H':JJ@>FF'?M>'HBCEH:D'F?>C'?KL>d'E]'a>';:Hd':;;B@JEHG'?B'?M>'F:C>';@E*
?>@E:':F'a>@>'=F>J'aE?M'`>@b'F?>CFc'')BCEH:DF';:H':DFB'b>'JEÈJ>J'EH?B'?M@>>'?KL>Fc''&M>''
F?>C'?KL>F'JB'HB?'JE@>;?DK'L:@:DD>D'?MBF>'B]'?M>'`>@bFd'?MB=GMc''&M>'HBCEH:D'F?>C'?KL>F'
:@>'b:F>J':DCBF?'>H?E@>DK'=LBH'?M>'LMBH>?E;'e=:DE?E>F'B]'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=*
D:@']B@Cc''&M>'!'@F?'FLDE?'EF'C:J>'BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]'aM>?M>@'?M>'M>:JaB@J'>HJF'EH':'`Ba>D'B@'
:';BHFBH:H?c''&M>'C>@E?F'B]'F=;M':'FLDE?'aEDD'b>'F>>H'EH'?M>'H=Cb>@'B]':]!'_>Fd'J>F;@Eb>J'
b>DBad'?M:?'@>e=E@>'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]':'`Ba>D'b>?a>>H'?M>';BHFBH:H?F'B]':H'ECC>JE:?>DK'
L@>;>JEHG'F?>C':HJ'?M>'!'@F?';BHFBH:H?'B]'?M>':]!'_c''0>?'=F'BbF>@`>'?M>'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>'
HBCEH:?E`>' J>!'HE?>' FEHG=D:@' C:@<>@' :DDBCB@LMF' *ośd' %eś' :HJ' *ś' ws' *OśA' oš+oś' o?BaHz'
)U)"5c7.(c!,p':HJ'keĺ+eś'o?BHG=>z')U)"5c7.(c!,p'`>@F=F'kudo+ś'oMB=F>z')U)"5c7.(c!,p'
:HJ'veĺe+ś'oÈDD:G>z')U)"5c7.(c!,pc''&M>'`Ba>D*!'H:D'`>@F=F';BHFBH:H?*!'H:D'JEÈFEBH'B]'
F?>CF'EF'?M>H']BDDBa>J'bK'?aB'CB@>d'BH>';BH;>@HEHG'?M>';BHFBH:H?*!'H:D':HJ'?M>'B?M>@'
?M>'`Ba>D*!'H:D'M>:JaB@JFc''
$H';BHFBH:H?*!'H:D'HBCEH:D*?KL>'M>:JaB@JF'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]':'aB@J'!'H:D'FgMhEbE*
D:H?';:H'b@EHG':bB=?'FKHBHKCB=F'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>Fc''$]'?M>'M>:JaB@J*
!'H:D' ;BHFBH:H?' EF' :' FgMhEbED:H?d' ?M>H' ?M>@>' EF' :' ?>HJ>H;K' ]B@' :' DEH<EHG' `Ba>D' ?B' B;;=@'
b>?a>>H'?M>'F?>C*!'H:D'FgMhEbED:H?':HJ':H':]!'_*EHE?E:D'FgMhEbED:H?d'>cGc'EH'?M>'EDD:?E`>d'?M>'
aB@J'karks'ob>D?p'G:EHF'aM:?'M>@>'aEDD'b>'?>@C>J':H'BL?EBH:D'F?>C'`Ba>D'EH'o'b>]B@>'?M>'
EDD:?E`>'C:@<>@'%s'EF':JJ>Jd'?M=F'karks+(o)s'b>D?z)U$00c''&MEFd'E?'C=F?'b>'F?@>FF>Jd'EF':'
?>HJ>H;K'?M:?':]]>;?F':DD'F?>C*!'H:D'FgMhEbED:H?F'cd'sd'zd'ćd'śd'źd'čd'šd'ž'EH';BCbEH:?EBH'aE?M'
?M>':]!'_*EHE?E:D's'B]'?M>'EDD:?E`>d'EH>FFE`>':HJ'>D:?E`>d':F'a>DD':F'?M>'š'B]'?M>';BCL:@:?E`>c''
&M>@>]B@>'FKHBHKCB=F'`:@E:?EBH';:H'b>'BbF>@`>Jd'F=;M':F'?M:?']B=HJ'EH'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'ED*
D:?E`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@'potmaks'obB??BCp'aE?M'>ÈJ>H;>'EH']:`B@'B]'?M>'DEH<EHG*`Ba>D'F?@:?*
>GK'potmaksos'4XR'B;;=@@>H;>F':HJ'potmakss'2Xd'b=?':DFB'?M>':JLBFE?EBH'veĺkses'2WW'
:HJ'veĺkss'244'bB?M'EH?>@L@>?>J':F'oB`>@q:bB`>z["[c$00pc'/>H;>'LMBHBDBGE;:D'`:@E:?EBH'
EH'?M>'L@>F>H;>'`>@F=F':bF>H;>'B]':'F?>C'`Ba>Dd'b>;:=F>'B]'E?F'F>>CEHGDK'HBH*F>C:H?E;'
;M:@:;?>@d';:H':=?BC:?E;:DDK'b>':F;@Eb>J'?B':DD'F?>CF'>HJEHG'EH'FgMhEbED:H?Fc''&MEF'HBH*
F>C:H?E;'`:@E:?EBH'CEGM?'b>'J>:D?'aE?M'EH'?aB'C:HH>@FA'E?'CEGM?'b>'FECLDK'J>F;@Eb>J':F'
CB@LMBLMBH>CE;'`:@E:?EBHd'B@'E]'a>';MBBF>'?B'EHFL>;?'E?F'JEF;B=@F>*D>`>D'`:@E:?EBHd'a>'
CEGM?'LDB?'E?'EH'?M>';BH?EH=:?EBH'D>_E;BH'B]';BH;:?>H:?EBHd'FB'?M:?'E?';:H'b>':=?BC:?E;:DDK'
L:@F>Jc''!ECED:@'FKHBHKCB=F'`:@E:?EBH';:H':DFB'b>'BbF>@`>J'EH'?M>';BCbEH:?EBH'B]'B?M>@'
;BHFBH:H?*!'H:D'F?>CF']BDDBa>J'bK'?@:HFD:?E`>';:F>'C:@<>@'ksc''ZB?M'F=b?KL>F':@>'BL>H'?B'
H:?E`>':HJ'DB:HaB@J'F?>CFc''
$H' ?M>' `Ba>D*!'H:D' F>?' B]' :DD' HBCEH:D*?KL>' M>:JaB@JF' FL>;E:D' :??>H?EBH' C=F?' b>'
GE`>H'?B':'F=bF>?'aE?M'M>:JaB@J*!'H:D'CEJ'`Ba>DFc''&M>'F=bF>?':]]>;?>J';BCL@EF>F'?MBF>'
aME;M':D?>@H:?>DK'>_MEbE?':'DBFF'B]'?M:?'F?>C*!'H:D'CEJ'`Ba>D'b>]B@>';>@?:EH':]!'_>F'b>*
GEHHEHG'aE?M'`BE;>D>FF':D`>BD:@';BHFBH:H?Fd'>FL>;E:DDK'?M>'LD=@:D'C:@<>@'EH'%T':HJ'?M>'
FL:?E:D';:F>F'%s'EDD:?E`>d'*sO'EH>FFE`>':HJ'*stO'>D:?E`>c''$H'?M>'?:bD>'b>DBa'a>'aEDD'BbF>@`>'
S2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
?M>'?M@>>'JE]]>@>H?'F?>C'?KL>F')"+)!4'EH'g:d'bh'g;BHFBH:H?*!'H:D'F?>CFhd')"+)!4!'EH'g;d'Jd'
aM>@>:F'?MEF'F=bF>?'B]' )"+)!4'EF'>H?E@>DK'L@>JE;?:bD>hd'' )"+)!2'EH'g>d']h'gHBCEH:D'F?>C'
?KL>'aE?M'FKHBHKCB=F'F?>C*`Ba>D'`:@E:?EBHh':HJ')"+)!V'EH'gGd'Md'Eh'gHBCEH:D'F?>C'?KL>'
aE?M'F?>C'`Ba>D'@>?>H?EBHhc''
&M>'?:bD>'EDD=F?@:?>F'LBFFEbD>'MBCBHKCK'?M:?'B;;=@F'b>?a>>H'LD=@:D'C:@<EHG'T'
:HJ'LBFF>FFE`>';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'2!,'C:@<>@'OT'EH'?M>'?M@>>'F?>C'?KL>Fc'')B'MBCBHKCK'
B;;=@F'EH')"+)!4'F?>CFi'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'C:@<>@F'EH'?M>'CBJ>@H'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>':Da:KF'
@>e=E@>'DEH<EHG'`Ba>DF'gF>>'F>;?EBH'Rc2cVc4c'["!!.!!"-*$)7.T' 56-1$),hc''"L?EBH:D'MBC*
BHKCK'EF'BbF>@`>J'EH')"+)!2'F?>CFd':HJ'?B?:D'MBCBHKCK'EH')"+)!V'F?>CFc''$H'?M>'CBF?'
@>;>H?'G@:CC:@'g.15'2333hd')"+)!2'F?>CF':@>'?@>:?>J':F'EH`:@E:bD>')"+)!V'F?>CFc''&MEF'
@>"'>;?F'BH>'B]'?M>'L@>F;@EL?E`>'HB@CF'L@BLBF>J'EH'?M>'CBF?'@>;>H?DK'L@EH?>J'B@?MBG@:LME;'
HB@CF'jɗɪɡɹɧɶ'ɤɟɥɶɫɷ'ɫɺɪɦɚɞɨɦɚɧɶd'ɤɨɪɬɚɦɨɧɶd'ɩɭɧɤɬɭɚɰɢɹɧɶ'ɥɭɜɬɧɟk'o"@?MBG@:*
LMKd' !L>>;M' :HJ' [=H;?=:?EBH' )B@CF' EH' ?M>' .@^K:' 0:HG=:G>pd' M>H;>]B@?M' g.1!' 4YYWA'
VRhc''(B@':H'>_?>HFE`>'L@>F>H?:?EBH'B]'HBCEH:D'F?>C'`:@E:?EBH'EH'J>;D>HFEBH'g;]c'.`F>`t>`'
4Y8VA'W8f434i'6bBHJBDB'4YXShc
Table 4.1 )BCEH:D'F?>C'?KL>F'EH'.@^K:

/>:J* ,DBFF $)7.(c$00 $)7.(c)"5c[0 ["!!*2!,|
aB@J )"5*,.)
: ɦɚɪ CB=HJ ɦɚɪɫ ɦɚɪɬ ɦɚɪɨɬ
)"+)!4 b ɭɦɚɪÜɶ :LLD>i' ɦɚɪɶɫ ɭɦɚɪɬɶ ɭɦɚɪɟɬɶ
F?@:ab>@@K
; ɩɨɬɦɚɤɫ bB??BC ɩɨɬɦɚɤɫɨɫ'Ç' ɩɨɬɦɚɤɫɬ ɩɨɬɦɚɤɫɨɬ
)"+)!4! ɩɨɬɦɚɤɫɫ
J ɜɟɥɶɤɫ :bB`>i';B`>@i' ɜɟɥɶɤɫɷɫ'Ç' ɜɟɥɶɤɫɬ ɜɟɥɶɤɫɷɬɶ
;@>:C ɜɟɥɶɤɫɫ
> ɤɭɪɝÜɨ CB=?M ɤɭɪɝɫ'Ç'ɤɭɪɝɨɫ ɤɭɪɝɬ'Ç'ɤɭɪɝɨɬ ɤɭɪɝɨɬ
)"+)!2 ] ɩɟɧɝÜɟ !'@>'aBBJ ɩɟɧɝɫ'Ç'ɩɟɧɝɟɫ ɩɟɧɝɬɶ'Ç'ɩɟɧɝɟɬɶ ɩɟɧɝɟɬɶ
G ɤɭɞɨ MBC>i'MB=F>i' ɤɭɞɨɫ ɤɭɞɨɬ ɤɭɞɨɬ
@BBC
)"+)!V M ɩɢɡɷ H>F? ɩɢɡɷɫ ɩɢɡɷɬɶ ɩɢɡɷɬɶ
E ɩɚɰɹ M:HJ<>@;ME>] ɩɚɰɹɫ ɩɚɰɹɬ ɩɚɰɹɬ
&M>' )"+)!2' F?>C' ?KL>d' E?' aEDD' b>' HB?>Jd' :??>F?F' FKHBHKCE;' `:@E:?EBH' EH' E?F' EHJ>!'HE?>'
HBCEH:?E`>' LD=@:D' ]B@CFc' '&MEF' F?>C' ?KL>' M:F' @>;>E`>J' :??>H?EBH' EH' `:@EB=F' G@:CC:@F'
b>GEHHEHG'aE?M'.`F>`t>`'gx4Y2Yy'4Y8VA'X2fXVhc''6F'HB?>J':bB`>':?'D>:F?'FBC>'L@>F;@EL?E`>'
G@:CC:@'a@E?>@F'M:`>'J>;EJ>J'?B'@>CB`>'?M>')"+)!2'F?>C'?KL>']@BC'?M>':G>HJ:'B]'.@^K:'
CB@LMBDBGKd'>`>H'?MB=GM'E?'EF'>_?>HFE`>DK':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'a@E??>H'D:HG=:G>c''!>>'?:bD>'
b>DBa']B@'JEF:CbEG=:?>J'F?:?EF?E;F'BH'`Ba>D'`>@F=F';BHFBH:H?*F?>C'EH'?M>'>_L@>FFEBH'B]'
LD=@:D'EH'?M>' )"+)!2'F?>C'?KL>d'aM>@>'HEH>'B]'?M>'CBF?']@>e=>H?DK':??>F?>J'M>:JaB@JF'
:@>' GE`>H' aE?M' LBFF>FFE`>' F>;BHJ' L>@FBH' FEHG=D:@' `>@F=F' EHJ>!'HE?>' HBCEH:?E`>' LD=@:D'
@>:JEHGFc
5"-[/"0",m SV
Table 4.2 !?>C'`:@E:?EBH'EH')"+)!2'HBCEH:D'F?>C'?KL>

\Ba>D'@>?>H?EBH \Ba>D'DBFF &B?:D
/>:JaB@J (B@C U["!!*2!, U[0 (B@C U[0â
ɫɟɥɶɦɟ' ɫɟɥɶɦɟɬɶ 2Y4 43 ɫɟɥɶɦɬɶ 2VX 539
>K>z)
ɩɚɪɨ' ɩɚɪɨɬ 43R 8 ɩɚɪɬ VY8 506
]:`B@qa>:D?MqF?>:Cz) GBBJz6qF?>:C
ɩɟɧɝɟ' ɩɟɧɝɟɬɶ R S ɩɟɧɝɬɶ 28Y 280
!'@>aBBJz)
ɩɢɥɶɝɟ' D>Gq ɩɢɥɶɝɟɬɶ 4W4 S ɩɢɥɶɝɬɶ YS 255
]BB?z)
ɱɭɜɬɨ'?@>>z) ɱɭɜɬɨɬ )6 4W ɱɭɜɬɬ 2V8 251
ɨɣɦɟ'FB=Dz) ɨɣɦɟɬɶ 4YV RW ɨɣɦɬɶ 44 249
ɤɭɪɝɨ' ɤɭɪɝɨɬ 4V4 W ɤɭɪɝɬ W4 187
CB=?Mz)
ɩɚɧɞɨ'MEDDz) ɩɚɧɞɨɬ )6 44 ɩɚɧɞɬ 4SW 186
ɩɟɤɟ' ɩɟɤɟɬɶ 423 X ɩɟɤɬɶ VY 167
F?BC:;Mz)
&B?:D 994 114 1512 2620
&M>'HBCEH:D'F?>CF'J>CBHF?@:?>J':bB`>'aEDD'b>'@>HJ>@>J'EH'?M@>>'F>L:@:?>'?KL>F'BH'?M>'
b:FEF'B]'?aB'L:@:C>?>@FA'gEh'L@>F>H;>'B]'F?>C*!'H:D'`Ba>D'EH'M>:JaB@Jd':HJ'gEEh'@>?>H?EBH'
B]' F?>C*!'H:D' `Ba>D' b>]B@>' LD=@:D' C:@<>@' EH' *Tc'6D?MB=GM' ?M>@>' :@>' ?>HJ>H;E>F' EH' ?M>'
a@E??>H' D:HG=:G>' ?Ba:@JF' LBFF>FFE`>' F>;BHJ' L>@FBH' FEHG=D:@' `>@F=F' HBCEH:?E`>' LD=@:D'
JE]]>@>H?E:?EBH'EH'FBC>'B]'?M>')"+)!2'F?>CFd'E?':LL>:@F'?M:?'HB?':DD'L>BLD>'EH'?KL>F>??EHG'
:JM>@>'?B'?M>'F:C>'HB@CF'gFBC>?MEHG'EHJE;:?E`>'B]'JE:D>;?'`:@E:?EBHhc''\Ba>D'@>?>H?EBH'EH'
FBC>'B]'?M>'F?>CF'C:K'b>']B=HJ'EH'b:M=`@EME'?KL>';BHF?@=;?EBHFd'F=;M':F'vaŕga kurgot'
obD:bb>@*CB=?MF'gGDB`>z)c)"5c!,'CB=?Mz)c)"5c[0hpd'B@d'L>@M:LFd'>CLM:?E;':HJ'JE:D>;?'
`:@E:?EBHc''\Ba>D'DBFF'B;;=@F'aE?M'?M>'LD=@:D'C:@<>@'%Td'b=?'?MEF'F:C>']B@C'B@'LBFFEbDK'
:'MBCBHKC'EF':DFB'=F>J'EH'?M>']B@C:?EBH'B]':J`>@bFd'>cGc'veŕev pandt'o=L*MEDD'g=Lz67\c
06&''MEDDz)c[0q7$!&-A',"60':HJ'0"#hpc''(B@':;;=@:;K'?M>')"+)!2'F?>CF';B=DJ'b>'@>G:@J>J':F'
:';DBF>J'F>?d'aME;M']B@':DD'L@:;?E;:D'L=@LBF>F'E?'EFd'b=?'?M>']BDDBaEHG'@>G=D:@*>_L@>FFEBH'
J>F;@EL?EBHF' B]' F?>C' ?KL>' aEDD' b>' M>DL]=D' EH' ?M>' DB;:?EHG' B]' LD:=FEbD>' K>?' =HEJ>H?E!'>J'
C>Cb>@Fc
x(&\y'x'xɩÜɬÜɤÜɰÜɱy'Ü'ɦ'ɛ'Ü'xɜÜɫÜɲy'ɬ'Ü'xɪÜɥɶÜɧy'ɞ'Ü'xɫɶÜɲy'ɤ'Ü'xɜÜɪÜɥɶÜɧy'ɝ'Ü'xɬɶÜɞɶÜɪɶÜɥɶy'ɦ'Ü'ɜ'
ɲy'ɟ
xZ&\y'x'xɩÜɬÜɤÜɰÜɱy'Ü'ɦ'ɛ'Ü'xɜÜɫÜɲy'ɬ'Ü'xɪÜɥÜɧy'ɞ'Ü'xɫÜɲy'ɤ'Ü'xɜÜɪÜɥÜɧy'ɝ'Ü'xɬÜɞÜɪÜɥy'ɦ'Ü'ɜ'ɲy'ɨ
rE?M' @>?@BFL>;?' ?B' ?M>' ;BHFBH:H?*;D=F?>@' J>DECE?:?EBHF' F=GG>F?>J' bK' &@BF?>@=J' g2338A'
2W3hd'E?'FMB=DJ'b>'HB?>J'?M:?';>@?:EH'F?>CFd'>cGc'keĺmÜe o;BDJi']@BF?p':HJ'keĺmeÜms o?B'G>?'
;BDJi'?B']@>>^>p'JB'HB?'H>;>FF:@EDK']BDDBa'EJ>H?E;:D'L:??>@HFc''6HJ'?M=F'E?'EF'?M>'HBCEH:D'
?KL>'F?>C')"+)!2'?M:?';BHFB:H?*;D=F?>@'J>DECE?:?EBHF'CEGM?'b>';BH;>H?@:?>J'BHc'''
SR 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
4.2. Affixes
6]!'_>F'M>@>':@>':'F=bF>?'B]':DD'CB@LM>C>F':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'aB@J']B@CF'F>?':F'?M>'@:HG>'
B]':JHBCEH:D*?KL>';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBHd'Ec>c':]!'_>F'CEGM?'b>';BH?@:F?>J'aE?M'F?>CFc''
!?>CFd'E?'C=F?'b>'@>C>Cb>@>Jd';BCL@EF>'HB?'BHDK'?M>'F?>@>B*?KLE;:D'M>:JaB@J'F?>CFd'
b=?d'EH'?M>'MEGMDK'FKH?M>?E;'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>d'L@>ÈB=FDK'EH"'>;?>J']B@CFd':F'a>DDc''/>H;>'
HBCEH:D'EH"'>;?EBH';:Hd'@B=GMDK'FL>:<EHGd'b>'b@B<>H'EH?B'?M@>>'DEH>:@*B@J>@>J'G@B=LF'B]'
:]!'_>F'>_L@>FFEHGA''gEh'?M>';:?>GB@E>F':HJ'HB?EBHF'B]';:F>d'H=Cb>@':HJ'J>!'HE?>H>FF'aE?M'
B;;:FEBH:D'DBBLEHG'gF>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHhi'gEEh'HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBHd':HJ'gEEEh'?M>';DE?E;c''
rMED>'?M>'!'@F?'G@B=Ld';BHFEF?EHG'B]'?M@>>'F=bG@B=LFd'M:F'FL>;E!';'B@J>@EHG']B@'`:@EB=F'
;BCbEH:?EBHF' B]' E?F' ;:?>GB@E>F' :HJ' HB?EBHFd' ?M>' F>;BHJ' :HJ' ?ME@J' G@B=L' :@>' FECLD>' EH'
H:?=@>d':HJ':F'FEHGD>*F>?'G@B=LF'JB'HB?':DDBa'F>;BHJ:@K':]!'_:?EBHc''!L>;E!';F'BH'B@J>@EHG'
B]'>D>C>H?F'EH'G@B=L'gEh';:H'b>'GE`>H':;;B@JEHG'?B'?M>']BDDBaEHG'@=D>'B]'?M=CbA
6H'B@J>@EHG'JEF?EH;?EBHA''7>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'`>@F=F'B?M>@A
$]'?M>@>'EF':'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'C:@<>@d'E?'aEDD'L@>;>J>';:F>'C:@<EHGd'Ec>c'LD=@:D'C:@<>@'%T'
g)=Cb>@'C:@<>@d')_h'EF']BDDBa>J'bK'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'C:@<>@'%Ned'aME;M'EF'?M>H']BDDBa>J'
bK':HK'B`>@?';:F>'C:@<EHG'g#_hc
$H'?M>':bF>H;>'B]'J>!'HE?>*LD=@:D'C:@<EHGd':'JEF?EH;?EBH'aEDD'b>'C:J>'b>?a>>H';=C=D:?E`>*
>_L@>FFEBH'gHBH*;BH;:?>H:bD>';:F>':HJ'J>E;?E;'C:@<>@d'#7_h':HJ';:F>'C:@<EHGc'#=C=D:*
?E`>'>_L@>FFEBHd';M:@:;?>@EF?E;'B]'?M>';B@>';:F>F'HBCEH:?E`>d'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>d';BHFEF?F'
B]' FECLD>' :]!'_:?EBH' F?@:?>GE>F' bK' J>!'HE?EBHd' aMED>' ;BH;:?>H:?EBH' B]' ;:F>' C:@<>@' g#_h'
]BDDBa>J'bK'n.-"'B@'J>E;?E;'C:@<>@'g7_h'EF'?M>'F?@:?>GK'B]'?M>'@>C:EHEHG';:F>Fc
x')_'U'#_'Ü'#7_'Ü'#_'U'7_'y
4.2.1. Case
&M>' ?>@C' ;:F>' EF' B]?>H' :FFB;E:?>J' aE?M' HB=H' LM@:F>F' :HJ' ?M>' C:@<EHG' B]' FKH?:;?E;'
:@G=C>H?Fd'>cGc'F=bQ>;?d'JE@>;?'BbQ>;?':HJ'EHJE@>;?'BbQ>;?Fc''$H'(EHHB*+G@E:H'D:HG=:G>Fd'
MBa>`>@d'?M>@>'EF':H'>_?>HFEBH']B@'EH;D=JEHG'DB;:D';:F>Fd':HJ'FBC>'B?M>@F':F'a>DDc''$H'?M>'
.@^K:'G@:CC:@'?@:JE?EBHd'?M>'?>@C'j;:F>k'EF'G>H>@:DDK'=F>J'aM>H'FL>:<EHG'B]'J>L>HJ>H?'
CB@LMB*FKH?:;?E;' ;BHF?E?=>H?Fd' >`>H' BH>F' aE?M' n.-"*C:@<>@Fd' ?M:?' ;B@@>D:?>' aE?M'
FKH?:;?E;*F>C:H?E;'@>D:?EBHFd'F=;M':F'?MBF>'B]':@G=C>H?F'B@':JQ=H;?Fc'''&M>'?>@C'j;:F>k'
M:F'b>>H'=F>J'FL:@EHGDK'B]'BHDK'FBC>'B]'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:DDK'J>L>HJ>H?'C:@<>@Fd'aM>@>:F'
?M>'?>@C'j;:F>*DE<>':J`>@bE:D'C:@<>@Fk'M:F'b>>H':LLDE>J'?B'B?M>@'C:@<>@F'aE?M'DE??D>'E]'
:HK':@G=C>H?:?EBHc''.`F>`t>`d':LL:@>H?DK'=H:bD>'?B'J>:D'aE?M'EH"'>;?EBH:D'MBCBHKCKd'
EH?>@L@>?F' ?M>' D:?E`>' ;:F>' *Ov' B]' 6MDe=EF?' g4X84hd' [::FBH>H' g4Y3Yh' :HJ' !M:<MC:?B`'
g4Y43h' :F' FKHBHKCB=F' aE?M' ?M>' J>HBCEH:D' J>@E`:?EBH' CB@LM>C>' ]B@' :JQ>;?E`>F' %Ovd'
5"-[/"0",m SW
:HJ'?M>@>]B@>'FL>:<F'B]':J`>@bE:D'C:@<>@F'gF>>'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'WWhc''!EH;>'?M>'CBJ>@H'
?@:JE?EBH'g;]c'Z:@?>HF'4YYYi',@>bH>`:'2333h'C:<>F':'JEÈFEBH'b>?a>>H';B@>';:F>Fd'DB;:D'
;:F>F':HJ':??@Eb=?E`>';:F>Fd'b=?'F>?F'HB'G=EJ>DEH>F'@>G:@JEHG':;;=@:?>'J>!'HE?EBH'B]';:F>d'
?MEF':=?MB@'M:F'BL?>J'?B'J>!'H>';:F>':;;B@JEHG'?B'?M>']BDDBaEHG'CB@LMB*FKH?:;?E;';@E?>@E:A'
gEh'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'C:@<EHG'gEH;D=FE`>' n.-"*C:@<EHGhi'gEEh'>D>C>H?';BCLD>_E?Kd':HJ'gEEEh'
;D:=F:D'B@'LM@:F:D'FKH?:;?E;']=H;?EBH'g:@G=C>H?F':HJ':JQ=H;?Fhc
5B@LMBDBGE;:D'C:@<EHG
.D>C>H?';BCLD>_E?K
!KH?:;?E;']=H;?EBH
$H;D=JEHG'?M>'n.-"*CB@LM>C>'B]'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>';:F>d'?M>@>':@>'!']?>>H'CB@LM>C>F'
:??>F?>J' aE?M' CBJE!'>J' LM@:F:D' ;BHF?E?=>H?F' EH' ?M>' .@^K:' D:HG=:G>' g;]c' -=>?>@' 233Y:hc''
&M>'=F>'B]'FKH?:;?E;']=H;?EBH':F':';@E?>@EBH'M:F':DDBa>J'=F'?B';BL>'aE?M':'@:HG>';BCL@EF*
EHG'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;Md'F=;M':F'HB=HFd'H=C>@:DFd'L@BHB=HF':HJ':J`>@bFq:JLBFE?EBHFd'BH'?M>'
BH>'M:HJd':HJ'?M>'F=b*;D:FF'B]'HBH*!'HE?>F'EH'%Om%d'BH'?M>'B?M>@c''&M=F'?MEF'J>!'HE?EBH'
L@BÈJ>F'=F'aE?M':'C:_EC:D':;;>FF'?B'CB@LM>C>F'?M:?'CEGM?'b>':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'LBFF>F*
FE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'b>'B]'EH?>@>F?'EH':'?@>:?EF>'B]':JHBCEH:D*?KL>'L>@FBHc''&M>'
CBF?'@>;>H?'G@:CC:@'B]'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>d'E?'aEDD'b>'HB?>Jd'DECE?F'E?F>D]'?B'?a>D`>';:F>F'
EH'?M>'JEF;=FFEBH'B]'HB=HF':HJ'FE_'aM>H'?@>:?EHG'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'
g;]c'6G:]BHB`:'2333A'42Wf4RWi',@>bH>`:'2333A'SVfXXhc''#:F>F'B]'JEFL=?>J'F?:?=Fd'b=?'
EH;D=J>J'bK'?MEF':=?MB@d':@>'?M>'0"#6&$\. %Od'#"5$&6&$\. %Nekd':HJ'&.5["-60$! %Nec''g!>>'
:DFB'7:HEDB`'4Y8Yi'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'YY*433d'48Rh
$H'?MEF'F=bF>;?EBH'a>'aEDD'b@E>"'K'J>!'H>'?M>'?M@>>';:F>'JEÈFEBHFA';B@>';:F>Fd'DB*
;:D';:F>Fd':HJ':??@Eb=?E`>';:F>F'aMED>'>:;M'EHJEÈJ=:D';:F>'CB@LM>C>'aEDD'b>'J>F;@Eb>J'
aE?M' ?M>' ]BDDBaEHG' >D>C>H?FA' gEh' H:C>i' gEEh' CB@LM>C>i' gEEEh' F?:?>C>H?' B]' @:HG>' aM>@>'
?M>';:F>'EF':??>F?>Jd':HJ'gE`h'HB?>F'BH'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>'DECE?:?EBHFc''rM>H':CbEG=E?E>F'B]'
]B@C'`>@F=F']=H;?EBH'L@>F>H?'?M>CF>D`>Fd'F>L:@:?>'?@>:?C>H?'aEDD'b>'B]]>@>J':?'?M>'>HJ'
B]'?M>'F>;?EBHd'Ec>c'?M>'JE@>;?*BbQ>;?']=H;?EBH'EF':??>F?>J']B@'bB?M'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'?M>'
G>HE?E`>c''$H'B?M>@'EHF?:H;>Fd'G@:CC:@F'M:`>'H>GD>;?>J'B@'e=>F?EBH>J'?M>'L>@?EH>H;>'B]'
:'GE`>H'EH"'>;?EBH:D'E?>Cd'Ec>c'?M>'?@:HFD:?E`>';:H'EHJ>>J':LL>:@'EH'?M>'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'
J>;D>HFEBH'g.15'2333hc
4.2.1.1. Core cases
$H'?M>'.@^K:'G@:CC:@'?@:JE?EBHd']B=@';:F>'H:C>F':@>'C>H?EBH>J'EH':FFB;E:?EBH'aE?M'?M>'
;B@>' ;:F>FA' ' HBCEH:?E`>d' G>HE?E`>d' J:?E`>' :HJ' :bD:?E`>c' ' &M=F' ?M>' EH>FFE`>d' EH' %sOd' EF'
]B@>GBH>'M>@>'J>FLE?>'?M>']:;?'?M:?'EH'?M>':JLBFE?EBH:D']B@C'ejse oEHp'E?'EFd'aE?MB=?'JB=b?d'
]@>e=>H?DK' =F>J' :F' :' C:@<>@' B]' ?M>' ECL>@]>;?' JE@>;?' BbQ>;?d' F>>' EH>FFE`>' EH' F=bF>;?EBH'
gRc2c4c2ch'0"#60'#6!.!c
S8 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Nominative
&M>')"5$)6&$\.';:F>'EH'.@^K:d'aME;M'EH'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'EF'C:@<>J'aE?M'?M>'FB*
;:DD>J'n.-"'CB@LM>C>d';:H'b>'J>?>;?>J'?M@B=GM'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]'B?M>@'CB@LM>C>F':F'a>DDc''
/>H;>d'aMED>'?M>'F:C>'aB@J']B@C';:H'b>'MBCBHKCB=F']B@'bB?M':H'EHJ>!'HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>'
FEHG=D:@'M>:JaB@J':HJ':H':bFBD=?E`>']B@Cd'aME;M'aB=DJ'b>':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'CBJE!'>@'
LBFE?EBH'B]':H' )['B@'?M>':JLBFE?EBH:D';BCLD>C>H?d'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:D'aEDD'
b>'@>;BGHE^>J'bK'E?F'LD=@:D'%T'C:@<>@'gF>>'Rc2c2c')=Cb>@hi'?M>'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'bK'E?F'
LB@?C:H?>:='B@'LBDK>_LBH>H?E:D':DDBCB@LMF'*śd'*ośd'*eś's|''*Ośd':HJ'?M>'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'bK'
E?F'D:;<'B]'C:@<EHG':]?>@'?M>'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D':DDBCB@LM'*ńed'*ne's|'*Nec''
Table 4.3 )BCEH:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

,DBFF !&.5'&m[. )"5c!, )"5c7.(c!, [0c)"5 [0U7.(c[0
kal o!'FMp )"+)!4 kal kal+oś kal+t kal+t+ne
keĺ o?BHG=>i' )"+)!4 keĺ keĺ+eś keĺ+t́ keĺ+t́+ńe
D:HG=:G>p
karks ob>D?p )"+)!4! karks karks+oś karks+t karks+t+ne
piks o@BL>p )"+)!4! piks piks+eś piks+t piks+t+ne
śokś o:=?=CHp )"+)!4! śokś śokś+eś śokś+t́ śokś+t́+ńe
kurgo )"+)!2 kurgo kurgo+ś kurg+t ~ kurgo+t kurg+t+ne ~
oCB=?Mp kurgo+t́+ńe
t́iŋge oG:@J>H' )"+)!2 t́iŋge t́iŋge+ś t́iŋg+t́ ~ t́iŋge+t́ t́iŋg+t́+ńe ~
LDB?i'?M@>FM* t́iŋge+t́+ńe
EHG'"'BB@p
kudo oMB=F>i' )"+)!V kudo kudo+ś kudo+t kudo+t́+ńe
MBC>i'@BBCi'
;BH?:EH>@p
pize oH>F?p )"+)!V pize pize+ś pize+t́ pize+t́+ńe
$H'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'?M>@>'EF'BHDK'BH>'LD:;>'aM>@>':H'>_LDE;E?'JEF?EH;?EBH';:H'
b>'C:J>']B@';:F>'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF=Cd':HJ'?M:?'EF'%OzO'?M>'V!,'aE?M':'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FF=C'
@>:JEHGc' ' &M>' ]B@C' B]' ?M>' LD=@:D' %OnzO' aE?M' V!,' LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_' C:@<EHG' M:F' :H'
:CbEG=B=F'@>:JEHG'aE?M'?M>'G>HE?E`>';BCCBH'?B'HBH*<EH'?>@CFc'
5"-[/"0",m SS
Table 4.4' )BCEH:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHF

["- [+5 kal o!'FMp keĺ o?BHG=>i' ĺeĺa obEG' piĺe o>:@p
D:HG=:G>p b@B?M>@p
4!, !, kal+om keĺ+em ĺeĺa+m piĺe+m
[0 kal+on ~ kal+om keĺ+eń ~ keĺ+em ĺeĺa+n ~ ĺeĺa+m piĺe+ń ~ piĺe+m
4[0 !,'s'[0 kal+onok keĺ+eńek ĺeĺa+nok piĺe+ńek
2!, !,'s'[0 kal+ot keĺ+et́ ĺeĺa+t piĺe+t́
2[0 !,'s'[0 kal+oŋk keĺ+eŋk ĺeĺa+ŋk piĺe+ŋk
V!, !, kal+ozo keĺ+eze ĺeĺa+zo piĺe+ze
[0 kal+onzo keĺ+enze ĺeĺa+nzo piĺe+nze
V[0 !,'s'[0 kal+ost keĺ+est ĺeĺa+st piĺe+st
&M>'C:EH']=H;?EBHF'B]'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':@>'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]A''gEh'?M>'F=bQ>;?'gEH':DD'?M@>>'
J>;D>HFEBHFhi'gEEh'&M>'F=bQ>;?';BCLD>C>H?i'gEEEh'&M>'JE@>;?'BbQ>;?'gEHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'
BHDKhd'@>]>@@>J'?B'bK'Z=b@E<M'g4YRSA'4Vh':F'?M>':;;=F:?E`>d'aME;M';:H':DFB'b>'=F>J'EH'?M>'
>_L@>FFEBH'B]'C>:F=@>d'F>>'g4hc'
g4h' moĺ+em+s kavto vajgeĺbe+t́

GBz\U$)(U$00''' ?aBz)+5c6Z!''`>@F?z)U[0c)"5c
gZ=b@E<M'4YRSA'4Vh''o?B'GB'?aB'`>@F?Fp
&M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@'M:F':'MBCBHKC'EH'?M>':bFBD=?E`>']B@C'g;]c'Z=b@E<M'
4YRShc' ' &MEF' :bFBD=?E`>d' aME;M' ]=H;?EBHF' :F' EHJ>!'HE?>' :JLBFE?EBH:D' ;BCLD>C>H?d' :HJ'
?M>':H:DBGB=F' )['CBJE!'>@d'JB>F'HB?':LL>:@'EH'?M>'LD=@:Dc''$?'?M>@>]B@>'E?'D>HJF'E?F>D]'?B'
;BH?>_?=:D'JEF:CbEG=:?EBH':F':'F>L:@:?>'>D>C>H?'?KL>d'J>FLE?>'?M>']:;?'?M:?'EH'?M>']=H;?EBH'
B]':JLBFE?EBH:D';BCLD>C>H?'E?'EF'EH';BCLD>C>H?:@K'JEF?@Eb=?EBH'aE?M'?M>'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'
:HJ'LD=@:Dd':F'a>DD':Fd'?M>'G>HE?E`>'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHc
Genitive
&M>',.)$&$\.';:F>'EH'.@^K:'JB>F'HB?'M:`>';BHFEF?>H?'C:@<EHGc''$?'EF'C:@<>J'aE?M'%ńd'%ońd'
%eń's|'%Oń'EH'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>':HJ'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'J>;D>HFEBHFd'aM>@>:F'?M>'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'
:??>F?F'E?':F':'n.-"'C:@<>@'aE?M'?M>'J>!'HE?>'C:@<>@'=F>J']B@'?M>'BbDEe=>';:F>F'EH'%ńt́d'%ońt́d'
%eńt́'s|'%Ońt́'g;]c'.15'2333i'[:DD'4YY8i'$C:E<EH:'4YY8:A'W2d'82*8Rhc''
SX 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.5 ,>HE?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

,.) ,.)c7.(c!, [0U7.(c[0U,.)
kal o!'FMp kal+oń kal+ońt́ kal+t+ne+ń
keĺ o?BHG=>i' keĺ+eń keĺ+eńt́ keĺ+t́+ńe+ń
D:HG=:G>p
karks ob>D?p karks+oń karks+ońt́ karks+t+ne+ń
piks o@BL>p piks+eń piks+eńt́ piks+t+ne+ń
śokś o:=?=CHp śokś+eń śokś+eńt́ śokś+t́+ńe+ń
kurgo oCB=?Mp kurgo+ń kurgo+ńt́ kurg+t+ne+ń ~ kurgo+t́+ńe+ń
t́iŋge oG:@J>H' LDB?i' t́iŋge+ń t́iŋge+ńt́ t́iŋg+t́+ńe+ń ~ t́iŋge+t́+ńe+ń
?M@>FMEHG'"'BB@p
kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>i' kudo+ń kudo+ńt́ kudo+t́+ńe+ń
@BBCi';BH?:EH>@p
pize oH>F?p pize pize+ńt́ pize+t́+ńe+ń
&M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'F>>F'?M>'=F>'B]'BbDEe=>*;:F>'LBFF>FFE`>'C:@<>@F']B@':DD'?M@>>'
L>@FBHF'EH'FEHG=D:@':HJ'LD=@:D'aE?M':'FC:DD'G@B=L'B]'<EH'?>@CF'?:<EHG'FL>;E:D'C:@<>@F']B@'
4!,':HJ'2!,d'F>>'?:bD>'gRc8h'gF>>':DFB'-=>?>@'233Whc
Table 4.6' [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@'?M>'G>HE?E`>'L:@F>'B]'HBH*<EH':HJ'<EH'?>@CF'EH'.@^K:

)")*1$) 1$)
["- [+5 skal o;Bap ked́ oM:HJi':@Cp t́et́a o]:?M>@p t́ejt́eŕ oJ:=GM?>@i'GE@Dp
4!, !, skal+om ~ skal+on ked́+em +,+́ &+Ĕ
́ t́ejt́eŕ +eń ~ t́ejt́eŕ +em
[0 skal+on ~ skal+om ked́+eń ~ ked́+em t́ejt́eŕ +eń ~ t́ejt́eŕ +em
4[0 skal+onok ked́+eńek t́et́a+nok t́ejt́eŕ +eńek
2!, skal+ot ked́+et́ +,+́ &++́ ́ t́ejt́eŕ +et́
2[0 skal+oŋk ked́+eŋk t́et́a+ŋk t́ejt́eŕ +eŋk
V!, skal+onzo ked́+enze t́et́a+nzo t́ejt́eŕ +enze
V[0 skal+ost ked́+est t́et́a+st t́ejt́eŕ +est
rMED>' ?M>' b:;<*`Ba>D' ;BH?>_?' B]' ?M>' <EH' ?>@C' t́et́a o]:?M>@p' L@BÈJ>F' >ÈJ>H;>' ]B@' :'
L:D:?:D' F?BL' CB@LM>C>' EH' ?M>' 4!,' :HJ' 2!,' ;>DDFd' ]@BH?*`Ba>D' ;BH?>_?F' :@>' :CbEG=B=Fc''
&M>'G>HE?E`>']B@C'B]'?M>'4!,'EHJ>_'=F>J'aE?M'<EH'?>@CF'EF'EJ>H?E;:D'?B'?M:?'B]'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'
J>;D>HFEBHd':HJd':F'F>>H'EH'?M>'GDBFF't́ejt́eŕ oJ:=GM?>@pd'CEGM?'b>'?@>:?>J':F'B?M>@'HBH*
<EH'?>@CFd'F>>'g2h'aM>@>'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>'EF':DFB'=F>J'EH'ECLDE;E?DK'V!,'@>:JEHGFc''
6J=FM<EH:'g2333A'YRh'L@BÈJ>F']B@':'JE]]>@>H;>'b>?a>>H'FEHG=D:@':HJ'LD=@:D'LBFF>FF:d'
>cGc' t́ejt́eŕ+em vajgeĺ+eze J:=GM?>@z)U["!!*4!,|,.)c!,' `BE;>z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,'
oCK' J:=GM?>@tF' `BE;>p' ;BH?@:F?>J' aE?M' t́ejt́eŕ+eń oršamo+st J:=GM?>@z)U["!!*4!,|,.)c
[0' ;DB?M>Fz)U["!!*V[0' oCK' J:=GM?>@Fp' ;DB?M>Fpc' '&MEF' CEGM?' b>' ?:<>H' :F' JEF:G@>>C>H?'
aE?M' aM:?' FM>' a@E?>F' ?M@>>' L:G>F' D:?>@' g2333A' YSh' :bB=?' ?M>' aB@J' sazor+oń oCK' DE??D>'
FEF?>@tFqFEF?>@Ftpc''g(B@'FL>;E!';Fd'F>>'F>;?EBH'RcRc'[6-67$,5'7.(.#&$\$&m'$)'.-nm6'["!!.!!"-'
$)7.T$),ch
5"-[/"0",m SY
g2h' :c' kolmo ́ ,Ě*,Ĕ

+,-+ ́ peĺ+d́e nućka+nzo
?M@>>z)+5*#6-7c6Z!''daughter_N+GEN'']@BCz["[U6Z0''G@:HJ;MEDJz)U["!!*V!,|[0q"Z0'''
t́eĺe+ń peŕt́ jakś+it́
aEH?>@z)U,.)'' ?M@B=GMz["['' a:D<*:@B=HJz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V[0''
sonze koda+ź ćulka+so.
M>qFM>qE?z[-")*[.-!c,.)c["!!*V!,''<HE?z\U[&#*"nc6Z!''F?B;<EHGz)U$).
g6b@:CB`'4Y8SAh'o,@:HJ;MEDJ@>H'BH'bK'xM>@y'?M@>>'J:=GM?>@F'M:`>'b>>H'a:D<EHG'
:@B=HJ':DD'aEH?>@'EH'F?B;<EHGF'FM>'M:J'<HE??>Jcp
bc' moń sazor+oś čevt́e śed́ej,

$z[-")*[.-!*4!,c,.)''DE??D>*FEF?>@z)U)"5c7.(c!,''FB]?z6c6Z!''M>:@?z)c)"5c!,d''
karm+i kiŕd́+em+e+t́ eś
F?:@?z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,''MBDJz\U$)(U0"#U["!!*2!,''BaHz[-")*-.(0c6Z!
́ ,Ě*,Ĕ
+,-+ ́ tarka+s…
daughter_N+GEN EHF?>:JqLD:;>z["[U$00
g6b@:CB`'4YXXAh'o5K'DE??D>'FEF?>@'EF'?>HJ>@*M>:@?>Jd'FM>'aEDD'<>>L'KB=':F'x?MB=GM'KB='
a>@>'M>@y'BaH'J:=GM?>@cp
;c' ńe+t́ veĺe+t́+ńe+se eś

?M>F>z[-")*7.5U[0c)"5'' ÈDD:G>z)U[0U7.(c[0U$).''BaHz[-")*-.(0c6Z!''
lomań+est marto eŕa+śt́ obran+oń
L>@FBHz)U["!!*V[0' ' aE?Mz["[' DE`>z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0' "b@:Hz[-[U,.)
ćora+nzo, nućka+nzo,
FBHz)U["!!*V!,|[0q"Z0d''G@:HJ;MEDJz)U["!!*V!,|[0q"Z0d'
nućkińe+nze, sodamo+nzo di͔
G@>:?*G@:HJ;MEDJz)U["!!*V!,|[0q"Z0d''FBH*EH*D:az)U["!!*V!,|[0q"Z0'' :HJz#")9
0!'&%!*Ĕ t́et́a+t, ava+t.
son-in-law_N+GEN'']:?M>@z)U[0c)"5d''CB?M>@z)U[0c)"5
g6b@:CB`'4YXXAh'o$H'?MBF>'ÈDD:G>F'aE?M'?M>E@'BaH'L>BLD>d'Ja>D?'"b@:HtF'FBHFd'G@:HJ*
;MEDJ@>Hd'G@>:?*G@:HJ;MEDJ@>Hd'FBHF*EH*D:a':HJ'CB?M>@F':HJ']:?M>@F'B]'FBHF*EH*D:acp
&M>'FL>;E:D'G>HE?E`>']B@C'B]'?M>' 2!,d':F'a:F'HB?>Jd'EF'BHDK'=H:CbEG=B=FDK':??>F?>J'EH'
b:;<*`Ba>D';BH?>_?Fc''!BC>'JE:D>;?Fd'Ec>c'!MB<FM:*7@:<EHBd':F'a>DD':Fd'!M=G=@B`:'g!=@:'
F=bJE:D>;?h'g&FKG:H<EH'4Y84A'VRSh':??>F?':'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'G>HE?E`>']B@C'EH'%t́c''&MEF'2!,'
@>:JEHG'CEGM?d':?'D>:F?d'b>':CbEG=B=Fc''g!>>'CB@>'FL>;E!';F'F>;?EBH'RcRc'[6-67$,5'7.(.#*
&$\$&m'$)'.-nm6'["!!.!!"-'$)7.T$),c
&M>'C:EH']=H;?EBH'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>';:F>'EF'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]A''gEh'?M>'LBFF>FFB@'gEH':DD'
?M@>>'J>;D>HFEBHF']B@'bB?M':??@Eb=?E`>':HJ'L@>JE;:?E`>'LBFE?EBHhi'gEEh'?M>'JE@>;?'BbQ>;?i'gEEEh'
?M>':JLBFE?EBH:D';BCLD>C>H?d':HJ'gE`h'?M>' )['HBH*:H;MB@'CBJE!'>@c''$?'FMB=DJ'b>'HB?>J'
?M:?'?M>'J>!'HE?>H>FFq?BLE;:DE?K'B]':'GE`>H'@>]>@>H?'C:K'b>'G@B=HJF']B@'EHJ>!'HE?>'C:@<*
EHGd'Ec>c'L@BL>@'H:C>F':HJ'L@BHB=HF':LL>:@'CB@>']@>e=>H?DK'EH'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHd'
aM>@>:F';BCCBH'HB=HF'CEGM?'EH'C:EH*;D:=F>':@G=C>H?']=H;?EBH'@>e=E@>'J>!'HE?>'B@'LBF*
X3 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
F>FFE`>'C:@<EHGc''&M>']=H;?EBHF'B]'LBFF>FFB@'gEh':HJ' )['CBJE!'>@'gE`h'B`>@D:L'EH'a:KF'
FECED:@'?B'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'of EH'.HGDEFMc''7E;?EBH:@E>F']@BC'?M>'-=FFE:H'G@:CC:@'?@:JE*
?EBH'?>HJ'?B'MKLB?M>FE^>':H':JQ>;?E`>']B@C'MBCBHKCB=F'?B'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>c''&M>'
@>]>@>H?F' B]' ?M>F>' G>HE?E`>*]B@C' CBJE!'>@F' :@>' HBH*:H;MB@EHG' g;]c' 1BL?Q>`F<:Q:*&:CC'
233Xh':HJ'EHJE;:?>A'C:?>@E:D'gV:hd'LD:;>'gVbhd'?EC>'gV;hd'L=@LBF>'gVJhd'C>@BHKCK'gL:@?'
?B'aMBD>h'gV>hd':HJ'MBDBHKCK'gaMBD>'?B'L:@?h'g2]hd'aME;M'EH'.@^K:':@>'=F>J'EH'FKH?:;?E;'
;BHF?@=;?EBHF':H:DK?E;'?B'?MBF>'=F>J'aE?M'LBFF>FFB@'@>]>@>H?F'gVGhc''#BCL:@>'>_:CLD>F'
gV:*Ghd'aM>@>'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>'EF'=F>J':F':'CBJE!'>@d'CB@>'L>@?EH>H?'JEF;=FFEBH'aEDD'
b>']B=HJ'EH'F>;?EBH'RcWc
gVh' :c' večkića+ń vanovt+to+ńt́ ej+eń ojme+ś –

DB`>@z)U,.)'' DBB<z)U6Z0U7.(c!,'' E;>z)U,.)''FB=Dz)U)"5c7.(c!,''
sol+i͔, þ47+!*Ĕ*Ğ,*Ğ –
C>D?z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,''wood/tree_ N+GEN+PRON-DEF+NOM.DEF.SG''
pal+i͔, $<Ĕ(*Ĕ*Ğ,*Ğ –
b=@Hz'\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,d''iron_N+GEN+PRON-DEF+NOM.DEF.SG
čevt́em+i
FB]?>Hz'\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,
gnM=@:`DB`'4YYYA'44Yh'o6'DB`>@tF'DBB<'aEDD'C>D?'?M>'FB=D'B]'E;>d'EGHE?>'?M>'BH>'B]'aBBJd'
:HJ'FB]?>H'?M>'BH>'B]'E@BHcp
bc' t́e+ń+se+jak oš+oń lomań+eś źar+s

?MEFz[-")*7.5U,.)U$).U#0&'' ?BaHz)U,.)'' L>@FBHz)U)"5c7.(c!,''C=;Mz[-")*vU$00
javov+i veĺe+ń+śe+ste+ńt́.
JE]]>@*]@BCz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,'' ÈDD:G>z)U,.)U[-")*7.(U.06U7.(c!,
g[D:?BHB`'4YSWA'W4h'o$H'?MEF'a:K'?BBd':';E?K'L>@FBH'F?EDD'JE]]>@F']@BC'BH>']@BC':'ÈDD:G>cp
;c' iśe+ń kandst+oś ĺija+ĺ,

K>F?>@J:Kz)q67\U,.)''' b=@J>Hz)U)"5c7.(c!,''JE]]>@>H?z6c)"5c!,U$)7c[-.&$$c[-.7*V!,d
t́eči͔+ń+śe+ś ĺija
today_N/ADV+GEN+PRON-DEF+PL+DEF.PL.NOM'' JE]]>@>H?z6c)"5c!,
g6b@:CB`'4Y8RA'2W2h'om>F?>@J:KtF'b=@J>H'a:F'JE]]>@>H?d'?M>'BH>'B]'?BJ:KtF'EF'JE]]>@>H?cp
Jc' !-*,Ĕ paŕ+eś ́

%,' *,Ĕ*Ğ,*Ĕ+ ́
butter_N+GEN''b:@@>Dz)U)"5c7.(c!,'' honey_N+GEN+PRON-DEF+GEN.DEF.SG
koŕa+s śe+d́e od.
EH*@>D:?EBH*?Bz["[U$00''CB@>z[-")*7.(U6Z0''H>az6c)"5c!,
o&M>'b=??>@'?=b'EF'H>a>@'?M:H'?M>'MBH>K'x?=bycp
>c' ŕeve+ń stada+ś skal+oń+śe+ńt́

FM>>Lz)U,.)''M>@Jz)U)"5c7.(c!,'' ;Baz)U,.)U[-")*7.(U,.)c7.(c!,''
koŕa+s viškińe.
EH*@>D:?EBH*?Bz["[U$00''DE??D>z6c)"5c!,
o&M>'FM>>L'M>@J'EF'FC:DD>@'?M:H'?M>';Ba'xM>@Jycp
5"-[/"0",m X4
]c' 5Ě(=&'&*Ĕ pŕavt+oś vastov+ś

brigade_N+GEN''D>:J>@z)U)"5c7.(c!,'' C>>?z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''
!<*!Ĕ*Ğ,*Ĕ+ ́ marto
town_N+GEN+PRON-DEM+GEN.DEF.SG'' aE?Mz["[
o&M>'M>:J'B]'?M>'b@EG:J>'C>?'aE?M'?M>'C:KB@'gDE?c'?M>'BH>'?M:?'EF'xM>:Jy'B]'?M>'?BaHhcp
Gc' $(*Ĕ šapka+ńt́ jomavt+i͔ŋk `

who_PRON-INTER+GEN'' ;:Lz)U,.)c7.(c!,'' DBF>z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*2[0|V[
(7&"*!Ĕ*Ğ,*Ĕ+ ́ iĺi
Ivan_N-PRP+GEN+PRON-DEM-DISTAL+GEN.DEF.SG'' B@z#")9''
́
1,+&*Ĕ*Ğ,*Ĕ+ >́
Petya_N-PRP+GEN+PRON-DEM-DISTAL+GEN.DEF.SG
g.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'428h'orMBF>';:L'JEJ'KB='DBF>A'$`:HtF'B@'[>?K:tF{p
6?'?M>' )['D>`>D'?MEF';:F>'D>HJF'E?F>D]'?B'?M>'ECLD>C>H?:?EBH'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH':F'
:JJ@>FF>J'EH'F>;?EBH'RcWc'67)"5$)60'!m)&6T'6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")c
Dative
&M>' 76&$\.' ;:F>' EH' .@^K:' JB>F' HB?' M:`>' ;BHFEF?>H?' C:@<EHGc' rMED>' ?M>' :DDBCB@LMF'
%ńeńd'%neń's|'*Neń':@>'=F>J'EH'bB?M'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>':HJ'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'J>;D>HFEBHFd'?M>'
LBDK>_LBH>H?E:D' :DDBCB@LMF' %ńt́eńd' %ońt́eńd' %eńt́eń' s|' %Ońt́eń' :@>' =F>J' EH' ?M>' J>!'HE?>'
FEHG=D:@'f'FBC>'J>@E`>'?M>'D:??>@']B@C']@BC'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'BbDEe=>'C:@<>@'*Ońt́':HJ'?M>'
J:?E`>'F?>C'*Teń'g;]c'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'SShd'F>>'?:bD>'RcSc''
Table 4.7 7:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

,DBFF 76& 7.(c!,c76& [0U7.(c[0U76&
kal o!'FMp kal+neń kal+ońt́eń kal+t+ne+ńeń
keĺ o?BHG=>i'D:HG=:G>p keĺ+ńeń keĺ+eńt́eń keĺ+t́+ńe+ńeń
karks ob>D?p karks+neń karks+ońt́eń karks+t+ne+ńeń
piks o@BL>p piks+neń piks+eńt́eń piks+t+ne+ńeń
śokś o:=?=CHp śokś+ńeń śokś+eńt́eń śokś+t́+ńe+ńeń
kurgo oCB=?Mp kurgo+ńeń kurgo+ńt́eń kurg+t+ne+ńeń ~kurgo+t́+ńe+ńeń
t́iŋge oG:@J>H'LDB?i'?M@>FM* t́iŋge+ńeń t́iŋge+ńt́eń t́iŋg+t́+ńe+ńeń ~ t́iŋge+t́+ńe+ńeń
EHG'"'BB@p
kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>i'@BBCi' kudo+ńeń kudo+ńt́eń kudo+t́+ńe+ńeń
;BH?:EH>@p
pize oH>F?p pize+ńeń pize+ńt́eń pize+t́+ńe+ńeń
rM>H':JJ@>FFEHG'?M>'EFF=>'B]'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd'MBa>`>@d'G@:CC:@F'B]'.@^K:'BHDK'
GE`>']B@CF']B@'?M>'FEHG=D:@'L>@FBHFd':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'?M>'J:?E`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EF';BHFEJ>@>J'
J>]>;?E`>c' ' &M>' ]B@CF' G>H>@:DDK' GE`>H' ]B@' ?M>' J:?E`>' :@>' %ńeńd' %neńd' %ońeńd' %eńeń' s|'
%ONeń'["!!*4!,|76&d'%t́eńd'%teńd'%ot́eńd'%et́eń's|''%OTeń'["!!*2!,|76&':HJ'%nsteńd'%onsteńd'
%ensteń' s|' %Onsteń' ["!!*V!,|76&d' aE?M' :' DECE?:?EBH' ?B' ?M>' @:HG>' ?M>' !'@F?' :HJ' F>;BHJ'
X2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
L>@FBHFd' Ec>c' ' ["!!*4!,|76&' :HJ' ["!!*2!,|76&' :@>d' :;;B@JEHG' ?B' CBJ>@H' G@:CC:@E:HFd'
DECE?>J'?B'<EHJ@>J*?>@C'F?>CFd'aM>@>:F'?M>' ["!!*V!,|76&'EF'BL>H'?B';BCCBH'HB=HF':F'
a>DDc' ' .`F>`t>`' g4Y8VA' 444h' BHDK' F>?' :' <EHJ@>J*?>@C' DECE?:?EBH' ]B@' ?M>' ["!!*4!,|76&d'
M>H;>'g?:bD>'RcXh'?M>'aB@J'ĺišme oMB@F>p'aE?M':'L@>;>JEHG'e=>F?EBH'C:@<'M:F'b>>H'GE`>H'
EH'?M>'2!,|76&';>DD'g]B@':'CB@>'EH*J>L?M'JEF;=FFEBH'B]'<EHJ@>J'?>@CFd'F>>'F>;?EBH'RcRch''
Table 4.8' 7:?E`>']B@CF']B@'?M>'J>]>;?E`>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH

,DBFF 76& 4!,|76& 2!,|76& V!,|76&
t́et́a o]:?M>@p t́et́a+ńeń t́et́a+ńeń t́et́a+t́eń t́et́a+nsteń
sazor oKB=HG>@'FEF?>@p sazor+neń sazor+neń sazor+ot́eń sazor+onsteń
ĺišme oMB@F>p ĺišme+ńeń )6 [?]ĺišme+t́eń ĺišme+nsteń
kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>i' kudo+ńeń )6 )6 kudo+nsteń
@BBCi';BH?:EH>@p
+LBH' ;DBF>@' EHFL>;?EBH' B]' ?>_?' ;B@LB@:d' E?' aEDD' b>' HB?>J' ?M:?' ?M>' ["!!*V!,|76&' :]!'_'
%Onsteń'EF'F=bQ>;?'?B'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>'DE?>@:?=@>c'&MEF'`:@E:?EBH'EF':??>F?>J':?'?aB'F>L:@:?>'
D>`>DFd' Ec>c' :?' ?M>' F>C:H?E;' D>`>D' ?MEF' :]!'_' EF' =F>J' ?B' EHJ>_' bB?M' FEHG=D:@' :HJ' LD=@:D'
LBFF>FFB@Fd':HJ'CB@LMBDBGE;:DDKd'FBC>'a@E?>@F'=F>']B@CF'?M:?'>_LDE;E?DK'EHJE;:?>'FEHG=D:@'
:HJ'LD=@:D'LBFF>FFB@Fd'%Onstenze':HJ'%Onstestd'@>FL>;?E`>DKd'F>>'>_:CLD>F'gRfWhd'b>DBad'
]@BC',D=<MB`'g5:DK>'1:@C:DKd'#M=`:FME:d'.@^K:A'ćarmunh':HJ'1=?B@<EH'g!?=J>H>?Fd'
#M=`:FME:hc''6D?MB=GM'?M>F>']B@CF'aEDD';>@?:EHDK'b>';BHFEJ>@>J'bK'FBC>'?B'b>'JE:D>;?'
]B@CF'aE?M'F>;BHJ:@K'LBFF>FFB@'C:@<EHGd'F>>'>_:CLD>F'b>DBac
gRh' paĺko koma+ś, varšta+ś

[:D<Bz)'' b>HJ*B`>@z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,d''?:<>*:*DBB<z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''
potmar al+ov di͔ salava
b>H;Mz)c6Z!'' =HJ>@z["[U06&'':HJz#")9''' aE?M*F?>:D?Mz67\''
+,+́ &*"0+,*".,:
́ ud+i͔t́.
father_N+POSS-3.DAT+POSS-3SGA'' FD>>Lz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V[0
g,D=<MB`'4Y2YA'4V4h'o[:D<B'b>H?'B`>@d'?BB<':'DBB<'=HJ>@'?M>'b>H;M':HJ'F?>:D?M]=DDK'
xF:EJy'?B'MEF']:?M>@A'?M>Kp@>'FD>>LEHGcp
gWh' kudi͔keĺks+eńt́ keŋkš+eś apak

>H?@>H;>*M:DDz)U,.)c7.(c!,''' JBB@z)U)"5c7.(c!,'' HB?z[&#*[-&*).,''
peksta+ĺ. udal+će
;DBF>z\*#")).,U$)7c[-.&$$c[-.7*V!,'' b:;<z67\*![6&U[-")*7.(c6Z!''
kudo+ńt́eń sova+śt́ vet́e+ńe+st
@BBCz)U76&c7.(c!,'' >H?>@z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0''!'`>z)+5U#"00*6!!"#U["!!*V[0''
milićiońer+t+ne, prok ### 4þ*(ࡓ ü&*"0+,*0+.
CEDE?E:z)U[0U7.(c[0c)"5d'' :F*?MB=GM?z#")9''' await_V+PTC-PRES+POSS-3.DAT+POSS-3PL
g1=?B@<EH'4YXSA'43Xh'o&M>'JBB@'?B'?M>'>H?>@:H;>'M:DD'a:F'HB?';DBF>Jd'xFBq:HJy'?M>'!'`>'
CEDE?E:';:C>'EH?B'?M>'b:;<'@BBCd':F'?MB=GM'?M>K'a>@>'>_L>;?>Jcp
5"-[/"0",m XV
g8h' maŕa kuźma marto śe+d́e+jak pek

5:@K:z[-[c)"5c!,''1=^tC:z[-[c6Z!''aE?Mz["[''CB@>z[-")*7.5U6Z0U#0&'' `>@Kz67\'''
čara+m+o karma+śt́ ava+st peŕka.
FLEHz\U)*"5U0"#''b>GEHz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0''CB?M>@z)U["!!*V[0'' :@B=HJz["[c''
korta+śt́ si͔ń &7&*"0+,Ĕ
FL>:<z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0''?M>Kz[-")*[.-!*V[0c)"5''mother_N+POSS-3.DAT''
druk – kapša+śt́.
F=JJ>HDKz67\'' M=@@Kz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0''
g#M>FHB<B`'4YSRA'XXh'o5:@K:':HJ'1=^tC:'F?:@?>J'FLEHHEHG':@B=HJ'?M>E@'CB?M>@'>`>H'
CB@>c''!=JJ>HDKd'?M>K'FLB<>'?B'?M>E@'CB?M>@i'?M>K'a>@>'EH':'M=@@Kcp
$H':'@>;>H?'?@:HFD:?EBH'bK'?M>'F>:FBH>J'QB=@H:DEF?':HJ'?@:HFD:?B@'\:FEDE'7KBCEH'gKuźka
eŕźań paz' o1=^t<:' ?M>' .@^K:H' ,BJp' 233Xh' a>' ;:H' :??>F?' :' F>;BHJ' L>@FBH' LD=@:D' ]B@C'
%Onsteŋkc'&MEF']B@C';:H'@>:JEDK'b>':H:DK^>J':F':H':H:DBGB=F';BHF?@=;?EBH'?M:?'CEGM?'
b>' L:@F>J' +Onste+ŋk U["!!*Vc76&U["!!*2[0c' ' 7KBCEHtF' =F>' B]' ?MEF' ]B@C' aB=DJ' ;D>:@DK'
EHJE;:?>'?M>']>:FEbEDE?K'B]'?M>';BHF?@=;?EBH'EH'?M>'FLB<>H'D:HG=:G>'B]'!>Ft<EH:d'L>@M:LF'
HB?'?BB']:@'@>CB`>J']@BC'?M>'6D:?K@t'F=b*JE:D>;?F'B]',D=<MB`':HJ'1=?B@<EHc
gSh' meŕ+ed́e eś $!Ĩ&-$&*"0+,ƾ$, ##############

?>DDz\U$5[c[-.7*2[0'' BaHz[-")*-.(0c6Z!'' wife_N+POSS-2PL>DATd''
̗ ,Ě*,"0+,ƾ$,
ü!)&*"0+,ƾ$?###############+,-+ ̗ ##"4ü$&*"0+,ƾ$,
son_N+POSS-2PL>DATd''daughter_N+POSS-2PL>DAT''grandchild_N+POSS-2PL>DATd''
tŕa+m+s saj+eź ̗
+&$&*"0+,ƾ$# – veśe buj+eń
@:EF>z\U)*"5U$00'' ?:<>z\U[&#*"n'' tyke_N+POSS-2PL>DAT f':DDzv*+)$\'';D:Hz)U,.)''
/!%&Ĕ*,"0+,ƾ$# ki+ńeń+gak a panž+om+s
person_N+POSS-2PL>DAT''' aMBz[-")*-.0U76&U#0&'' HB?z[-&*).,''' BL>Hz\U)*"5U$00
ozno+ma tarka+nok – ŕepešt́a+nok
L@:Kz\U)*56c6Z!''LD:;>z)U["!!*4[0''f' G@B`>z)U["!!*4[0c
g7KBCEH'233XA'Kuźka eŕźań pazh'o&>DD'KB=@'BaH'aE`>Fd'KB=@'FBHFd'KB=@'J:=GM?>@Fd'
KB=@'G@:HJ;MEDJ@>Hd'KB=@']BF?>@';MEDJ@>H'f':DD'?M>'L>BLD>'B]'KB=@';D:H'HB?'?B'FMBa'B=@'
LD:;>F'B]'aB@FMEL'f'B=@'F:;@>J'G@B`>Fcp''
"H'?M>'b:FEF'B]'?M>'DE?>@:@K';B@LB@:'a>'CEGM?'b>':bD>'?B'MKLB?M>FE^>'?M>'EHJ>_EHG'B]'!'`>'
LBFF>FFB@'L>@FBHFi'?M>'BHDK'BH>'CEFFEHG'EF'?M>'!'@F?'L>@FBH'LD=@:Dc''
&M>' L@EC:@K' ]=H;?EBHF' >_L@>FF>J' bK' ?M>' J:?E`>' ;:F>' :@>A' ' gEh' :JJ@>FF>>i' gEEh' @>;ELE>H?i'
gEEEh' GB:D' gLB?>H?E:D' ;BH?@BDD>@hi' gE`h' :;?B@F' 6' :HJ' !' B]' HBH*!'HE?>' `>@bFi' g`h' ?>CLB@:D'
?>@CEH:?EBH'LBEH?d':HJ'gÈh'FL:?E:D'GB:Dc
XR 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Ablative
&M>'6Z06&$\.';:F>'EH'.@^K:';:H'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>':DDBCB@LMF'%dod'%d́ed'%ded'%tod'%t́ed'
%te'=>'%DO'EH':DD'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fc''
Table 4.9' 6bD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

,DBFF 6Z0 6Z0c7.(c!, [0U7.(c[0U6Z0
kal o!'FMp kal+do kal+do+ńt́ kal+t+ne+d́e

keĺ o?BHG=>i' keĺ+d́e keĺ+d́e+ńt́ keĺ+t́+ńe+d́e
D:HG=:G>p
karks ob>D?p karks+to karks+to+ńt́ karks+t+ne+d́e
piks o@BL>p piks+te piks+te+ńt́ piks+t+ne+d́e
śokś o:=?=CHp śokś+t́e śokś+t́e+ńt́ śokś+t́+ńe+d́e
kurgo oCB=?Mp kurgo+do kurgo+do+ńt́ kurg+t+ne+d́e ~kurgo+t́+ńe+ d́e
t́iŋge oG:@J>H'LDB?i' t́iŋge+d́e t́iŋge+d́e+ńt́ t́iŋg+t́+ńe+d́e ~ t́iŋge+t́+ńe+ d́e
?M@>FMEHG'"'BB@p
kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>i' kudo+do kudo+do+ńt́ kudo+t́+ńe+ d́e
@BBCi';BH?:EH>@p
pize oH>F?p pize+d́e pize+d́e+ńt́ pize+t́+ńe+ d́e
&M>'C:EH']=H;?EBHF'B]'?M>':bD:?E`>':@>'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]A''gEh'?M>'BbQ>;?'B]'JEF;=FFEBHi'gEEh'
FL:?E:D'FB=@;>'EH'J>DECE?:?EBH';BHF?@=;?EBHFi'gEEEh';:=F>i'gE`h'F?:HJ:@J']B@';BCL:@EFBH'B]'
EH>e=:DE?E>Fi'g`h'F>L:@:?EBHi'gÈh'?M>'L:@?E:D'BbQ>;?'EH'`:@EB=F'`>@bF'EHJE;:?EHG'jEH?:<>kd'
Ec>c'>:?EHGd'J@EH<EHGd'b@>:?MEHGd'F>>EHGd':HJ'gÈEh'?M>'F=bQ>;?'B]'e=:H?E!';:?EBH'f':D?MB=GM'
?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'EF'=F>J':F'a>DDc''g!>>'-=>?>@'j"H'v=:H?E!';:?EBH'EH'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>kd'
]B@?M;BCEHGhi
4.2.1.2. Local cases
0B;:D';:F>F'EH'.@^K:';BCL@EF>':'F>D>;?EBH'B]'>EGM?'FL:?EB*?>CLB@:D':]!'_>F'aE?M'?:@G>?F'
EH' ?M>' @:HG>' HB=H*LM@:F>' M>:Jd' e=:H?E!'>@Fd' :J`>@bq:JLBFE?EBH' :HJ' HBH*!'HE?>' EH' %Omc''
)=:H;>F' ;BCCBHDK' ;BH`>K>J' bK' ?M>F>' ;:F>F' EH;D=J>' B@E>H?:?EBHd' Ec>c' FB=@;>d' DB;:?EBH'
:HJ'GB:Dc''rM>@>:F'?M>'EH>FFE`>d'>D:?E`>d'EDD:?E`>':HJ'L@BD:?E`>':@>'a>DD':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'
>H?E@>'@:HG>d'?M>'D:?E`>d'DB;:?E`>':HJ'?>CLB@:DEF'M:`>'`>@K'DBa':??>F?:?EBHd']B@'>_:CLD>d'
?M>'?>CLB@:DEF'EF'BHDK']B=HJ'EH'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHd':HJ'?M>'DB;:?E`>'EF'DECE?>J'EH'
@:HG>'?B'?M>':J`>@bFq:JLBFE?EBHF':HJ'HBH*!'HE?>Fc
5"-[/"0",m XW
Inessive
&M>' $).!!$\.';:F>'EH'.@^K:';:H'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>':DDBCB@LMF'%sod'%se, %osod'%ese's|'

%(O)sO'EH':DD'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fi'?M>'DEH<EHG'`Ba>D'EF'HB?'BbDEG:?B@Kd'@:?M>@'EF':LL>:@F'?B'
b>':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'F?>C*:]!'_':DEGHC>H?c''
Table 4.10 $H>FFE`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

,DBFF $). $).c7.(c!, [0U7.(c[0U$).
kal o!'FMp kal+so kal+so+ńt́ kal+t+ne+se
keĺ o?BHG=>i' keĺ+se keĺ+se+ńt́ keĺ+t́+ńe+se
D:HG=:G>p
karks ob>D?p karks+so karks+so+ńt́ karks+t+ne+se
piks o@BL>p piks+se piks+se+ńt́ piks+t+ne+se
śokś o:=?=CHp śokś+se śokś+se+ńt́ śokś+t́+ńe+se
kurgo oCB=?Mp kurg+so ~ kurg+so+ńt́ ~ kurg+t+ne+se ~ kurgo+t́+ńe+se
kurgo+so kurgo+so+ńt́
t́iŋge oG:@J>H'LDB?i' t́iŋg+se ~ t́iŋge+se t́iŋg+se+ńt́ ~ t́iŋg+t́+ńe+se ~ t́iŋge+t́+ńe+se
?M@>FMEHG'"'BB@p t́iŋge+se+ńt́
kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>i' kudo+so kudo+so+ńt́ kudo+t́+ńe+se
@BBCi';BH?:EH>@p
pize oH>F?p pize+se pize+se+ńt́ pize+t́+ńe+se
&M>'C:EH']=H;?EBHF'B]'?M>'EH>FFE`>':@>'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]A''gEh'DB;:?EBH'B]':H':;?EBH'B]'>`>H?i'
gEEh'EHF?@=C>H?i'gEEEh'FL:?EB*?>CLB@:D'DB;:?EBHd':HJ'gE`h'JE@>;?'BbQ>;?'ECL>@]>;?':FL>;?c''&MEF'
;:F>'EF':??>F?>J'EH'bB?M'HBCEH:D':HJ';D:=F:D'FKH?:_c''6?'?M>')['D>`>D'?MEF';:F>'D>HJF'E?F>D]'
?B'?M>'ECLD>C>H?:?EBH'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH':F':JJ@>FF>J'EH'F>;?EBH'RcWc'67)"5$)60'
!m)&6T'6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")c''g!>>':DFB'7:HEDB`'4YSVi'Z=b@E<M'4YRSA'4Wch
Elative
&M>'.06&$\.';:F>'EH'.@^K:';:H'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>':DDBCB@LMF'%stod'%ste, %ostod'%este's|'
%(O)stO'EH':DD'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fi'?M>'DEH<EHG'`Ba>D'EF'HB?'BbDEG:?B@Kd'@:?M>@'EF':LL>:@F'?B'
b>':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'F?>C*:]!'_':DEGHC>H?c''
X8 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.11 .D:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

.06 .06c7.(c!, [0U7.(c[0U.06
kal o!'FMp kal+sto kal+sto+ńt́ kal+t+ne+ste
keĺ o?BHG=>i' keĺ+ste keĺ+ste+ńt́ keĺ+t́+ńe+ste
D:HG=:G>p
karks ob>D?p karks+sto karks+sto+ńt́ karks+t+ne+ste
piks o@BL>p piks+ste piks+ste+ńt́ piks+t+ne+ste
śokś o:=?=CHp śokś+ste śokś+ste+ńt́ śokś+t́+ńe+ste
kurgo oCB=?Mp kurg+sto ~ kurg+sto+ńt́ ~ kurg+t+ne+ste ~
kurgo+sto kurgo+sto+ńt́ kurgo+t́+ńe+ste
t́iŋge oG:@J>H' t́iŋg+ste ~ t́iŋg+ste+ńt́ ~ t́iŋg+t́+ńe+ste ~
LDB?i'?M@>FMEHG' t́iŋge+ste t́iŋge+ste+ńt́ t́iŋge+t́+ńe+ste
"'BB@p
kudo oMB=F>i' kudo+sto kudo+sto+ńt́ kudo+t́+ńe+ste
MBC>i'@BBCi'
;BH?:EH>@p
pize oH>F?p pize+ste pize+ste+ńt́ pize+t́+ńe+ste
&M>'.06&$\.';:F>'aE?M'?M>'CB@LM>C>'%(O)stO'M:F'?M>'F>C:H?E;']=H;?EBHF'B]'FB=@;>':HJ'
DB;:?EBHc'!>C:H?E;'FB=@;>';:H'b>':??>F?>J']B@'?M>'FL:?EB*?>CLB@:D'HB?EBHF'B]'gEh'FL:?E:D'
FB=@;>' gXhd' gEEh' :bF?@:;?' FL:;>d' ;:L:;E?K' g43hd' gEEEh' C:?>@E:D' g44hd' gE`h' FL:?EB*?>CLB@:D'
FB=@;>'EH'B@EGEH*LBEH?'F?@:?>GK']B@'EHJE;:?EHG'FL:HqJ=@:?EBH'f'=F>J'EH';BHQ=H;?EBH'aE?M'
EDD:?E`>']B@C'g42hd':HJ'g`h'F>C:H?E;'DB;:?EBH'EF':??>F?>J']B@'?>CLB@:D'HB?EBHF'g4Vhc
gXh' :c' kudo+sto+ńt́

MB=F>z)U.06U7.(c!,'
oB=?'B]'?M>'MB=F>p
' bc' kudo+ńt́ ej+ste

MB=F>z)U7.(c!,'':a:K*]@BCz["[U.06
o:a:K']@BC'?M>'MB=F>p
gYh' ava+sto+nzo
CB?M>@z)U.06U["!!*V!,'
o]@BC'E?FqMEFqM>@'CB?M>@p
g43h' pŕavt+sto
bBFFz)U.06'
o]@BCqEH'?M>'LBFE?EBH'B]'bBFFp
g44h' śija+sto
FED`>@z)U.06'
oB=?'B]'FED`>@p
5"-[/"0",m XS
g42h' :c' veĺe+ste veĺe+s

ÈDD:G>z)U.06''ÈDD:G>z)U$00
o]@BC'ÈDD:G>'?B'ÈDD:G>p
' bc' śokśe+ste tundo+s

:=?=CHz)U.06'' FL@EHGz)U$00'
o]@BC':=?=CH'?B'FL@EHGp
g4Vh' :c' eŕva či͔+ste

>`>@Kzvc6Z!''' J:Kz)U.06'
o>`>@K'J:Kp
' bc' eŕva sa+m+sto+nzo

>`>@Kzvc6Z!''' :@@E`>z\*$)(U.06U["!!*V!,'
o>`>@K'?EC>'M>qFM>':@@E`>Jp
\:@E:?EBH'EH'C>:HEHG':bB`>';:H'b>F?'b>':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'F>C:H?E;F'B]'?M>'aB@J'F?>Cc''
rM>H'?M>'@>]>@>H?'EF':'FL:;>'?M:?';:H'F>@`>':F':'DB;:?EBH'?M>'HB?EBH'B]'FL:?E:D'FB=@;>':F'
EH' kudostońt́' oB=?' B]' ?M>' MB=F>p' ;BC>F' aE?MB=?' :HK' ECLDE;:?EBHFc'rM>H' FL>:<EHG' B]' :'
;:L:;E?Kd'?M>'>_;>FFE`>'EH?>@L@>?:?EBH'pŕavtsto'o]@BC'?M>';:L:;E?K'B]'bBFFp'EF':DFB'@>:JEDK'
:;;>L?>Jc''5:?>@E:DFd'?BBd';:H'F>@`>':F'FB=@;>Fd'?M=F'śijasto'oB=?'B]'FED`>@pc'rM>H'HB=HF'
:@>'HB?'?M>'DB;:?EBH'B]':;?EÈ?E>F'B@'>`>H?d'@:?M>@'@>]>@>H;>'LBEH?Fd'FB=@;>':HJ'@>]>@>H;>'
LBEH?'L@BÈJ>'?M>'HB?EBH'B]'F>L:@:?EBHd'BH'?M>'BH>'M:HJd':HJ'?M>'LBEH?'B]'B@EGEH'EH'?M>'
>F?:bDEFMC>H?'B]'FL:HF'?M@B=GM'?EC>'B@'FL:;>d'Ec>c'veĺeste veĺes'o]@BC'ÈDD:G>'?B'ÈDD:G>p'
:HJ' śokśeste tundos' o]@BC' :=?=CH' ?B' FL@EHGpc' &>CLB@:D' @>]>@>H;>' LBEH?' :HJ' DB;:?EBH'
;:H':DFB'b>':??>F?>J'EH'J>`>@b:D'CB@LM>C>Fd'aM>@>:F'?M>'J>`>@b:D'HB=HF'EH'%OmA'M:`>'
:'MEGM'?>HJ>H;K'B]'EHJE;:?EHG'?>CLB@:D'@>]>@>H;>'LBEH?d'aMED>'HBH*!'HE?>'>D:?E`>']B@CF'
EH' %OmstO' :@>' MEGMDK' :??>F?>J' ]B@' EHJE;:?EHG' :H' BHGBEHG' L@B;>FF' gF>>' Z=b@E<M' 4YRSA'
48i'6DKBFM<EH:' 2333A' 222f22Xi' -=>?>@A' LBa>@*LBEH?' L@>F>H?:?EBH' j)BH*!'HE?>' >D:?E`>'
o*mstOp'EH'.@^K:kd'&:DDEHHA'(EHE?>H>FF':HJ'HBH*!'HE?>H>FF'44q2Wq233Yd'233Ybhc'(EH:DDKd'
?M>' >D:?E`>' EF' :??>F?>J' EH' bB?M' HBCEH:D' :HJ' ;D:=F:D' FKH?:_c' '6?' ?M>' )[' D>`>D' ?MEF' ;:F>'
D>HJF'E?F>D]'?B'?M>'ECLD>C>H?:?EBH'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH':F':JJ@>FF>J'EH'F>;?EBH'RcWc'
67)"5$)60'!m)&6T'6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")c
Illative
&M>' $006&$\.';:F>'EH'.@^K:';:H'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>'CB@LM>C>'%s,'%os,'%es =>'%(O)s'EH'

?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>':HJ'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'J>;D>HFEBHFd':HJ'?M>'`BE;>J':DDBCB@LM'%zd'%ozd'%ez's|'
%(O)z'`:@E:H?F':@>'@>G=D:@DK'=F>J'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHi'?M>'DEH<EHG'`Ba>D'EF'HB?'
BbDEG:?B@Kd' @:?M>@' EF' :LL>:@F' ?B' b>' :FFB;E:?>J' aE?M' F?>C*:]!'_' :DEGHC>H?c' '&M>' J>!'HE?>'
FEHG=D:@d'MBa>`>@d'EF'L@BbD>C:?E;d'Ec>c'J>FLE?>'>@@BH>B=F':??>F?:?EBH'g-K:bB`'4YVWA'2Vèhd'
?M>'CB@LM>C>'M:F'HB?'b>>H':??>F?>J'>DF>aM>@>c
XX 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.12 $DD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

$00 $00c7.(c!,'|'7.(c [0U7.(c[0U$00
!,c76&
kal o!'FMp kal+s &M>' :H:DBGE;:D' ]=H;* kal+t+ne+s

keĺ o?BHG=>i' keĺ+s ?EBHF' B]' ?M>' â$00c7.(c keĺ+t́+ńe+s
D:HG=:G>p !,'':@>'=F=:DDK'?:<>H'
bK'?M>'7.(c!,c76&c''
karks ob>D?p karks+s ~ karks+os karks+t+ne+s
piks o@BL>p piks+s ~ piks+es piks+t+ne+s
śokś o:=?=CHp śokś+s ~ śokśe+s śokś+t́+ńe+s
kurgo oCB=?Mp kurg+s ~ kurgo+s kurg+t+ne+s ~kurgo+t́+ńe+s
t́iŋge oG:@J>H'LDB?i' t́iŋg+s ~ t́iŋge+s t́iŋg+t́+ńe+s ~ t́iŋge+t́+ńe+s
?M@>FMEHG'"'BB@p
kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>i' kudo+s kudo+t́+ńe+s
@BBCi';BH?:EH>@p
pize oH>F?p pize+s pize+t́+ńe+s
&M>'EDD:?E`>'EF'HB?';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M'?M>'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'J>;D>HFEBHc''$H]B@C:?EBH'?B'?M>'
;BH?@:@K'EF'L@BÈJ>J'bK'-K:bB`'g4YVWh'kudo+zońt́ MB=F>z)U$00c7.(c!, oEH?B'?M>'MB=F>pd'
b=?'L>@M:LF'?MEF'EF'C>@>DK':'MKL>@;B@@>;?']B@C'B]'?M>'6D:?K@t*JE:D>;?'2!,'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_d'
aME;M'aB=DJ'b>'kudo+z+ont MB=F>z)U$00U["!!*'2!, oEH?B'KB=@'MB=F>p gHB?>'?M>':bF>H;>'
B]'L:D:?:DE^:?EBH'BH'?M>'2!,'C:@<>@hc
Table 4.13 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@'?M>'EDD:?E`>';:F>

["- skal o;Bap ked́ oM:HJi':@Cp t́et́a o]:?M>@p t́ejt́eŕ oJ:=GM?>@i'GE@Dp
!, skal+oz+on ~ ked́+ez+eń ~ t́et́a+z+on ~ t́ejt́eŕ+ez+eń ~
4 skal+oz+om ked́+ez+em t́et́a+z+om t́ejt́eŕ+ez+em
[0 skal+oz+onok ked́+ez+eńek t́et́a+z+onok t́ejt́eŕ +ez+eńek
2 !, skal+oz+ot ked́+ez+et́ t́et́a+z+ot t́ejt́eŕ +ez+et́
[0 skal+oz+oŋk ked́+ez+eŋk t́et́a+z+oŋk t́ejt́eŕ +ez+eŋk
V !, skal+oz+onzo ked́+ez+enze t́et́a+z+onzo t́ejt́eŕ +ez+enze
[0 skal+oz+ost ked́+ez+est t́et́a+z+ost t́ejt́eŕ +ez+est
&M>'C:EH']=H;?EBHF'B]'?M>'EDD:?E`>':@>'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]A''gEh'FL:?E:D'GB:D'gEH?Bhi'gEEh'FL:?EB*
?>CLB@:D' ?>@CEH:?EBH' LBEH?' g:DFB' =F>J' EH' F?@:?>GE>F' EHJE;:?EHG' FL:HqJ=@:?EBH' f' =F>J' EH'
;BHQ=H;?EBH'aE?M':bD:?E`>':HJ'>D:?E`>']B@CFhd':HJ'gEEEh'L=@LBF>d'BbQ>;?'?B'b>':;e=E@>Jc''
&MEF';:F>'EF':??>F?>J'EH'bB?M'HBCEH:D':HJ';D:=F:D'FKH?:_c
Lative
&M>'06&$\.';:F>'EH'.@^K:';:H'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>':DDBCB@LMF'%vd'%ovd'%evd'%ej's|'%Ov'
EH'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>':HJ'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fd'E?'M:F'HB'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@']B@Cd':HJ'
aM>@>':'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'aB=DJ'b>'>_L>;?>J'E?'EF'MBCBHKCB=F'aE?M'?M>'DB;:?E`>'
gF>>'Z:@?>HF'4YS3i'4YSYA'2Wf28hc
5"-[/"0",m XY
Table 4.14 0:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

)"5 06& 06&c7.(c!,'|'7.(c [0U7.(c[0U06&
!,c76&
mastor oD:HJp mastor+ov &M>':H:DBGE;:D']=H;* mastor+t+ne+v

viŕ o]B@>F?p viŕ+ev ?EBHF' B]' ?M>' âD:?cJ>]c viŕ+t́+ńe+v
oš o?BaHp oš+ov FG'':@>'=F=:DDK'?:<>H' oš+t+ne+v
bK'?M>'7.(c!,c76&c''
laŋgo o=LL>@' laŋgo+v laŋg+t+ne+v ~ laŋgo+t́+ńe+v
F=@]:;>p
t́iŋge oG:@J>H'LDB?i' t́iŋge+v t́iŋg+t́+ńe+v ~ t́iŋge+t́+ńe+v
?M@>FMEHG'"'BB@p
kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>i' kudo+v kudo+t́+ńe+v
@BBCi';BH?:EH>@p
&M>'C:EH']=H;?EBH'B]'?M>'D:?E`>';:F>'EF'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]A''gEh'FL:?E:D'B@':bF?@:;?'GB:D'gG>H*
>@:D'JE@>;?EBHhc
&M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'M:F':H':JHBCEH:D'J>@E`:?EBH:D'CB@LM>C>']B@'J>@EÈHG':JQ>;*
?E`>F'EH'%Ovd'aME;M'C:<>F'E?':'MBCBHKC'B]'?MEF';:F>c''&MEF'MBCBHKC';:H'b>'BbF>@`>J'EH'
?M>'JEF;=FFEBH'B]'?M>'D:?E`>d':D?MB=GM'?M>@>'F>>CF'DE??D>'F>C:H?E;F'?B'F=LLB@?'?M>'=HE!';:*
?EBH'B]':'G>H>@:D*JE@>;?EBH:D'C:@<>@'kudo+v MBC>z)U06&'oMBC>ga:@Jhp':HJ':'J>HBCEH:D'
lopa+v D>:]z)U7.)"5$)60*679' ox;B`>@>J' aE?M' Ü' ]=DD' B]y' D>:`>Fp' g;]c' .`F>`t>`' 4Y8VA' WWi'
.@C=~<EH'233RASYfX3hc'
g4Rh' di͔ si͔ń śt́a+voĺt́ bu,

:HJz#")9''?M>Kz[-")*[.-!*V[0c)"5''F?:HJ*=Lz\U#")9c[-.7*V[0''3z[-&*#")9+)#&$\.d''
si͔rga+voĺt́ pokš oš+t+ne+v, to+so
F>?*B]]z\U#")9*[-.7*V[0''bEGz6c6Z!''?BaHz)U[0U7.(c[0U06&d''?M:?z[-")*![6&U$).''
vejseńd́a+voĺt́ bu robočej+t́+ńe+ń marto
=HE?>z\U#")9c[-.7*V[0'' 3z[-&*#")9+)#&$\.''aB@<>@z)U[0U7.(c[0U,.)''aE?Mz["[''
di͔ vijev čadi͔ved́+eks kaja+voĺt́
:HJz#")9''' F?@BHGz6c6Z!''J>D=G>z)U&-)!0'']:DD*=LBHz\U#")9c[-.7*V[0''
eś+est ĺepšt́+ića+st laŋg+s.
BaHz[-")*-.(0U["!!*V[0|,.)''BLL@>FFz\U[&#*[-.!*7.(U["!!*V[0'' =LBHz["[U$00
g!M;M>GDB`'4YX3A'22Sh'o6HJ'?M>'aB=DJ'M:`>'@EF>H'=L':HJ'CB`>J'BH'?B'?M>'bEG';E?E>Fd'
?M>@>'?M>K'aB=DJ'M:`>'=HE?>J'aE?M'?M>'aB@<>@F':HJ':F':'F?@BHG'?B@@>H?'?M>K'aB=DJ'M:`>'
]:DD>H'=LBH'?M>E@'BaH'BLL@>FFB@Fcp
$H':JJE?EBH'?B'EH;BCL:?EbEDE?K'aE?M'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'C:@<EHGd'?MEF';:F>'EF'HB?':??>F?>J']B@'
HBH*!'HE?>Fc''!KHBHKCB=F';BHF?@=;?EBHF':@>':??>F?>J']@BC'`:@EB=F'a@E?>@F']B@'?M>'J>`>@b:D*
HB=H'`>@F=F'HBH*!'HE?>']B@CF'B]'?M>'`>@b'ĺed́ems o?B'CBapc''#BCL:@>'?M>'?aB'>_:CLD>F'
EH'g4Whd'aM>@>'1=?B@<EHd'BH'?M>'BH>'M:HJd'=F>F':'?KLE;:DDK'6D:?K@t*JE:D>;?'J>`>@b:D*HB=H'
]B@C'EH'ĺed́ma gDE?c'ĺed́emah':HJ'J>;DEH>F'E?'EH'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'D:?E`>d'aM>@>:F'6b@:CB`'
>CLDBKF'?M>'HBH*!'HE?>'DB;:?E`>']B@C'EH'ĺed́emec''g(B@'JEF:CbEG=:?EBH':HJ'JEF;=FFEBH'F>>'
RcVcWch
Y3 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
g4Wh' :c' ` moń+gak ĺed́+ma+v marto+ŋk

$z[-")*[.-!*4!,c,.)U#0&''' CBaz\U)U06&''' aE?Mz["[U["!!*2[0''
saj+samiź?
?:<>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*T|4['{
g1=?B@<EH'4YS8A'X3h'orEDD'xKB=y'?:<>'C>'aE?M'KB='M:KEHG{p
bc' mikaj t́et́a+nzo marto

5E<:Ez[-[c)"5c!,'' ]:?M>@z)U["!!*V!,|"Z0''aE?Mz["[''
purna+śt́ rator ĺej čire+v
G>?*@>:JK*?B*GBz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0''' 6D:?K@tz[-[c6Z!'' @E`>@z)c6Z!''>JG>z["[U06&''
bojar+neń t́ikše ĺed́+em+e.
bBK:@z)U76&''M:Kz)c)"5c!,'' CBaz\U$)(U0"#c
g6b@:CB`'4YSVA'4SRh'o5E<:E':HJ'MEF']:?M>@'a>@>'G>??EHG'@>:JK'?B'GB?'?B'?M>'b:H<F'B]'
?M>'6D:?K@t'?B'C:<>'M:K']B@'?M>'ZBK:@cp
0:?E`>*;:F>'LM@:F>F':@>':??>F?>J':?'bB?M'?M>')[':HJ';D:=F:D'D>`>DFc
Prolative
&M>'[-"06&$\.';:F>'EH'.@^K:';:H'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>':DDBCB@LMF'%gad'%kad'%va's|'%Ga'
EH':DD'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fc'
Table 4.15 [@BD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

[-"0 [-"0c7.(c!, [0U7.(c[0U[-"0
san o`>EHi'FEH>ap san+ga san+ga+ńt́ san+t+ne+ńeń
ińeved́ oF>:p ińeved́+ga ińeveĺ+ga+ńt́ ińeved́+t́+ńe+va
potmaks obB??BCp potmaks+ka potmaks+ka+ńt́ potmaks+t+ne+va
čud́ikeŕks oF?@>:Cp čud́ikeŕks+ka čud́ikeŕks+ka+ńt́ čud́ikeŕks+t+ne+va
kurgo oCB=?Mp kurgo+va kurgo+va+ńt́ kurg+t+ne+va ~ kurgo+t́+ńe+va
t́iŋge oG:@J>H'LDB?i' t́iŋge+va t́iŋge+va+ńt́ t́iŋg+t́+ńe+va ~ t́iŋge+t́+ńe+va
?M@>FMEHG'"'BB@p
kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>i' kudo+va kudo+va+ńt́ kudo+t́+ńe+va
@BBCi';BH?:EH>@p
pize oH>F?p pize+va pize+va+ńt́ pize+t́+ńe+va
5"-[/"0",m Y4
&M>'C:EH']=H;?EBHF'B]'?M>'L@BD:?E`>':@>'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]A''
gEh'7EF?@Eb=?EBH:D'FL:?E:D'DB;:?E`>']B@'=F>'aE?M'?M>C>F'EH'CB?EBH':HJ'F?:?EBH:@KA'
g48h' :c' t́eĺ+ńa+t veŕgiz+t či͔jń+it́ 7(Ě*=&,

aEH?>@z)U&.5[U[0''aBD]z)U[0c)"5'' @=H*:@B=HJz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V[0'' forest_N+PROLd
1&$Ğ&*7&##
field_N+PROL
g;]c'.@C=~<EH'233RA'S8h''o$H'?M>'aEH?>@'?EC>d'?M>@>':@>'aBD`>F'@=HHEHG':B=HJ'EH'?M>'
]B@>F?F':HJ'!'>DJFcp
bc' ńej jut+an t́et́a+ń $4'!*7&

HBaz67\*&.5[''' GBqCB`>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*4!,''' ]:?M>@z)U,.)''' house_N+PROL
g;]c'.@C=~<EH'233RA'S8fSSh'o)Ba'$pC'a:D<EHG':@B=HJ'EH'xCKy']:?M>@tF'MB=F>cp
gEEh'&@:HFE?EBH:D'LBEH?'EH'FL:;>A'
g4Sh' t́et́a+ń $,ƾ$<*$& ĺiś+em+ste moń kerš

]:?M>@z)U,.)''door_N+PROL'' >_E?z\U$)(U.06'' $z[-")*[.-!*4!,c,.)''D>]?z6c6Z!''
piĺgińe+m śiv+eze
]BB?qD>Gz)c7$5U["!!*4!,|)"5c!,''b@>:<z\U"[&c[-.7*V!,
g;]c'.@C=~<EH'233RA'SYh'orM>H'$'GB'B=?'?M@B=GM'CK']:?M>@tF'JBB@d'C:K'CK'D>]?'D>G'
b@>:<cp
gEEEh'7EF?@Eb=?EBH:D'FL:?E:D'GB:DA
g4Xh' lovco+ńt́ <&$<*$& pešt́ĺ+ik

CED<z)U,.)c7.(c!,''crock_N+PROL''!'DDz\U$5[c[-.7*2!,|V!,
g.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'88h'o[B=@'?M>'CED<'EH';@B;<Fcp
gE`h'6LL@B_EC:?>'FL:?E:D'?>@CEH:?EBH'LBEH?A
g4Yh' meź+d́e peĺ+em+s t́e

aM:?z[-")*$)&.-U6Z0''b>*:]@:EJ*B]z\U$)(U$00''?MEFz[-")*7.5c6Z!''
ĺej+se+ńt́ –''''''''''''''''ved́+eś kumanža 7('*=&@ ̗
@E`>@z)U$).U7.(c!,''' a:?>@z)U)"5c7.(c!,''' <H>>z)c6Z!'''adjacency_POP+PROL
g6b@:CB`'4YS4A'4Y2h'orM:?'EF'?M>@>'?B'b>':]@:EJ'B]'EH'?MEF'@E`>@A'?M>'a:?>@'x;BC>Fy'=L'
?B'?M>'<H>>Fp
Y2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
g`h'6LL@B_EC:?>'?>CLB@:D'DB;:?E`>A
g23h' þ!1!'&*7& tu+ś viŕ+ev

dark_N+PROL'' F>?*B=?*]B@z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'']B@>F?z)U06&
g;]c'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'88h'o$H'?M>'J:@<H>FF'xb>]B@>'F=H*=Lyd'M>qFM>'F>?'B=?']B@'?M>']B@>F?cp
gÈh'#:=F:?E`>d'L=@LBF>A
g24h' miń vačkod́+ińek ,Ě&*%*=&,

a>z[-")*[.-!*4[0c)"5''b>:?z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*4[0''live_V+INF+PROLd''
śisém''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ćora+ń šač+om+ga
F>`>Hz)+5*#6-7c6Z!'' FBHz)U,.)'' b>*bB@Hz\U$)(*[-"0
g.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'88h'or>'@:HG'g?M>'b>DDh']B@'DEÈHGd']B@'?M>'bE@?M'B]'F>`>H'FBHFcp
gÈEh'5:?>@E:D'C>:F=@>JA'
g22h' avoĺ śupav Ğ4)!*7&, śupav ćora

HB?z[-&*).,*#")&-''@E;Mz6c)"5c!,'' grain_N+PROLd'' @E;Mz6c)"5c!,'' C:Hz)c6Z!''
$&$&*7&
child_N+PROL
g.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'8Wh'ox/>'EFy'HB?'@E;M'J=>'?B'G@:EHd'xb=?y'@E;M'J=>'?B'FBHFcp
&M>'L@BD:?E`>'EF':??>F?>J'EH'bB?M'HBCEH:D':HJ';D:=F:D'FKH?:_c'6?'?M>' )['D>`>D'?MEF';:F>'
D>HJF'E?F>D]'?B'?M>'ECLD>C>H?:?EBH'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH':F':JJ@>FF>J'EH'F>;?EBH'RcWc'
67)"5$)60'!m)&6T'6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")c
Locative
&M>' 0"#6&$\.' ;:F>' EH' .@^K:' ;:H' b>' @>L@>F>H?>J' bK' ?M>' :DDBCB@LMF' %od' %e' =>' %O' EH' ?M>'
EHJ>!'HE?>' :HJ' LBFF>FFE`>' J>;D>HFEBH' ?KL>Fc' ' &MEF' ]B@C' EF' BHDK' :??>F?>J' EH' :J`>@bE:DFd'
LBF?LBFE?EBHF' :HJ' HBH*!'HE?>Fd' FBC>' G@:CC:@F' @>]>@' ?B' E?' :F' ?M>' HBCEH:?E`>c'&M>' ;:F>'
:LL>:@F'?B'M:`>'LMBHBDBGE;:D'@>F?@E;?EBHFc''$?';:H':LL>:@':]?>@'?M>'H:F:DF'n :HJ'md':HJ'
?M>'DEe=EJF'l :HJ'ri'?MEF':HJ'?M>']:;?'?M:?'FEbDEHG';:F>F'B]'?M>'DB;:?E`>':@>':DD'b:F>J'BH':'
;BHFBH:H?'F?>C'aB=DJ'EHJE;:?>'?M:?d'JE:;M@BHE;:DDK'FL>:<EHGd'?M>'`Ba>D'EF'F>;BHJ:@K'g;]c'
Z:@?>HF'4YSYA'2Wf28hc
Table 4.16 0B;:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

0"# 7.(c!,c76& [0U7.(c[0U76&
al% ob>H>:?Md'b>DBap al+o )6 )6
ikeĺ% o]@BH?p ikeĺ+e )6 )6
jon oJE@>;?EBHp jon+o )6 )6
veŕ% o=L':bB`>p veŕ+e )6 )6
moĺem% o?B'GBp moĺem+e )6 )6
5"-[/"0",m YV
&M>'C:EH']=H;?EBH'B]'?MEF']B@C'EF'?M>'>_L@>FFEBH'B]'@>D:?E`>'FL:?E:D'DB;:?EBH'EH':J`>@bF'
:HJ':JLBFE?EBHFc''&M>'%Om+O'HBH*!'HE?>'CEGM?'b>':JJ>J'?B'?MEF'G@B=L'BH'?M>'G@B=HJF'B]'
EH"'>;?EBH:D':HJ'F>C:H?E;'@>D:?EBHFd'F>>':DFB'gZ:@?>HF'4YSYA'2Wf28hc''$H"'>;?EBH:D'L:@:DD>DF'
;:H'b>'BbF>@`>J'b>?a>>H'aB@J']B@CF'F=;M':F'al+o o=HJ>@i'b>DBap':HJ'al+ks oFL:;>'DB;:?>J'
=HJ>@'B@'b>DBapd'BH'?M>'BH>'M:HJd':HJ'jarsa+m+o o?B'>:?'gB]hp':HJ'jarsa+m+s o?B'>:?'gB]hp'
aE?M':'JE:D>;?'`:@E:H?'jarsa+m+ksd'aME;M'CEGM?':DFB'b>'=F>J'EH'?M>'C>:HEHG'oFBC>?MEHG'
?B'b>'>:?>Hp'g)c'Z@K^MEHF<:K:d'Lc;cd'233Shc''6?'?M>' )['D>`>D'?MEF';:F>'D>HJF'E?F>D]'?B'?M>'
ECLD>C>H?:?EBH'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH':F':JJ@>FF>J'EH'F>;?EBH'RcWc'67)"5$)60'!m)&6T'
6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")c
Temporalis
&M>' &.5["-60$!';:F>'EH'.@^K:';:H'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>':DDBCB@LMF'%ńed'%ne's|'%Ne'EH'
?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'BHDKd':'DECE?:?EBH'HB?>J'bK',:b>D>H?^'g4XVYA'2RShc
Table 4.17 &>CLB@:DEF']B@CF']@BC'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH

&.5[ 7.(c!,c76& [0U7.(c[0U76& ["!!
davol oF?B@Cp davol+ne $H'?M>'J>E;?E;'J>;D>HFEBHF'?M>'>D:?E`>';:F>'EF'=F>J'?B'>_*
śokś o:=?=CHp śokś+ńe L@>FF'È@?=:DDK'?M>'F:C>'H=:H;>c
valdo oDEGM?p valdo+ńe
piŋge oDE]>'?EC>i' piŋge+ńe
;>H?=@Kp
Maśt́a o!M@B`>'?EJ>p Maśt́a+ńe
piźeme o@:EHp piźeme+ńe
$?F'C:EH']=H;?EBH'EF'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]'?>CLB@:D'DB;:?EBHc
g2Vh' umok uš piĺge+nze

DBHG*:GBz67\*&.5['' :D@>:JKz67\'' D>Gq]BB?z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,''
karma+śt́ keĺme+m+e, di͔ paro,
b>GEHz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0''' G>?*;BDJz\U$)(U0"#d''' :HJz#")9''' GBBJz6c)"5c!,d''
̗
(Ğ+&%!#####################################14$<+!)'*(ࡓ ###################################-&$<&%*",$
like-this/that_PRON-DEF.ABS'' crackle_V+PTC-PRES-SHORT.ABS freeze_N+TEMPd''
ašt́e+m+s ĺembe tulup pot+so,
b>*EH*BH>*LD:;>z\U$)(U$00'' a:@Cz6c6Z!'' FM>>LF<EH*;B:?z)c6Z!''EHFEJ>z["[U$).d''
źardo eĺe+se+t́ oza+do nuža+ń
aM>Hz[-")*-.0'' D:Lz)U$).U["!!*2!,''FE?*JBaHz\U6Z0'')=^M:z[-[U,.)''
palaga.
[:D:G:z[-[c)"5c!,
g1=?B@<EH'4YYSA'Y4h'o/EF'D>GF'M:J':D@>:JK'b>G=H'?B'G>?';BDJ'DBHG':GBd'FB'aM:?d'EH'
;@:;<DEHG']@>>ÊHG'a>:?M>@'DE<>'?MEFd'KB='FMB=DJ'b>'a@:LL>J'=L'EH':'FM>>LF<EH';B:?'
aM>H'KB='M:`>')=^M:tF'[:D:G:'FE??EHG'EH'KB=@'D:Lcp
YR 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
4.2.1.3. Attributive Cases
&M>' :??@Eb=?E`>' ;:F>F' ;BCL@EF>' ?M>' jCE_>J*b:Gk' F>?' B]' ;:F>F' ?M:?' :@>' H>E?M>@' FL:?EB*
?>CLB@:D' HB@' =F>J' EH' ;B@>*;:F>' ]=H;?EBHFA' ?M>' ?@:HFD:?E`>d' ;BCL:@:?E`>d' :b>FFE`>' :HJ'
;BCE?:?E`>c''&M>'!'@F?'?M@>>'>H=C>@:?>J';:H'b>'=F>J':F'F=bQ>;?';BCLD>C>H?F'aMED>'?M>'
D:F?'EFd'EH']:;?d':'L>@ELM>@:D'CBJE!'>@c
Translative
&M>' &-6)!06&$\.';:F>'EH'.@^K:';:H'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>':DDBCB@LMF'%ksd'%oksd'*eks's|''
%(O)ks'EH':DD'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fi'?M>'DEH<EHG'`Ba>D'EF'HB?'BbDEG:?B@Kd'@:?M>@'EF':LL>:@F'?B'
b>':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'F?>C*:]!'_':DEGHC>H?c''$H'?M>'CBF?'@>;>H?'.@^K:'G@:CC:@'g2333h'?M>'
?@:HFD:?E`>'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'M:F'b>>H'D>]?'B=?'B]'?M>'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>Fd'b=?'?MEF':LL:@>H?DK'
M:F'?B'JB'aE?M'?M>'C>@>'EH]@>e=>H;K'B]'?MEF';:F>'=F:G>d'F>>'g2Rhc
g2Rh' ĺiś+ś ot́ec ivan

GB*B=?z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'']:?M>@qL@E>F?z)c)"5c!,'' $`:Hz)*[-[c)"5c!,''
ušo+v,'''''''''''''''''a či͔+ś karma+ś
B=?FEJ>z)U06&d'' b=?z#")9''F=Hz)U)"5c7.(c!,'' b>GEHz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''
kaźńe+nze marto sonze
GE]?z)U["!!*V!,''aE?Mz["[''' M>qFM>qE?z[-")*[.-!*V!,c,.)c["!!*V!,''
viška ́
)(+&*$0*!Ĕ+##########################nalkśe+m+e
DE??D>z6c6Z!'' Rita_N-PRP+TRNSL+DEF.SG LD:Kz\U$)(U0"#
g1=?B@<EH'4Y8YA'R3Wh'ox&M>Hy'(:?M>@'$`:H'a>H?'B=?FEJ>d'b=?'?M>'F=H'b>G:H'?B'LD:K'aE?M'
MEF'GE]?'xFED`>@';@BFFy'DE<>'MEF'DE??D>'-E?:cp
Table 4.18 &@:HFD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

&-)!0 &-)!0c7.(c!, [0U7.(c[0U&-)!0
kal o!'FMp kal+oks ~ kal+ks+ońt́ kal+t+ne+ks
kal+ks
keĺ o?BHG=>i' keĺ+eks ~ keĺ+ks+eńt́ keĺ+t́+ńe+ks
D:HG=:G>p keĺ+ks
at́akš o@BBF?>@p at́akš+oks at́akš+oks+ońt́ at́akš+t+ne+ks
piks o@BL>p piks+eks piks+eks+eńt́ piks+t+ne+ks
śokś o:=?=CHp śokś+eks śokś+eks+eńt́ śokś+t́+ńe+ks
kurgo oCB=?Mp kurgo+ks kurgo+ks+ońt́ kurg+t+ne+ks ~kurgo+t́+ńe+ks
t́iŋge oG:@J>H'LDB?i' t́iŋge+ks t́iŋge+ks+eńt́ t́iŋg+t́+ńe+ks ~ t́iŋge+t́+ńe+ks
?M@>FMEHG'"'BB@p
tumo oB:<p tumo+ks tumo+ks+ońt́ tumo+t́+ńe+ks
5"-[/"0",m YW
g&@:HFD:?E`>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@CF':@>'>_?@>C>DK'DBa*]@>e=>H;Ki'?M>K'
M:`>'b>>H'EH;D=J>J'EH'BDJ>@'G@:CC:@F'B]'.@^K:d'b=?'FBC>'CBJ>@H'FL>:<>@F'JB'HB?':;*
<HBaD>JG>'?M>E@'>_EF?>H;>c''0Ba']@>e=>H;K';B=DJ'b>'J=>'?B'?M>']:;?'?M:?'?M>'?@:HFD:?E`>'EF'
G>H>@:DDK':';:F>'B]'?M>';BCLD>C>H?d'F=;M'?M:?'?BLE;'C:@<EHG'EF'HB?'>_L>;?>Jch
&M>'C:EH']=H;?EBHF'B]'?M>'?@:HFD:?E`>';:F>':@>'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]A''gEh'BbQ>;?';BCLD>C>H?'
g;]c'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'YXfYYhi'gEEh'FECED:?E`>i'gEEEh'GB:D'g;M:HG>'B]'F?:?>hd':HJ'gE`h'?>@CEH:D'
LBEH?'EH';M:HG>'B]'F?:?>'LDB??EHGd'EH';BHQ=H;?EBH'aE?M'>D:?E`>'FB=@;>';:F>c''&MEF';:F>'EF'
:??>F?>J'EH'bB?M'HBCEH:D':HJ';D:=F:D'FKH?:_c'6?'?M>' )['D>`>D'?MEF';:F>'D>HJF'E?F>D]'?B'?M>'
ECLD>C>H?:?EBH'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH':F':JJ@>FF>J'EH'F>;?EBH'RcWc'67)"5$)60'!m)&6T'
6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")c
Comparative
&M>'#"5[6-6&$\.';:F>'EH'.@^K:';:H'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>'CB@LM>C>'%ška, %oška, %eška =>

%(O)ška'EH':DD'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fi'?M>'DEH<EHG'`Ba>D'EF'HB?'BbDEG:?B@Kd'@:?M>@'EF':LL>:@F'?B'
b>':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'F?>C*:]!'_':DEGHC>H?c''&MEF';:F>'EF'GE`>H'EH'?M>'D:?>F?'.@^K:',@:CC:@'
g2333h'aE?M':'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'J>;D>HFEBH'g,@>bH>`:'2333A'438hd'=H]B@?=H:?>DK'E?'EF'HB?'
:??>F?>J'EH'?M>'C:QB@E?K';B@L=Fc''
Table 4.19 #BCL:@:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

#"5[ #"5[c7.(c!, [0U7.(c[0U#"5[
ksnav oL>:p ksnav+ ška ksnav+ška+ńt́ ksnav+t+ne+ška
kodgemeń oFE_?Kp kodgemeń+ška kodgemeń+ška+ńt́ kodgemeń+t́+ńe+ška
vaz o;:D]' vaz+oška vaz+oška+ńt́ vaz+t+ne+ška
gKB=HG';Bahp
saldi͔ŕks oF:D?'bBaDp saldi͔ŕks+eška saldi͔ŕks+eška+ńt́ saldi͔ŕks+t+ne+ ška
pando oMEDDp pando+ška pando+ška+ńt́ pand+t+ne+ška ~ pando+t́+ńe+ška
t́iŋge oG:@J>H'LDB?i' t́iŋge+ ška t́iŋge+ška+ńt́ t́iŋg+t́+ńe+ń eń~ t́iŋge+t́+ńe+ ška
?M@>FMEHG'"'BB@p
kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>i' kudo+ška kudo+ška+ńt́ kudo+t́+ńe+ ška
@BBCi';BH?:EH>@p
pińeme oB:?p pińeme+ška pińeme+ška+ńt́ pińeme+t́+ńe+ ška
&M>'C:EH']=H;?EBHF'B]'?M>';BCL:@:?E`>';:F>':@>'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]A''gEh'?M>'F?:HJ:@J'B]'>e=:D'
;BCL:@EFBHd':HJ'gEEh'FL:?EB*?>CLB@:D':LL@B_EC:?EBHc''&MEF';:F>'EF':??>F?>J'EH'bB?M'HBCE*
H:D':HJ';D:=F:D'FKH?:_c
Z:@?>HF' g4YYYA' X3h' ;BHFEJ>@F' ?M>' ;BCL:@:?E`>' ?B' b>' :' C>@>' J>@E`:?EBH:D' F=]!'_'
=F>J' ]B@' L@BJ=;EHG' :JQ>;?E`>F' ?B' J>FEGH:?>' ?M>' F?:HJ:@J' B]' ;BCL:@EFBH' EH' >e=:DFd' >cGc'
vazo+ška kiska ;:D]z)U#"5[''JBGz)c)"5c!,''o:'JBG'?M>'FE^>'B]':';:D]pd':HJ'ažija+ška
kal ?MEDDz)U#"5[''!'FMz)c)"5c!,''o:'!'FM':F'?ME;<':F':'?MEDD'g?M>'.@^K:':@>']:CEDE:@'aE?M'
J@:=GM?':HEC:DFhpc''&M>';B=H?>@*>_:CLD>F'?B'?MEF';BC>']@BC'F=bQ>;?';BCLD>C>H?'=F:G>'
Y8 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
aM>@>'?M>'F?:HJ:@J'B]'>e=:D';BCL:@EFBH';:Hd'EH']:;?d':LL>:@'EH'?M>'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'J>*
;D>HFEBH'aM>H'HB'G>H>@E;'EH?>@L@>?:?EBH'EF'EH?>HJ>Jd'F>>'g2Wh':HJ'g28h'aE?M':'LBFF>FFE`>'
J>;D>HFEBHc
g2Wh' mordovija+ń rator Ď,-Ĕ,*<$&*Ĕ+, ́ avoĺ

5B@JBÈ:z[-[U,.)'' 6D:?K@tz)c6Z!''' little-river_N+COMP+DEF.SGd''HB?z[-&*).,*#")&-
śe+d́e pokš.
?M:?z[-")*7.(U6Z0''bEGz6c)"5c'!,
g7B@BHEH'4YYRA'438h'o&M>'FE^>'B]'?M>'DE??D>'6D:?K@t'-E`>@'EH'5B@JBÈ:d'HB?':HK'bEGG>@cp
g28h' seŕ+eze +,+́ &*<$&*".!,

́ no śe+d́e
M>EGM?z)U["!!*V!,|)"5''father_N+COMP+POSS-3SGd'' b=?z#")9''?M:?z[-")*7.5U6Z0''
šumbra di͔, keveŕ+ića šar
M>:D?MKqF?B=?z6c)"5c!,'':HJz#")9d''@BDDz\U[&#*[-.!*0"),c6Z!'' b:DDz)c)"5c!,''
buto, bojka.
:F*?MB=GMz[-&d''e=E;<z6c)"5c!,
g1=?B@<EH'4Y8YA'2Xh'o/>'EF'?:DD'DE<>'MEF']:?M>@d'b=?'F?B=?>@':HJ'e=E;<'DE<>':'@BDDEHG'b:DDcp
"H>'L>;=DE:@E?K'CEGM?'b>':??@Eb=?>J'?B'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B=HJ'EH'g2Rhd'H:C>DKd'
:' L:@:DD>D' EF' J@:aH' b>?a>>H' his height' x?M>' bBKtFy' :HJ' his father' :F' BLLBF>J' ?B' his
father’sd aME;M'aB=DJ'EHJE;:?>'height :F':'LBFF>FF=C']B@'bB?M'?M>'bBK':HJ'MEF']:?M>@c''
6?'?M>' )['D>`>D'?MEF';:F>'D>HJF'E?F>D]'?B'?M>'ECLD>C>H?:?EBH'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH':F'
:JJ@>FF>J'EH'F>;?EBH'RcWc'67)"5$)60'!m)&6T'6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")c
Abessive
&M>'6Z.!!$\.';:F>'EH'.@^K:';:H'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>':DDBCB@LMF'%vtomod'%vt́emed'%tomod'
%t́emed'%teme's|''%VTOmO'EH':DD'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fc
Table 4.20 6bD:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

6Z. 6Z.c7.(c!, [0U7.(c[0U6Z.
kal o!'FMp kal+tomo kal+tomo+ńt́ kal+t+ne+ vt́eme
keĺ o?BHG=>i' keĺ+t́eme keĺ+t́eme+ńt́ keĺ+t́+ńe+ vt́eme
D:HG=:G>p
karks ob>D?p karks+tomo karks+tomo+ńt́ karks+t+ne+ vt́eme
piks o@BL>p piks+teme piks+teme+ńt́ piks+t+ne+ vt́eme
śokś o:=?=CHp śokś+t́eme śokś+t́eme+ńt́ śokś+t́+ńe+ vt́eme
kurgo oCB=?Mp kurgo+vtomo kurgo+vtomo+ńt́ kurg+t+ne+vt́eme ~
kurgo+t́+ńe+vt́eme
t́iŋge oG:@J>H' LDB?i' t́iŋge+vt́eme t́iŋge+vt́eme+ńt́ t́iŋg+t́+ńe+vt́eme ~
?M@>FMEHG'"'BB@p t́iŋge+t́+ńe+vt́eme
kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>i' kudo+vtomo kudo+vtomo+ńt́ kudo+t́+ńe+ vt́eme
@BBCi';BH?:EH>@p
pize oH>F?p pize+vt́eme pize+vt́eme+ńt́ pize+t́+ńe+ vt́eme
5"-[/"0",m YS
&M>' C:EH' ]=H;?EBH' B]' ?M>' :b>FFE`>' ;:F>' EF' ?M>' C:@<EHG' B]' D:;<q:bF>H;>' B]' FBC>?MEHGd'
aM>@>bK'E?'EF'GE`>H'aE?M':H'EH?>@L@>?:?EBH'B]' 56)).-'B@' !&6&.' "(' ").' "(' &/.' 6-,+5.)&'
#"5[0.5.)&!c''&MEF';:F>'EF':??>F?>J'EH'bB?M'HBCEH:D':HJ';D:=F:D'FKH?:_c'6?'?M>' )['D>`>D'
?MEF' ;:F>' D>HJF' E?F>D]' ?B' ?M>' ECLD>C>H?:?EBH' B]' F>;BHJ:@K' J>;D>HFEBH' :F' :JJ@>FF>J' EH'
F>;?EBH'RcWc'67)"5$)60'!m)&6T'6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")c
Comitative
&M>'#"5$&6&$\.';:F>'EH'.@^K:';:H'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>':DDBCB@LMF'%ńekd'%nek's|'%Nek'
EH'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>':HJ'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fd'@>]>@>H;>'EF':DFB'C:J>'?B'E?F'@>"'>_'
EH';BDD>;?E`>'H=C>@:DF'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'g;]c'&FKG:H<EH'4Y84AVR8i'):Jt<EH'
4Y8XA'W4d'WSi'7:HEDB`'4Y8YA'4S4f4SRhc
Table 4.21 #BCE?:?E`>']B@CF']@BC'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

#"5 #"5c7.(c!,'|'' [0U7.(c[0U#"5
marto
kal o!'FMp kal+nek Only attested kal+t+ne+ńek
keĺ o?BHG=>i' keĺ+ńek in dialects with keĺ+t́+ńe+ńek
D:HG=:G>p DET+COM
karks ob>D?p karks+nek ordering g;]c' karks+t+ne+ńek
piks o@BL>p piks+nek ):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'W4d' piks+t+ne+ńek
śokś o:=?=CHp śokś+ńek WSh' śokś+t́+ńe+ńek
pando oMEDDp pando+ńek pand+t+ne+ńek ~ pando+t́+ńe+ńek
t́iŋge oG:@J>H'LDB?i' t́iŋge+ńek t́iŋg+t́+ńe+ń eń ~ t́iŋge+t́+ńe+ńek
?M@>FMEHG'"'BB@p
kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>i' kudo+do kudo+t́+ńe+ńek
@BBCi';BH?:EH>@p
pize oH>F?p pize+d́e pize+t́+ńe+ńek
&M>'C:EH']=H;?EBH'B]'?M>';BCE?:?E`>'EF'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]'=HE`>@F:D'e=:H?E!';:?EBH'U'aE?Mc''
&MEF';:F>'EF'F=bQ>;?'B@'BbQ>;?'B@E>H?>Jc''):Jt<EH'g4Y8XA'W4d'WSh':DFB':??>F?F'?MEF';:F>'EH'?M>'
J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'J>;D>HFEBH'B]'FBC>'B]'?M>'6D:?K@t'F=bJE:D>;?Fc
6CbEG=E?K'EF':??>F?>J'aE?M'?M>':JHBCEH:D';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'C:@<>@'%ONOkd'
]B@'CB@>'FL>;E!';Fd'F>>'gRc2cVc4c4ch'($-!&'[.-!")c
Interim summary
"H'?M>'b:FEF'B]'?M>'JEF;=FFEBH'B]';:F>Fd':bB`>d'a>';:H'@>HJ>@'?M>']BDDBaEHG'J>;D>HFEBH'
?:bD>F' aE?M' :DDBCB@LMF' :HJ' >_:CLD>F' EH' ?M>' EHJ>!'HE?>d' J>!'HE?>' :HJ' LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_'
]B@CFc'
YX 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.22 $HJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>

(B@CgFh
0:b>D !?:HJ:@J' #K@EDDE;F ._:CLD>
LMBH>?E;
)"5 Ø Ø +Ø kudo oMBC>qMB=F>p
,.) +ń, +oń, +eń +нь, +онь, +ень, +Oń kudo+ń oB]'xMBC>Ü':q?M>'
+энь MB=F>yp
76& +ńeń, +neń, +нень, +нэнь, +ONeń kudo+ńeń o]B@'?M>'MBC>p
+ońeń, +eńeń +онень, +енень,
+энень
6Z0 +do, +d́e, +de, +до, +де, +дэ, +DO kudo+do o:bB=?'xMBC>Ü:'MB=F>yp'
+to, +t́e, +te +то, +те, +тэ
$). +so, +se +со, +сэ +sO kudo+so ox:?'MBC>ÜEH':q?M>'
MB=F>yp
.06 +sto, +ste +сто, +стэ +stO kudo+sto o]@BC'xMBC>Ü':q?M>'
MB=F>yp
$00 +s +с +s kudo+s oEH?B':q?M>'MB=F>p
06& +v, +ov, +ev, +j +в, +ов, +ев, +эв, +Ov kudo+v oMBC>'g,"60hp
+й
[-"0 +ga, +ka, +va +га, +ка, +ва +Ga kudo+va oxEH':@B=HJ'?M>'MB=F>ÜEH'
MBC>Fy'xU7$!&-yp
0"# +o, +e +о, +е +O mastor+o oBH'?M>'G@B=HJp
&.5[ +ńe, +ne +не, +нэ +Ne varma+ńe oaM>H'E?tF'aEHJKp
&-)!0 +ks, +oks, +eks +кс, +окс, +екс, +Oks kudo+ks oMBC>qMB=F>' g;BCLD>*
+экс C>H?'LBFE?EBHhp
#"5[ +ška +шка +ška kudo+ška o?M>'FE^>'B]':'MB=F>p
6Z. +vtomo, +втомо, +втеме, +VTOmO kudo+vtomo oaE?MB=?':'MBC>qMB=F>p
+vt́eme,+tomo, +томо, +теме,
+t́eme, +teme +тэме
#"5 +ńek, +nek +нек, +нэк +Nek kudo+ńek oaE?M'?M>'aMBD>'MB=F>p
&B?:D' R4 RW
:DDB*
CB@LMF
&M>' :DDBCB@LMF' B;;=@@EHG' EH' ?M>' ;:F>F' :@>' :??@Eb=?>J' ?B' ?M>' ]BDDBaEHG' e=:DE?E>F' B]' ?M>'
L@>;>JEHG';BHF?E?=>H?A'gEh']@BH?*b:;<'`Ba>D'M:@CBHKi'gEEh'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHKi'gEEEh'`Ba>D'
`>@F=F';BHFBH:H?'F?>Ci''gE`h'`BE;>J'`>@F=F'`BE;>D>FF'EH';BHFBH:H?'F?>Ci'g`h':`BEJ:H;>'B]'
`>D:@':JQ:;>H;Kd'BL?EBH:D'`Ba>D'DBFF'EH'F?>C'?KL>')"+)!2d'F>>')BCEH:D*?KL>'aB@J'F?>CFd'
:bB`>c''6DD'?BDJ'?M>@>':@>'R4'LMBH>?E;d':HJ'RW'#K@EDDE;':DDBCB@LMF':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'4W'
F=b;:?>GB@E>F'B]';:F>c
5"-[/"0",m YY
Table 4.23 7>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>

(B@CgFh
LMBH>?E;
)"5 Ø Ø kudot́ńe o?M>q?M>F>q?MBF>'MB=F>Fp
,.) +Oń +нь kudot́ńe+ń oB]''?M>'MB=F>Fp
76& +ńeń +нень kudot́ńe+ńeń o]B@'?M>'MBC>Fp
6Z0 +d́e +де kudot́ńe+d́e o:bB=?'?M>'xMBC>FÜ'MB=F>Fyp'
$). +se +сэ kudot́ńe+se oEH'?M>'xMBC>FÜ'MB=F>Fyp
.06 +ste +стэ kudot́ńe+ste o]@BC'?M>'xMBC>FÜ'MB=F>Fyp
$00 +s +с kudot́ńe+s oEH?B'?M>'MB=F>Fp
06& +v +в oštne+v o?Bq?Ba:@J'?M>';E?E>Fp
[-"0 +va +ва kudot́ńe+va oxEH':@B=HJ'?M>'MB=F>FÜEH'?M>'MBC>Fyp
0"# )6 )6
&.5[ )6 )6
&-)!0 +ks +кс kudot́ńe+ks oMBC>FqMB=F>F'g;BCLD>C>H?'
LBFE?EBHhp
#"5[ +ška +шка kudot́ńe+ška o?M>'FE^>'B]'?MBF>'MB=F>Fp
6Z. +vt́eme +втеме kudot́ńe+vt́eme oaE?MB=?'?M>'MBC>FqMB=F>Fp
#"5 Uńek +нек kudot́ńe+ńek oaE?M'x:DDy'?M>'MB=F>F'gJE:D>;?d'F>>'
):Jt<EH'4Y8Xhp
&B?:D' 4V 4V
:DDBCB@LMF
$H'?M>'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'J>;D>HFEBH'BHDK'BH>':DDBCB@LM'EF':`:ED:bD>']B@'>:;M';:F>c''&M=F'aE?M'
HB':??>F?:?EBH']B@'?M>'?@:HFD:?E`>d'DB;:?E`>':HJ'?>CLB@:D';:F>F'?M>@>'EF':'?B?:D'B]'4V']B@CF'
EH;D=JEHG'n.-"']B@'?M>'4V':??>F?>J';:F>Fc'
433 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.24 7>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>

(B@CgFh
LMBH>?E;
)"5 +ś, +oś, +eś +сь, +ось, +эсь, +есь kudo+ś oMBC>qMB=F>p
,.) +ńt́, +ońt́, +eńt́ +нть, +онть, +енть, kudo+ńt́ oB]'?M>'MB=F>p
+энть
76& +ńt́eń, +nt́eń, +нтень, +онтень, kudo+ńt́eń o]B@'?M>'MBC>p
+ońt́eń, +eńt́eń +ентень, +энтень
6Z0 +do+ńt́, +d́e+ńt́, +до+нть, +де+нть, kudo+do+ńt́ o:bB=?'?M>'MB=F>p'
+de+ńt́, +to+ńt́, +дэ+нть, +то+нть,
+t́e+ńt́, +te+ńt́ +те+нть, +тэ+нть
$). +so+ńt́, +se+ńt́ +со+нть, +сэ+нть kudo+so+ńt́ ox:?'MBC>ÜEH':q?M>'MB=F>yp
.06 +sto+ńt́, +ste+ńt́ +сто+нть, +стэ+нть kudo+sto+ńt́ o]@BC'xMBC>Ü':q?M>'MB=F>yp
$00 )6 )6 g=F>'J:?E`>';:F>'B@'["[h
06& )6 )6
[-"0 +ga+ńt́, +ka+ńt́, +га+нть, +ка+нть, kudo+va+ńt́ oxEH' :@B=HJ' ?M>' MB=F>ÜEH'
+va+ńt́ +ва+нть MBC>Fy'xU7$!&-yp
0"# )6 )6
&.5[ )6 )6 g=F>' J:?E`>' B@' >D:?E`>'
;:F>Fh
&-)!0 +ks+ońt́, +кс+онть, +окс+онть, ŕita+ks+ońt́ oDE<>'-E?:p
+ks+eńt́, +екс+энть,
+oks+ońt́, +экс+энть
+eks+eńt́
#"5[ o?M>' FE^>' B]' ?M>q?MEFq?M:?'
+ška+ńt́ +шка+нть kudo+ška+ńt́ MB=F>p
6Z. +vtomo+ńt́, +втомо+нть, kudo+vtomo+ńt́ oaE?MB=?'?M>'MBC>qMB=F>p
+vt́eme+ńt́, +втеме+нть,
+tomo+ńt́, +томо+нть,
+t́eme+ńt́, +теме+нть,
+teme+ńt́ +тэме+нть
#"5 )6 )6
&B?:D' 2X V4
:DDB*
CB@LMF
L@>;>JEHG';BHF?E?=>H?A'gEh']@BH?*b:;<'`Ba>D'M:@CBHKi'gEEh'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHKi'gEEEh'`Ba>D'
`>@F=F';BHFBH:H?'F?>Ci''gE`h'`BE;>J'`>@F=F'`BE;>D>FF'EH';BHFBH:H?'F?>Ci'g`h':`BEJ:H;>'
B]' `>D:@' :JQ:;>H;Kd' BL?EBH:D' `Ba>D' DBFF' EH' F?>C' ?KL>' )"+)!2d' Q=F?' :F' EH' ?M>' EHJ>!'HE?>'
J>;D>HFEBHd':bB`>c'!EH;>'?M>@>'EF':'J>È:?EBH'EH'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'C:@<EHG']B@'HBCEH:?E`>'
:HJ'BbDEe=>';:F>Fd'?M>'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@'M:F'b>>H'HB?>J'M>@>c''6'G@>:?'
5"-[/"0",m 434
@>J=;?EBH'EH':??>F?>J';:F>F'EF':LL:@>H?d'aE?M'CBF?']=H;?EBHF'B]'?M>'EDD:?E`>'b>EHG'?:<>H'
B`>@'bK'?M>'J:?E`>'CB@LMBDBGK'B@':JLBFE?EBH:D'=F:G>c'6DD'?BDJ'?M>@>':@>'V2'LMBH>?E;d':HJ'
VW'#K@EDDE;':DDBCB@LMF':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'43':??>F?>J'F=b;:?>GB@E>F'B]';:F>c
Table 4.25a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@'HBCEH:?E`>d'G>HE?E`>d'J:?E`>':HJ'EDD:?E`>'LBFF>FF:

(B@CgFh
[+5')Z ["- !?:HJ:@J' #K@EDDE;F ._:CLD>
LMBH>?E;
4!,c +m, +om, +em +м, +ом, +эм, +Om kudo+m oCK'
+ем MBC>q'
!,
MB=F>p
V!, +zo, +ze, +ozo, +зо, +зэ, +озо, +OzO kudo+zo oMEFqM>@q'
+eze +езэ, +эзэ E?F'MBC>q'
MB=F>p
4!, +n, +ń, +on, +н, %нь, +он, +ON, +Om kudo+n oCK'
+eń, +m, +om, +ень, +энь, MBC>Fq'
[0
+em +ом, +эм, +ем MB=F>Fp
V!, +nzo, +nze, +нзо, +нзэ, +OnzO kudo+nzo oMEFqM>@q
+onzo, +enze +онзо, +ензэ, E?F'MBC>Fq'
+энзэ MB=F>Fp
2!, +t, +t́, +ot, +et́ +т, +ть, +от, +OT kudo+t oKB=@'
+еть, +эть MBC>q'
MB=F>p
4[0 +nok, +ńek, +нок, +нек, +ONOk kudo+nok oB=@'
+onok, +eńek +онок, +енек, MBC>q'
!,q[0
+энек MB=F>p
2[0 +ŋk, +oŋk, +нк, +онк, +Oŋk kudo+ŋk oKB=@'
+eŋk +енк, +энк MBC>q'
MB=F>p
V[0 +st, +ost, +est +ст, +ост, +Ost kudo+st o?M>E@'
+ест, +эст MBC>q'
MB=F>p
432 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.25b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@'G>HE?E`>'LBFF>FF:

(B@CgFh
[+5')Z ["- !?:HJ:@J' #K@EDDE;F ._:CLD>
LMBH>?E;
!,q 4!, +ń, +oń, +eń +нь, +онь, +Oń ava+ń oCK'
[0'1$) +ень, +энь CB?M>@tFp
2!, +t́, +ot́, +et́ +ть, +оть, +Ot́ ava+t́ oKB=@'
+еть, +эть CB?M>@tFp
+m, +om, +em, +ом, +эм, +ем, +Om, +ON oCK'MBC>q'
!, 4!, +n, +ń, +on, +н, +нь, +он, kudo+m MB=F>p
+eń +ень, +энь
+n, +ń, +on, +н, %нь, +он, +ON, +Om kudo+n oCK'
[0 4!, +eń, +m, +om, +ень, +энь, MBC>Fq'
+em +ом, +эм, +ем MB=F>Fp
!,q 2!, +t, +t́, +ot, +et́ +т, +ть, +от, +OT kudo+t oKB=@'
[0 +еть, +эть MBC>q
MB=F>p
V!, +nzo, +nze, +нзо, +нзэ, +OnzO kudo+nzo oMEFqM>@q'
+onzo, +enze +онзо, +ензэ, E?F'MBC>Fq'
+энзэ MB=F>Fp
4[0 +nok, +ńek, +нок, +нек, +ONOk kudo+nok oB=@'MBC>q'
+onok, +eńek +онок, +енек, MB=F>p
+энек
2[0 +ŋk, +oŋk, +нк, +онк, +Oŋk kudo+ŋk oKB=@'
+eŋk +енк, +энк MBC>q'
MB=F>p
V[0 +st, +ost, +est +ст, +ост, +Ost kudo+st o?M>E@'
+ест, +эст MBC>q'
MB=F>p
5"-[/"0",m 43V
Table 4.25c [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@'J:?E`>'LBFF>FF:'aE?M'HB'JEF?EH;?EBH'

' ' EH'H=Cb>@'B]'LBFF>FF:
["- (B@CgFh
!?:HJ:@J'LMBH>?E; #K@EDDE;F ._:CLD>
4!, +neń, +ńeń, +ońeń, +нэнь, %нень, +ONeń ava+ńeń o?B'CK'
+eńeń +онень, +енень, CB?M>@p
+энень
2!, +teń, +t́eń, +ot́eń, +тэнь, +тень, +OTeń ava+t́eń o?B'KB=@'
+et́eń +отень, +етень, MBC>q'
+энеть MB=F>p
+nsteń, +onsteń, +нстэнь, +Onsteń ava+nsteń o?B'MEFq
V +ensteń +онстэнь, M>@qE?Fq'
+енстэнь, ?M>E@'
+энстэнь CB?M>@p
4[0 F=LLD>?>J'bK'B?M>@'J>;D>HFEBHF'B@':JLBFE?EBH:D';BHF?@=;?EBHF
+nsteŋk, +onsteŋk, +нстэнк, +Onsteŋk ava+nsteŋk o?B'KB=@'

2[0 +ensteŋk +онстэнк, CB?M>@p
g"HDK'BH>' +енстэнк,
:??>F?:?EBHh +энстэнк
Table 4.25d [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@'EDD:?E`>'LBFF>FF:'aE?M'HB'JEF?EH;?EBH'

' ' EH'H=Cb>@']B@'LBFF>FF:
["- (B@CgFh
!?:HJ:@J'LMBH>?E; #K@EDDE;F ._:CLD>
+z+on, +z+eń, +з+он, +з+энь, +оз+он, kudo+z oEH'CK'
!, +oz+on, +ez+eń, +ез+энь, +эз+энь, +з+ом, +on MB=F>p
4 +z+om, +z+em, +з+эм, +оз+ом, +ез+эм,
+oz+om, +ez+em +эз+эм
[0 +z+onok, +z+eńek, +з+онок, +з+энек, +оз+онок, kudo+z oB=@'MBC>q'
+oz+onok, +ez+eńek +ез+энек, +эз+энек +onok MB=F>p
!, +z+ot, +z+et́, +oz+ot, +з+от, +з+эть, +оз+от, kudo+z oKB=@'MBC>q'
2 +ez+et́ +ез+эть, +эз+эть +Oz+ +ot MB=F>p'
[0 +z+oŋk, +z+eŋk, +з+онк, +з+энк, +оз+онк, kudo+z oKB=@'MBC>q
+oz+oŋk, +ez+eŋk +ез+энк, +эз+энк +oŋk MB=F>p
!, +z+onzo, +z+enze, +з+онзо, +з+энзэ, +оз+онзо, kudo+z oMEFqM>@q'
+oz+onzo, +ez+enze +ез+энзэ, +эз+энзэ +onzo E?F'MBC>Fq'
V MB=F>Fp
[0 +z+ost, +z+est, +з+ост, +з+эст, +оз+ост, kudo+z o?M>E@'MBC>q'
+oz+ost, +ez+est +ез+эст, +эз+эст +ost MB=F>p
&B?:D' 43V 42Y
:DDB*
CB@LMF
43R 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
L@>;>JEHG';BHF?E?=>H?A'gEh']@BH?qb:;<'`Ba>D'M:@CBHKi'gEEh'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHKi'gEEEh'`Ba>D'
`>@F=F';BHFBH:H?'F?>Cd':HJ'gE`h'`BE;>J'`>@F=F'`BE;>D>FF'EH';BHFBH:H?'F?>Cc''6D?MB=GM'
?MEF'?:bD>'L@BÈJ>F'>_LDE;E?'EH]B@C:?EBH']B@'BHDK']B=@'F>?F'B]';:F>':DDBCB@LMFd'E?';:H'b>'
=F>J' ]B@' L@>JE;?EHG' ?M>' ]B@CF' L@>F>H?' EH' ?M>' @>C:EHJ>@' B]' ?M>' ;:F>F' EH' ?M>' LBFF>FFE`>'
J>;D>HFEBH'g?M>':bD:?E`>d'EH>FFE`>d'>D:?E`>d'L@BD:?E`>d'DB;:?E`>d'?@:HFD:?E`>d';BCL:@:?E`>d'
:b>FFE`>':HJ';BCE?:?E`>hi''?M>'D:?E`>':HJ'?>CLB@:DEF':@>'HB?':??>F?>J'EH'?MEF'J>;D>HFEBHc
)>:@DK' :DD' HBCEH:?E`>' ;>DDF' M:`>' >e=E`:D>H?F' EH' ?M>' G>HE?E`>*FDB?' ;>DDFc' ' $HF?>:J'
B]'CEHEC:DEÊHG'?M>'H=Cb>@'B]'FDB?F'BH'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'G@B=HJF'g4!,f2!,':HJ'4[0fV[0'
MBCBHKCK'EH'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>';:F>hd'?MEF':=?MB@'M:F';MBF>H'?B'=?EDE^>'V!,':H:D*
BGKd'aME;M'CB@LMBDBGE;:DDK'JEF?EHG=EFM>F'?M>']=H;?EBHF'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>']@BC'?MBF>'B]'?M>'
HBCEH:?E`>i':?'D>:F?'EH'?M>'FEHG=D:@']B@C'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF=Cc''&M>'LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_'=F>J'
aE?M'HBH*;B@>';:F>Fd':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'L@>F>H?'EH'?M>'Y';:F>F'>H=C>@:?>J':bB`>d'EF'>e=E`:D>H?'
EH']B@C'?B'?M:?'B]'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:D'@>:JEHGd'Ec>c'?M>'V!,'%OnzO'EF'?M>'CB@LM>C>':?*
?>F?>J'EH'HBH*;B@>';:F>Fd'aM>@>:F'bB?M'4!,'%ON':HJ'%Om':@>':??>F?>J'EH'HBH*;B@>';:F>F'
B]'CBJ>@H'DE?>@:?=@>c''g$?'aEDD'b>'HB?>J'?M:?'?M>'4!,'%ON'C:@<>@'EF'H>`>@':??>F?>J']B@']=H;*
?EBHF':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@ch''7:?E`>*;:F>'C:@<EHG'EH'?M>'?ME@J'L>@FBH'
EF':LLDE;:bD>'?B'bB?M'FEHG=D:@':HJ'LD=@:Dd'FB'HB'JE]]>@>H?E:?EBH'M:F'b>>H'C:J>i'BHDK'?M>'
4[0';>DD'M:F'HB'J:?E`>':??>F?:?EBH'B]':HK'FB@?c''g,>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>'L:@:JEGC'J>]>;?EÈ?K'
aEDD'b>'J>:D?'aE?M'EH';M:L?>@'Wch'')B'F>L:@:?>'C:@<>@'EF':`:ED:bD>']B@'?M>'D:?E`>d'b=?'E]'BH>'
a:H?>J'?B':??>F?'E?d':DD'B]'E?F']B@CF'aB=DJ'b>':CbEG=B=F'aE?M'DB;:?E`>*;:F>']B@CFd'?M:?'
EFd'?M>@>'aB=DJ'b>'42'LMBH>?E;':HJ'42'#K@EDDE;':DDBCB@LMF'?B':JJ'?M>'F=C'B]';B@>*;:F>'
:HJ'EDD:?E`>':DDBCB@LMFd'aM>@>'?M>@>':@>'43V'LMBH>?E;d':HJ'42Y'#K@EDDE;':DDBCB@LMFd':HJ'
?M>'HBH*;B@>*;:F>':DDBCB@LMFd'aM>@>'?M>@>'aB=DJ'b>'28'LMBH>?E;d':HJ'2S'#K@EDDE;':DDB*
CB@LMF']B@':'?B?:D'B]'4R4'LMBH>?E;':HJ'48X'#K@EDDE;':DDBCB@LMF'EH':'?B?:D'B]'4V':??>F?>J'
F=b;:?>GB@E>F'B]';:F>c
4.2.2. Number
&M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@K'B]'H=Cb>@'EH'.@^K:'EF'@>L@>F>H?>J'bB?M'CB@LMBDBGE;:DDK':HJ'
D>_E;:DDKc' ' rMED>' `>@b:D' ;BHQ=G:?EBHF' ]>:?=@>' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' :G@>>C>H?' F?@:?>GE>F' ]B@'
;@BFF*@>]>@>H;>J'>H?E?E>Fd'E?'EF'?M>')[F'?M:?']>:?=@>'bB?M'CB@LMBDBGE;:D':HJ'D>_E;:D'C>:HF'
]B@'JE]]>@>H?E:?EHG'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@c''&M=Fd'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@'aEDD'b>'F>>H'EH'?M>'
?M@>>'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>F'B]')[Fd':HJ';>@?:EH'L@BHB=HF'gL>@FBH:D':HJ'J>CBHF?@:?E`>hc
&M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'>_L@>FFEBH'B]'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@'EH'?M>'J>;D>HFEBH'B]'HB=H'
M>:JF'EF'F=bQ>;?'?B':'F>C:H?E;'HB?EBH'B]'xU#"+)&y':HJ'?M>'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>c''/>H;>d':F*
F=CEHG'?M>'@>]>@>H?';:H'b>'EHJEÈJ=:?>Jd'?M>@>':@>'DECE?:?EBHF'?B'aME;M';>DDF'B]'?M>'?M@>>'
J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>F'C:<>':'JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'H=Cb>@c''rMED>'?M>'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH']>:?=@>F'
:';BCLBFE?>'>_L@>FFEBH'B]'LD=@:D'EH'+T+Ne'U[0U7.(c[0']B@':DD':??>F?>J';:F>Fd':HJ':H'=H*
:CbEG=B=F'>_L@>FFEBH'B]'FEHG=D:@'EH'UOś ]B@'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'UOńt́ ']B@'?M>'BbDEe=>'
;:F>Fd'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'BHDK':??>F?F'LD=@:D'C:@<EHG'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'+T'U[0c''g;]c'
5"-[/"0",m 43W
:DFB'0KBHF4YYYA'S3fS4'x(>B<?EF?B`'4Y88A4SSfYXi'!L>HF>@'4YY2AV4VfR4yh'&M>'LBFF>F*
FE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'L@BÈJ>F']B@'?aB'F>L:@:?>'>_L@>FFEBHF'B]'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@d'Ec>c'?M>@>'
EF'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'@>]>@>H?'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@d'BH'BH>'M:HJd'
:HJ'?M>'@>]>@>H?'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF=Cd'BH'?M>'B?M>@c''rM>@>:F':DD'?M@>>'L>@FBHF'JEF?EHG=EFM']B@'
H=Cb>@'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@d'?M>@>':@>'BHDK'?aB'L>@FBHF'aME;M'JEF?EHG=EFM']B@'H=Cb>@'B]'?M>'
LBFF>FF=Cd'aME;M'EF'>ÈJ>H?'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':DBH>c'&M>'BHDK'=H:CbEG=B=F'FEHG=D:@'
C:@<EHG':??>F?>J'EF'?M:?'B]'?M>'?ME@J'L>@FBH'FEHG=D:@d'+OzO'U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,i'?M>' 4!,'
LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_';:H'BHDK'L:@?E:DDK'b>'JEF:CbEG=:?>Jc''rMED>'?M>'LD=@:D'LBFF>FF:'@>:JEHG'
B]'4!,'LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_';:H'b>'C:?;M>J'aE?M'?M>'DE?>@:@K'`:@E:H?F'%ON :HJ %Omd'aME;M':@>'
EDD=F?@:?E`>'B]'JE:D>;?'`:@E:?EBHi'?M>'%ON';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<>@'EF'HB?';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M'
FEHG=D:@'HBCEH:?E`>'LBFF>FF:d'aM>@>'BHDK'C:@<EHG'EH'%Om'aB=DJ'b>':;;>L?:bD>c''&M=F'
:JHBCEH:D'H=Cb>@'C:@<EHG'EH'.@^K:'EF'J>;D>HFEBH':HJ';:F>'J>L>HJ>H?'g;]c'(>B<?EF?B`'
4Y88A'43Xd'23Rd'4YSWA'2XYfYVi'6E<M>H`:DJ':HJ'7E_BH'4YYXA'8Xhi'BHDK'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'
:DDBaF']B@':';MBE;>'B]'H=Cb>@'EH':DD'?M@>>'J>;D>HFEBHFc
&M>'LD=@:D'C:@<>@'%T'B]'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'?M>'>H?E@>'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>H*
FEBH'M:F':??>F?>J':CbEG=E?Kc''rMED>'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@'EF'MBCBHKCB=F'
aE?M'?M>':bFBD=?E`>'=F>J'EH';BCLB=HJ'aB@JF':HJ':F'?M>':JLBFE?EBH:D';BCLD>C>H?'g;]c'
Z=^:<B`:'2333A'XVd'XSfXYhd'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:D'EF'DECE?>J'?B'?M>'FKH?:;?E;'
;B@>'@BD>F'B]'F=bQ>;?':HJ'BbQ>;?c''&M>@>'EFd'MBa>`>@d'BH>':CbEG=B=F';BHF?@=;?EBH'?M:?';:H'
b>'J>F;@Eb>Ji't́ešt́+t́ potso'oF?:@z)U[0'EHFEJ>z["[c$).p'B@'t́ešt́Ø potso'oF?:@z)cgF?>C*`Ba>D'
DBFF'b>?a>>H'`BE;>D>FF'F?BLFh'EHFEJ>z["[c$).p'g5c'$C:E<EH:d'Lc;cd''2332hc'''$H'?M>'EHF?:H;>'
B]'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>d'?M>'LD=@:D'C:@<>@';:H':DFB'b>'MBCBHKCB=F'aE?M'?M>'2!,'
LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_d'aM>@>:Fd'EH'?M>'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHd'?M>'[0'%T'C:@<>@':Da:KF';B*B;;=@F'
aE?M'?M>'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'C:@<>@'EH'%Ne'EH'?M>'4V';:F>F'E?';:H'b>':??>F?>J'aE?Mi'?M>@>'EF'HB'
:??>F?:?EBH']B@'?M>'DB;:?E`>':HJ'?>CLB@:DEF'EH';BCbEH:?EBH'aE?M'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'C:@<EHG'
gF>>'CB@>'J>?:ED'EH'Rc2c4':HJ'Rc2cVchc'''
&M>'.@^K:'G@:CC:@'?@:JE?EBH'LBFE?F'%N%':F':'LD=@:D'C:@<>@'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>*
;D>HFEBHd':']:;?'?M:?'EF'CB@>'@>:JEDK':??>F?>J'EH'FBC>'JE:D>;?F'?M:H'EH'B?M>@F'g;]c',:b>D>H?^'
4XVYA2WVf2WRi' [::FBH>H' 4YWVA' 3R*3Wi' Z=b@E<M' 4YV3A' 2Sd' 2Yi' (>B<?EF?B`' 4Y8VA' 433f
43Vi'):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'WXfWYd'83i':DFB'1B@MBH>H'4YX8A'4RSi'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'432f43Vhc''&M>'
CBJ>@H'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>'BHDK'M:F'?aB'L>@FBHF'aM>@>'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@';:H'b>'JEF?EH*
G=EFM>JA'?M>'4!,':HJ'?M>'V!,d'b=?'?MEF'JEF?EH;?EBH'EF'HB?'=HL@BbD>C:?E;c''&M>'V!,'C:@<>@'
M:F'?aB']B@CFd'B]'aME;M'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@'EF'JEF?EH;?E`>d'aE?M'HB'%N%d'aMED>':DD'
B?M>@';:F>':??>F?:?EBHF'B]'E?':@>'%OnzOd'aME;M'EF':DFB'?M>']B@C'=F>J'aE?M'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'
LD=@:Dc''&M=F'E?'EF'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@']B@C'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF=Cd'?M>'BH>'aE?MB=?'?M>'
%N%d'?M:?'EF'C:@<>Jd':HJ'HB?'?M>'B?M>@'a:K':@B=HJc''$H'?M>'4!,':H':H:DBGE;:D'FE?=:?EBH';:H'
b>'BbF>@`>Jd'H:C>DKd'BHDK'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@';>DD';:HHB?';BH?:EH'?M>'%N%'>D>C>H?d'
Ec>c'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FF=C'EF':Da:KF'C:@<>J'%Omc''/>H;>d'aM>H'?M>'JE:D>;?'
B]':'GE`>H'a@E?>@'JE]]>@>H?E:?>F'b>?a>>H'FEHG=D:@':HJ'LD=@:D'LBFF>FF:'aE?M'4!,'LBFF>FFB@'
EHJ>_EHGd'Ec>c'%Om' ["!!*4!,|)"5c!,'EF'EH'BLLBFE?EBH'aE?M'%ON'B]'?M>' ["!!*4!,|)"5c[0d'
?M>H'?M>'C:@<>@'=F>J'EH'?M>')"5c[0'@>:JEHG'EF':Da:KF'?M>'F:C>':F'?M:?'=F>J'EH'?M>'BbDEe=>'
;:F>Fc''7>FLE?>'?M>'`:@EB=F'L@>F;@EL?E`>'G@:CC:@F':J`B;:?EHG':'JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'H=Cb>@'
438 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
EH'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]'LBFF>FF:'aE?M'4!,'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHGd'CBF?'@>;>H?DK'.15'g2333A'WWhd'
?M>@>':@>'H=C>@B=F'L=bDE;:?EBHF'aM>@>'%Om'C:@<EHG'EF'=F>J'?M@B=GMB=?'?M>'!'@F?'L>@FBH'
FEHG=D:@' L:@:JEGC' B]' ?M>' LBFF>FFE`>' J>;D>HFEBH' @>G:@JD>FF' B]' G@:CC:?E;:D' H=Cb>@' B]'
?M>'LBFF>FF=Cc''/>H;>d'BHDK'?M>' )"5c!,'@>:JEHG'B]'?M>'V!,'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'EH'%OzO'EF'
=H:CbEG=B=F'EH'E?F'C:@<EHG']B@'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@c'g(B@'?@>:?C>H?'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'
J>;D>HFEBHd'F>>'F>;?EBH'RcVc2c4ch
$H' ?M>' 7:?E`>*;:F>' ]B@C' B]' ?M>' LBFF>FFE`>' EHJE;>F' HB' JEF?EH;?EBH' EF' H>;>FF:@EDK'
C:J>']B@'H=Cb>@'B]'LBFF>FFB@c''6D?MB=GMd'H:?E`>'FL>:<>@F'CEGM?'G>H>@:DDK'C:EH?:EH'?M:?'
?M>'CB@LM>C>'%Onsteń FMB=DJ'b>'GDBFF>J':F'["!!*V!,|76&d'?M>@>'EF'>ÈJ>H;>'EH'?M>'C:*
QB@E?K';B@L=F'?M:?'?M>'GDBFF'CEGM?'b>'G>H>@:DE^>J'?B' ["!!*Vc76&d'@>]>@'b:;<'?B'>_:CLD>F'
gVfWh'EH'F=bF>;?EBH'gRc2c4c4ch'#"-.'#Td'76&$\.c
&M>' D>_E;:D' >_L@>FFEBH' B]' G@:CC:?E;:D' H=Cb>@' EF' DECE?>J' ?B' ?M>' LD=@:D' L>@FBH:D'
:HJ' J>!'HE?>' L@BHB=HFd' >cGc' miń oa>pd' ti͔ń oKB=' g[0hpd' si͔ń o?M>Kpd' ńe o?M>F>d' ?MBF>p' :HJ'
nona% o?M>'B?M>@Fpc''&M>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'!'@F?':HJ'F>;BHJ'L>@FBH'LD=@:D'@>:JEHGF'
:@>'G>H>@:DDK'=F>J']B@'FEHG=D:@'FL>:<>@F':HJ':JJ@>FF>>F'aM>H'?M>K':@>':;?EHG'BH'b>M:D]'
B]'BH>'B@'CB@>'>_LDE;E?DK'EJ>H?E!':bD>'@>]>@>H?F'gF>>':DFB'6!!"#$6&$\.'.07.-')"+)!':HJ'6!*
!"#$6&$\.'#"00.#&$\.'v+6)&$($.-!'EH'F>;?EBH'gRcVchhc
$?'aEDD':DFB'b>'HB?>J'?M:?'?M>'LD=@:D'CB@LM>C>'%T']:CEDE:@']@BC'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>':HJ'
J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF':LL>:@F'EH'?M>'V[0'B]'bB?M'?M>'`>@b:D':HJ'HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBHF':HJ'
?M>'@>:JEHGF':JHBCEH:D'`>@F=F'`>@b:D'LD=@:D':@>'JE]!';=D?'?B'JEF?EHG=EFMd'F>>'>_:CLD>Fc
g2Sh' sońenze uĺńe+ś jalat́eke,

M>z[-")*[.-!*V!,c76&c["!!*V!,''b>z\c$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''EHJE]]>@>H?z6d''
kona čuvto%ńt́ al+o jutavt+om+s
aME;Mz[-")*-.0c6Z!''?@>>z)U,.)c7.(c!,''=HJ>@z["[c0"#''FL>HJz\U$)(U$00
ve+ńt́ – veśe čuvt+t+ne
HEGM?z)U,.)c7.(c!,''–'':DDzvc6Z!''?@>>z)U[0U7.(c[0''
)!'Ĕ&*+*!Ď+ ́ vejket́ste.
kinsman_N+PL+IND.PRETII.PRED-3PL >e=:DDKz67\c.06
gZ@K^MEHF<E'5cA'1E@J:^M?h'o/>'x1>;M:Ey';B=DJ';:@>'D>FFd'aM:?'?@>>'M>'FL>H?'?M>'HEGM?'
=HJ>@i':DD'?M>'?@>>F'a>@>'>e=:DDK'<EHFC>H'x?B'MECycp
[BFF>FFB@*EHJ>_'F?@:?>GE>F'EH`BDÈHG'FEHG=D:@'`>@F=F'LD=@:D'C:@<EHG';:H'b>':FFB;E:?>J'
aE?M' ?M>' >_LDE;E?' JEF;B=@F>' @BD>Fd' BH' ?M>' BH>' M:HJd' :HJ' F>C:H?E;' G@B=L*C>Cb>@FMEL'
:DEGHC>H?d' BH' ?M>' B?M>@c' ' />H;>' :FFB;E:?E`>' ;BDD>;?E`>' H=C>@:DF' :LL>:@' aE?M' FEHG=D:@'
:JHBCEH:D' L>@FBH' C:@<EHGd' >cGc' kolmo+ńe+nze ?M@>>z)+5U6!!"#*#"00U["!!*V!,' o?M>'
?M@>>'B]'?M>C'gDE?c'?M>'?M@>>'B]'MECqM>@hpd'aME;M'C:<>F'@>]>@>H;>'?B':'J>!'HE?>'?ME@J'L>@FBH'
:HJ' ?aB' L@>ÈB=FDK' =H<HBaH' @>]>@>H?F' :FFB;E:?>J' aE?M' ?M:?' L>@FBHc' ' $H' :H' :H:DBGB=F'
C:HH>@d'?aB'FEbDEHGFd'aM>H'FL>:<EHG':CBHGF?'?M>CF>D`>F'f'>:;M'FL>:<EHG'EH'?M>'!'@F?'
L>@FBH'FEHG=D:@'f'aEDD'@>G=D:@DK'C:<>'@>]>@>H;>'?B'B?M>@aEF>'C=?=:D']:?M>@Fd'CB?M>@Fd'
b@B?M>@Fd' >?;c' bK' C>:HF' B]' 4!,' LBFF>FFB@' EHJ>_EHGc' ' !>C:H?E;' G@B=L*C>Cb>@FMEL'
:DEGHC>H?';BC>F'EH?B'LD:K'aM>H'J>:DEHG'aE?M'<EH'?>@CFi'aMED>'JE;?EBH:@E>F'B]'?M>'.@^K:'
D:HG=:G>'CEGM?':??>F?'?B'FEHGD>'D>_E;:D'E?>CFd'F=;M':F'balduz oaE]>tF'FEF?>@p':HJ'baĺźa
5"-[/"0",m 43S
oaE]>tF'b@B?M>@pd'?M>F>':@>'HB?'=F>J'bK':DD'FL>:<>@Fd'HB@':@>'?M>K'G>H>@:DE^>J'?B'EHJE;:?>'
B?M>@' @>]>@>H?' ?KL>Fc' '&M=F' ?M>' @>]>@>H?F' ]B@' ob@B?M>@tF' aE]>p' :HJ' oFEF?>@tF' M=Fb:HJp' :@>'
HB?' H>;>FF:@EDK' EHJE;:?>J' bK' =F>' B]' F>L:@:?>' D>_E;:D' E?>CFd' EHF?>:J' :' LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_'
`:@E:?EBH'b>?a>>H'FEHG=D:@':HJ'LD=@:D'H=Cb>@'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@'EF'F=]!';E>H?'?B'JEF?EHG=EFM'
b>?a>>H' oJ:=GM?>@*EH*D:ad' FBHtF' aE]>p' :HJ' oFBH*EH*D:ad' J:=GM?>@tF' M=Fb:HJpc' ' />H;>d'
aMED>'sodamo+m FBH*EH*D:az)U["!!*4!,'oCK'FBH*EH*D:ap'EF'aM:?':'L:@>H?'aB=DJ'=F>'?B'
EHJE;:?>'?M>'M=Fb:HJ'B]'MEF'B@'M>@'J:=GM?>@d':'FEbDEHG'aB=DJ'=F>'?M>'?>@C'sodamo+nok'
FBH*EH*D:az)U["!!*4[0' oCK' b@B?M>@*EH*D:a' gDE?c' B=@' FBH*EH*D:ahp' ?B' EHJE;:?>' ?M:?' `>@K'
F:C>'C:D>'@>]>@>H?c''$H';BH?@:F?d'E?'FMB=DJ'b>'HB?>J'?M:?'?MEF'MB=F>MBDJ*@>]>@>H;>'F?@:?>GK'
=F>J' EH' ?:@G>?*LBFF>FF=C' C:@<EHG' B]' F:C>*G>H>@:?EBH' :HJ' KB=HG>@*G>H>@:?EBH' M=C:H'
@>]>@>H?Fd' M:F' JE]]>@>H?' L@:GC:?E;' =F:G>F' aM>H' ?M>' ?:@G>?*LBFF>FF=C' @>]>@>H?' EF' B]' :H'
BDJ>@'G>H>@:?EBHc''/>H;>d'aMED>'?M>'4!,'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'B]'?M>'M=C:H'@>]>@>H?'t́et́a
o]:?M>@p' EH' t́et́am oCK' ]:?M>@p' ;:H' BHDK' b>' =HJ>@F?BBJ' :F' @>]>@@EHG' ?B' ?M>' ]:?M>@' B]' ?M>'
FEHG=D:@'FL>:<>@q;BH?@BDD>@d'@>G:@JD>FF'B]'?M>'DEF?>H>@'gFEbDEHGd'CB?M>@d'F?@:HG>@':DE<>hd'?M>'
4[0'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'CEGM?'b>'=?EDE^>J'bK'?M>'CB?M>@'?B'EHJE;:?>'?M>']:?M>@'B]'?M>'MB=F>MBDJ'
B@'?M>'FL>:<>@gFh'ECL:@?EHG'EH]B@C:?EBH'aE?M'@>G:@J'?B'?M>'LD=@:D*`:D=>'>H?E?Kq;BH?@BDD>@c''
):?=@:DDKd'?MEF'D:??>@'LD=@:D*`:D=>'>H?E?Kq;BH?@BDD>@'EH?>@L@>?:?EBHd'B@'L@BL@E>?B@FMEL':F'E?'
a>@>d'EF':DFB'=?EDE^>J'EH':JJ@>FF>F'C:J>'BH'b>M:D]'B]':';BHG@>G:?EBHc
Interim summary of number
&M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@K'B]'H=Cb>@';:H'b>'J>F;@Eb>J':?'bB?M':'CB@LMBDBGE;:D':HJ':'
D>_E;:D'D>`>Dc''
6?'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'D>`>Dd'?M>'L:@:C>?>@'EH`BD`>J'EF':'JE;MB?BCKA'gEh';:F>'JEÈ*
FEBH'HBCEH:?E`>'`>@F=F'BbDEe=>d':HJ'gEEh'?M>'F>D>;?EBH'B]'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>FA''EHJ>!'HE?>d'
J>!'HE?>':HJ'LBFF>FFE`>c''$H'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>';:F>d'H=Cb>@'EF'>_LDE;E?DK'EHJE;:?>J'EH'bB?M'
?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>':HJ'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHFd'aM>@>:F'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd':D@>:JK'b=@*
J>H>J'bK'>_L@>FFEBH'B]'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@':HJ'L>@FBH'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@d'BHDK'>_*
MEbE?F'CEHEC:D'EHJE;:?EBH'B]'H=Cb>@']B@'?M>'?:@G>?'LBFF>FF=Cc''&M>'V!,'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'
B]'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@'J>È:?>F'EH'CB@LMBLMBH>CE;'F?@=;?=@>']@BC'?M>';B@@>D:?EHG'
CB@LM>C>d';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:D':HJ'BbDEe=>';:F>Fd'aMED>'?M>'4!,'LBF*
F>FFB@'EHJ>_d'L@>F;@Eb>J'EH'CBJ>@H'G@:CC:@F']B@'=F>'aE?M'BbDEe=>';:F>F'gHB?'J:?E`>h':HJ'
?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>'LD=@:D'EH'%Nd';:H'H>`>@'b>'=F>J']B@'C:@<EHG'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'
FEHG=D:@'?:@G>?c''"?M>@'L>@FBHF'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'C:<>'HB'JEF?EH;?EBH'b>?a>>H'
?M>'JE;MB?BCE>F'g;:F>h'HBCEH:?E`>'`>@F=F'G>HE?E`>':HJ'gH=Cb>@h'FEHG=D:@'`>@F=F'LD=@:D'
BH'?M>'?:@G>?'B]'LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_'C:@<EHGc''$H'?M>'BbDEe=>';:F>Fd'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'
C:<>F'HB'JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@K'B]'H=Cb>@c''/>H;>d'BHDK'?M>'J>!'HE?>'
J>;D>HFEBH'@>G=D:@DK'JEF?EHG=EFM>F']B@'H=Cb>@'EH'?M>'BbDEe=>';:F>c''&M>'J:?E`>*;:F>'B]'?M>'
V!,'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH';>DD'M:F'b>>H'BbF>@`>J'?B'>_MEbE?'EHJE]]>@>H;>'?B'H=Cb>@'EH'?M>'
:@G=C>H?F'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'@>D:?EBHd'Ec>c'?M>'%Onsteń']B@C'EFd'EH']:;?d'?ME@J'L>@FBH']B@C'
=F>J']B@'>_L@>FFEBH'B]'?M>'J:?E`>';:F>']=H;?EBHF':??@Eb=?>J'?B'E?d'b=?'aE?MB=?':'JEF?EH;?EBH'
]B@'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@d'b>'E?'?M:?'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@'B@'?M>'LBFF>FF=Cc
43X 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
6?'?M>'D>_E;:D'D>`>Dd'?M>'FE_'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF':@>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?aB'@MKCEHG'F>?F'
B]'?M@>>'L@BHB=HFc''&M>'JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'H=Cb>@'EF'EHJE;:?>J'bK':H'B?M>@aEF>'E@@>G=D:@'JE*
;MB?BCK'o `>@F=F'iqi͔d F=;M'?M:?d'mond'ton':HJ'son'EHJE;:?>'!'@F?d'F>;BHJ':HJ'?ME@J'L>@FBHF'
FEHG=D:@'@>FL>;?E`>DKd':HJ'mińd'ti͔ńd'si͔ń'!'@F?d'F>;BHJ':HJ'?ME@J'L>@FBHF'LD=@:Dc
&M>@>'EF'>ÈJ>H;>'B]'LBFFEbD>'>_?>HJ>J'>_LBH>H;>'EH'?M>';BH;:?>H:?EBH'B]':'J>*
;D>HFEBH'F>GC>H?'aE?M'LD=@:D'C:@<EHG':HJ':'F=bF>e=>H?';BHQ=G:?EBH:D'F>GC>H?c''&MEF'
LM>HBC>HBHd'MBa>`>@d'FMBaF'`:@E:?EBH']@BC':=?MB@'?B':=?MB@':HJ';BH?>_?'?B';BH?>_?d'
F=;M'?M:?d'E?'EF'F?EDD':'?BLE;'B]'JEF;=FFEBH':CBHG'L@B]>FFEBH:D'=F>@F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>c
(EH:DDKd'E?'EF'C:EH?:EH>J'?M:?'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'
C:K'b>'=?EDE^>J'?B'JEF?EHG=EFM'b>?a>>H'G>H>@:?EBHF'EH'MB=F>MBDJ';BH?>_?Fd'L@BL@E>?B@*
FMELd':HJ'C=?=:D'LD=@:D'`>@F=F'FEHG=D:?E`>'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'@>]>@>H;>c
4.2.3. Deictic markers

$H'?MEF'?@>:?C>H?'B]'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>':HJ'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF'aEDD'b>'
G@B=L>J' =HJ>@' ?M>' MKLBHKC' J>E;?E;' C:@<>@Fc' ' &M>' ?>@C' jJ>E;?E;' C:@<>@Fk' EF' :' ;B`>@'
?>@C']B@'?M>'EH"'>;?EBH:D'CB@LM>C>F';BH?@:F?>J'aE?M'?M>' n.-"'B]'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>H*
FEBHc''&M=F'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH';BCL@EF>F'C:HE]>F?:?EBHF'B]'L>@FBH:D'J>E_EFd'aME;M'
CEGM?'b>'J>!'HE?>d'EHJ>!'HE?>'B@':JQ>;?E`:Dd':HJ'?M>'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'J>E_EFd'aME;M'CEGM?'b>'
J>!'HE?>d'J>CBHF?@:?E`>d'?BLE;:DEÊHG'B@'G>H>@E;c'&M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd'J=>'?B';>@?:EH'
CB@LMBDBGE;:DDK':HJ'F>C:H?E;:DDK'CB?E`:?>J'`:@E:?EBHd'M:F'b>>H':FF>FF>J'F>L:@:?>DK']B@'
g:h'HBCEH:?E`>d'gbh'G>HE?E`>d'g;h'J:?E`>':HJ'gJh'B?M>@';:F>F':bB`>'EH'F=bF>;?EBH'gRc2c4ch'
#6!.':F'M:`>'?M>'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@':HJ'LD=@:D'J>;D>HFEBHFd'aME;M'M:`>'HB':CbEG=E?K']B@'
;:F>'JE]]>@>H;>Fd'B@'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@K'B]'H=Cb>@c''&M>@>]B@>'?MEF'F=bF>;?EBH'aEDD'
;BH;>H?@:?>'BH'?M>'=F:G>'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'EHJ>_EHG'`>@F=F'J>!'HE?>'C:@<EHGc
6F' M:F' b>;BC>' :LL:@>H?' EH' .@^K:' ;:F>' CB@LMBDBGKd' :bB`>d' ?M>@>' :@>' ?M@>>' J>*
;D>HFEBH' ?KL>F' f' ?M>' EHJ>!'HE?>d' ?M>' J>!'HE?>' :HJ' ?M>' LBFF>FFE`>c' ' rMED>' ?M>' EHJ>!'HE?>'
J>;D>HFEBH'CEGM?'@>:JEDK'b>':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'EHJ>!'HE?>'@>]>@>H?F':HJ'EH?@EHFE;:DDK'J>!'HE?>'
@>]>@>H?Fd'>cGc'e=:DE!'>J'HB=HFd'L@BL>@'HB=HF':HJ'L@BHB=HFd'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'LBFF>FFE`>'
J>;D>HFEBHF'D>HJ'?M>CF>D`>F'?B'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]'B?M>@'J>!'HE?>'@>]>@>H?Fc''7>!'HE?>'J>;D>H*
FEBH'C:@<EHGd'aM>H'=F>J'aE?M'EH?@EHFE;:DDK'J>!'HE?>'@>]>@>H?Fd'EF'F>>H'?B'ECLDK'HB?EBHF'
B]' J>CBHF?@:?E`>' =F:G>' B@' ?BLE;:DE?Ki' aE?M' ;BCCBH*HB=H' @>]>@>H?Fd' MBa>`>@d' ?MEF' J>*
;D>HFEBH' G>H>@:DDK' EHJE;:?>F' J>!'HE?>H>FF' B@' G>H>@E;' ?BLE;:DE?Kc' ' [BFF>FFE`>' J>;D>HFEBH'
C:@<EHGd'B@'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'G>H>@:DDK'EHJE;:?>F':FFB;E:?EBH'aE?M':H;MB@>J'JEF;B=@F>'
@>]>@>H?Fd'M>H;>'E?':DDBaF']B@'HB?EBHF'B]'EH]>@>H?E:DE?K':HJ';:H'b>':LLDE>J'?B'@>]>@>H?F'bB?M'
J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>c'')B?EBHF':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'EHJEÈJ=:D'L>@FBH':HJ'H=Cb>@';BCbEH:*
?EBHF'aEDD'b>'J>:D?'aE?M'EH'?M>':LL@BL@E:?>'F=bF>;?EBHFc
5"-[/"0",m 43Y
4.2.3.1. Possessor-index markers
Adnominal cross-referential person marking
&M>'LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_'C:@<>@Fd'B@'?M>';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<>@F'B]'?M>'
LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd':@>':??>F?>J'EH':'D:@G>'@:HG>'B]'?M>'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'aE?M'`:@E>J'
]=H;?EBHFc' ' (B@' ?MEF' @>:FBH' $' M:`>' B;;:FEBH:DDK' =F>J' ?M>' DBHG>@' ?>@C' 67)"5$)60*&m[.'
?B'EHF=@>'?M>'EH?>@L@>?:?EBH'B]':H'>_?>HFEBH'b>KBHJ'?M>'L:@?'B]'FL>>;M'CBF?';BCCBHDK'
<HBaH':F'HB=HFc''6JHBCEH:D*?KL>';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'C:@<EHG';:H'b>'b@B<>H'EH?B'
2'`:@E>?E>F'B]'C:HE]>F?:?EBH'EH':'GE`>H';D:=F:D';BHF?E?=>H?d'E?';:H'b>'C:@<>J'aE?MA''gEh':H'
:]!'_:D'B@'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd':HJ'gEEh':'D>_E;:D'B@'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=Hd'B@'
:';BCbEH:?EBH'B]'?M>'?aBc''rMED>':]!'_:D'C:@<EHG'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBHd':F'J>CBHF?@:?>J'
EH' ?M>' ?:bD>F' b>DBad' :LL>:@F' ?B' M:`>' :' @>D:?E`>DK' >`>H' JEF?@Eb=?EBH' :;@BFF' ;:F>' :HJ'
J>;D>HFEBHd'D>_E;:D'C:@<EHG'F>>CF'?B'L@>]>@':'H>:@DK';BCLD>C>H?:@K*JEF?@Eb=?EBH'F?@:?>GK'
EH'?M>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@CF'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF:c''&M>'>_L@>FFEBH'B]';B@>';:F>F'FMBaF':H':]!'HE?K'
aE?M' ?M>' J>E;?E;' J>;D>HFEBHF' aMED>' ?M>' DB;:D' ;:F>F' :@>' ]@>e=>H?DK' :FFB;E:?>J' aE?M' ?M>'
EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHc''g&M>'HB?:?EBH' )6d'b>DBad'M:F'?aB'@>:JEHGFA'jHB?':LLDE;:bD>k':HJ'
jHB?':??>F?>Jkc'''&M>'@>:J>@'aEDD'HB?>'?M:?'?M>'jHB?':LLDE;:bD>k'@>:JEHG'EF':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'
?M>';>DDF'@>HJ>@>J'EH;BCL:?EbD>'?M@B=GM'JEF;@>L:H;E>F'EH'H=Cb>@'`:D=>F']B@'?M>'J>!'HE?>'
J>;D>HFEBHch
Table 4.26 #:F>F':??>F?>J'aE?M'4!,':JHBCEH:D'C:@<EHG''aE?M'?M>'aB@J'kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>p

[BFF>FFE`>' ,>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'EHJE;:?>F':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH
7>;D $HJ>]'7>;D [BFF>FFE`>'7>;D 7>!'HE?>'!, 7>!'HE?>'[0
)"5c!, kudo+m )6 moń kudo+m moń kudo+ś )6
)"5c[0 kudo+n )6 moń kudo+n )6 moń kudo+t́+ńe
,.)c!, kudo+m )6 moń kudo+m moń kudo+ńt́ )6
,.)c[0 kudo+n )6 moń kudo+n )6 )6
76& )6 )6 )6 moń kudo+ńt́eń )6
6Z0 kudo+do+n )6 )6 )6 )6
$). kudo+so+n moń kudo+so )6 )6 )6
.06 kudo+sto+n moń kudosto )6 )6 )6
$00 kudo+z+on moń kudo+s )6 )6 )6
06& )6 moń kudo+v )6 )6 )6
[-"0 kudo+va+m )6 )6 )6 )6
&:bD>'gRc28h'L@BÈJ>F'=F'aE?M'aM:?'CEGM?'b>';BHFEJ>@>J']=@?M>@':DBHG':F'F<>a>Jc'')B'
>ÈJ>H;>'EF'GE`>H')[';BCLD>_E?Kd'HB@d'aB=DJ'E?'F>>Cd'EF'?M>@>'L:@:JEGC:?E;'@>L@>F>H?:?EBH'
B]'?M>']B@CF'CBF?';BCCBHDK'>_MEbE?>J']B@'?M>'.@^K:'aB@J'kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>p':HJ'?M>'
?ME@?>>H';:F>F':??>F?>J'aE?M':?'D>:F?'FBC>'?:@G>?F'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHc''$'?M>@>]B@>'
L@BÈJ>':'F>;BHJ'F>?'B]'?:bD>F'gRc2Sf2Xh'?B'EDD=F?@:?>'?M>'L:@:JEGC'B]'?M>'V!,'LBFF>FF:'
:F'a>DDc''&M>';BH?>H?F'B]'gRc2Sf2Xh'JE]]>@']@BC'?MBF>'B]'gRc28h'EH'?M:?'?M>@>':@>'J>!'HE?>'
443 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
J>;D>HFEBH' ]B@CF' B]' ?M>' EH>FFE`>' :HJ' >D:?E`>' ;:F>Fc' ' &MEF' CEGM?' M>DL' =F' ?B' L>@;>E`>'
J>!'HE?>'C:@<EHG':F';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M'CB@>'B]'?M>';:F>Fc''&M>'L@>F>H;>'B]'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'
V!,'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'sonze'EF':??>F?>J':?'4SdXXS'ME?Fd':HJ'E?F'FEbDEHG'?M>'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'
4!,' L>@FBH:D' L@BHB=H' moń EF' :??>F?>J' :?' 42d4Y8' ME?Fd' aME;M' EHJE;:?>F' ?M>' H=Cb>@' B]'
=HEe=>';BH?>_?F'CEGM?'b>'MEGM>@c''&M>':bF>H;>'B]'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH';BCL:?EbEDE?K'EH'
?M>';B@>*;:F>';>DDF'B]'bB?M'?M>'!'@F?':HJ'?ME@J'L>@FBHF'FEHG=D:@'aB=DJ'F>>C'?B'ECLDK'?M:?'
;B@>*;:F>';BHF?E?=>H?F'CBJE!'>J'aE?M':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'?:<>'BbDEG:?B@K'J>E;?E;'C:@<EHGc''
/>H;>'?M>':bF>H;>'B]'BbDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH':]!'_>F'EH'HBH*!'HE?>F'aB=DJ'FL>:<'BH'
b>M:D]'B]':'HBH*;B@>*;:F>'EH?>@L@>?:?EBH'B]'?M>'HBH*!'HE?>'DB;:?E`>'EH'%Om+Oc''g(B@'CB@>'
JEF;=FFEBH'BH'?M>'HBH*!'HE?>Fd'F>>'F>;?EBH'RcVcWch'
Table 4.27 #:F>F':??>F?>J'aE?M'V!,':JHBCEH:D'C:@<EHG''aE?M'?M>'aB@J'kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>p

7>;D $HJ>]'7>;D [BFF>FFE`>'7>;D 7>!'HE?>'!, 7>!'HE?>'[0
)"5c!, kudo+zo )6 sonze kudo+zo sonze kudo+ś )6
)"5c[0 kudo+nzo )6 sonze kudo+nzo )6 sonze
kudo+t́+ńe
,.)c!, kudo+nzo )6 sonze kudo+nzo sonze kudo+ńt́ )6
,.)c[0 kudo+nzo )6 sonze kudo+nzo )6 )6
76& )6 )6 )6 sonze kudo+ńt́eń )6
6Z0 kudo+do+nzo )6 )6 )6 )6
$). kudo+so+nzo sonze kudo+so )6 sonze kudo+so+ńt́ )6
.06 kudo+sto+nzo sonze kudo+sto )6 sonze )6
kudo+sto+ńt́
$00 kudo+z+onzo sonze kudo+s )6 )6 )6
06& )6 sonze kudo+v )6 )6 )6
[-"0 kudo+va+nzo )6 )6 )6 )6
&M>' aB@J' kudo oMB=F>i' MBC>pd' aME;M' M:F' E?F' CBF?' L@BCEH>H?' ]B@C' EH' kudov oMBC>'
gD:?E`>hp' :LL>:@EHG' WRSW' ?EC>F' EH' ?M>' .@^K:' C:QB@E?K' ;B@L=Fd' CEGM?' CBF?' @>:JEDK' b>'
:FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'HB?EBHF'B]'FEHGD>*C>Cb>@'F>?F':HJ'FL:?E:D'F>??EHGFc''$H';BH?@:F?d'?M>'
aB@J'śeĺme o>K>pd'aE?M'E?F'CBF?'L@BCEH>H?']B@C'śeĺmenze oMEFqM>@qE?F'>K>gFh'g;B@>'b=?'
HB?' )"5c!,hp':LL>:@EHG'2YR8'?EC>Fd'EF'EHM>@>H?DK'LD=@:D':HJd'aM:?tF'CB@>d':'bBJK'L:@?d'
aME;M'CEGM?'EH;@>:F>'?M>'L@Bb:bEDE?K'B]'JB=bD>'C:@<EHG']B@':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBHd':'F?@:?>GK'
]B@';BH?@:F?E`>'C:@<EHGc''g!>>'CB@>'J>?:EDF'EH'F>;?EBH'RcVc2c')"+)!':HJ'67["!$&$")!ch
5"-[/"0",m 444
Table 4.28 #:F>F':??>F?>J'aE?M'V!,':JHBCEH:D'C:@<EHG''aE?M'?M>'aB@J'śeĺme o>K>p

7>;D $HJ>]'7>;D [BFF>FFE`>' 7>!'HE?>'!, 7>!'HE?>'[0
7>;D
)"5c!, śeĺme+ze )6 sonze sonze śeĺme+ś )6
śeĺme+ze
)"5c[0 śeĺme+nze )6 sonze )6 sonze śeĺm+t́+ńe
śeĺme+nze
,.)c!, śeĺme+nze )6 sonze sonze śeĺme+ńt́ )6
śeĺme+nze
,.)c[0 śeĺme+nze )6 sonze )6 sonze
śeĺme+nze śeĺm+t́+ńe+ń
76& )6 )6 )6 sonze sonze
śeĺme+ńt́eń śeĺm+t́+ńe+ńeń
6Z0 śeĺme+d́e+nze )6 )6 )6 sonze
śeĺm+t́+ńe+d́e
$). śeĺm+se+nze sonze śeĺm+se sonze sonze sonze
śeĺm+se+nze śeĺm+se+ńt́ śeĺm+t́+ńe+se
.06 śeĺm+ste+nze sonze śeĺm+ste sonze sonze sonze
śeĺm+ste+nze śeĺm+ste+ńt́ śeĺm+t́+ńe+ste
$00 śeĺme+z+enze sonze śeĺm+s sonze )6 sonze
śeĺme+z+enze śeĺm+t́+ńe+s
06& )6 )6 )6 )6 )6
[-"0 )6 sonze śeĺme+va )6 )6 )6
&-)!0 )6 sonze śeĺme+ks )6 )6 )6
"H'?M>'b:FEF'B]'?:bD>F'gRc28f2Xh':HJ'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'EH]B@C:?EBH':]]B@J>J'EH'F>;?EBH'
Rc2c4c'#Td':bB`>d'a>';:H'J@:a'L@>DECEH:@K';BH;D=FEBHF':bB=?'?M>'H:?=@>'B]':]!'_:D':HJ'
D>_E;:D':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHGc''._L@>FFEBH'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH';:H'b>'EHJE;:?>J'bK'
?M>']BDDBaEHG'C>:HFA
6]!'_:D'C>:HF'gLBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHh
0>_E;:D'C>:HF'gG>HE?E`>']B@C'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFh
6';BCbEH:?EBH'B]'?M>'?aB
6]!'_:D' EHJE;:?EBH' B]' :JHBCEH:D' L>@FBH' EF' F=bQ>;?' ?B' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' :HJ' F>C:H?E;q
JEF;B=@F>'EH;BCL:?EbEDE?K'BbF>@`>J'EH';:F>'>HJEHGF'aE?M';BHFBH:H?F'EH'?M>';BJ:d'BH'?M>'
BH>'M:HJd':HJ'?M>'HB?EBHF'B]'EHJ>!'HE?>qG>H>@E;d'BH'?M>'B?M>@c
5B@LMBDBGE;:D'DECE?:?EBHFA'gD:?E`>h
!>C:H?E;'DECE?:?EBHFA'g?@:HFD:?E`>d'?>CLB@:DEFh
442 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
0>_E;:D' EHJE;:?EBH' B]' :JHBCEH:D' L>@FBH' ECLDE>F' :' ?M@>>*a:K' FLDE?' EH' J>;D>HFEBH'
;BCL:?EbEDE?K'aM>@>bK';>@?:EH';:F>F'FMBa':]!'HE?E>F']B@'FL>;E!';'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>FA
)BCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>A''gLBFF>FFE`>':HJ'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHh
7:?E`>A''gJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHh
->C:EHEHG';:F>FA'
$HJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'ê:DDëi'
[BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'ê:DD'b=?A'D:?E`>d'?>CLB@:DEFëi'
7>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'FEHG=D:@'ê:DD'b=?A'EDD:?E`>d'D:?E`>d'DB;:?E`>d'?>CLB@:DEFd';BCE?:?E`>ëd'
:HJ'
7>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'LD=@:D'ê:DD'b=?A'DB;:?E`>d'?>CLB@:DEFë
&M>F>'L@>DECEH:@E>F'JB'HB?d'MBa>`>@d':HFa>@'?M>'e=>F?EBH'B]'DBa':??>F?:?EBH']B@'?M>'J:?E`>'
;:F>d'HB@'JB'?M>K':HFa>@'?MBF>'B]'C=?=:D';BCL:?EbEDE?K'B]'D>_E;:D':HJ':]!'_:D'C:@<EHG'
F?@:?>GE>Fd'C:??>@F'J>:D?'aE?M'CB@>'@EGB@B=FDK'EH'F>;?EBHF'RcVc'67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'[6-&!'
"('![..#/d':HJ'RcRc'[6-67$,5'7.(.#&$\$&m'$)'.-nm6'["!!.!!"-'$)7.T$),c''0>?'E?'F=]!';>'M>@>d'
?M:?'a>'EDD=F?@:?>'?M>']B@CF':HJ'b:FE;'=F>F'B]'?M>':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH':]!'_>F'EH'?M>'B@J>@'
B]'L>@FBH'4fVc
4.2.3.1.1. First person
$H'?M>'!'@F?'?@:HFD:?EBH'B]'?M>',BFL>D':HJ'F=bF>e=>H?DK'?M>'!'@F?'G@:CC:@'B]'?M>'.@^K:'
D:HG=:G>'?M>@>'EF'>ÈJ>H;>']B@':?'D>:F?':'L:@?E:D'JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'H=Cb>@'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFB@q
;BH?@BDD>@' :HJ' ?:@G>?*LBFF>FF=Cc' ' $H' ?M>' CBJ>@H' DE?>@:@K' D:HG=:G>d' MBa>`>@d' BHDK' ?M>'
JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'H=Cb>@'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'EF'JEF:CbEG=B=FDK'C:EH?:EH>Jc''rMED>'
?M>'JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'H=Cb>@'B]'?M>'?:@G>?*LBFF>FF=C'B]':'LD=@:D'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'M:F'
H>`>@'b>>H':'L@>JBCEH:H?']>:?=@>'B]'DE?>@:@K'?>_?Fd'>`>H'aM>H'?M:?'?:@G>?'EF':'HBCEH:?E`>'
FEHG=D:@d' ?M>' F:C>' JEF?EH;?EBH' ]B@' H=Cb>@' EH' ?M>' ?:@G>?*LBFF>FF=C' EF' F?EDD' ]B@a:@J>J'
bK'CBJ>@H'L@>F;@EL?E`>'G@:CC:@F'J>FLE?>'?M>']:;?'?M:?'?M>@>':LL>:@F'?B'b>':'J>:@?M'B]'
;BHFEF?>H;K'EH'CBJ>@H'L=bDE;:?EBHFc
First person singular
&M>' !'@F?' L>@FBH' FEHG=D:@' JEF?EHG=EFM>F' ]B@' H=Cb>@' EH' ?M>' HBCEH:?E`>' FEHG=D:@' ?:@G>?*
LBFF>FF=Cd'F=;M'?M:?d'BHDK'?M>'%Om']B@C';:H'b>'=F>J']B@'C:@<EHG'E?c''&MEF'JEF?EH;?EBH'
]B@' H=Cb>@' EH' ?M>' LBFF>FF=C' EF' CEHEC:Di' CBF?' L=bDE;:?EBHF' :@>' EH;BHFEF?>H?' EH' =F:G>'
J=>'?B'JE:D>;?*b:;<G@B=HJ'JEF;@>L:H;E>F'b>?a>>H'a@E?>@Fd'F=bF>e=>H?'L@BB]*@>:J>@F':HJ'
>JE?B@Fc''&M>'C:_EC:D'EHJ>_EHG':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>';B@>*;:F>'4!,'LBFF>FFB@'EH;D=J>'%Omd'
%ON'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>d':F'a>DD':F'?M>'C:@GEH:D'%Oń'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>']B@'FBC>'
<EH'?>@CFd'aE?M'%ONeń'B]'?M>'J:?E`>'aE?M'?MBF>'F:C>'<EH'?>@CFc'&M>'@>C:EHJ>@'B]'?M>'
;:F>F':@>'C:@<>J'aE?M'>E?M>@'%Om'B@'%ONd'?M>'D:??>@'B]'aME;Md':'L@>F;@EL?E`>']B@Cd'EF'
]B@a:@J>J'EH'CBF?'CBJ>@H'G@:CC:@F'gF>>'?:bD>'Rc2Yhc
5"-[/"0",m 44V
Table 4.29 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@':'4!,'L:@F>

)")*1$) 1$)
)"5 ,.) ,.) 76& 6Z0
o;Bap skal+om skal+on ~ skal+om skal+on )6 )6 skal+do+n ~
skal+om ~ ~ skal+do+m
skal+on skal+om
oM:HJi' ked́+em ked́+eń ked́+em ked́+eń )6 )6 ked́+d́e+ń
:@Cp ~ ~ ~
ked́+em ked́+em ked́+d́e+m
oMB=F>i' kudo+m kudo+n ~ kudo+m kudo+n )6 )6 kudo+do+n
MBC>i' kudo+m ~ ~
@BBCi' kudo+m kudo+do+m
;BH?:EH>@p
o]:?M>@p t́et́a+m t́et́a+n )6 )6 t́et́a+ń t́et́a+ńeń t́et́a+do+n
~t́et́a+do+m
o>DJ>@'FEF* pat́a+m pat́a+n ~ )6 )6 pat́a+ń pat́a pat́a+do+n
?>@i':=H?p pat́a+m +ńeń ~
pat́a+do+m
oJ:=GM?>@i' t́ejt́eŕ t́ejt́eŕ+eń t́ejt́eŕ t́ejt́eŕ t́ejt́eŕ t́ejt́eŕ t́ejt́eŕ+d́e+ń
GE@Dp +em ~ +em +eń ~ +eń +ńeń ~
t́ejt́eŕ+em t́ejt́eŕ t́ejt́eŕ
+em +d́e+m
oFBHi'bBKi' ćora+m ćora+n ~ ćora+m ćora+n ~ {ćora+ń ćora ćora+do+n ~
C:Hp ćora+m ćora+m +ńeń ćora+do+m
oCB?M>@p ava+m ava+n ~ )6 )6 ava+ń ava+ńeń ava+do+n ~
ava+m ava+do+m
oaBC:Hp ava+m ava+n ~ ava+m ava+n ~ )6 )6 ava+do+n ~
ava+m ava+m ava+do+m
&M>' 4!,' L:@F>' >_MEbE?F' ?M>' G@>:?>F?' JE`>@FE?K' B]' :DD' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' L:@:JEGCFc' ' $?'
EH`BD`>F'?M>';:?>GB@E>F'B]'H=Cb>@':HJ';:F>d':F'a>DD':F'?M>'JEF?EH;?EBH'B]':'FL>;E!';'HB=H'
F=b;D:FFc''/>@>'H=Cb>@'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF:'CEGM?'b>'JEF?EHG=EFM>J'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'
G>HE?E`>' ;:F>Fd' :HJ' EH' :H' >_?@>C>' J>F;@EL?EBH' B]' ?M>' G@:CC:@' :DD' b=?' ?M>' J:?E`>' ;:F>'
JE]]>@>H?E:?>F' H=Cb>@' B]' ?M>' 4!,' LBFF>FF=CqLBFF>FF:' g;]c' Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ' ɦɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ'
ɹɡɵɤɚ' 4Y82A' YRhc' '6' FL>;E!';:DDK' FEHG=D:@d' FEHG=D:?E`>' ]B@Cd' CEGM?' b>' :??>F?>J' EH' ?M>'
HBCEH:?E`>d'aM>@>d'@>G:@JD>FF'B]'JE:D>;?d'BHDK'?M>'["!!*4!,|)"5c!,':]!'_'%Om'EF':??>F?>Jc''
.DF>aM>@>'gB?M>@';:F>F':HJ'H=Cb>@hd'?M>@>'EF'JE:D>;?'`:@E:?EBH'b>?a>>H'?M>'=F>'B]'?M>'
:]!'_>F'%ON `>@F=F'%Omc''!BC>'JE:D>;?F';BHFEF?>H?DK'C:@<':DD'LBFF>FF:'aE?M'?M>'%Om':]!'_'
@>G:@JD>FF'B]'H=Cb>@'B@';:F>'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF=C';BH;>@H>Jd':HJ'M>H;>'?M>@>':@>'a@E?>@F'
aMB'C:<>'HB'JEF?EH;?EBH':?':DD']B@'H=Cb>@'EH'?M>'LBFF>FF:'g>FL>;E:DDK'FL>:<>@F'B]'?M>'!=@:'
:HJ'$HF:@'JE:D>;?Fhc''"?M>@'JE:D>;?F'g>FL>;E:DDK'?M>'6D:?K@t'JE:D>;?Fh'JE]]>@>H?E:?>'H=Cb>@'
EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>'aM>@>'?M>'%Om'FL>;E!';:DDK'EHJE;:?>F'FEHG=D:@'aMED>'%ON'
EF'@>?:EH>J']B@'J>]:=D?d'Ec>c'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>'LD=@:D':F'a>DD':F'B?M>@';:F>Fc''6'?ME@J'
44R 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
F?@:?>GK'EH`BD`>F'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FF:'aE?M'%Om'EH':DD'b=?'?M>'J:?E`>';:F>'
:HJ'=FEHG'%ON'?B'C:@<'LD=@:D'LBFF>FF:'g:'F=bJE:D>;?'B]'?M>'6D:?K@t'?KL>d';]c',5m:'4Y82'$A'
YRi'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'43Rf43Whc'&M>'J:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>';:F>F';:H'b>'JEF?EHG=EFM>J']@BC':DD'
?M>'B?M>@F'EH'?M:?'?M>K'EH?@BJ=;>'?M>'=F>'B]':]!'_>F'MBCBHKCB=F'?B'?MBF>'B]'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'
J>;D>HFEBHd'F=;M'?M:?';>@?:EH'<EH'?>@CF':@>';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M'EHJ>!'HE?>*EJ>H?E;:D'G>HE?E`>'
:HJ' J:?E`>' ]B@CFc' ' &M=Fd' EH' ?M>' G>HE?E`>d' :' JE`>@FE?K' EF' :??>F?>J' EH`BDÈHG' :CbEG=B=F'
HBCEH:?E`>*G>HE?E`>']B@CFd'BH'?M>'BH>'M:HJd':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>*EJ>H?E;:D'G>HE?E`>'C:@<EHGd'
BH'?M>'B?M>@c''$H'?M>'J:?E`>d'MBa>`>@d'?M>'BHDK'@>]>@>H?F'?M:?'CEGM?'b>':??>F?>J']B@'4!,'
C:@<EHG':@>'L=@LB@?>JDK'<EH'?>@CFc'g(B@'CB@>'FL>;E!';F':HJ':H'EH*J>L?M'JEF;=FFEBH'F>>'
F>;?EBHF'gRcVc2ch')"+)!d':HJ'gRcRch'[6-67$,5'7.(.#&$\$&m'$)'.-nm6'["!!.!!"-'$)7.T$),ch
First person plural
&M>'4[0'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'EF'%ONOk'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>i'HB'FL>;E:D'G>HE?E`>'B@'
J:?E`>']B@CF':@>':??>F?>Jc''/>H;>'?M>@>'EF'FKH;@>?EFC'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_'C:@<EHG'B]'?M>'
HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>';:F>Fc''.DF>aM>@>'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'?M>':JHBCEH:D*
L>@FBH':]!'_'EF';BHFEF?>H?'aE?M'?M:?'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>qG>HE?E`>']B@CF'gF>>'?:bD>'RcV3hc
Table 4.30 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@':'4[0'L:@F>

)"5 ,.) 6Z0 $).
skal o;Bap skal+onok skal+onok skal+do+nok skal+so+nok
ked́ oM:HJi':@Cp ked́+eńek ked́+eńek ked́+t́e+ńek ked́+se+ńek
kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>i' kudo+nok kudo+nok kudo+do+nok kudo+so+nok
@BBCi';BH?:EH>@p
t́et́a o]:?M>@p t́et́a+nok t́et́a+nok t́et́a+do+nok t́et́a+so+nok
pat́a o>DJ>@'FEF?>@i':=H?p pat́a+nok pat́a+nok pat́a+do+nok pat́a+so+nok
t́ejt́eŕ oJ:=GM?>@i'GE@Dp t́ejt́eŕ+eńek t́ejt́eŕ+eńek t́ejt́eŕ+d́e+ńek t́ejt́eŕ+se+ńek
ava oCB?M>@i'aBC:Hp ava+nok ava+nok ava+do+nok ava+so+nok
&M>'4[0'L:@F>'B]'?M>'DE?>@:@K'F?:HJ:@J';BHFEF?F'B]'?M>'FECLD>'%ONOk':]!'_d'@>G:@JD>FF'B]'
H=Cb>@d';:F>'B@'F>C:H?E;'HB?EBHF'>H?:ED>J'EH'?M>'?:@G>?*LBFF>FF=Cc''&M>'%OmOk'C:@<*
>@F'B]'?M>'FEHG=D:@'?:@G>?*LBFF>FF=Cd'HBCEH:?E`>d'!'@F?':??>F?>J'bK',:b>D>H?^'g4XVYA'2WVh'
:@>'HB'DBHG>@'B]';BHF>e=>H;>'EH'?M>'F?:HJ:@J'D:HG=:G>d':D?MB=GM'?M>K':@>';M:@:;?>@EF?E;'
B]'?M>'1B^DB`<:'JE:D>;?d'aME;M'EH'?M>'CEJ'4Y23F'M:J'b>>H']B@a:@J>J':F'?M>'b:FEF'B]'?M>'
DE?>@:@K' HB@C' gF>>' ;BH?@:JE;?B@K' EH]B@C:?EBHA' ;BH?@:' .`F>`t>`' 4Y8V' x4Y2YyA' 43Yi' L@B'
Z=b@E<M'4YV3A'2Sc''[>@FBH:D'EH]B@C:?EBH']@BC'233R'EHJE;:?>F'?M:?'Z=b@E<M'a:F'L@Bb:bDK'
@EGM?i'EH'L@>F>H?'J:K'1B^DB`<:d'6?K:FM>`Bd':'%OmOk'C:@<>@'F?@:?>GK'EF':??>F?:bD>']B@'
HBCEH:?E`>'LBFF>FF:'kudo+mok MB=F>z)U["!!*4[0|)"5c!,'oB=@'BH>'MB=F>phc''&M>'J:?E`>'
FDB?'B]'?M>'4[0'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'L:@:JEGC'EF'>CL?Kd'b=?'?M>']=H;?EBHF'G>H>@:DDK':??@Eb=?>J'?B'
?M>'J:?E`>'CEGM?'b>'@>:DE^>J'?M@B=GM'D>_E;:D'>_L@>FFEBH'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'EH';BCbEH:*
?EBH'aE?M'?M>'J>!'HE?>'J:?E`>d'B@':CbEG=B=F'HBCEH:?E`>qG>HE?E`>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'C:@<EHG'
B]'?M>'?:@G>?*LBFF>FF=C'EH';BCbEH:?EBH'aE?M'?M>'LBF?LBFE?EBH'turtov o]B@pc
5"-[/"0",m 44W
Special usage
$H':JJE?EBH'?B'?M>'EHJE;:?EBH'B]'L@BCEH>H?'JEF;B=@F>':H;MB@q;BH?@BDD>@d'?M>'4!,':HJ'4[0'
C:@<>@F':@>']@>e=>H?DK'=F>J'?B'>HM:H;>']>>DEHGF'B]'EH?EC:;Kd'C:HE]>F?']B@CF'B]':JJ@>FFc''
/>H;>'?M>'`B;:?E`>']=H;?EBH'B]'aM:?'CBF?'G>H>@:DDK'aB=DJ'b>';BHF?@=>J':F'HBCEH:?E`>'
]B@CF':@>':??>F?>J'aE?M'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'g;]c'rE>J>C:HH'4X8WA'RWi'&E<MBHB`:'4YX3A'
4X8i'.@C=~<EH'233RA'X4hc''6D?MB=GM'&E<MBHB`:'a@B?>'B]'=F>'aE?M'<EH'?>@CFd'M>@'BaH'
>_:CLD>F'EHJE;:?>'HB'F=;M'DECE?:?EBHFd'F>>'g2Xhc''.CL:?MK'EF'FEC=D?:H>B=FDK'EHJE;:?>J'bK'
?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]':'JECEH=?E`>'CB@LM>C>d':F'a>DDc
g2Xh' :c' ton, nud́ejne+m, śed́a+k

KB=z[-")*[.-!*2!,c)"5'' DE??D>*@>>Jz)U["!!*4!,|)"5c!,d''LD:Kz\U$5[c[-.7*2!,
veśela+sto śe+d́e
C>@@Kz6U67\*56)).-'' ?M:?z[-")*7.(U6Z0
g&E<MBHB`:'4YX3A'4X8A'x,:EHEd'[cyh'omB=d'CK'DE??D>'@>>J'aMEF?D>d'FEHG'q'CB@>'C>@@EDKÖp
bc' ćori͔ńge+m t́e+j sa+k

FBHz)*7$5U["!!*4!,''?MEFz67\*![6&U06&'' ;BC>z\U$5[c[-.7*2!,
g.@C=~<EH'233RA'X4h''o;BC>'M>@>d'CK'FBHp
Ambiguity
6CbEG=E?K'EF':??>F?>J'aE?M'?M>':JHBCEH:D*?KL>';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'C:@<>@'%ONOk'EH'
]@BH?*`Ba>D';BH?>_?Fd'F>>':CbEG=E?E>F']B=HJ'EH'7:HEDB`tF'?@>:?EF>'B]'?M>'.@^K:';BCE?:?E`>'
g4Y8Yhc
g2Yh' vejke+ńek %vejke+ńek eź+ińek

BH>z)+5U["!!*4[0''*BH>z)+5U["!!*4[0'' HB?z\*).,*[-.&$U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*4[0''
soda
<HBaz\c#")).,
g7:HEDB`'4Y8YA'4S2h'oa>'JEJ'HB?'<HBa'BH>':HB?M>@p
gV3h' vejke+ńek tu+i viŕ+ev,

BH>z)+5U["!!*4[0''J>L:@?z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,''' ]B@>F?z)U06&d''
omboće+ńek pakśa+v, a ejkakš+t́+ńe
F>;BHJz)+5*"-7U["!!*4[0'' !'>DJz)U06&d'' b=?z#")9'';MEDJz)U[0U7.(c[0c)"5''
čavo kudo+so śkamo+st
>CL?Kz6c6Z!''MB=F>z)U$).'' :DBH>z[-")*[.-!*vU["!!*V[0
g7:HEDB`'4Y8YA'4S2h'oBH>'B]'=F'aEDD'GB'?B'?M>'aBBJFd'?M>'B?M>@'B]'=F'xaEDD'GBy'?B'?M>'
!'>DJd'b=?'?M>';MEDJ@>H'xaEDD'b>y'EH'?M>'>CL?K'MB=F>':DBH>cp
448 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
4.2.3.1.2. Second person
$H' ?M>' F>;BHJ' L>@FBH' :' JEF?EH;?EBH' EF' C:J>' ]B@' H=Cb>@' EH' ?M>' LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@' B]'
?M>'LBFF>FFE`>';BHF?@=;?EBHc''&M=F'?M>'L:@?E:D'JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'H=Cb>@'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>*
;:F>'?:@G>?*LBFF>FF=C':LL:@>H?'EH'?M>'!'@F?':HJ'F>;BHJ'L>@FBHF'B]'?M>'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>'
BHDK'M:F'@>D>`:H;>'EH'?M>'6D:?K@t'JE:D>;?'?KL>'g):Jt<EH'4Y8Xi'(>B<?EF?Ba'4YY3A'TTT\$*
TTT\$$$i'.@C=~<EH'233Rhc
Second person singular
6D?MB=GM' FBC>' ?@>:?EF>F' B]' ?M>' .@^K:' D:HG=:G>' C:<>' @>]>@>H;>' ?B' :H' %n%' ;BHF?E?=>H?'
L@>;>JEHG'?M>'!'H:D'%T'B]'?M>'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'EHJ>_'FDB?F'B]'?M>'L:@:JEGC'
B?M>@' ?M:H' ?M>' HBCEH:?E`>' FEHG=D:@d' ?MEF' EF' HB?' :' ;M:@:;?>@EF?E;' B]' ?M>' CBJ>@H' DE?>@:@K'
D:HG=:G>' g;]c' [::FBH>H' 4YWVhc' ' &M>' %ONT' :DDBCB@LM' B]' ?M>' DE?>@:@K' %OT' C:@<>@' EF'
;M:@:;?>@EF?E;'B]'?M>'6D:?K@t'JE:D>;?'?KL>d':HJ'?M>@>'E?'EF'C:HE]>F?'EH':DD'b=?'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'
FEHG=D:@' FDB?' B]' ?M>' 2!,' LBFF>FFE`>' L:@:JEGCd' aM>@>' ?M>' n%D>FF' ]B@C' %OT' EF' =F>Jc' ' $H'
:JJE?EBH'?B'?M>'%OT']B@C'=F>J'EH':DD'FDB?F'B]'?M>'L:@:JEGC']B@'2!,'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'
EHJ>_EHGd'FL>;E:D'%Ot́' 'G>HE?E`>':HJ'%Ot́en'J:?E`>']B@CF':@>']B@a:@J>J'EH'CBF?'CBJ>@H'
G@:CC:@F']B@'=F>'aE?M'<EH'?>@CF'gF>>'?:bD>'RcV4hc''g(B@':'CB@>'EH*J>L?M'?@>:?C>H?'B]'<EH'
?>@CFd'F>>':DFB'F>;?EBH'RcRc'[6-67$,5'7.(.#&$\$&m'$)'.-nm6'["!!.!!"-'$)7.T$),ch
Table 4.31 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@':'4!,'L:@F>

)")*1$) 1$)
)"5 ,.) ,.) 76& 6Z0 $).
o;Bap skal+ot skal+ot )6 )6 skal+do+t skal+so+t
oM:HJi':@Cp ked́+et́ ked́+et́ )6 )6 ked́+d́e+t́ ked́+se+ t́
oMB=F>i'MBC>i' kudo+t kudo+t )6 )6 kudo+do+t kudo+so+t
@BBCi';BH?:EH>@p
o]:?M>@p t́et́a+t )6 t́et́a+t́ ~ t́et́a+t́eń ~ t́et́a+do+t t́et́a+so+t
t́et́a+t t́et́a+t́et́ ~
t́et́a+t́e
o>DJ>@'FEF?>@i' pat́a+t )6 pat́a+t́ pat́a+t́eń ~ pat́a+do+t pat́a+so+t
:=H?p pat́a+t́e
oJ:=GM?>@i'GE@Dp t́ejt́eŕ t́ejt́eŕ t́ejt́eŕ t́ejt́eŕ+et́eń ~ t́ejt́eŕ+d́e+t́ t́ejt́eŕ+se+t́
+et́ +et́ +et́ t́ejt́eŕ+et́et́
oFBHp ćora+t )6 ćora+t́ ćora+t́eń ćora+do+t ćora+so+t
obBKi'C:Hp ćora+t ćora+t )6 )6 ćora+do+t ćora+so+t
oCB?M>@p ava+t H: ava+t́ ava+t́eń ava+do+t ava+so+t
oaBC:Hp ava+t ava+t )6 )6 ava+do+t ava+so+t
5"-[/"0",m 44S
&M>'J:?E`>'FDB?'B]'?M>'2!,'LBFF>FFE`>'L:@:JEGC':??>F?F'?B':?'D>:F?':'?M@>>*a:K'`:@E:?EBH'
EH'?BJ:KtF'.@^K:'DE?>@:?=@>c''rMED>'a@E??>H'DE?>@:?=@>'b>:@F'aE?H>FF'?B'?M>'`:@E:H?F'%Ot́eńd'
%Ot́et́' :HJ'%Ot́ed'?M>@>':@>'HBa'H>a'.@^K:*D:HG=:G>'C>JE:'>_EF?EHG'BH'?M>'aB@DJ*aEJ>'
a>bd':HJ'aE?M'?M>C'M:F';BC>':H'.@^K:'`>@FEBH'B]'!<KL>d'aME;M':??>F?F'?B':H'EH?>@>F?EHG'
2!,'J:?E`>']B@C'EH'%Onste+t́d'F>>'gV4hc''&MEF']B@Cd'E?'aB=DJ':LL>:@d'EF':H:DBGE;:DDK'b:F>J'
BH'?M>'?ME@J'L>@FBH'J:?E`>']B@C'EH'%Onsteńd'%Onste+nzed':HJ'%Onste+std'F>>'b>DBac''
gV4h' jovĺe+k Skype+d́e+ńt́ jalga+nstet́

?>DDz\c$5[c[-.7*2!,''!<KL>z[-[U6Z0U7.(c!,'']@E>HJz)U["!!*2!,|76&
wM??LAqqa:Lc>@Ê:HQcbB@J:c@=q{4*4X*R3*33333322*333*3*3|'
o&>DD':']@E>HJ'B]'KB=@F':bB=?'!<KL>p
Second person plural
&M>'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'EHJ>_']B=HJ'EH'?M>'2[0'LBFF>FFE`>'L:@:JEGC'EF'FECLDK'%Oŋkd'F>>'
?:bD>'gRcV2hc''&M>@>':@>'HB'FL>;E:D'G>HE?E`>']B@CF':??>F?>J']B@'<EH'?>@CFd'HB@'JB':HK'B]'?M>'
G@:CC:@F'C:<>'C>H?EBH'B]'J:?E`>']B@CFc''$HF?>:Jd':DD'G>HE?E`>':HJ'HBCEH:?E`>']=H;?EBHF'
:@>':??@Eb=?>J'?B'?M>':CbEG=B=F'%Oŋk']B@Cd':HJ'J:?E`>']=H;?EBHF':@>'J>:D?'aE?M'EH'?M>'
F:C>']:FMEBH':F'EH'?M>'!'@F?'L>@FBH'LD=@:D'g:bB`>hd':HJ'?M>'?ME@J'L>@FBH'LD=@:D'gb>DBahd'Ec>c'
J>!'HE?>'J:?E`>'B@'turtov o]B@p':JLBFE?EBH'F?@:?>GE>Fc
Table 4.32 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@':'2[0'L:@F>

)"5 ,.) 6Z0 $).
o;Bap skal+oŋk skal+oŋk skal+do+ŋk skal+so+ŋk
oM:HJi':@Cp ked́+eŋk ked́+eŋk ked́+t́e+ŋk ked́+se+ŋk
oMB=F>i'MBC>i'@BBCi' kudo+ŋk kudo+ŋk kudo+do+ŋk kudo+so+ŋk
;BH?:EH>@p
o]:?M>@p t́et́a+ŋk t́et́a+ŋk t́et́a+do+ŋk t́et́a+so+ŋk
o>DJ>@'FEF?>@i':=H?p pat́a+ŋk pat́a+ŋk pat́a+do+ŋk pat́a+so+ŋk
oJ:=GM?>@i'GE@Dp t́ejt́eŕ+eŋk t́ejt́eŕ+eŋk t́ejt́eŕ+d́e+ŋk t́ejt́eŕ+se+ŋk
oCB?M>@i'aBC:Hp ava+ŋk ava+ŋk ava+do+ŋk ava+so+ŋk
6D?MB=GM'?M>'L@>F;@EL?E`>'G@:CC:@F':HJ'CBF?'DE?>@:?=@>'L@BÈJ>'HB'EHJE;:?EBH'B]'J:?E`>'
]B@CF' ]B@' ?M>' 2[0' LBFF>FFE`>' L:@:JEGCd' E?' C=F?' b>' :FF=C>J' ?M:?' ?M>' FLB<>H' D:HG=:G>'
JB>F'L@BÈJ>'F?@BHG':H:DBGE>F']B@'E?F']B@C=D:?EBHc''&M=F'?M>'CB@LM>C>'%Onste+ŋk'*["!!*
Vc76&U["!!*2[0'>CLDBK>J'bK'\:FEDE'7KBCEH'EH':'@>;>H?'?@:HFD:?EBH'g233Xh'CEGM?';BC>'
:F'HB'F=@L@EF>'?B'=F'aM>H'=F>J'aE?M'<EH'?>@CFc''&M>'e=>F?EBH'aM>?M>@'?MEF'EF':H':;?=:D'
FLB<>H']B@C'EFd'L>@M:LFd'HB?':F'@>D>`:H?':F'aM>?M>@'E?';:H'b>'@>:JEDK'=HJ>@F?BBJ'bK'?M>'
@>:J>@FMELc''/>H;>'?M>'=HJ>@DKEHG'CB@LM>C>''%Onste aE?M'?M>'@>:JEHG'*["!!*V!,|76& M:F'
b>>H'@>EH?>@L@>?>J'?B':'LBFF>FFE`>*J>;D>HFEBH'J:?E`>':]!'_d'aME;M';:H'@>G=D:@DK'b>'EH"'>;?'
]B@'L>@FBHd':HJ'EH'?MEF';BH?>_?'?M>'2[0'LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_c''g!>>'?M>'J:?E`>'EH'Rc2c4c4c'#"-.'
#6!.!d':bB`>ch
44X 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Special usage
$H':JJE?EBH'?B'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'EHJ>_EHG'F?@:?>GE>F':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'F>;BHJ'L>@*
FBH'FEHG=D:@':HJ'LD=@:Dd'?M>'F>;BHJ'L>@FBH'FEHG=D:@';:H'b>'=F>J'EH'.@^K:'?B'EHJE;:?>':H'
>H?E?K'aMBF>'EJ>H?E?K'EF'>_?@:;?EbD>']@BC'FM:@>J'<HBaD>JG>'B]':'CB@>'G>H>@:D'FE?=:?EBH'
g)c'6G:]BHB`:d'Lc;cd'HcJchc''6DBHG'?MEF'F:C>'`>EH'a>'aEDD'BbF>@`>'?M>'=F>'B]'2!,'EH'G>H*
>@:DE^:?EBHFd']B@'>_:CLD>'gV2hc
gV2h' lomań+eń paro laŋg+s kurgo+t

L>@FBHz)U,.)''L@BL>@?Kz)c6Z!'' BHz["[U$00'' CB=?Mz)U["!!*2!,
iĺa+k avt́ńe.
HBz\*[-"/U2!,|V!,''BL>Hz\U#")).,
g&E<MBHB`:'4YX3A'4X8h'o7BHt?';B`>?':HB?M>@tF'L@BL>@?Kc'gDE?c'JBHt?'BL>H'KB=@'CB=?M']B@'
B?M>@tF'L@BL>@?Kchp
4.2.3.1.3. Third person
$H'?M>'?ME@J'L>@FBH':'JEF?EH;?EBH'EF'C:J>']B@'H=Cb>@'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'B]'?M>'
LBFF>FFE`>';BHF?@=;?EBHc''6D?MB=GM'?M>@>'EF'>ÈJ>H;>'B]':'JEF?EH;?EBH'EH'?M>';:?>GB@K'B]'
H=Cb>@']B@'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>*;:F>'?:@G>?*LBFF>FF=C']B@'bB?M'FEHG=D:@':HJ'LD=@:D'LBFF>FFB@q
;BH?@BDD>@' EHJE;>F' EH' ?M>'6D:?K@t' JE:D>;?' ?KL>d' BHDK' ?M>' V!,' LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@' EHJ>_'
C:EH?:EHF' ?MEF' JE]]>@>H;>' EH' ?M>' DE?>@:@K' D:HG=:G>' g;]c' [::FBH>H' 4YWVi' ):Jt<EH' 4Y8Xi'
(>B<?EF?Ba'4YY3A'TTT\$*TTT\$$$i'6J=FM<EH:'2333i'.@C=~<EH'233Rhc
Third person singular
&M>' ?ME@J' L>@FBH' FEHG=D:@' JEF?EHG=EFM>F' ]B@' H=Cb>@' EH' ?M>' HBCEH:?E`>' FEHG=D:@' ?:@G>?*
LBFF>FF=Cd'F=;M'?M:?'BHDK'?M>'%OzO']B@C';:H'b>'=F>J']B@'C:@<EHG'E?c''&M>'HBCEH:?E`>'
LD=@:D'?:@G>?*LBFF>FF=C'C:@<>Jd'BH'?M>';BH?@:@Kd'EF'%OnzO'EH'?M>'CBJ>@H'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>d'
:HJ'?M>@>]B@>'EJ>H?E;:D'EH']B@C'?B'?M:?'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>';:F>d'@>G:@JD>FF'B]'G@:CC:?E;:D'
H=Cb>@c'&M=F'?M>'JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'H=Cb>@'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'EF'CB@LMBDBGE;:DDK'DECE?>J'
?B'?M>'>_LDE;E?DK'FEHG=D:?E`>'HBCEH:?E`>']B@C'%OzOd'aM>@>:F'BHDK'FKH?:;?E;';BH?>_?';:H'
JEF:CbEG=:?>'?M>';:F>':HJ'H=Cb>@'`:D=>F'B]'?M>'%OnzO'CB@LM>C>d'aME;M'EF'=F>J'?B'EHJ>_'
?M>'V!,'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'EH':DD'B?M>@';:F>F'>_;>L?'?M>'J:?E`>c''$H'?M>'J:?E`>';:F>'?M>'
DE?>@:@K'F?:HJ:@J'L@>F;@Eb>F'?M>'CB@LM>C>'%Onsteń'b=?'EH':;?=:D'L=bDE;:?EBH'?MEF']B@C'EF'
L:@:DD>D>J'aE?M';BDDBe=E:D']B@CF'EH'%OnstO':HJ'%Onstenzec''&M>'D:??>@'B]'?M>F>';BDDBe=E:D'
]B@CF'EF'FL>;E!';:DDK'V!,':HJ':F'F=;M'E?'EF'LBFFEbD>'?B'JEF;B`>@'?M:?'?M>'%Onsteń']B@C'B]'
?M>'DE?>@:@K'F?:HJ:@J'EFd'EH']:;?d':'?ME@J*L>@FBH'C:@<>@'aE?M'HB'?@:HFL:@>H?'EHJE;:?EBH'B]'
H=Cb>@']B@'>E?M>@'?M>'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'B@'?M>'?:@G>?*LBFF>FF=Cc''+HDE<>'?M>'4!,':HJ'
2!,d'?M>'V!,'B]'?M>'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>':LL>:@F'?B'M:`>'HB'DECE?:?EBHF'aE?M'@>G:@J'?B'HB=H'
F=b;D:FF':HJ'?M>'=F:G>'B]'G>HE?E`>'B]'J:?E`>';:F>']B@CFd'F>>'?:bD>'gRcVVhd':HJ':DFB'F>;?EBH'
gRcRch'[6-67$,5'7.(.#&$\$&m'$)'.-nm6'["!!.!!"-'$)7.T$),c
5"-[/"0",m 44Y
Table 4.33 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@':'V!,'L:@F>

)"5 ,.) 76& 6Z0
!, [0
o;Bap skal+ozo skal+onzo skal+onzo skal+onsteń skal+do+nzo
oM:HJi':@Cp piĺge+ze piĺge+nze piĺge+nze piĺge+nsteń piĺge+d́e+nze
oÈDD:G>p veĺe+ze veĺe+nze veĺe+nze veĺe+nsteń veĺe+d́e+nze
o]:?M>@p t́et́a+zo t́et́a+nzo t́et́a+nzo t́et́a+nsteń t́et́a+do+nzo
o>DJ>@'FEF?>@i':=H?p pat́a+zo pat́a+nzo pat́a+nzo pat́a +nsteń pat́a+do+nzo
oJ:=GM?>@i'GE@Dp t́ejt́eŕ t́ejt́eŕ t́ejt́eŕ t́ejt́eŕ t́ejt́eŕ+d́e +nze
+eze +enze +enze +ensteń
oFBHi'bBKi'C:Hp ćora+zo ćora+nzo ćora+nzo ćora+ nsteń ćora+do+nzo
oCB?M>@i'aBC:Hp ava+zo ava+nzo ava+nzo ava+ nsteń ava+do+nzo
$H]@>e=>H?'DE?>@:@K'`:@E:H?F'B]'?M>'V!,'J:?E`>':F'EHJE;:?>J'EH'F>;?EBH'gRc2c4c4ch'#"-.'#6!.!d'
:bB`>d'D>:J'=F'?B'?M>'@>:DE^:?EBH'?M:?'?M>'J:?E`>'CB@LM>C>'%Onsteń EFd'EH']:;?d':'?ME@J'
L>@FBH'J:?E`>'C:@<>@d'aM>@>:F'E?';:H'b>'=F>J'EH'EHJ>_EHG'F?@:?>GE>F']B@'bB?M'FEHG=D:@':HJ'
LD=@:D'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'C:@<EHGc
Third person plural
&M>' LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@' EHJ>_' ]B=HJ' EH' ?M>' V[0' LBFF>FFE`>' L:@:JEGC' EF' FECLDK' %Ostd'
F>>' ?:bD>' gRcVRhc' '6F' EH' ?M>' V!,' ?M>@>' :@>' HB' FL>;E:D' G>HE?E`>' B@' J:?E`>' ]B@CF' :??>F?>J'
]B@'<EH'?>@CFd'EH']:;?d'HB'CBJ>@H'G@:CC:@F'C:<>'C>H?EBH'B]':'J:?E`>']B@Cc''$HF?>:Jd'
:DD' G>HE?E`>' :HJ' HBCEH:?E`>' ]=H;?EBHF' :@>' :??@Eb=?>J' ?B' ?M>' :CbEG=B=F' %Ost' ]B@Cd' :HJ'
J:?E`>' ]=H;?EBHF' :@>' J>:D?' aE?M' EH' ?M>' F:C>' ]:FMEBH' :F' EH' ?M>' !'@F?' :HJ' F>;BHJ' L>@FBH'
LD=@:D':bB`>d'Ec>c'J>!'HE?>'J:?E`>'B@'turtov o]B@p':JLBFE?EBH'F?@:?>GE>Fd':F'a>DD':F'?M>':]!'_:D'
C>:HFd':CbEG=B=F']B@'?M>'?ME@J'L>@FBH'EH'G>H>@:Dc
Table 4.34 [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG']B@':'V[0'L:@F>

)"5 ,.) 6Z0 $).
o;Bap skal+ost skal+ost skal+do+st skal+so+st
o]BB?i'D>Gp ked́+est ked́+est ked́+t́e+st ked́+se+st
oÈDD:G>p veĺe+st veĺe+st veĺe+d́e+st veĺe+se+st
o]:?M>@p t́et́a+st t́et́a+st t́et́a+do+st t́et́a+so+st
o>DJ>@'FEF?>@i':=H?p pat́a+st pat́a+st pat́a+do+st pat́a+so+st
oJ:=GM?>@i'GE@Dp t́ejt́eŕ+est t́ejt́eŕ+est t́ejt́eŕ+d́e+st t́ejt́eŕ+se+st
oCB?M>@i'aBC:Hp ava+st ava+st ava+do+st ava+so+st
423 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Special usage
&M>'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'EHJ>_EHG'F?@:?>GE>F'@>:JEDK':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'?ME@J'L>@FBH'FEH*
G=D:@':HJ'LD=@:D';:H'b>']=@?M>@':=GC>H?>J'bK'HB?EBHF'B]'`B;:?E`>']=H;?EBH':HJ';BH?>_*
?=:D' J>!'HE?>H>FFc' ' '&M>' `B;:?E`>' ]=H;?EBH' :??@Eb=?>J' ?B' ?M>' ?ME@J*L>@FBH' ]B@C' L:@:DD>DF'
?M>'!'@F?'L>@FBH'`B;:?E`>'EH'F=;M':'a:K'?M:?'?M>':JJ@>FF>>'EF'HB?':b@=L?DK';BH]@BH?>J'bK'
j/.m'm"+k'CBC>H?'B]'?M>'%Kaj'`B;:?E`>d'@:?M>@'M>'B@'FM>'EF'aB`>H'EH?B'?M>']:b@E;'B]'
?M>';BH`>@F:?EBH':F':'@M>C:?E;';BCLBH>H?c''(B@':';BH;@>?>'EDD=F?@:?EBH'B]'F=;M':'=F:G>d'$'
;:H'J@:a'=LBH'L>@FBH:D'>_L>@E>H;>'EH'aME;M'CK'aE]>'a:F'b=FK'JBEHG'FBC>?MEHG'EH'BH>'
@BBC'aMED>'?M>'b:bK':HJ'$'a>@>'EH'?M>'B?M>@c''$'a:F'a@E?EHG'FBC>?MEHG'aM>H'?M>'b:bK'
F=JJ>HDK';@E>J'B=?':HJ'CK'aE]>d'F>EÊHG'?M>'CBC>H?'B]'J>E_EFd':JJ@>FF>J'C>':F't́et́a+zo
]:?M>@z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,'gDE?c'oMEFqM>@qE?F']:?M>@phd'F>>'gVVhc
gVVh' t́et́a+zo, meźe t́ejev+ś?

]:?M>@z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,d''aM:?z[-")*$)&.-c)"5c!,''M:LL>Hz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,
o/>K'J:Jd'aM:?tF'M:LL>H>J{p
&MEF'=F:G>'B]'?M>'?ME@J*L>@FBH*FEHG=D:@'C:@<>@'%OzO'EH']B@CF'B]':JJ@>FFd':F'C>H?EBH>J'
bK'5:@<B`'g4Y84A'R2fRVh'EF';BHFEJ>@>J'bK'FBC>'?B'b>'HBH*F?:HJ:@J'g5:@<B`d'EbEJchc''$H'
JEF;=FFEBHF'aE?M'CBJ>@H'FL>:<>@F':HJ'L@B]>FFEBH:D'a@E?>@F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>'g0c'!>JBE<EHd'
Lc;cd'2332h'?MEF']B@C'B]':JJ@>FF'EF';BHFEJ>@>J'?B'b>'D>FF':b@=L?d'Ec>c':H':D?>@H:?>']B@C'B]'
:JJ@>FF'CEGM?'EH`BD`>'?M>'`B;:?E`>'%aj'@>HJ>@>J'EH'babaj oM>Kd'G@:HHKÖp':HJ'pat́aj oM>Kd'
bEG'FEF?>@Öpc'/>H;>d'FMB=DJ'BH>'>H;B=H?>@':H'>DJ>@DK'aBC:H'aMED>'a:D<EHG'JBaH'?M>'D:H>'
EH':H'.@^K:H'ÈDD:G>'g1:b:K>`Bd'.@^K:A'Kobaĺehd'?M>'=H:b@=L?']B@C'B]':JJ@>FF'baba+zo
oMEFqM>@'G@:HJCB?M>@p'EH`BDÈHG'?M>'V!,'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'aB=DJ'EHJE;:?>']:CEDE:@E?K'B]'
?M>'FL>:<>@'aE?M':'G@:HJ;MEDJ'B]'?M>':JJ@>FF>>':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'ECL:@?':'FB]?'@M>C:?E;'EH?@B*
J=;?EBH'o$?tF'FB':HJ'FBtF'grandmapd'F>>'gVRfVWh']@BC'5:@<B`d':F'a>DDc
gVRh' baba+zo, [j]ort+sa

G:HJCB?M>@z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,d''' ?MBaz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*4!,|V!,
g;]c'5:@<B`'4Y84A'RVh'o,@:HJC:d'FM:DD'$'?M@Ba'E?':a:K{p
gVWh' pat́a+zo, [ź]ńardo ram+at

>DJ>@*FEF?>@z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,d'' aM>Hz[-")*$)&.-''b=Kz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*2!,''
t́e+nze kańt́vetka+t
?Bz["[U["!!*V!,''' ;:HJKz)U[0c)"5
g;]c'5:@<B`'4Y84A'RVh'o6=H?E>d'aM>H':@>'KB='GBEHG'?B'b=K'MECqM>@';:HJK{p
&M>'=F>'EH'`B;:?E`>']=H;?EBH':LL>:@F';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M'JEF;B=@F>'J>E_EFc'ZB?M'gVRh':HJ'
gVWh':LLDK'?M>'?ME@J'L>@FBH'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'EH':'a:K'?M:?'EHJE;:?>F'?M>'L@BCE*
H>H;>'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@c''&MEF'L@BCEH>H;>'EF'L>@M:LF'L:@:DD>D'?B'?M>'`>@K'F:C>'
J>E;?E;'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK']B=HJ'EH'?M>'EHJE;:?EBH'B]'bBB<'L@E;>Fd']B@'>_:CLD>d'aM>H'?M>'
L@E;>'B]':'bBB<'EF'GE`>H'EH'.@^K:'BH'?M>';B`>@'B]'?M>'bBB<d'a>'!'HJ'?M>'aB@J'pit́ńe+ze
5"-[/"0",m 424
L@E;>z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,'oE?F'L@E;>p']BDDBa>J'F=bF>e=>H?DK'bK'?M>'L@E;>'`:D=>d':'L:@:DD>D'
B]'?M>';BGH:?>'/=HG:@E:H'ára XXX aE?M'?M>'F:C>'GDBFF'gL>@FBH:D'EH]B@C:?EBHhc
6F'a>'L@BG@>FF'?Ba:@J';BH?>_?=:D'J>!'HE?>H>FFd'Ec>c'?M>'J>!'HE?>H>FF';BHF?@=>J'bK'
FBC>'EH'@>]>@>H;>'?B'=HE`>@F:DDK'=HEe=>'E?>CF'B@'LM>HBC>H:d'a>'aEDD'>H;B=H?>@'aM:?'
F=L>@!';E:DDK' aB=DJ' b>' ?@>:?>J' :F' ?M>' J>!'HE?>' ]=H;?EBH' B]' ?M>' LBFF>FFB@' EHJ>_c' ' $H' ?MEF'
]=H;?EBH'?M>':]!'_'EF':??>F?>J'aE?M'HB=HF'EHJE;:?EHG'H:?=@:D'LM>HBC>H:':HJ'JEÈFEBHF'EH'
?EC>d'F=;M':F'o?M>'F=Hpd'o?EC>pd'o?M>'CBBHpd'F>>'gV8fVXhc
gV8h' þ(ࡓ *., mańej+ste van+ś

sun_N+POSS-3SG>NOM.SG'' ;D>:@z6U67\*56)).-'' DBB<z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''
meńeĺ+ste+ńt́ viŕ+eś čat́moń+eź
F<Kz)U.06U7.(c!,c'']B@>F?z)U)"5c7.(c!,''b>*e=E>?z\U[&#*"n''
iĺt́a+ś oboz+ońt́.
:;;BCL:HKz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'' ;BH`BKz)U,.)c7.(c!,c
g&E<MBHB`:'4YX3A'4XWd'ä@<:Ed')c'4Y8YA'23h'o&M>'F=H'DBB<>J'b@EGM?DK'xJBaHy']@BC'?M>'
F<Kc'&M>']B@>F?'e=E>?DK'F:a'?M>';BH`BK':DBHGcp
gVSh' <$&*.! pek kurok+sto

time_N+POSS-3SG>NOM.SG''`>@Kz67\'' e=E;<z6U67\*56)).-''
tu+ś kiŕakst+om+o, buto tundo+ń
D>:`>z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''' FDEJ>z\U$)(U0"#d'':F*E]z#")9''FL@EHGz)U,.)
ĺembe di͔ valdo či+ś
a:@Cz6c6Z!'' :HJz#")9''' DEGM?z6c6Z!'' F=Hz)U)"5c7.(c!,''
sonze panś…
E?qM>qFM>z[-")*[.-!*V!,c["!!*V!,''J@E`>z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,
g&E<MBHB`:'4YX3A'4XWA'xä@<:Ed')cyh'o&EC>'b>G:H'?B'"'K'e=E;<DKd'Q=F?':F'?MB=GM'?M>'a:@C'
:HJ'b@EGM?'FL@EHG'FL@EHG'F=H'a>@>'J@EÈHG'E?cp
gVXh' $!7*!.! salava van+ś

moon_N+POSS-3SG>NOM.SG''F>;@>?DKz67\*56)).-''DBB<z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''
veĺe+ńt́ laŋg+s
ÈDD:G>z)U,.)c7.(c!,'' :?z["[U$00
g&E<MBHB`:'4YX3A'4XWA'xä@<:Ed')cyh'o&M>'CBBH'DBB<>J'=LBH'?M>'ÈDD:G>'EH'F>;@>?cp
$?'aEDD'b>'HB?>J'?M:?'EH':DD'?M@>>'EHF?:H;>F'gV8fVXh'?M>@>':@>'>D>C>H?F'L@BCEH>H?'?B'?M>'
JEF;B=@F>'?M:?'CEGM?'b>'F>>H'?B'F=L>@F>J>'?M>'=HE`>@F:DDK'=HEe=>'>D>C>H?Fc''$H'gV8h'$'M:`>'
:;;>FF>J':'D:@G>@';BH?>_?d'HB?'B]]>@>J'bK'&E<MBHB`:d'aME;M'EDD=F?@:?>F'?M>';BH?>_?=:DDK'
J>!'HE?>'@>]>@>H?'meńeĺ+ste+ńt́ o]@BC'?M>'F<Kp'EH';BH?@:F?'aE?M'?M>'F=bQ>;?'B]'?M>']BDDBa*
EHG'F>H?>H;>'viŕ+eś o?M>']B@>F?pc''$H'?MEF';BH?>_?'?M>'@>]>@>H?'či͔+ze o?M>'F=H'gDE?c'MEFqM>@q
E?F'F=Hhp':LL>:@F'?B'b>'GE`>H'D>FF'JEF;B=@F>'L@BCEH>H;>d'E?'EF'HB?'F>?'EH';BH?@:F?'aE?M'?M>'
B?M>@'>D>C>H?Fd'Ec>c'?M>'=HE`>@F:D'=HEe=>H>FF'B]'?M>'@>]>@>H?'či͔+ze o?M>'F=Hp'@>e=E@>F'?M:?'E?'
b>'DBa>@>J'?B':'D>FF';BHFLE;=B=F'LBFE?EBH'?B':`BEJ'?BLE;'EH?>@L@>?:?EBHc''!ECED:@DKd'ška+zo
o?EC>p'EH'gVSh':HJ'kov+ozo o?M>'CBBHp'EH'gVXh'CEGM?'b>';BHF?@=>J':F'=HE`>@F:DDK'=HEe=>'
422 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
>D>C>H?F'?M:?':@>'L@>F>H?>J'aE?M'?M>'=H:b@=L?'HBH*?BLE;:DEÊHG']B@C'B]'?M>'V!,'C:@<>@d'
:H':H?E*L@BCEH>H;>'C:@<>@d'B]'FB@?Fd'EH'H:@@:?E`>'a@E?EHGc
.@C=~<EH'g233RA'X4h'J>!'H>F'?M>'J>!'HE?>'=F>'B]'?M>'?ME@J*L>@FBH*FEHG=D:@'C:@<>@'
:F'EHJE;:?E`>'B]'?M>'F?:?>'B]':H'BbQ>;?':?':'GE`>H'CBC>H?c''&M=F'EHF?>:J'B]'@>:JEHG':'H:@*
@:?E`>d' a>' :@>' L@>F>H?>J' aE?M' ;E@;=CF?:H;>F' EH' aME;M' FL>:<>@' :HJ' DEF?>H>@d' :DE<>d' :@>'
FEC=D?:H>B=FDK'BbF>@ÈHG'?M>'F:C>'LM>HBC>HBHd'?M>'L@BCEH>H?'J>E;?E;';E@;=CF?:H;>F'
EH`BD`>J'EH'?M>'L@E;>'L@EH?>J'BH'?M>':'bBB<';B`>@d'F>>'gVYfRVhc
gVYh' či͔+ze ĺiś+ś

F=HqJ:Kz)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,'';BC>*B=?z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,
g.@C=~<EH'233RA'X4h''o?M>'F=H';:C>'B=?p
gR3h' kov+zo valdo

CBBHz)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,'' DEGM?qb@EGM?z6c)"5c!,
g.@C=~<EH'233RA'X4h''o?M>'CBBH'EF'b@EGM?p
gR4h' varma+zo ĺembe

aEHJz)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,''a:@Cz6c)"5c!,
g.@C=~<EH'233RA'X4h''o?M>'aEHJ'EF'a:@Cp
gR2h' ška+zo lamo

?EC>z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,'' :*DB?zvc6Z!
g.@C=~<EH'233RA'X4h''oE?'EF'D:?>p
gRVh' …a či͔+ze ej čopot́+i…

b=?z#")9''F=HqJ:Kz)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,''Q=F?z[-&'' G@Ba*J:@<z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,
paz+oń či͔+ze čopot́+ś…
,BJz)U,.)''F=HqJ:Kz)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,''G@Ba*J:@<z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,
g.@C=~<EH'233RA'233'x1B@EHB'!M:?<B`F<E'-:EBHd')E^M>GB@BJF<E'"bD:F?d'5:<:@B`:'
6HH:'5E<M:EDB`H:d'WW'K>:@F'BDJd'!>L?>Cb>@'4Y8Ryh''occcb=?'?M>'J:K'a:F'Q=F?'G@BaEHG'
J:@<í',BJtF'J:K'M:J'J:@<>H>Jíp
&M>'F>;BHJ'DEH>'B]'gRVh'EHJE;:?>F'?M:?'?M>'@>]>@>H?'paz o,BJp'CEGM?':;?=:DDK'b>'?M>'LBF*
F>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'B]'=HE`>@F:DDK'=HEe=>'@>]>@>H?F'DE<>'či͔+ze oMEFqM>@'F=Hpd':H'EH?>@L@>?:*
?EBH']B=HJ'EH'.@^K:'DE?>@:?=@>d':F'a>DD'g.`F>`t>`'4YV4A'RXd'WWd'28Wi'+[&5)'Sc4A'4RYi'
!M;M>GDB`'4YX3A'8Rhc
Summary of adnominal-person markers
&M>' LBFF>FFB@' EHJE;>F' :@>' b>F?' EDD=F?@:?>J' EH' ?M@>>' F>?Fd' B]' aME;M' BH>' J>:DF' aE?M' ?M>'
HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FF=C'@>:JEHGd'?M>'F>;BHJ'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:D'@>:JEHG':HJ'?M>'
b=D<'B]':DD';:F>Fd':HJ'?M>'?ME@J'DECE?F'E?F>D]'>H?E@>DK'?B'?M>'J:?E`>';:F>c''&M>'C>@E?F'B]'?MEF'
JEÈFEBH';:H'b>'F>>H'EH'?M>'EDD=F?@:?>J'JEF?EH;?EBHF'`:@KEHG'b>?a>>H'L>@FBH':HJ'H=Cb>@'
B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@'EH'@>D:?EBH'?B'H=Cb>@':HJ';:F>'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF=Cd'Ec>c'aMED>'H=Cb>@'C:K'
5"-[/"0",m 42V
:LL>:@'?B';BHJBH>':'HBCEH:?E`>qG>HE?E`>'FKH;@>?EFC']B@'!'@F?'L>@FBH'LBFF>FFB@'b:F>J'BH':'
C=?=:D'DE?>@:@K':HJ'JE:D>;?qHBH*F?:HJ:@J'b:;<G@B=HJd'?MEF'aB=DJ'HB?'b>'?M>'F:C>'@>:JEHG'
:F':@@E`>J':?'EH'?M>'F>;BHJ':HJ'?ME@J'L>@FBH'LBFF>FFB@Fc''/>@>'?M>'!'@F?'?aB'G@B=LF':@>'
QBEH>J'?B'b>??>@']:;EDE?:?>':'ÈF=:D':??>F?:?EBH'B]'JE`>@G>H;E>Fc''
Table 4.35 [BFF>FFE`>'F=]!'_>F'=F>J'EH':DD';:F>F'>_;>L?']B@'?M>'J:?E`>

(B@CF
[MBH>?E;
["- [+5 !&6)7 )*!&6)7 #K@EDDE;F ._:CLD>
)"5'q +m, +om, +em +м, +ом, +ем, +эм kudo+m oCK'MBC>qMB=F>p
4!, ,.)c!,
"&/.- +n, +on, +ń, +m, +om, +м, +ом, +ем, +эм,
+eń +em +н, +он, +нь, +ень,
+энь
)"5'q' +nok, +onok, +mok, +нок, +нек, нэк, kudo ogB]h'B=@'MBC>q
,.)c!, +ńek, +eńek, +omok, +онок, +енек, +энекi +nok MB=F>p
+nek +mek, +мок,+мек, +омок,
+emek +емек, +эмек
4[0
+nok, +onok, +нок, +нек, нэк, kudo
"&/.- +ńek, +eńek, +онок, +енек, +энек +nok oB=@'MBC>Fq
+nek MB=F>Fp
)"5c!, +t, +ot, +t́, +et́ +т, +ть, +от, +еть, kudo+t oKB=@'MBC>q
+эть MB=F>p
2!, +t, +ot, +t́, +et́ +nt, +т, +ть, +от, +еть, kudo+t oKB=@'MBC>Fq
"&/.- +ont, +этьi'+нт, +нть, MB=F>Fpd'oB]'
+ńt́, +онт, +енть, +энть KB=@'MBC>gFhq
+eńt́ MB=F>gFhp
+ŋk, +oŋk, oKB=@'MBC>q
2[0 +нк, онк, +енк, +энк kudo+ŋk
+eŋk MB=F>p
)"5c!, +zo, +ozo, +ze, +so, +se +зо, +озо, +зэ, +езэ, kudo+zo oMEFqM>@qE?F'
+eze +эзэi +со, +сэ MBC>qMB=F>p
V!, +nzo, +onzo, +нзо, +онзо, +нзэ, kudo oMEFqM>@qE?F'
"&/.- +nze, +enze +ензэ, +энзэ +nzo MBC>FqMB=F>Fpd'
oB]'MEFqM>@qE?F'
MBC>gFhqMB=F>gFhp
V[0 +st, +ost, +est +nst, +ст, +ост, +ест, kudo+st o?M>E@'MBC>q
+onst, +эстi +нст, +онст, MB=F>p
+enst +енст, +энст
!=b?B?:DF VY 48 WX 44
&B?:D' WW 8Y
:DDBCB@LMF
+HEe=>' RV WR
:DDBCB@LMF
42R 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
#BH;:?>H:?EBH'B]';:F>':HJ'L>@FBH';:H'b>'F>>H'?B']BDDBa':'?aB*a:K'FLDE?']B@';BHF?E?=>H?'
B@J>@EHGd'Ec>c'FKH;M@BHE;:DDKd'?M>';B@>';:F>F':JM>@>'?B':'!&.5'U'["!!.!!"-*$)7.T'F;M>C>d'
aM>@>'?M>'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'EF':??>F?>J']B@';=C=D:?E`>'>_LBH>H;>'EH'?M>'>_L@>FFEBH'B]'bB?M'
H=Cb>@' :HJ' L>@FBH' B]' ?M>' LBFF>FFB@' :HJ' L>@M:LF' H=Cb>@' :HJ' ;:F>' B]' ?M>' LBFF>FF=Cd'
aM>@>:F' B?M>@' ;:F>F' G>H>@:DDK' ]BDDBa' :' ;BH;:?>H:?EBH' F;M>C>' !&.5' U' #T' U' ["!!.!!"-'
$)7.Tc' rMED>' ;BH;:?>H:?EBH' F?@:?>GE>F' B]' ?M>' HBCEH:?E`>' :HJ' G>HE?E`>' :@>' @>HJ>@>J' :F'
:CbEG=B=Fd'J=>'?B'?M>':bF>H;>'B]':HK'JEF;>@HEbD>';:F>'CB@LM>C>d'?M>'J:?E`>'D>HJF'E?F>D]'
?B':'JE:;M@BHE;'EH?>@L@>?:?EBH'B]'!&.5'U'["!!.!!"-'$)7.T'U'#Td':']:;?'aME;M'aB=DJ'D>HJ'?B'
:'JE:;M@BHE;'?M@>>*a:K'FLDE?'EH';BHF?E?=>H?'B@J>@EHG'g!&.5'U'["!!.!!"-'$)7.T'gHBCEH:?E`>'
:HJ'G>HE?E`>hd'!&.5'U'["!!.!!"-'$)7.T'U'#T'gJ:?E`>hd'!&.5'U'#T'U'["!!.!!"-'$)7.T'gB?M*
>@Fhh'g;]c'#BC@E>'4YX4A'423hc''&M>'@>C:EHJ>@'B]'?M>';:F>F':??>F?>J'aE?M':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'
C:@<EHG';BCL@EF>'4V';:F>FA''?M>' 6Z06&$\.d' $).!!$\.d' .06&$\.d' $006&$\.d' [-"06&$\.d' &-6)!*
06&$\.d' #"5[6-6&$\.d' 6Z.!!$\.d' 0"#6&$\.':HJ' #"5$&6&$\.d'Ec>c'?M>'F=C'?B?:D'>H=C>@:?EBH'
D:;<F'BHDK'?M>'06&$\.':HJ'&.5["-60$!'B]'?M>'4W';:F>F':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHd'
F>>'F>;?EBH'Rc2c4c'#6!.c'
$H'?@>:?EF>F'B]'LBFF>FFE`>'>HJEHGFd'G@:CC:@F'B]'.@^K:'B]?>H'FMBa':'JE;MB?BCK']B@'
?M>';:?>GB@K'B]'H=Cb>@c''$H'?M>'CBF?'@>;>H?'G@:CC:@d'6J=FM<EH:'g2333A'XYf432h'FL>:<F'
B]':'JE]]>@>H?E:?EBH'b>?a>>H'FEHG=D:@':HJ'LD=@:D'LBFF>FF:':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'
F=]!'_>F']B@'4!,':HJ'V!,d'b=?'aM:?'?M>'G@:CC:@E:HF'a@E?>':HJ'L=bDEFM>@F'L@EH?'J>È:?>'
]@BC' BH>' :HB?M>@c' ' $H' ]:;?' ?M>' N' B]' ?M>' V!,' +ONzO' B;;=@F' EH' :DD' LBFE?EBHF' >_;>L?' ?M>'
HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@d'Ec>c'E?'B;;=@F'EH'?M>'FEHG=D:@'G>HE?E`>':F'a>DD':F'?M>'LD=@:D'HBCEH:*
?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>']=H;?EBHFc''&M>'N'B]'?M>'4!,'EF'EHJ>>J':??>F?>J'BH':DD'?:@G>?F'>_;>L?'?M>'
HBCEH:?E`>' FEHG=D:@' LBFF>FF=Cd' aM>@>:F' ?M>' FB*;:DD>J' FEHG=D:@' %Om' ;:H' B;;=@' EH' :DD'
LBFE?EBHFd']B@'FBC>'FL>:<>@F'B@'a@E?>@F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d'@>G:@JD>FF'B]'aM:?'G@:CC:@E:HF'
F:K'?B'?M>';BH?@:@K'gF>>'Rc2c2c')+5Z.-hc''&M=F'E?'EF'HB?'?M>'L@>F>H;>'b=?'?M>':bF>H;>'B]'
?M>'*N%'aME;M'EF'B]'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'ECLB@?:H;>d'H:C>DKd'?M>'N']B@CF'JB'HB?'B;;=@'EH'?M>'
HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@'B]'?M>'LBFF>FF=Cc'&M>'%N% ]B@CF'B]'?M>'V[0';:H':DFB'b>':??@Eb=?>J'
?MEF'F:C>'EH?>@L@>?:?EBHd'aM>@>:F'?M>'2[0']B@C':LL>:@F'?B'M:`>'HB'JE:D>;?'B@'BDJ*DE?>@:@K'
L:@:DD>DFd'?MEF'C:K'b>'J=>'?B'E?F'@>D:?E`>'EH]@>e=>H;Kd':F'E?'EF'?M>'D>:F?']@>e=>H?'B]'?M>'FE_'
L>@FBH'EHJE;>Fc
5"-[/"0",m 42W
Table 4.36 [BFF>FFE`>'EHJE;>F'BH'J:?E`>*;:F>'LBFF>FF:*?:@G>?F

["- [MBH>?E; #K@EDDE;F
!&6)7 )*!&6)7 !&6)7 )*!&6)7 ._:CLD> ,DBFF
+ńeń, +нень, +нэнь, ava+ńeń o?B'CK'
!, +neń, +онень, CB?M>@p
4 +ońeń, +енень,
+eńeń +энень
[0 NA NA
+t́eń, +t́e, +te, +тень, +те, +тэ, +оте, ava+t́et́ o?B'KB=@'
+teń, +ot́, +et́e, +тэнь, +от% +ете, +эте, +теть, CB?M>@p
+ot́eń, +t́et́, +tet́, ень, +етень, +тэть, +отеть,
+et́eń +ot́et́, +этень +ететь, +этеть,
!,
+et́et́, +нстэть, +он%
2 +nstet́, стэть, +энстэть,
+onstet́, +енстэть
+enstet́
[0 +nsteŋk, +нстэнк, +онстэнк, ćora o?B'KB=@'
+onsteŋk, +енстэнк, +энстэнк +nsteŋk FBHqFBHFp
+ensteŋk
+nsteń, +nste, +нстэнь, +нстэ, +онстэ, kudo o]B@'MEFq
+onsteń, +onste, +en% +онстэнь, +енстэ, +энстэ, +nsteń M>@qE?F'
!,
+ensteń ste, +nsto, +енстэнь, +нсто, +онсто, MBC>q
+onsto, +энстэнь +нстэнзэ, MB=F>p
+nstenze, +онстэнзэ,
V +onstenze, +енстэнзэ,
+enstenze +энстэнзэ
+nsteń, +nstenst, +нстэнь, +нстэнст, t́et́a o?B'?M>E@'
[0 +onsteń, +onstenst, +онстэнь, +онстэнст, +nsteń ]:?M>@p
+ensteń +enstenst +енстэнь, +енстэнст,
+энстэнь +энстэнст
!=b* 4R 2W 24 2Y
?B?:DF
&B?:D' VY W3
:DDB*
CB@LMF
+HEe=>' V8 R2
:DDB*
CB@LMF
,@:CC:@F'B]'.@^K:'>H?>@?:EH']B@CF']B@'FEHG=D:@'L>@FBH'F=;M'?M:?'?M>'!'@F?':HJ'F>;BHJ'
L>@FBH'FEHG=D:@'aE?M'G>HE?E`>';:F>'@>:JEHGF':@>'DECE?>J'EH'=F:G>'?B'<EH'?>@CFd'F>>'6J=FM*
<EH:'g2333A'YShd'aM>@>:F'?M>'?ME@J'L>@FBH'FEHG=D:@'EF'G>H>@:DDK'@>;BGHE^>J':F'BL>H'aE?M'
@>G:@J'?B'F?>C'F>C:H?E;';BHF?@:EH?Fc''&M>'LD=@:D'EF'G>H>@:DDK'EGHB@>Jd'F:`>']B@'?M>']:;?'
?M:?':H:DK?E;'>e=E`:D>H?F'CEGM?'b>'EHJE;:?>J']B@']=H;?EBHF'B]'?M>'J:?E`>c''rMED>'?M>'?ME@J'
428 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
L>@FBH'LD=@:D';@BFF*@>]>@>H;>'C:@<>@'*Onsteń'aE?M':'J:?E`>';:F>'@>:JEHG';:H'@>:JEDK'b>'
:??>F?>J'EH'a@E??>H'DE?>@:?=@>d'E?'EF'BHDK'@>;>H?DK'?M:?'>ÈJ>H;>'M:F'b>>H']B=HJ']B@':'F>;BHJ'
L>@FBH'LD=@:D'CB@LM>C>'*Onsteŋkd':F'a>DDc'7E:;M@BHE;:DDKd'MBa>`>@d'E?'FMB=DJ'b>'HB?>J'
?M:?'?M>'F?>C'B]'?M>'["!!*V!,|76&'*Onste%d';BHFEF?EHG'B]':'LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_'C:@<>@'*OnzO'
:HJ'?M:?'?M>'J:?E`>'CB@LM>C>'EH'%Ted'EF'=F>J'EH'?M>'J>@E`:?EBH'B]'?M>'?aB'FL>;E!';:DDK'LD=*
@:D'L>@FBH']B@CF'%Onsteŋk'["!!*2[0|76&':HJ'%Onstenst'["!!*V[0|76&d'?B'H:C>'b=?'?aBc
!BC>'B]'?M>'JE:D>;?F':HJ'F=LLBF>JDK'?M>'DE?>@:@K'HB@C'JEF?EHG=EFM'<EH'?>@CF'aE?M'
!'@F?' :HJ' F>;BHJ' L>@FBH' FEHG=D:@' LBFF>FFE`>' C:@<>@F' EH' ;BCbEH:?EBH' aE?M' ?M>' G>HE?E`>'
gF>>'!M:<MC:?B`'4Y43A'SYXi'6J=FM<EH:'2333A'YS':HJ'YRhc'&M>'L>;=DE:@E?K'B]'?MEF':]!'_'EF'
?M:?'bB?M':D`>BD:@F':@>'L:D:?:D'@>G:@JD>FF'B]'?M>'L@>;>JEHG'b:;<'`Ba>Dd'Ec>c'EH'b:;<'`Ba>D'
;BH?>_?'?MEF'>HJEHG']B@CF':'CEHEC:D'L:E@'aE?M':'HBH*L:D:?:D']B@C'sazor+on'oCK'KB=HG>@'
FEF?>@Fpc'
Table 4.37 [BFF>FFE`>'F=]!'_>F'G>HE?E`>'EH'<EH'?>@CF

(B@CF ._:CLD>
[>@FBH [MBH>?E; #K@EDDE;F
!&6)7 )*!&6)7 !&6)7 )*!&6)7
4!, +ń, +oń, +m, +om, +нь, +онь, +м, +ом, t́et́a+ń oB]'CK']:?M>@tFp
+eń +em, +n, +ень, +эньi +ем, +эм,
+on +н, +он
2!, +t́, +ot́, +t, +ot +ть, +оть, +т, +от ĺeĺa+t́ oB]'KB=@'bEG'
+et́ ' +еть, b@B?M>@tFpd'oB]'KB=@'
+этьi bEG'b@B?M>@Ftp
!=b?B?:DF 8 S X X
&B?:D' 4V 48
:DDBCB@LMF
$H']@BH?'`Ba>D';BH?>_?F'HB'CEHEC:D'L:E@'EF':??>F?>Jd':HJ'>`>H'6J=FM<EH:tF'BaH'>_:CLD>'
gRRhd'@>L@BJ=;>J'b>DBad'J>È:?>F']@BC'M>@'L@>F;@EL?E`>'F?:H;>c''&M>'L@>F;@Eb>J'G>HE?E`>'
]B@C'EF'MBCBHKCB=F']B@'?M>'FEHG=D:@':HJ'LD=@:D'B]'<EH'?>@CFd'F=;M'?M:?'t́ejt́eŕe+ń'aB=DJ'
GDBFF':F'bB?M'oCK'J:=GM?>@tFp':HJ'oCK'J:=GM?>@Ftpd'b=?':F'>ÈJ>H;>J']@BC'6J=FM<EH:tF'
BaH'>_:CLD>d':JM>@>H;>'?B'?MEF'HB@C']:D?>@Fc
gRRh' t́ejt́eŕe+m vajgeĺe+ze maŕavi

J:=GM?>@z)*1$)U["!!*4!,'' `BE;>z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,''' b>*M>:@Jz\c$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,
g6J=FM<EH:'2333A'YRh'o5K'J:=GM?>@tF'`BE;>'xEF':=JEbD>'Ü';:H'b>'M>:@Jyp
5"-[/"0",m 42S
&M>':DDBCB@LMF':??>F?>J'EH'L=bDEFM>J'DE?>@:?=@>']B@'HBH*J:?E`>';:F>'?:DDK':?'RV'LMBH>?E;'
:DDBCB@LMF':HJ'WR'#K@EDDE;':DDBCB@LMFd'aME;M';:H'?M>H'b>':JJ>J'?B'?M>'=HEe=>''V8'LMB*
H>?E;':HJ'R2'#K@EDDE;':DDBCB@LMF'B]'?M>'J:?E`>';:F>'?:bD>F']B@':'?B?:D'B]'SY'LMBH>?E;':HJ'
Y8'#K@EDDE;':DDBCB@LMF'?B?:Dc
6DD'?BDJ'?M>@>':@>'HEH>?K*?aB'LMBH>?E;d':HJ'BH>'M=HJ@>J':HJ'?a>D`>'#K@EDDE;':DDB*
CB@LMF':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'F>`>H?>>H'F=b;:?>GB@E>F'B]'LBFF>FFE`>'L>@FBHc
4.2.3.2. Definite markers
&M>'J>!'HE?>'C:@<>@F'B]'?M>'F?:HJ:@J'.@^K:'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>';:H'b>'JEÈJ>J'EH?B'F>?F'bK'
H=Cb>@':HJ';:F>c''$H'?M>'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'J>;D>HFEBH'?M>@>':@>'?aB'F>L:@:?>'C:@<>@FA'BH>'
]B@'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'EH'%Oś':HJ'?M>'B?M>@']B@'?M>'BbDEe=>';:F>F'EH'%Ońt́c''$H'?M>'LD=@:Dd'?M>'
J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'C:@<>@'EH'%Ne'EF':Da:KF'L@>;>J>J'bK':'F>L:@:?>'%T'LD=@:D'C:@<>@']:CEDE:@'
]@BC'bB?M'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:D':HJ'?M>'V[0'B]'?M>'`>@b:D':H':JHBCEH:D';BH*
Q=G:?EBHF'gF>>':DFB'Rc2c2chc''
$H'?M>'BDJ>@'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>':HJ'>FL>;E:DDK'?M>')B@?Ma>F?>@H'B@'6D:?K@t'JE:D>;?F'
?M>' HBCEH:?E`>' FEHG=D:@' C:@<>@' ;:H' b>' @>L@>F>H?>J' bK' ?M>' FMB@?>@' %śd' D:;<EHG' :' DEH<*
EHG' `Ba>D' EH' ;BCbEH:?EBH' aE?M' ;BHFBH:H?*!'H:D' F?>CFd' :HJ' ?M>' BbDEe=>' FEHG=D:@' ;:F>F'
:@>'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>'C:@<>@'%śt́c''/>H;>'BH>'CEGM?'ECC>JE:?>DK'BbF>@`>'CB@LM>C>'
:CbEG=E?K'aE?M'?M>'EHJE;:?E`>'L@>?>@E?'$'V!,':HJ'V[0']B@CF'B]'?M>'`>@b:D';BHQ=G:?EBHd'Ec>c'
EH';BHFBH:H?*!'H:D'F?>CF'B]'HB=H'J>;D>HFEBH'?M>'6D:?K@t*?KL>'JE:D>;?F':??>F?'?B':'DEH<EHG*
`Ba>D'F?@:?>GK'aMBF>';BH?>_?=:D'CB?E`:?EBH'DE>F'EH'?M>'`:@E>J'EH;BCL:?EbEDE?K'B]':JQ:;>H?'
`BE;>D>FF'FgMhEbED:H?F':?'?M>'F?>C*:]!'_'Q=H;?=@>d'F>>'?:bD>'gRcVXhc
Table 4.38 \:@E:?EBH'b>?a>>H'DEH<EHG*`Ba>D'F?@:?>GE>F'EH'CBJ>@H':HJ'

' ' L@>F>H?DK'JE:D>;?'gBDJ'DE?>@:@Kh'J>;D>HFEBH'B]'HB=HF
0E?>@:@K 7E:D>;? 0E?>@:@K 7E:D>;? 0E?>@:@K 7E:D>;?
)"5 tol o!'@>p tol oš o?BaHp oš san'oFEH>ai'`>EHp san
)"5c7.(c!, tol+oś tol+ś oš+oś oš+oś san+oś san+ś
,.)c7.(c!, tol+ońt́ tol+śt́ oš+ońt́ oš+ośt́ san+ońt́ san+śt́
&M>' J>!'HE?>' J>;D>HFEBH' EF' b>F?' b@B<>H' JBaH' EH?B' FEHG=D:@' :HJ' LD=@:D' F=bF>?Fc' ' &M>'
LD=@:D'C:@<>@'T'U'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'Ne';BCbEH:?EBH'L@BÈJ>F'O']B@':DCBF?':DD'L@:;?E;:D'
L=@LBF>F'O':'L:@:DD>D'F?>C'?B'?M:?'B]'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHc''rE?M'?M>'>_;>L?EBH'B]'
?M>'&.5["-60$!':HJ'0"#6&$\.';:F>']B@CFd'?a>D`>';:F>F';:H'b>':??>F?>J'EH'DE?>@:@K'FB=@;>F'
:HJ':'?ME@?>>H?M'EH'JE:D>;?'C:?>@E:D'gF>>'F>;?EBH'Rc2c4cVc'6&&-$Z+&$\.'#6!.!hc''&M>'FEHG=D:@'
J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'EF'DECE?>J'?B'>D>`>H';:F>']B@CFd'Ec>c'?M>@>'EF'HB':??>F?:?EBH'EH'?M>'L@>F>H?'
B@'BDJ>@'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>']B@'?M>';:F>']B@CF'06&$\.d'0"#6&$\.d'#"5$&6&$\.d'&.5["-60$!c
42X 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.39 7>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'C:@<>@F

6DDBCB@LMF
[MBH>?E; #K@EDDE;F
!&6)7 )*!&6)7 !&6)7 )*!&6)7
)"5c7.(c!, +ś, +oś, +сь, +ось, kudo+ś o?M>q?MEFq?M:?'
+eś +есь, +эсь MBC>qMB=F>p
"Z0c7.(c!, +ńt́, +śt́, +нть, +сть, kudo+ńt́ o?M>q?MEFq?M:?'
+ońt́, +ośt́, +онть, +ость, MBC>qMB=F>'
+eńt́' +eśt́i'+t́ +енть, +есть, g,.)hp
+энть +эстьi'
+ть
7.(c!,c76& +ńt́eń, +śt́eń, +нтень, +стень, kudo+ńt́eń o?B'?M>'MBC>q
+ońt́eń, +ośt́eń, +онтень, +остень, MB=F>p
+eńt́eń +eśt́eńi' +ентень, +естень,
+t́eń +энтень +эстень
7.(c[0 +ńe, )6 +не, +нэ )6 kudo+t́ńe o?M>q?M>F>q?MBF>'
+ne MBC>FqMB=F>Fp
!=b?B?:DF 44 X 42 Y
&B?:D' 4X 23
6DDBCB@LMF
$H'.@^K:'DE?>@:?=@>'?M>@>':@>'=F=:DDK'BHDK']B=@'CB@LM>C>F']B@'?M>']B=@'JE]]>@>H?'L:@:JEG*
C:?E;'LBFE?EBHF':D?MB=GM':'!']?M':HJ'FE_?M'BH>';:H'b>':??>F?>J'EH'>:@DE>@'DE?>@:?=@>d'Ec>c'?M>'
G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>'FEHG=D:@']B@CFc
6DD' ?BDJ' ?M>@>' :@>' >EGM?>>H' LMBH>?E;d' :HJ' ?a>H?K' #K@EDDE;' :DDBCB@LMF' :FFB;E:?>J'
aE?M'?M>']B=@'F=b;:?>GB@E>F'B]'J>!'HE?>'C:@<>@Fc
0>?'=F'HBa'EHFL>;?'?M>'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fd'$)7.(d'["!!.!!$\.':HJ'7.($)$&.d'?M>'D:F?'B]'
aME;M'CEGM?d']B@';BH;:?>H:?EBH:D'@>:FBHFd'b>'FLDE?'EH?B'!$),+06-':HJ'[0+-60d':??>F?'EH"'>;*
?EBH'EH'4Wd'4Vd'43':HJ'4V';:F>Fd'@>FL>;?E`>DK'gF>>'?:bD>'RcR3hc
5"-[/"0",m 42Y
Table 4.40 6??>F?:?EBH'B]';:F>'EH']B=@'J>;D>HFEBH':@@:KF

$HJ>!'HE?> [BFF>FFE`> 7>!'HE?>'!EHG=D:@ 7>!'HE?>'[D=@:D
)"5 U U U U
,.) U U U U
76& U U U U
6Z0 U U U U
$). U U U U
.06 U U U U
$00 U U )6 U
06& U )6 )6 U
[-"0 U U U U
0"# U U )6 )6
&.5[ U )6 )6 )6
&-)!0 U U U U
#"5[ U U U {
6Z. U U U U
#"5 U U )6 7E:D>;?
4.2.4. Nominal conjugation markers

&M>'H>_?'LBFE?EBH'EH'?M>';BH;:?>H:?EBH'B]':]!'_>F'EH`BD`>F'?M>'L@>JE;:?>*L>@FBH'L:@:JEGCc''
&M>' L@>JE;:?>*L>@FBH' L:@:JEGC' B@' )"5$)60' #")9+,6&$")' 56-1.-!' :@>' CB@LMBDBGE;:DDK'
@>L@>F>H?:?E`>' B]' ?M>' F:C>' >D>C>H?F' :??>F?>J' EH' ?M>' EHJE;:?E`>' L@>F>H?' :HJ' L@>?>@E?' $$'
L>@FBHF'B]'F=bQ>;?*;BHQ=G:?EBH'L:@:JEGCFc''&M>F>'C:@<>@F':@>':??>F?>J']B@':H'>_?>HFE`>'
@:HG>'B]'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'EH;D=JEHG'HB=HFd'J>CBHF?@:?E`>Fd':JQ>;?E`>Fd'e=:H?E!'>@Fd'HBH*
!'HE?>Fd'FL:?E:D':J`>@bF':HJ'LBF?LBFE?EBHFd'BH'?M>'BH>'M:HJd':HJ']B@';B*B;;=@@>H;>'aE?M'
G@:CC:?E;:D'C:@<>@F'B]')+5Z.-':HJ'#Td':F'a>DD':F'?M>'["!!.!!$\.':HJ'7.($)$&.'7.#0.)!$")!d'
BH'?M>'B?M>@'g;]c'6G:]BHB`:'2333A'4RWi'Z=^:<B`:'2333A'2W4i'$C:E<EH:'2333A'8Rd'2V2i'
1M:@E?BHB`:'2333A'448i'5BFEH'2333A'43Yf443i'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'4RXi'1BDK:JKBH<B`'4YWYA'
4Xd' 28f2Sd' VWfVSd' RRfRWd' 4Y3i' .`F>`t>`' 4Y8VA' W2d' 82d' 44Wf42Wd' 4VSd' 4RXd' 4W8d' 484d'
4Y3d'2XSd'2Y3d'2Y2d'2YRd'V3Vhc''&M>']BDDBaEHG'?:bD>'gRcR4h'aEDD'L@BÈJ>':'@=JEC>H?:@K'
L@>F>H?:?EBH' B]' ?M>' HBCEH:D' ;BHQ=G:?EBH' aE?M' :??>F?:?EBH' ]B@' G@:CC:?E;:D' C:@<>@F'
EHJE;:?EHG'?aB'?>HF>Fd'?M@>>'L>@FBHF':HJ'?aB'H=Cb>@Fc
4V3 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.41 )BCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBH'C:@<>@F'aE?M':??>F?:?EBH']B@'`:@EB=F'?:@G>?F

6DDBCB@LMF
[MBH>?E; #K@EDDE;F
[-.7 !&6)7 )*!&6)7 !&6)7 )*!&6)7
4!, +an +ан, +ян t́et́az+an o$pC'MEFqM>@'
]:?M>@p
4[0 +tano, +tam, +тано, +тяноa +там, eŕźa+tano or>':@>'
+t́ano +t́am, +тям, .@^K:Fp
+tanok, +танок,
+t́anok, +тянок,
+tank, +танк,
+t́ank +тянк
[-.! 2!, +at +ат, +ят Kobaĺeń+at o6@>'KB=']@BC'
1Bb:D>p
2[0 +tado, +тадо, +тядо andoms o7B'KB='H>>J'
+t́ado +tado ?B'b>']>Jp
V!, Ø Ø lomań+Ø o/>qFM>'EF':'
L>@FBHp
V[0 Ø Ø kosot+Ø orM>@>':@>'
?M>Kp
4!, +ĺiń, +линь, +олинь, od+oĺiń o$'a:F'KB=HGp
+oĺiń, +елинь, +элинь
+eĺiń,
4[0 +ĺińek, +ĺńek, +линек, +льнек, kudo+so or>@>'KB=':?'
+eĺińek, +eĺńek, +олинек, +ольнек, +ĺid́e MBC>p
+oĺińek +oĺńek +елинек, +ельнек,
+элинекa +эльнек
2!, +ĺit́, +лить, +олить, iśt́amo oKB='a>@>'?M:?'

+oĺit́, +елить, ćora+ś+eĺit́ <EHJ'B]':'C:Hp
[-.&$$
+eĺit́, +элить
2[0 +ĺid́e, +ĺd́e, +лиде, +олиде, +льде, iśt́aška+ĺit́ oKB='a>@>'?MEF'
+oĺid́e, +oĺd́e, +елиде, +элидеa +ольде, bEGp
+eĺid́e +eĺd́e +ельде,
+эльде
V!, +ĺ, +oĺ, +ль, +оль, +ель, avoĺ oM>qFM>qE?'a:F'

+eĺ, +эль par+t+ne HB?'xBH>y'B]'
+d́e+ĺ ?M>'GBBJ'BH>Fp
V[0 +ĺt́, +льть, +ольть, śkamo+st o?M>K'a>@>'BH'
+oĺt́, +ельть, +эльть +oĺt́ ?M>E@'BaHp
+eĺt́
!=b?B?:D 28 42 VV 4W
&B?:D' VX RX
:DDBCB@LMF
+HEe=>' VS RS
:DDBCB@LMF
5"-[/"0",m 4V4
&M>' ?:@G>?' ?KL>F' EDD=F?@:?>J' M>@>' EH;D=J>A' :' HBCEH:?E`>' FEHG=D:@' LBFF>FF=C' t́et́azan
o$pC' MEFqM>@' ]:?M>@pi' :H' EHJ>!'HE?>' HBCEH:?E`>d' aME;M' CEGM?' b>' @>HJ>@>J' bB?M' FEHG=D:@'
:HJ'LD=@:D'eŕźatano ~ eŕźattano oa>':@>'.@^K:Fpi':H'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>']B@C'B]':'LD:;>'
H:C>'Kobaĺeńat? o6@>'KB=']@BC'1Bb:D>{pi':H'EDD:?E`>'EH!'HE?>'andomstado? o7B'KB='
H>>J'?B'b>']>J{pi':H'EH>FFE`>']B@C'kosat? rM>@>':@>'KB={pi':H':JQ>;?E`>'odoĺiń o$'a:F'
KB=HGpi':'HBCEH:?E`>'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'iśt́amo ćoraśeĺit́ oKB='a>@>'?M:?'<EHJ'B]':'C:Hpi'
:H'EHJ>!'HE?>';BCL:@:?E`>'iśt́aškaĺit́ oKB='a>@>'?MEF'bEGpi':'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D':bD:?E`>'?:@G>?'
avoĺ partned́eĺ oE?'a:F'HB?'B]'?M>'b>??>@'BH>Fpd':HJ':'CEHEC:DEÊHG'e=:H?E!'>@'śkamostoĺt́
ox?M>Ky'a>@>'bK'?M>CF>D`>Fpc'
6DD'?BDJ'?M>@>':@>'?ME@?K*F>`>H'LMBH>?E;d':HJ']B@?K*F>`>H'#K@EDDE;':DDBCB@LMF':F*
FB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'?a>D`>'F=b;:?>GB@E>F'B]':JHBCEH:D'L@>JE;:?>'L>@FBHc
6JHBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBHd'aME;M'B?M>@aEF>'EF'?M>']B;=F'B]':'JB;?B@:D'JEFF>@?:?EBH'
g&=@=H>HA'2343'j)BH`>@b:D'L@>JE;:?EBH'EH'.@^K:A'!?=JE>F'BH'CB@LMB*FKH?:;?E;'`:@E:?EBH'
:HJ'L:@?'B]'FL>>;M'JEF?EH;?EBHFkhd'M:F'b>>H'B=?DEH>J':;;B@JEHG'?B'FB=@;>'G@:CC:@F':HJ'
:??>F?:?EBH']@BC';B@L=F':HJ'!'>DJ'aB@<c''$?';:H'b>'LDB??>J'EH'?:bD>'gRcR2hd';:F>'FDB?F'HB?'
:??>F?>J'EH'?:bD>'gRcR3h':@>'C:@<>J'$--']B@'E@@>D>`:H?'?B':??>F?:?EBHc''&M>@>'EF'BHDK'BH>';:F>'
:??>F?EHG'HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBH'EH':DD']B=@':@@:KF'g?M>'HBCEH:?E`>hd'BHDK'BH>'aE?M'?M@>>':?*
?>F?:?EBHFd'!'`>'aE?M'?aB':@@:KFd':HJ']B=@'aE?M'BH>':@@:Kc'&M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'FMBaF'
:??>F?:?EBH' ]B@' HBCEH:D' ;BHQ=G:?EBH' EH' >D>`>H' ;:F>Fd' ?M>' LBFF>FFE`>' J>;D>HFEBH' EH' !'`>'
;:F>Fd'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'EH'BH>';:F>d':HJ'?M>'J>!'HE?>'LD=@:D'EH']B=@';:F>Fc''&M:?'C>:HF':'
?B?:D'B]'24':??>F?:?EBHF'B=?'B]':'MKLB?M>?E;:D'V4c
Table 4.42 6??>F?:?EBH'B]'HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBH'EH']B=@'J>;D>HFEBH':@@:KF

$HJ>!'HE?> [BFF>FFE`> 7>!'HE?>'!EHG=D:@ 7>!'HE?>'[D=@:D &B?:D
)"5 U U U U 4
$). U U )6 U 3
,.) U U )6 )6 2
[-"0 U U )6 )6 2
0"# U U $-- $-- 2
6Z0 U )6 )6 U 2
.06 U )6 )6 U 2
$00 U )6 $-- )6 1
&-)!0 U )6 )6 )6 1
#"5[ U )6 )6 )6 1
6Z. U )6 )6 )6 1
76& )6 )6 )6 )6 0
06& )6 $-- $-- )6 0
&.5[ )6 $-- $-- )6 3
#"5 )6 )6 $-- )6 0
&B?:D 44 W 4 R 24
4V2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
4.2.5. The clitic -Gak

&M>';DE?E;'*Gak'EH'.@^K:'EF'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'?M>':DDBCB@LMF'%gakd'%kakd'%jakd':HJ'%akc''&M>'
D:F?'b>EHG'HB?'BHDK':H':DD>G@B']B@C']BDDBaEHG':'aB@J*!'H:D'`>D:@'LDBFE`>d'Ec>c'FBC>'a@E?>@F'
:HJ'L@BB]*@>:J>@F'L@>]>@'FEHGD>'?B'JB=bD>';BHFBH:H?Fd'b=?'?M>'EHE?E:D'F?BL'B]'?M>';DE?E;'EF'
:DFB'DBF?':]?>@'B?M>@';BHFBH:H?F'EH'FL>>;Md':HJ'?MEF'EF'@>"'>;?>J'EH'L@EH?c
Table 4.43 *Gak';DE?E;

(BDDBaEHG';BHFBH:H? (BDDBaEHG'`Ba>D
\"$#.7 7.\"$#.7 \6-$6&$")
%gak %kak %kak ~ %ak %jak
kal+gak karks+kak park+kak ~ park+ak pando+jak
o:'!'FM'?BBp o:'b>D?'?BBp o:'L:@<'?BBp o:'MEDD'?BBp
$H' ?M>' ;BH;:?>H:?EBH' B]' HB=H*?KL>' CB@LMBDBGKd' ?M>' ;DE?E;' %Gak' @>L@>F>H?F' ?M>' !'H:D'
;BHF?E?=>H?'?M:?';:H'b>':JJ>J'?B':HK'GE`>H'F?>Cd':D?MB=GM'?MEF'F?:?>C>H?';:H'b>'L@B`>H'
]:DF>'EH'?M>'J>;D>HFEBH'L@:;?E;>F'B]'FBC>'JE:D>;?F':HJ'?M>';E?:?EBH'F?@:?>GE>F'B]'?M>'DE?>@:@K'
D:HG=:G>d' :F' a>DDd' F>>' gRWhc' '6' ;BH;>FFEBH' EF' EH' B@J>@' M>@>d' H:C>DKd' ?M>' ?MEF' ;B=H?>@'
>_:CLD>'>_MEbE?F':H'EHJ>!'HE?>'L@BHB=H'J>@E`>J']@BC':H'EH?>@@BG:?E`>'L@BHB=H'aE?M'?M>'
;DE?E;' %Gakd' :HJ' :D?MB=GM' ?M>' :]!'_' B@J>@EHG' EF' ?M>' F:C>d' BH>' CEGM?' ;BH?>HJ' ?M:?' ?MEF'
;E?:?EBH']B@C'JB>F'HB?d'EH']:;?d'M:`>':';DE?E;'g]B@';DE?E;F'EH'.@^K:':HJ'5B<FM:d'F>>'.@EH:'
4YYShc
gRWh' di͔ ton iĺa rizne.

HBaqb=?z[-&'' KB=z[-")*[.-!*2!,c)"5''JBHp?z\*[-"/c$5[c[-.7*2!,''aB@@Kz\c#")).,c''
kuč+i͔t́, meźe+jak di͔
F>HJz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V[0d''' FBC>?MEHGz[-")*$)7.(c)"5c!,U#0&'':HJz[-&''
kuč+i͔t́, … meźe+jak+oś
F>HJz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V[0''FBC>?MEHGz[-")*$)7.(c)"5c!,U#0&U)"5c7.(c!,''
mońeń aj eŕav+i.
$z[-")*[.-!*4!,c76&c["!!*4!,'' HB?z[-&' ''b>*H>>J>Jz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,c
g6b@:CB`'4Y8RA'WV2h'o)Bad'JBHp?'KB='aB@@Kc'&M>K'aEDD'F>HJ'KB='FBC>?MEHGí'xZ=?y'$'
JBHp?'H>>J'?M:?'jFBC>?MEHGkcp
&M>';DE?E;'%Gak':F'EDD=F?@:?>J':bB`>';:H'b>'L@BÈJ>J'aE?M':'?:bD>'EH':H':H:DBGB=F']B@C'?B'
?M>'B?M>@':]!'_>F':JJ@>FF>J':bB`>c
5"-[/"0",m 4VV
Table 4.44 5B@LM>C:?E;'@>L@>F>H?:?EBH'B]'?M>'%Gak >H;DE?E;
[MBH>?E; #K@EDDE;F
!&6)7 )*!&6)7
)B';DE?E; Ø á kudo oMBC>qMB=F>p
#DE?E; +gak, +ak +гак, +как, +ак kudo+jak oMBC>qMB=F>'?BBp
+kak, +jak +як
!=b?B?:D R 4 R 4
&B?:D':DDBCB@LMF W W
6DD' ?BDJ' ?M>@>' :@>' !'`>' LMBH>?E;d' :HJ' !'`>' #K@EDDE;' :DDBCB@LMF' :FFB;E:?>J' aE?M' ?M>' ?aB'
F=b;:?>GB@E>F'B]';DE?E;d'Ec>c'xà[-.!.)#.yc
Interim summary of affixes
6JHBCEH:D*?KL>':]!'_:?EBH';:H'b>'b@B<>H'JBaH'EH?B'?M@>>'LM:F>F'B]';BH;:?>H:?EBHd'Ec>c'
J>;D>HFEBHd';BHQ=G:?EBH':HJ';DE?E;'C:@<EHGA''
7>;D>HFEBHd'?M>'F>GC>H?'B]'G@>:?>F?'`:@E>?Kd'EF':??>F?>J']B@'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'
C:@<>@F'EHJE;:?EHG'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@E>F'B]';:F>'gC:_EC:D'!']?>>Hhd'H=Cb>@'g?aBh'
:HJ'J>E_EF'f'LBFF>FFE`>'gF>`>H?>>Hh':HJ'J>!'HE?>'g]B=@hc''rMED>'?M>';:?>GB@K'B]'H=Cb>@'EF'
:LL:@>H?'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>';:F>'B]':DD'?M@>>'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>F'aE?M';>@?:EH'DECE?:?EBHF'EH'
?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd'BHDK'?M>'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>F'FMBa':'@>G=D:@'@>HJ>@EHG'
B]'H=Cb>@'EH':DD':??>F?>J';:F>F'B]'?M>'J>;D>HFEBH';M:@?Fc'7=>'?B'L@>JE;?:bD>'HB=H*M>:J'
J>D>?EBH'F?@:?>GE>F':??>F?>J'EH'.@^K:d'>EGM?'B]'?M>';:F>']B@CFd'aME;M'B;;=@':F'CBJE!'>@F'EH'
?M>')[d'C:K'b>']=@?M>@'F=bQ>;?>J'?B'?M>'LM>HBC>HBH'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH':F':JJ@>FF>J'
EH'F>;?EBH'RcWc'67)"5$)60'!m)&6T'6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")c
#BHQ=G:?EBHF' ;BCL@EF>' ?a>D`>' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' C:@<>@F' ]B@' ?M>' EHJE;:?EBH' B]' ?M>'
G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@E>F'B]'L@>JE;:?>'L>@FBH'g?M@>>hd'H=Cb>@'g?aBh':HJ'?>HF>'g?aBhc''/>@>'
?M>'n.-"*C:@<>@'EF'=F>J'?B';@BFF*@>]>@>H;>'EHJE;:?E`>'L@>F>H?'V!,d'aME;M'EF'FEC=D?:H>B=FDK'
?M>'F:C>'C:@<EHG'=F>J'aE?M'HBH*L@>JE;:?E`>*LBFE?EBH'>D>C>H?Fd'bK'?M>'F:C>'?B<>H'?M>'%T'
LD=@:D'C:@<>@'B]'?M>'V[0'CEGM?'FKH?:;?E;:DDK';@BFF*@>]>@>H;>'>E?M>@'?M>'EHJE;:?E`>'L@>F>H?'
V[0'EH'L@>JE;:?>'LBFE?EBH'B@';>@?:EH'HBH*?BLE;':@G=C>H?F'B]'?M>'!'HE?>'`>@bc
.H;DE?E;'C:@<EHG';BCL@EF>F':'FECLD>'JE;MB?BCKd'EH'aME;M'>E?M>@'?M>'>H;DE?E;'EF'L@>F>H?'
B@'EF'HB?c
4VR 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
4.3. Adnominal-type person in parts of speech

67)"5$)60*&m[.' [.-!")'M>@>'EF'?M>';B`>@*?>@C'=F>J'?B'@>L@>F>H?'aM:?'>DF>aM>@>'CEGM?'
b>' @>]>@@>J' ?B' :F' LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@' EHJ>_EHGd' ;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'
C:@<EHGd'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd'>?;c''&M=F'E?'EF'ECLDE>J'?M:?'?M>'LM>HBC>HBH'CEGM?'b>'
C:HE]>F?'EH'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'B?M>@'?M:H'aM:?':@>']B=HJ'EH'HB=H'LM@:F>Fc''&MEF'EFd'EH']:;?d'?M>'
FE?=:?EBHc''&M>':]!'_>F'=F>J']B@'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'EH'HB=HF';:H'b>':??>F?>J'EH'B?M>@'L:@?F'
B]'FL>>;M'?M:?':@>'HB?']B=HJ'EH' )[Fc''r>'aEDD':FF=C>'?M:?'?M>'F?>C'?KL>F'J>CBHF?@:?>J'
EH'F>;?EBH'Rc4c')"5$)60*&m[.'r"-7*!&.5'5"-[/"0",m';:H'b>':LLDE>J'HB?'BHDK'?B'HB=HFd'
b=?'>e=:DDK'?B':DD'B?M>@'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;Md'aM>@>'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'Bb?:EHFc''&M=Fd'
EH' ?MEF' F>;?EBHd' a>' aEDD' C:<>' :H' EHFL>;?EBH' B]' ?M>' `:@EB=F' L:@?F' B]' FL>>;M' :HJ' ?M>E@'
;B*B;;=@@>H;>' aE?M' ?M>' ?M@>>' D:K>@F' B]' .@^K:' :JHBCEH:D' ;BH;:?>H:?EBHA' ' ["!!.!!$\.'
7.#0.)!$")d' )"5$)60' #")9+,6&$")' :HJ' #0$&$#' 56-1$),c' ' $H' ?M>' !'@F?' F=bF>;?EBH' a>' aEDD'
EHFL>;?'?M>';BCL:?EbEDE?K'B]'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:DDK'>_LDE;E?'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'aE?M'?M>'
`:@EB=F'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;Md':?'aME;M'?EC>'FC:DD'F=bF>?F'B]'?M>F>'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;Md'F=bD>_E;:d'
aEDD'b>']B@a:@J>J'?B'L@BÈJ>':'CB@>'FL>;E!';'EDD=F?@:?EBH'B]'?M>'aB@J']B@CF'>H;B=H?>@>Jc''
&M>' EHFL>;?EBH' ]B@' LBFF>FFE`>' J>;D>HFEBH' ;BCL:?EbEDE?K' aEDD' b>' ]:;EDE?:?>J' ?M@B=GM' :'
F=bJEÈFEBHEHG':;;B@JEHG'?B';:F>d'aM>@>:F']@>e=>H;K'aEDD'?M>H'M>DL'EH'JEF?EHG=EFMEHG'?M>'
L@BCEH>H?'F=bD>_E;:'EH'?M>'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;Mc
#:F>F's'HBCEH:?E`>d'G>HE?E`>d'J:?E`>d':bD:?E`>d'EH>FFE`>d'>D:?E`>d'EDD:?E`>d'L@BD:?E`>d'DB;:*
?E`>d'?@:HFD:?E`>d';BCL:@:?E`>d':b>FFE`>d';BCE?:?E`>
[:@?F'B]'FL>>;M's'HB=HFd'e=:H?E!'>@Fd'L@BHB=HFd':JLBFE?EBHF':HJ'HBH*!'HE?>F'EH'%Om%'
&M>'@>F=D?EHG'EH]B@C:?EBH'BH'?M>';BCL:?EbEDE?K'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'aEDD'?M>H'
>F?:bDEFM':'b:F>']B@']=@?M>@'EHFL>;?EBH'B]'?M>'.@^K:'D>_E;BHc''$?'aEDD'L@BÈJ>'=F'aE?M'J:?:'
;BH;>@HEHG';BH;:?>H:?EBH:D'JEC>HFEBHF'B]'?M>'`:@EB=F'aB@J'?KL>F':F'a>DD':F'EH"'>;?EBHFc''
&M>F>';BH;:?>H:?EBH:D'JEC>HFEBHF'aEDD'GE`>'=F':H'EHFEGM?'EH?B'?M>'aB@<EHGF'B]'BbDEG:?B@K'
LBFF>FFE`>'C:@<EHGd'?M>'CB@LMB*FKH?:;?E;';BCL:?EbEDE?K'B]'J>;D>HFEBH':HJ';BHQ=G:?EBH'
B@';DE?E;'C:@<EHGd'B@'bB?Md':HJ'?M>'LM>HBC>H:'B]' [6-67$,5' 7.(.#&$\$&m':HJ' !.#")76-m'
7.#0.)!$")d'J>:D?'aE?M'EH'F>;?EBHF'gRcRch':HJ'gRcWch'@>FL>;?E`>DKc
&M>' C:HE]>F?:?EBH' B]' ;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' C:@<EHG' EH' ?M>' .@^K:'
D:HG=:G>';:H'b>'GE`>H':'FDEGM?'J>DECE?:?EBH'?M@B=GM'?M>'EH?@BJ=;?EBH'B]'?M>'HB?EBH'"Z0$,6*
&"-m' ["!!.!!$\.' 56-1$),c''&MEF'HB?EBHd'MBa>`>@d'C=F?'!'@F?'b>'b@B<>H'JBaH'EH?B'CB@>'
L@ECE?E`>']>:?=@>Fd'Ec>c'a>';:H'FL>:<'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH':]!'_:?EBH'?M:?'EF'L@>F>H?'B@'
:bF>H?d'EH':'aB@J'xà.T[0$#$&yd':HJ'?MEF'L:@:C>?>@';:H']=@?M>@'b>';BB@JEH:?>J':;;B@JEHG'?B'
?M>'HB?EBH'B]'xà"Z0$,6&"-myc''
à._LDE;E?':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG
à"bDEG:?B@K
5"-[/"0",m 4VW
&M>F>' L:@:C>?>@F' :;;B@JEHG' ?B' aME;M' ?M>' !'@F?' :DDBaF' ]B@' ?M>' L@>F>H;>q:bF>H;>' B]'
:JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHGd'>cGc'EH'.@^K:'?M>'<EH'?>@C't́et́a o]:?M>@p';:H':LL>:@'bB?M'aE?M'
:HJ'aE?MB=?';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<EHGA''t́et́a ]:?M>@z)c)"5c!,':HJ't́et́a+zo ]:?M>@z)U["!!*
V!,|)"5c!,d' :HJ' ?M>' D:??>@d' aME;M' :F;@Eb>F' ?M>' àBbDEG:?B@EH>FF' B]' ?M>' !'@F?' L:@:C>?>@c''
&M=F'aM>@>'?M>'aB@J']B@'j]:?M>@k't́et́a'C:Kd':;;B@JEHG'?B';BH?>_?':HJ'F>C:H?E;Fd'B;;=@'
aE?M'B@'aE?MB=?';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<EHGd'?M>@>':@>'aB@JF'?M:?':@>'BbDEG:?B@EDK'?:@G>?F'B]'
:JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHGd'BH'?M>'BH>'>HJ'B]'?M>'FL>;?@=Cd':HJ'B?M>@F'?M:?'C:K'H>`>@'b>'
?:@G>?F'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHGd':?'?M>'B?M>@'>_?@>C>d'F>>'gR8fW3hc
gR8h' :c' t́et́+id́e+nze

]:?M>@z)*1$)*.07.-U6!!"#U["!!*V!,
g;]c'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'43Si'&FKG:H<EH'4Y84A'VWSi'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'R3h'oMEFqM>@qE?F']:?M>@':HJ'
B?M>@F'aE?M'MECp
âbc't́et́+id́e
]:?M>@z)*1$)*.07.-U6!!"#
o]:?M>@':HJ'B?M>@F'aE?M'MECp
gRSh' :c' ejste+de+nze

]@BCz["[c.06U6Z0U["!!*V!,
o]@BC'MECqM>@qE?p
âbc'sonze ejste+de
M>qFM>qE?z[-")*[.-!*V!,c,.)c["!!*V!,'']@BCz["[c.06U6Z0
o]@BC'MECqM>@qE?p
gRXh' :c' ńiĺe+ńe+st

]B=@z)+5U6!!"#*#"00U["!!*V[0
o?M>']B=@'B]'?M>Cp
âbc'si͔nst ńiĺe+ńe
?M>Kz[-")*[.-!*V[0c,.)c["!!*V[0'']B=@z)+5U6!!"#*#"00
o?M>']B=@'B]'?M>Cp
âgRYh':c' pačk+onzo
?M@B=GMz["[U["!!*V!,
o?M@B=GM'E?qMECqM>@p
bc' sonze pačk

M>qFM>qE?z[-")*[.-!*V!,c,.)c["!!*V!,''?M@B=GMz["[
o?M@B=GM'E?qMECqM>@p
4V8 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
gW3h' :c' t́e+nze

?Bz["[c76&U["!!*V!,
o?B'E?qMECqM>@p
bc' sońenze gws soń+d́e+nzeh g(>B<?EF?B`d'Lc;ch

M>qFM>qE?z[-")*[.-!*V!,c76&c["!!*V!,
o?B'E?qMECqM>@p
&M>' HB?EBHd' M>@>d' B]' BbDEG:?B@K' LBFF>FFE`>' C:@<EHG' EF' ?M>' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' B]]FMBB?' B]'
?M>'?@>:?EF>'B]' "Z0$,6&"-$0m' ["!!.!!.7' )"+)!'B@' Z"+)7' )"+)!':F'L@BÈJ>J'bK'ZE;<>D':HJ'
)E;MBDF'gr60!';M:L?>@'WXhd'aM>@>'E?'EF'HB?>J'?M:?'C:HK'D:HG=:G>F'aE?M'M>:J*C:@<>J'
LBFF>FFEBH'M:`>'FBC>'HB=HF'?M:?'BbDEG:?B@EDK'@>e=E@>'LBFF>FFE`>'C:@<EHG':HJ';:HHB?'b>'
=F>J'aE?MB=?'E?d'aM>@>:F'?M>F>' Z"+)7' )"+)!'B@' "Z0$,6&"-$0m' ["!!.!!.7' )"+)!':@>';BH*
?@:F?>J'aE?M'"[&$")600m'["!!.!!.7')"+)!c''6F'J>CBHF?@:?>J'EH'gR8fRXhd'FBC>'aB@J']B@CF'
:@>'BHDK'`:DEJ'aE?M'CB@LMBDBGE;:D';BH;:?>H:?EBHF'B]'L>@FBHd'aMED>'gRYh'EHJE;:?>F'?M:?'
BHDK' D>_E;:D' L>@FBH' EF' LBFFEbD>d' :HJ' gW3h' J>CBHF?@:?>F' ?M>' G@:CC:?E;:DE^:?EBH' B]' >_*
?>HJ>J'>_LBH>H;>'EH'?M>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFc''&M=F':']=@?M>@'EHFL>;?EBH'aEDD'b>'C:J>'B]'
?M>'JEF?@Eb=?EBH'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'D>_E;:D'`>@F=F'CB@LMBDBGE;:Dc'
&M>'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M':??>F?>J':F';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'aEDD'
?M>H'b>']=@?M>@'EHFL>;?>J']B@';BCL:?EbEDE?K'aE?M'HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBH':HJ';DE?E;'C:@<EHG'
gaE?M'B@'aE?MB=?'HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBHhc'
4.3.1. Possessive declension compatibility for distinguishing

parts of speech
$H'?MEF'F>;?EBH'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH';:F>'aEDD'b>'=?EDE^>J'?B'EJ>H?E]K'`:@EB=F'F=bD>_E;:c''
g!>>'4c4'&/.' $)60$.)6Z$0$&m' /$.-6-#/md':bB`>ch''&M>'H:C>F'B]'?M>F>'F=bG@B=LF'B]'?M>'
.@^K:'D>_E;BH'aEDD'b>'GE`>H'EH'B@J>@'B]'MEGM>F?']@>e=>H;K']B@'!'@F?':??>F?>J'C>Cb>@'EH'
>:;M'EHJEÈJ=:D'F=bD>_E;BHc'(B@'>:;M'C>H?EBH>J'F=bD>_E;BHd'>_:CLD>F'B]'@>L@>F>H?:?E`>'
aB@J']B@CF'aEDD'b>'L@BÈJ>J'aE?M'?@:HFD:?EBHF'EH'B@J>@'B]'B;;=@@>H;>c
Nominative case compatibility with parts of speech
$H'?M>'EHE?E:D'EHFL>;?EBH'B]'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'$'M:`>'@>FBD`>J'?B'=?EDE^>'?M>'FL>;E!';:DDK'FEH*
G=D:@'gFEHG=D:?E`>h']B@C'B]'?M>'V!,':JHBCEH:D'C:@<>@c''&MEF';MBE;>'M:F'>DECEH:?>J'L@Bb*
D>CF'aE?M':CbEG=B=F'@>:JEHGF'@>e=E@EHG';BH?>_?'?B'JEF?EHG=EFM'b>?a>>H';:F>'B@'H=Cb>@'
B]':'GE`>H'LBFF>FF=Cc'''$?'M:Fd'MBa>`>@d'@>e=E@>J'?M:?'$';BHFEJ>@';>@?:EH'aB@J'?KL>F'aE?M'
BbDEG:?B@K' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' C:@<EHG' F>L:@:?>DKd' H:C>DKd' ?M>@>' :@>' :FFB;E:?E`>' HB=HF'
aE?M'`:@E:H?'EH?>@L@>?:?EBHFd'>cGc't́et́id́eń ~ t́et́id́em oCK']:?M>@':HJ'?MBF>'aE?M'MECp'C:K'
@>;>E`>'?aB'GDBFF>F'gF>>')"+)!'EH'F>;?EBH'RcVc2c'6&&.!&.7'[6-&!'"('![..#/'6)7'!+Z0.T$*
5"-[/"0",m 4VS
#6hc''g(B@']=@?M>@'@>:JEHG'F>>'1D>C>H?t>`:'233RA'42d'V8d'VSi'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'43Si'7:`KJB`'
4Y8VA'488i'&FKG:H<EH'4Y84A'VWSi'Z=b@E<M'4YWVA'SXi'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'R3h
rMED>' ?M>' HBCEH:?E`>' ;:F>' :??>F?F' ?B' HB' L>@FBH:D' L@BHB=HFd' :JLBFE?EBHF' gaME;M'
bK'J>!'HE?EBH'D:;<':'HBCEH:?E`>']B@C'gF>>'67["!$&$")!'EH'F>;?EBH'RcVc2c'6&&.!&.7' [6-&!'
"(' ![..#/' 6)7' !+Z0.T$#6hd'?M>@>'EF'L@BCEH>H?'>ÈJ>H;>']B@':'`:@E>?K'B]'HB=HFd'EH;D=JEHG'
e=:DE?K'HB=HFd'F=;M':F';BDB@d'"':`B@d'a:@C?Md'>?;c'$H'B@J>@'B]']@>e=>H;K'B]'?M>'!'@F?'F=b*
D>_E;BH'C>Cb>@d'a>';:H'>F?:bDEFMA'
[/m!$#60'B@' 5.)&60' !&6&.'gmeĺ'oCEHJpd'jožo'o]>>DEHGd';BH?:;?'LBEH?pd vij'oF?@>HG?Mpd'ojme'

oFB=Dpd'obuća o;M:@:;?>@phd'
1$)' &.-5!':HJ'B?M>@'MEGM*:HEC:;K'2*:@G=C>H?'@>]>@>H?F'gava'oCB?M>@pd't́et́a o]:?M>@pd'ńi

oaE]>pd'ćora oFBHpd'miŕd́e oM=Fb:HJpd'jalga o;BC@:J>pd't́ejt́eŕ oJ:=GM?>@pd'ĺeĺa o>DJ>@'b@B?M*
>@d'=H;D>pd'baba oG@:HJCB?M>@pd'pat́a o>DJ>@'FEF?>@d':=H?phd'
Z"7m' [6-&!' gčama o]:;>p, śedej oM>:@?p, pŕa oM>:Jp, rungo obBJKp, kurgo oCB=?Mp, peke
oF?BC:;Mp, ked́ oM:HJd':@Cp, piĺge o]BB?d'D>Gpd'mešt́e o;M>F?p, sudo oHBF>phd''
-.06&$")60' ![6&$60' HB=HF' gpotmo oEHFEJ>p, laŋgo o=LL>@' F=@]:;>p, alks ob:F>p, potmaks
obB??BCp, boka oFEJ>p, či͔ŕe o>JG>p, ikeĺks o]@BH?p, udalks ob:;<p, veĺks o;B`>@EHGphd''
[-"7+#&'B@'.5$!!$")''gvajgeĺ'o`BE;>pd't́ev'oaB@<pd'val oaB@Jpd'či͔ńe oFC>DDpd'suĺej oFM:JBad'

@>"'>;?EBHphd'
&.5["-60'!.&&$),!'gška o?EC>p, či͔ oJ:Kp, eŕamo oDE]>phd'
![6&$60'!.&&$),!'gtarka oLD:;>pd'kudo oMB=F>d'MBC>p, veĺe oÈDD:G>p, piŕe oG:@J>Hd'B@;M:@Jphd'
+)$\.-!60'v+6)&$($.-'gveśemeze o:DD'?BDJphd'
7"5.!&$#' 6)$560!'gĺišme oMB@F>pd'kiska oJBGpd skal o;Bapd'alaša oMB@F>pd'ajgor oF?:DDEBHpd'

vašo o]B:Dpd at́akš o@BBF?>@pd psaka o;:?ph
$)&-6)!$&$\.' 7.\.-Z60' )"+)!' x:;?EÈ?Ky' gudoma o?B' FD>>Lpd' kortamo o?B' FL>:<pd' śimema'
o?B' J@EH<pd' bažamo o?B' EH?>HJ' ?Bp, jovtńema o?B' ?>DDp, ĺekśema o?B' b@>:?M>p, kemema o?B'
b>DE>`>p, samo o?B':@@E`>p, pejd́ema o?B'D:=GMpd'tujema o?B'J>L:@?phd'
&-6)!$&$\.' 7.\.-Z60' )"+)!' x:;?EÈ?Ky' gučoma o?B' a:E?p, t́ejema o?B' C:<>p, śt́avtoma o?B'
@:EF>p, tonavtoma o?B'?>:;Mp, čaŕkodema o?B';BCL@>M>HJp, mujema o?B'!'HJpd'pańema o?B'
J@E`>i'?B'b:<>pd'vet́amo o?B'D>:Jphd'x:;?B@y'gvansti͔ća o?B'G=:@Jpd'id́ića o?B'L@B?>;?pd'kiŕd́ića
o?B'MBDJpd'večkića o?B'DB`>pd'tonavti͔ća o?B'?>:;Mpd'polavti͔ća o?B'@>LD:;>pd'uči͔ća o?B'a:E?pd'
ńejića'o?B'F>>pd't́eji o?B'C:<>pd'kuči͔ća o?B'F>HJphc''
4VX 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
5.6!+-.5.)&!' gseŕ oM>EGM?pd' keĺe oaEJ?Mpd' kuvalmo oD>HG?Mpd' stalmo oa>EGM?pd' ečke'
o?ME;<H>FFpd' ije' o:G>pd' pit́ńe' o`:D=>pd' paro' oÈ@?=>pd' śupavči͔ oa>:D?Mpd' ĺembe oa:@C?Mpd'
tańśt́ o"':`B@pd'ašo oaME?>phd
6[[6-.0' ' gpanaroFME@?pd' śive o;BDD:@pd' šapka oM:?p, oršamo o;DB?MEHGp, paća o<>@;ME>]p,
kartuz o;:L'aE?M'ÈFB@p, pĺatija oJ@>FFp, pidžak o;B:?pd'karks ob>D?phd
&""0!'glokšo oaMELpd'penč oFLBBHpd śalgo oLE<>pd peĺuma oF;K?M>pd piks o@BL>pd uźeŕe o:_p
kajga'oÈBDEHpdd'krandaz oa:GBHph
$)&.--",6&$\.'[-")"+)'gmeźe oaM:?ph
6!!"#$6&$\.'.07.-')"+)!'gavid́eń oCK'CB?M>@':HJ'?MBF>'aE?M'M>@ph
[-"[.-')65.!''gĺuda'o0K=J:pd'vad́im'o\:JECph
[-"[.-*)65.'&"[$#'7.-$\6&$")!'xEH'ńizey'glistarńize'o0EF?:@tF'aE]>phc
6F' HB?>J' b>DBa' HBCEH:?E`>' :HJ' G>HE?E`>' C:@<EHG' EH' :DD' L>@FBHF' B?M>@' ?M:H' V!,' :@>'
DE?>@:DDK' :CbEGB=F' ?B' :=?BC:?>J' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' L:@FEHGd' FB' ?M>' F=bD>_E;BH' J:?:' :@>'
:LLDE;:bD>' ?B' ?M>' ;BCbEH>J' HBCEH:?E`>*G>HE?E`>' G@B=Lc' ' &M>' F>e=>H;>' B]' F=bD>_E;:'
b>GEHF' EH' :;;B@J:H;>' aE?M' ?M>' EH:DE>H:bEDE?K' ME>@:@;MK' aE?M' <EH' ?>@CF' :HJ' bBJK' L:@?F'
MEGM>F?'BH'?M>':G>HJ:c''&M>F>':@>']BDDBa>J'bK'FL:;E:D'@>D:?EBHF':HJ'F>??EHGF'aE?M'L@BJ=;?'
B@'>CEFFEBHFc''&M>'MEGM>F?'B]'?M>'BbDEG:?B@EDK'C:@<>J'F=bD>_E;:'EF'?M:?'B]'?M>'=HE`>@F:D'
e=:H?E!'>@d'aME;M'EF']BDDBa>J'bK':'JBC>F?E;':HEC:DF'F=bD>_E;BHc''&M>'?aB'F=bD>_E;:'B]'
J>`>@b:D' HB=HFd' E?' aEDD' b>' HB?>Jd' ]:`B@' ' EH?@:HFE?E`>' B`>@' ?@:HFE?E`>' `>@bFc' ' 7>`>@b:DF'
J>@E`>J']@BC'EH?@:HFE?E`>'F?>CF'@>]>@>H;>':;?EÈ?E>F':HJ'?M>'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'C:@<>@F':@>'
=H:CbEG=B=FDK' !*B@E>H?>Jc''&MBF>'J>@E`>J']@BC'?@:HFE?E`>'F?>CF':@>':CbEb=B=Fi'F?>CF'
@>]>@>H;EHG':;?EÈ?E>F'CEGM?'M:`>' ['B@' 6'B@E>H?:?EBH'EH'?M>E@'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_>Fd'aM>@>:F'
LBFF>FFB@' EHJ>_EHG' BH' :;?B@*@>]>@>H;>' HB=HF' EH:J`>@?>H?DK' FL>;E]K' L:?E>H?*B@E>H?:?EBH'
B]' ?M>' LBFF>FFB@c' ' !=bF>e=>H?' LBFF>FF:' ]:DD' EH?B' ?M>' F=bD>_E;:' C>:F=@>C>H?Fd' :LL:@>D'
:HJ'?BBDFd'aE?M'BHDK'CEHEC:D':??>F?:?EBH']B@'EH?>@@B:?E`>'L@BHB=HFd'BbDEG:?B@EDK'C:@<>J'
:FFB;E:?E`>' >DJ>@' HB=HF' :HJ' L@BL>@' H:C>Fc' ' "bDEG:?B@K' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' C:@<EHG' EF'
F>>H'EH'?M>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF':HJ'e=:H?E!'>@Fc''
Genitive case compatibility with parts of speech
&M>'F=bF>?'B]'D>_E;:D'>D>C>H?F':??>F?>J'aE?M'?M>'HBH*:CbEG=B=F'@>:JEHG'B]'HBCEH:?E`>'
FEHG=D:@'V!,':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'CB@LM>C>';:H'b>'=?EDE^>J'EH'?M>'JEF?EH;?EBH'B]'F=bD>_E;:'
;BCCBH' ?B' bB?M' ?M>' HBCEH:?E`>' :HJ' ?M>' G>HE?E`>c' ZK' ?M>' F:C>' ?B<>H' aB@J' E?>CF' HB?'
>H;B=H?>@>J' EH' ?M>' V!,|)"5c!,' L:@F>' CEGM?' b>' ;BHFEJ>@>J' >E?M>@' LD=@:D' EH' H:?=@>' B@'
L:@?E;=D:@'?B'?M>'G>HE?E`>qBbDEe=>'@:HG>'B]';:F>c''5BF?'D>_E;:D'E?>CF'aME;M':@>'?KLE;:DDK'
5"-[/"0",m 4VY
LD=@:D'b>DBHG'?B'?M>'F=bD>_E;:'bBJK'L:@?F'B@'LMKFE;:D':HJ'C>H?:D'F?:?>Fc''/>H;>'?M>'BHDK'
H>a'aB@JF'?B'b>':??>F?>J']@BC'?M>':CbEG=B=F'LD=@:D'EH;D=J>'?M>'aB@JF'čeŕ oM:E@pd'kež
o]=@Kpd'pej o?BB?Mpd'sakal ob>:@Jpc
&KLE;:DDK'LD=@:D'gśeĺme'o>K>pd'ked́ oM:HJd':@Cpd'piĺge'o]BB?d'D>Gpd'turva'oDELpd čeŕ'oM:E@pd'

lavtov'oFMB=DJ>@pd'kež o]=@Kpd'pej'o?BB?Mpd'sakal ob>:@Jphc
&M>'F=bD>_E;:'aE?M' )"' )"5$)6&$\.' ("-5' -.67$),F':@>'CBF?'L@BCEH>H?DK'@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'

?M>' L>@FBH:D' :HJ' @>"'>_E`>*F?>C' L@BHB=HFc' ' rM>@>:F' L>@FBH:D' L@BHB=HF' :@>' G>H>@:DDK'
:;;>L?>J'?B'FMBa'BbDEG:?B@K'LBFF>FFE`>'C:@<EHG':]?>@'?M>E@';:F>'C:@<EHGd'?MEF'C:@<EHG'
F?@:?>GK'EF'FM:@>J'bK'?M>'G>HE?E`>d':F'a>DDd'aME;M'CEGM?'b>';M:@:;?>@E^>J':F'>E?M>@'BbDEe=>'
C:@<EHG' BH' ?M>' aB@J' F?>Cd' B@' JE:;M@BHE;:DDK' :H' EHJ>!'HE?>' G>HE?E`>' aE?M' F=bF>e=>H?'
LBFF>FFE`>' C:@<EHGc' ' &M>' @>"'>_E`>*F?>C' L@BHB=HFd' MBa>`>@d' M:`>' b>>H' L@>F>H?>J'
EH' J>;D>HFEBH' ;M:@?F' aE?M' :H' >@@BH>B=F' eś HBCEH:?E`>' ]B@Cd' ;BCCBH' ?B' :DDd' aM>@>:F'
?MEF'L:@:JEGC'D:;<F':'FEbDEHG'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>i'eś CEGM?'b>'J>:D?'aE?M':F':'J>L>HJ>H?'
:bFBD=?E`>']B@C'g;]c'6G:]BHB`:'2333A'4R2f4RVi'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'44Vi',5m:'4YX3A'4Y4i'
n:E;^'2338A'4YShd'F>>'?:bD>'gRcRWhc''/>@>':@>':JQ=F?C>H?F']B@'J>L>HJ>H?':HJ'EHJ>L>HJ>H?'
@>"'>_E`>'@>:JEHG':F'a>DD':F':H':??>F?:?EBH']B@'2!,'?@:HFD:?E`>';:F>d'F>>'gW4hc''
Table 4.45 ->"'>_E`>'F?>C'J>;D>HFEBH'aE?M'EHJ>L>HJ>H?';:F>']B@CF'aM>@>:F'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>*

' ' ;:F>']B@C'EF'F=LLD>?E`>':HJ'?M>'eś ]B@C'EF':'J>L>HJ>H?':bFBD=?E`>']B@C
[.-! $)7.[.)7.)&'("-5!
!=L* ,.)q 76& 6Z0 [-"0 &-)!0 #"5[ 6Z.
LD>?E`>' "Z0
)"5
4!, monś eśeń eśt́eń eśt́ed́eń eśkan eśeškan ~ eśt́emeń

eśškan
4[0 mińś eśeńek eśt́eńek eśt́ed́eńek eśkanok eśeškanok eśt́emeńek
~ eśškanok
2!, tonś eśet́ eśt́et́ eśt́ed́et́ eśkat eśkset́ eśeškat ~ eśt́emet́
eśškat
2[0 ti͔ńś eśeŋk eśt́eŋk eśt́ed́eŋk eśkaŋk eśeškaŋk eśt́emeŋk
~ eśškaŋk
V!, sonś eśenze eśt́enze eśt́ed́enze eśkanzo eśeškanzo eśt́emenze
~ eśškanzo
V[0 si͔ńś eśest eśt́est eśt́ed́est eśkast eśeškast ~ eśt́emest
eśškast
4R3 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
gW4h' azd+an, ki+ks

HB?*<HBaz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*4!,d''aMBz[-")*-.0U&-)!0''
tu+ś toń t́e
J>L:@?z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''KB=z[-")*[.-!*2!,c,.)''?MEFz[-")*7.5*[-"Tc6Z!
ćora+ś, buĺčom, eś+ks+et́,
FBHz)U)"5c7.(c!,d'':F*?MB=GMz[-&d''' F>D]z-.(0*!&.5U&-6)!U["!!*2!,d''
ińe+ń astaj.
G@>:?z679A)U,.)'' 6F?:Ez[-[c)"5c!,
g-:J:K>`'4YY4A'4Yh'o$'JBHp?'<HBa'aMB'?MEF'FBH'B]'KB=@'@>F>CbD>Fd'E?'F>>CF':F'?MB=GMd'
KB='KB=@F>D]d'@>`>@>J'6F?:Ecp
"bDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'EF'>_LDE;E?DK':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'G>HE?E`>']B@CF'B]'?M>'
V!,d'4[0d'2[0':HJ'V[0'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFc''g!>>':DFB'$)7$!#.-)$Z0.'#T'b>DBach
Dative case compatibility with parts of speech
$H'?M>'EHE?E:D'EHFL>;?EBH'B]'?M>'J:?E`>'$'M:`>'@>FBD`>J'?B'=?EDE^>'?M>'V!,':JHBCEH:D'C:@<>@'
:F'E?'EF'L=@LB@?>J'?B'b>';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M'bB?M'<EH'?>@CF':HJ'B?M>@'?:@G>?Fd':F'a>DDc''&MEF'
;MBE;>'M:F'>DECEH:?>J'L@BbD>CF'aE?M':CbEG=B=F'@>:JEHG'@>e=E@EHG';BH?>_?'?B'JEF?EHG=EFM'
b>?a>>H'EHJ>!'HE?>'J:?E`>'@>:JEHG':HJ'4!,'@>:JEHGFc'
1$)' &.-5!' :HJ' B?M>@' MEGM*:HEC:;K' 2*:@G=C>H?' @>]>@>H?F' gava' oCB?M>@pd' t́et́a
o]:?M>@pd'
ńi oaE]>pd'jalga o;BC@:J>pd'ćora oFBHpd't́ejt́eŕ oJ:=GM?>@pd miŕd́e oM=Fb:HJpd pat́a o>DJ>@'
FEF?>@d':=H?pd'baba oG@:HJCB?M>@pd'ĺeĺa o>DJ>@'b@B?M>@d'=H;D>phd'
Z"7m'[6-&!'gpiĺe o>:@p, pŕa oM>:Jp, śedej oM>:@?p, śeĺme o>K>phd
&-6)!$&$\.' 7.\.-Z60' )"+)!'x:;?B@y'gvet́ića o?B'D>:Jpd'uskića o?B'M:=Dpd'iĺt́ića o?B'>F;B@?pd'

id́ića o?B'L@B?>;?pd'tonavti͔ća o?B'?>:;Mpd'uči͔ća o?B'a:E?pd'ńejića'o?B'F>>pd't́eji o?B'C:<>pd'
kuči͔ća o?B'F>HJphc''
$)&-6)!$&$\.' 7.\.-Z60' )"+)!'x:;?EÈ?Ky'gĺiśema o?B';BC>'B=?pd'sovamo o?B'>H?>@pd'eŕamo'

o?B'DE`>phd'
[-"7+#&'B@'.5$!!$")''gval'oaB@Jpd'poem oLB>Cpd''vajgeĺ'o`BE;>pd'či͔ńe oFC>DDphd''
,-"+['B]'5.5Z.-!/$[''gśemija'o]:CEDKpd'raśke oH:?EBHpd''brigada'ob@EG:J>pd'ušmo o:@CKphd''
[-"[.-' )65.!'gmatŕa'o5:?@K:pd'kat́a'o1:?K:pd vera'o\>@:pd'doškeńize'o7BFM<>tF'aE]>pd'

śima o!EC:ph
5"-[/"0",m 4R4
[-"[.-*)65.' &"[$#' 7.-$\6&$")!'xEH'ńizey'gmurzańize'o5=@^:tF'aE]>pd'śomańize'o!KBC:tF'

aE]>pd listarńize'o0EF?:@tF'aE]>pd'doškeńize'o7BFM<>tF'aE]>phd
5$)$560$n$),'v+6)&$($.-''gśkamonsteń'obK'MEFqM>@qE?F'F>D]phc'
6'F=bF>e=>H?'EHFL>;?EBH'a:F'C:J>'B]'J:?E`>*;:F>'LBFF>FF:'aE?M'2!,'@>:JEHGFA
1$)' &.-5!' :HJ' B?M>@' MEGM*:HEC:;K' 2*:@G=C>H?' @>]>@>H?F' gt́et́a o]:?M>@pd' ava' oCB?M>@pd'
ĺeĺa o>DJ>@'b@B?M>@d'=H;D>pd pat́a o>DJ>@'FEF?>@d':=H?pd'pokšt́a oG@:HJ]:?M>@pd'pola oFLB=F>pd'
t́et́at%avat o]:?M>@*H*CB?M>@pd'baba oG@:HJCB?M>@pd miŕd́e oM=Fb:HJpd'ćora oFBHpd'avavt
oCB?M>@*EH*D:a'gM=Fb:HJtF'CB?M>@hphc'
&M>@>' a:F' :DFB' >ÈJ>H;>' ]B@' :HB?M>@' G@B=Ld' ?M>' &-6)!$&$\.' 7.\.-Z60' )"+)!' x:;?B@y'
gkuči͔ća'o?B'F>HJphc'&MEF'CEGM?'EH'E?F'BaH'@EGM?'LBF>'?M>'e=>F?EBH'B]'?M>'@BD>'B]':@G=C>H?'
F?@=;?=@>F'EH`BD`>J'EH'J:?E`>'C:@<EHGc
&M>'7:?E`>':JLBFE?EBH'EH't́eń 4!,d't́et́ ~ t́eńt́ 2!,d't́enze V!,d't́eńek 4[0d't́eŋk 2[0':HJ'

t́est ~ t́enst V[0d'M:F':'`>@K'MEGM']@>e=>H;Kd'b=?'=HDE<>'B?M>@':JLBFE?EBHF'?MEF'L:@:JEGCd'
]>:?=@EHG' BbDEG:?B@K' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' C:@<EHGd' M:F' :' ;B=H?>@L:@?' EH' ?M>' L>@FBH:D*
L@BHB=H' J>;D>HFEBH' ;M:@?d' H:C>DKd' mońeń 4!,d' tońet́ 2!,d' sońenze V!,d' mińeńek 4[0d'
ti͔ńeŋk 2[0':HJ'si͔ńest ~ si͔ńenst V[0c
&M>' =F>' B]' J:?E`>*;:F>' LBFF>FFB@' EHJ>_EHG' EF' ?KLE;:D' B]' <EH' ?>@CF' :HJ' bBJK' L:@?Fd' :F'
CEGM?'b>'L@>JE;?>J']@BC'?M>E@'@Bb=F?H>FF'EH'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>'C:@<EHG':HJ'?M>E@'
;B@@>D:?EBH'aE?M'4c4'&/.'$)60$.)6Z$0$&m'/$.-6-#/mc'+H>_L>;?>Jd'L>@M:LFd'EF'?M>'L@>F>H;>'
B]' ?M>' F=bD>_E;BH' J>`>@b:D' ?@:HFE?E`>*F?>C' :;?B@Fd' aME;M' CEGM?' :DFB' b>' @>G:@J>J' :F' :'
F=bD>_E;BH'B]'EH:DE>H:bD>'F>;BHJ:@K':@G=C>H?Fc''&M>'LBFF>FFB@qL:?E>H?'EF':DFB'>_?@>C>DK'
MEGM'BH'?M>' !60$.)#.' /$.-6-#/$.!' "(' 6##.!!$Z$0$&m'g4c2hc''"bDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'
C:@<EHG'EF'F>>H'EH'?M>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFc
Ablative case compatibility with parts of speech
&M>':bD:?E`>';:F>':??>F?FA
[.-!")60'[-")"+)!'gsońd́enze'V!,d'mońd́eń 4!,d'tońd́et́'2!,d'mińd́eńek 4[0d'si͔ńd́est V[0d'

ti͔ńd́eŋk'2[0hd'
-.(0.T$\.*!&.5'[-")"+)!'geśt́ed́enze'V!,d'eśt́ed́et́'2!,d'eśt́ed́eń 4!,hd'
-.(0.T$\.'[.-!")60'[-")"+)!'gmonśt́ed́eń 4!,d'sonśt́ed́enze V!,hd'

4R2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
67["!$&$")!' gejsoEH?Bp, vakss oH>_?' ?Bp, malas oEH?B' ?M>' È;EHE?K' B]p, karšos o:G:EHF?p,
koŕas o:;;B@JEHG'?Bphd'
$)&-6)!$&$\.' 7.\.-Z60' )"+)!' gtujemado' o?B' J>L:@?pd' eŕamodo' o?B' DE`>pd' samodo o?B' :@*
@E`>pd'kulomado'o?B'JE>pd'ĺiśemado'o?B';BC>'B=?pd'jakamodo'o?B'a:D<d'?B'ÈFE?phd'
Z"7m'[6-&!'gpŕa'oM>:Jpd'keĺ o?BHG=>pd'śeĺme'o>K>pd'piĺge o]BB?d'D>Gpd'sur'o!'HG>@phd'
[-"7+#&'B@'.5$!!$")''gt́ev'oaB@<pd'vajgeĺ o`BE;>pd'šum oHBEF>pd'či͔ńe oFC>DDpd'struja'o@:Kphd'
1$)' &.-5!':HJ'B?M>@'MEGM*:HEC:;K'2*:@G=C>H?'@>]>@>H?F'gt́et́a o]:?M>@pd'ćora'oFBHpd'ava'

oCB?M>@pd' jalga o;BC@:J>pd ńi' oaE]>pd' miŕd́e' oM=Fb:HJpd' t́ejt́eŕ oJ:=GM?>@pd' aluž oJ>:@d'
]>DDBaphd'
![6&$60'!.&&$),!'gtarka'oLD:;>pd'veĺe'oÈDD:G>pd'eŕamo'oDE]>pd'kudo'oMB=F>d'MBC>phd'
&-6)!$&$\.')")*($)$&.!'gnoldamodo'o?B'@>D>:F>pd'iĺt́amodo'o?B'>F;B@?pd'sajemado'o?B'?:<>pd'
pŕadomado'o?B'!'HEFMpd'lovnomado'o?B'@>:Jpd't́ejemado o?B'C:<>phc''
"bDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'EF'F>>H'EH'?M>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFc
Inessive case compatibility with parts of speech
&M>'EH>FFE`>';:F>':??>F?FA
67["!$&$")!'gejse oEHp, vaksso oH>_?'?Bp, kise o]B@p, malaso oH>:@phd'
-.06&$")60' ![6&$60'HB=HF'glaŋgo'o=LL>@'F=@]:;>pd'potmo'oEHFEJ>pd'pe'o>HJpd'jutko'oFL:;>'
b>?a>>Hpd'veĺks o;B`>@pd'koj'o;=F?BCpd'lad oC:HH>@pd'jožo o;BH?:;?'LBEH?pd'kunška'o;>H*
?>@pd'boka'oFEJ>phd'
Z"7m'[6-&!'gked́ oM:HJd':@Cpd'pŕa'oM>:Jpd'śeĺme'o>K>pd'piĺge'o]BB?d'D>Gpd sur'o!'HG>@pd'śedej

oM>:@?pd'mešt́e o;M>F?pd'meĺ oCEHJpd'turva oDELpd'pulo'o?:EDphd'
5.6!+-.5.)&!'gseŕ oM>EGM?pd'kuvalmo oD>HG?Mpd'keĺe oaEJ?Mphd'
![6&$60'!.&&$),!'gtarka'oLD:;>pd'veĺe oÈDD:G>pd'kudo oMB=F>d'MBC>pd'pakśa'o!'>DJpd'eŕamo'

oDE]>pd'škola oF;MBBDpd'šabra H>EGMbB@hd'
6[[6-.0''gźepe'oLB;<>?pd'oža'oFD>>`>pd'palka'oF?E;<phd'
5"-[/"0",m 4RV
[-"7+#&' B@' .5$!!$")' ' gval' oaB@Jpd' śorma oD>??>@pd' moro' oFBHGpd' aŕśema' o?MB=GM?pd' śt́ix'
oLB>Cpd't́ev oaB@<phd'
?M>@>'EF'CEHEC:D'=F>'B]'1$)'&.-5!'gćora'oFBHpd't́et́a'o]:?M>@phc''
"bDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'EF'F>>H'EH'L@>F>H?:?EBHF'B]'?M>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'
EH'G@:CC:@Fd'b=?'HB?'M>@>c
Elative case compatibility with parts of speech
&M>'>D:?E`>';:F>':??>F?FA
67["!$&$")!'gejste oB=?'B]p, vakssto o:a:K']@BCp, malasto o]@BC'H>:@'bKphd'
-.06&$")60'![6&$60'HB=HF'glaŋgo o=LL>@'F=@]:;>p, jutko oFL:;>'b>?a>>Hp, potmo oEHFEJ>p,

pe o>HJp, či͔re o>JG>p, ekše oFM>D?>@'B]p, jožo oLBEH?'B]';BH?:;?p, veĺks o;B`>@EHGphd'
Z"7m'[6-&!'gked́ oM:HJd':@Cp, pŕa oM>:Jp, kurgo oCB=?Mp, śeĺme o>K>p, čama o]:;>p, końa
o]B@>M>:Jp, śedej oM>:@?p, piĺge o]BB?d'D>Gp, mešt́e o;M>F?p, kiŕga o?M@B:?phd'
1$)' &.-5!':HJ'B?M>@'MEGM*:HEC:;K'2*:@G=C>H?'@>]>@>H?F'gjalga o;BC@:J>p, kaka o;MEDJp,

ava oCB?M>@p, oja o;DBF>' ]@E>HJp, ćora oFBHp, t́et́a o]:?M>@p, sazor oDE??D>' FEF?>@p, pakša
o;MEDJp, aluž oJ>:@d']>DDBaphd'
![6&$60' !.&&$),!'gtarka oLD:;>p, kudo oMB=F>d'MBC>p, pize oH>F?p, mastor oD:HJd';B=H?@Kd'

>:@?Mp, veĺe oÈDD:G>p, joŋks o:@>:d'@>GEBHp, piŕe oG:@J>Hd'B@;M:@Jphd'
&.5["-60'!.&&$),!'gška o?EC>p, či͔ oJ:Kp, on oJ@>:Cp, piŋge oDE]>'?EC>phd'
oLB;<>?p, sumka oL=@F>p, karks ob>D?p, portfeĺ oF=E?;:F>p,

6[[6-.0' x;BH?:EH>@Fy' gźepe
mešok ob:Gp, kotom oM:`>@F:;<p, ćiĺim oLEL>p, poŋgo obBFBCp, šapka oM:?phd'
$)&-6)!$&$\.')")*($)$&.!'gtujemste o?B'J>L:@?p, moĺemste o?B'GB':DBHGp, jutamsto o?B'L:FFp,

uĺemste o?B'b>p, ĺiśemste o?B';BC>'B=?p, samsto o?B':@@E`>p, eŕamsto o?B'DE`>p, sovamsto o?B'
>H?>@p, čačomsto o?B'b>'bB@Hp, udomsto o?B'FD>>Lphd'
&-6)!$&$\.')")*($)$&.!'giĺt́amsto o?B'>F;B@?p,
vanomsto o?B'a:?;Mp, kunsolomsto o?B'DEF?>Hp,
panžomsto o?B'BL>Hp, lovnomsto o?B'@>:Jp, ńejemste o?B'F>>p, t́ejemste o?B'C:<>p, sajemste
o?B'?:<>p, noldamsto o?B'@>D>:F>p, vastomsto o?B'C>>?phd'
[.-!")60'[-")"+)!'gmoństeń oxb>GEHHEHGy'aE?M'C>phd'
4RR 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
$)&.--",6&$\.'[-"*)'gmeźeste o]@BC'aM:?phd'
+)$\.-!60'v+6)&$($.-'gveśemste oB]':DDphc''
Illative case compatibility with parts of speech
&M>' EDD:?E`>' ;:F>' EF' :??>F?>J' aE?M' )"+)!d' v+6)&$($.-!d' [.-!")60' [-")"+)!d' 67["!$&$")!d'
:HJ')")*($)$&.!'EH'%m+Oz+. $?'EF'CBF?'L@BCEH>H?'EH'-.06&$")60'![6&$60'HB=HFd':JLBFE?EBHF'
gaE?M'HB'L:@:JEGC:?E;'HBCEH:?E`>']B@CFhd'bBJK'L:@?Fd'FL:?E:D'F>??EHGd'?>CLB@:D'F>??EHGFd'
:LL:@>D'b=?'BHDK'FDEGM?DK':??>F?>J'EH'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFc'
-.06&$")60' ![6&$60'HB=HF'glaŋgo o=LL>@'F=@]:;>p, jutko oFL:;>'b>?a>>Hpd'veĺks o;B`>@*

EHGpd'pe o>HJpd'potmo oEHFEJ>p, ekše oFM>D?>@'B]p, boka oFEJ>p, či͔ŕe o>JG>p, jon oJE@>;?EBHp,
potmaks obB??BCphd''
67["!$&$")!'gejs o=L'?Bp, vakss oH>_?'?Bp, malas o?B'?M>'È;EHE?K'B]phd'
Z"7m' [6-&!' gmeĺoCEHJpd' pŕa' oM>:Jpd' ked́ oM:HJd' :@Cpd' čama o]:;>pd' piĺe o>:@pd' śeĺme'
o>K>pd'kurgo oCB=?Mpd'kiŕga'o?M@B:?p, piĺge o]BB?d'D>Gphd'
![6&$60'!.&&$),!'gtarka'oLD:;>pd'kudo'oMB=F>d'MBC>pd'pize'oH>F?pd'veĺe'oÈDD:G>phd'
6[[6-.0''gźepe oLB;<>?pd'kartuz o;:L'aE?M'ÈFB@pd'karks ob>D?p,'poŋgo obBFBCphd
$)&-6)!$&$\.'7.\.-Z60')"+)!'x:;?EÈ?Ky'gvastoma o?B'C>>?p, samo o?B':@@E`>pd'kuloma o?B'

JE>pd'kortamo o?B'FL>:<pd'tujema o?B'J>L:@?pd'pramo o?B']:DDpd'eŕamo o?B'DE`>phd
&-6)!$&$\.'7.\.-Z60')"+)!'x:;?EÈ?Ky'gputoma o?B'LD:;>phd
&.5["-60' !.&&$),!' gči͔ oJ:Kp, ije oK>:@pd' piŋge oDE]>' ?EC>pd ńedĺa oa>><pd' kov oCBH?Mp
eŕamo oDE]>phd'
[-"7+#&'B@'.5$!!$")''gt́ev'oaB@<pd'val oaB@Jpd'vajgeĺ'o`BE;>pd'či͔ńe oFC>DDpd'suĺej oFM:JBad'

@>"'>;?EBHphd'
[.-!")60'[-")"+)!'gmońzeń 4!,d'tońzet́'2!,d'mińzeńek 4[0hd'
#6-7$)60')+5.-60'gkolmozonok o?M>'?M@>>'B]'=Fphd
5$)$560$n$),'v+6)&$($.-'gśkamozot o]B@'KB='x!,y':DBH>phc
5"-[/"0",m 4RW
Prolative case compatibility with parts of speech
&M>' L@BD:?E`>' ;:F>' EF' :??>F?>J' aE?M' )"+)!d' -.(0.T$\.*!&.5' [-")"+)!d' 67["!$&$")!d' :HJ'
)")*($)$&.!'EH'%mga. &M>'CBF?'L@BCEH>H?'B]'?M>'HB=HF':@>' -.06&$")60' ![6&$60'HB=HFd'
=F=:DDK';D:FFE!'>J'EH'.@^K:'G@:CC:@F':F'LBF?LBFE?EBHFd'Z"7m*[6-&!'HB=HF':HJ'![6&$60'!.&*
&$),!'c''&M>'@>D:?EBH:D'FL:?E:D'HB=HF';:H'b>'JEF?EHG=EFM>J']@BC'B?M>@'aB@JF'=F>J':F':JLB*
FE?EBHF'bK'C>:HF'B]':'L:@:C>?>@'xà/6!')"5$)6&$\.'("-5yc''
67["!$&$")!'gpačka o?M@B=GMpd'ezga o:DBHGp, vakska oL:F?p, trokska o:;@BFFpd alga o=H*

J>@pd'peŕkava o:@B=HJpd'malava oEH'?M>'È;EHE?K'B]pd'vaĺmalga o:?'?M>'aEHJBaphd'
-.06&$")60'![6&$60'HB=HF'gjutko oFL:;>'b>?a>>Hp, laŋgo o=LL>@'F=@]:;>p, potmo oEHFEJ>p,

veĺks o;B`>@EHGp, či͔re o>JG>p, jon oJE@>;?EBHp, pŕava o?BLp, jožo oLBEH?'B]';BH?:;?phd'
-.(0.T$\.*!&.5'[-")"+)!'geśkanzo'V!,d'eśkast'V[0d'eśkan 4!,d'eśkat 2!,d'eśkanok 4[hd'
Z"7m' [6-&!' gčama o]:;>p, pŕa oM>:Jp, rungo obBJKp, lavtov oFMB=DJ>@p, kiŕga o?M@B:?pd'
mešt́e o;M>F?p, końa o]B@>M>:Jpd''št́oka o;M>><p, śeĺme o>K>p, kurgo oCB=?Mp, piĺe o>:@phd''
![6&$60'!.&&$),!'gtarka oLD:;>pd'kudo oMB=F>d'MBC>p, ki o@B:Jpd'śĺed oL:?Mpd'kardaz oK:@Jp,

vaŕa ob=@@Bapd'ugol o;B@H>@phd
&-6)!$&$\.' 7.\.-Z60' )"+)!' x:;?EÈ?Ky' gšnamga o?B' L@:EF>p, ojmavtomga' o?B' LD:;:?>p,
ĺed́śt́amga'o?B'@>C>Cb>@p, id́emga'o?B'L@B?>;?p, vastomga'o?B'C>>?phd'
$)&-6)!$&$\.' 7.\.-Z60' )"+)!'x:;?EÈ?Ky'geŕamga'o?B'DE`>p, lovomga'o?B';BHFEJ>@p, jaka%

mga'o?B'ÈFE?phc'
"bDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'EF'F>>H'EH'?M>'@>"'>_E`>*F?>C'L@BHB=HFc
Locative case compatibility with parts of speech
&M>' DB;:?E`>' ;:F>' EF' :??>F?>J' BHDK' ]B@' FBC>' :JLBFE?EBHFd' @>D:?EBH:D*FL:?E:D' HB=HF' :HJ'
%Om+O' J>;D>HFEBHF' B]' ?@:HFE?E`>' `>@bFc' ' 6FF=CEHG' :' JEÈFEBH' B]' :JLBFE?EBHF' ]@BC'
@>D:?EBH:D'FL:?E:D'HB=HFd'aM>@>':JLBFE?EBHF'JB'HB?'M:`>'HBCEH:?E`>*;:F>']B@CFd':']=@?M>@'
JEÈFEBH';:H'b>'C:J>'BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]'aM>?M>@'?M>'FL:?E:D';:F>F':@>'EHJE;:?>J'bK':'DB;:?E`>*
:bD:?E`>*D:?E`>*L@BD:?E`>' B@' :H' EH>FFE`>*>D:?E`>*EDD:?E`>*L@BD:?E`>' L:@:JEGCc' ' $?' EF' ?MEF'
]B@C>@'F>?';BHFEF?EHG'B]'F?>CF'>HJEHG'EH'%r%d'%ŕ%d'%l%d'%ĺ%d'%n%'?M:?'?:<>F'?M>'DB;:?E`>*;:F>'
C:@<>@'EH'%Oc''
4R8 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Translative case compatibility with parts of speech
6DD' EHF?:H;>F' B]' ?M>' ?@:HFD:?E`>' ;:F>' EH' ?M>' LBFF>FFE`>' J>;D>HFEBH' :@>' CEHEC:Dc' ' $?' EF'
@>L@>F>H?>J'bK'EHJEÈJ=:D'EHF?:H;>F'EH'?M@>>'?KL>F'B]'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFA
[.-!")60'[-")"+)!'gtońkset́'2!,hd'
-.(0.T$\.*!&.5'[-")"+)!'geśkset́'2!,hd'
-.(0.T$\.'[.-!")60'[-")"+)!'gmonśekseń 4!,hc
"bDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'EF'F>>H'EH'?M>'-.(0.T$\.*!&.5d'-.(0.T$\.*[.-!")60'
:HJ'[.-!")60'[-")"+)!c
Comparative case compatibility with parts of speech
&M>' ;BCL:@:?E`>' ;:F>' M:F' :' `>@K' DBa' :??>F?:?EBH' EH' ?M>' LBFF>FFE`>' J>;D>HFEBHc' '6F' :'
C:@<>@']B@'?M>'F?:HJ:@J'B]'>e=:D';BCL:@EFBH'E?'C:K';BC>':F'HB'F=@L@EF>'?M:?'?M>'BHDK'
F=bD>_E;BH':??>F?>J'aE?M'CB@>'?M:H'?aB'ME?F'a:F'?M>'e=:H?E]KEHG'>_L@>FFEBH'peĺeškanzo
o:bB=?'M:D]'B]'E?p'43'ME?Fd'aE?M'E?F'FEbDEHG':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH';>DDFc''ZK'F>:@;MEHG']B@'aB@J'
]B@CF'aE?MB=?':CbEG=B=F'4FG'*N':HJ'2FG'%T'@>:JEHGFd'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'
HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:Dd'@>FL>;?E`>DKd'$'a:F']=@?M>@':bD>'?B'JEF;>@H'?@:;>F'B]'?M>'-.(0.T$\.*!&.5'
:HJ'[.-!")60'[-")"+)'L:@:JEGCd':F'a>DD':F'?M>'1$)*&.-5d'Z"7m*[6-&':HJ'![6&$60*!.&&$),'
F=bD>_E;:d'>:;M'aE?M'BHDK'BH>'ME?'L>@'aB@J']B@Cc
Abessive case compatibility with parts of speech
$H' >_:CEHEHG' ?M>' aB@J' ]B@CF' :??>F?>J' aE?M' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' C:@<EHG' ]B@' bB?M' :b>FFE`>'
;:F>':HJ':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBHd'E?'b>;:C>':LL:@>H?'?M:?'?M>'?aB'F=bD>_E;:'aE?M'CBF?']@>e=>H?'
:??>F?:?EBH']B@'?MEF';BCL:?EbEDE?K':@>'@>L@>F>H?:?E`>'B]'?M>'F:C>'L:@?'B]'FL>>;Md'H:C>DKd'
L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFc''
[.-!")60' [-")"+)!' gtońt́emet́' 2!,d' sońt́emenze' V!,d' mońt́emeń 4!,d' si͔ńt́emest V[0d'
ti͔ńt́emeŋk'2[0d'mińt́emeńek 4[0hd'
-.(0.T$\.*!&.5'[-")"+)!'geśt́emeń 4!,d eśt́emenze'V!,hd'
-.(0.T$\.' [.-!")60' [-")"+)!' gsońśt́emenze' V!,d' mońśt́emeń 4!,d' tońśt́emet́' 2!,d'

si͔ńśt́emest V[0d'mińśt́emeńek 4[0d'ti͔ńśt́emeŋk'2[0hd'
1$)'&.-5!':HJ'B?M>@'MEGM*:HEC:;K'2*:@G=C>H?'@>]>@>H?F'gmiŕd́e'oM=Fb:HJpd't́et́a o]:?M>@pd'
ńi'oaE]>pd'ava'oCB?M>@pd'azor'oC:F?>@phc
5"-[/"0",m 4RS
&M>':b>FFE`>';:F>'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH':??>F?F'?B';BCL:?EbEDE?K'aE?M' -.(0.T$\.'
[.-!")60' [-")"+)!' gbB?M' FECLD>' @>"'>_E`>*F?>C' :HJ' L@BHB=H' U' @>"'>_E`>*F?>C' F?@:?>*
GE>Fhd'[.-!")60'[-")"+)!':HJ'1$)'&.-5!c'
Comitative case compatibility with parts of speech
$H'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'?M>';BCE?:?E`>';:F>'EF';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M'e=:H?E!'>@F':DBH>c''
&M>F>' e=:H?E!'>@F' ;:H' b>' b@B<>H' EH?B' ?aB' F=bG@B=LF' B]' aM:?' EF' <HBaH' >DF>aM>@>' :F'
:FFB;E:?E`>*;BDD>;?E`>'H=C>@:DF'gF>>'-=>?>@d'"H'e=:H?E!';:?EBH'EH'.@^K:d']B@?M;BCEHGhd'
Ec>c'?M>'CB@>';BCCBH'kolmo+ńe+nze ?M@>>z)+5*#6-7U#"5U["!!*V!,'o?M>'?M@>>'B]'?M>C'
gJEF;B=@F>':H;MB@'U'?aB'B?M>@Fhpd':HJ'?M>':LL@B_EC:?E`>'śado+ška+ńe+st M=HJ@>Jz)+5*
#6-7U#"5U["!!*V[0'o:bB=?'BH>'M=HJ@>J'B]'?M>C'gJEF;B=@F>':H;MB@'U':FFB;E:?>J'B?M>@F'
EH'F=C'B]':LL@B_EC:?>DK'433hpc''&MEF'?aB*a:K'FLDE?'EF':DFB':LLDE;:bD>'?B'?M>'EH?>@@BG:?E`>'
e=>F?EBH' aB@J' źaro oMBa' C:HKpd' aME;M' EF' @>HJ>@>J' EH' `:@E:?EBHF' B]' źarońenze oMBa'
C:HK'B]'?M>Cp :HJ'źaroškańenze'o:bB=?'MBa'C:HK'B]'?M>Cp. 6JJE?EBH:D'e=:H?E]KEHG'
L@BHB=HF':@>':??>F?>Jd'EH;D=JEHG'lamo+ńe+st o:'DB?'B]'?M>Cpd alamo+ńe+st o]>a'B]'?M>Cp
:HJ'źari͔ja+ńe+st o:']>a'B]'?M>Cpd':HJ'?M>'CEHEC:DEÊHG'śkam+ńe+nze'o:DD'bK'MECqM>@q
E?F>D]pc'&M>'D:F?'L@BHB=Hd'E?'aEDD'b>'HB?>Jd'M:F';B=H?>@'L:@?F'aE?MB=?'?M>'ńe >D>C>H?d'F>>'
?:bD>'gRcR8hd':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'E?F':??>F?:?EBH']B@';BCE?:?E`>*;:F>';BCL:?EbEDE?K'C:K'b>'J=>'
?B'F?>C'F>C:H?E;Fc
Table 4.46 5EHEC:DEÊHG'e=:H?E!'>@'śkamo% :HJ'?M>';BCE?:?E`>';:F>'EH'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH

!ECLD>'@>"'>_E`>' L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'U'@>"'>_E`>'F?>C'U';:F>'
F?>C U':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH
#BH?@BDD>@ )>=?@:D /E?F {#BCE?:?E`> /E?F 7ECEH=?E`>' U' /E?F &B?:D
#BCE?:?E`>
4 !, śkamo+n R84 śkam+ńe+ń S śkam+ńi+ńe+m 4 469
[0 śkamo+nok 82 śkam+ńe+ńek 3 śkam+i[ńe+]ńek 3 62
2 !, śkamo+t RX8 śkam+ńe+t́ 4 śkam+ńi+ńe+t́ 4 488
[0 śkamo+ŋk VS śkam+ńe +ŋk 4 3 38
V !, śkamo+nzo 4823 śkam+ńe +nze 44V śkam+ińe+nze 3 1733
[0 śkamo+st 4RX śkam+ńe +st 42 śkam+ińe+st 3 160
&B?:D 2814 134 2 2950
&M>' ;BCE?:?E`>' ;:F>' B]' ?M>' LBFF>FFE`>' J>;D>HFEBH' M:F' JE@>;?' L:@:DD>DF' EH' 6!!"#$6&$\.*
#"00.#&$\.')+5.-60!':HJ'v+6)&$($.-'[-")"+)!'gbB?M'EH?>@@BG:?E`>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>d':F'a>DD'
:F'?M>'śkamo%'CEHEC:DEÊHG'e=:H?E!'>@'oxL>@FBHy':DBH>ph''&MEF'Q=H;?=@>'B]';:F>':HJ':J*
HBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'@>e=E@>F'BbDEG:?B@K'LBFF>FFE`>'C:@<EHGc'
4RX 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Indiscernible case
&MEF'F=bF>;?EBH'EF'@>F>@`>J']B@'?@>:?C>H?'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'?:@G>?F'aMBF>'CB@LMB*
DBGE;:D';:F>'EF'FKH;M@BHE;:DDK'EHJEF;>@HEbD>c'
&M>':JLBFE?EBH'marto oaE?Mp'EF';BCE?:?E`>'EH'C>:HEHGd'aM>@>:F'E?F'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'
;BCLBFE?EBH'EF'BbF;=@>c
67["!$&$")!'gmarto oaE?Mph
&M>'CEHEC:DEÊHG'e=:H?E!'>@'śkamonzo obK'MEFqM>@qE?F'F>D]p'DE<>'?M>':FFB;E:?E`>*;BDD>;?E`>'
H=Cb>@F' aE?M' ?M>' HB?EBH' B]' =HE`>@F:D' e=:H?E!'>@F' F>>C' ?B' ]=H;?EBH' :F' e=:H?E]KEHG'
:LLBFE?EBHF' gF>>' -=>?>@d' "H' e=:H?E!';:?EBH' EH' .@^K:d' ]B@?M;BCEHGhd' :HJ' :D?MB=GM' ?M>K'
JB' J>CBHF?@:?>' FBC>' @=JEC>H?:@K' ;:F>' ]B@CF' EH' ?M>' DE?>@:@K' ;B@LB@:' gEDD:?E`>d' J:?E`>d'
:bD:?E`>hd'?M>'V!,']B@C']B@'aM:?'B=GM?'?B'b>':'HBCEH:?E`>'>e=E`:D>H?':LL>:@F'EH'BbDEe=>*
;:F>']B@Cc''&MEF'BbDEe=>*;:F>']B@Cd'E?'aEDD'b>'HB?>Jd':DDBaF']B@'bB?M';BH?>_?=:D'F>;BHJ:@K'
J>;D>HFEBH'gF>>'F>;?EBH'RcWc'67)"5$)60'!m)&6T'6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")hd':HJ'HBCEH:D'
;BHQ=G:?EBHc
5$)$560$n$),'v+6)&$($.-'gśkamonzo V!,h
[:@?E?E`>*]=H;?EBH' EF' :??>F?>J' EH' FBC>' L@BHB=HF' aE?M' LD=@:D*L>@FBH' C:@<EHGd' M>@>' ?BB'
?M>@>'EF'>ÈJ>H;>'B]'@=JEC>H?:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'EH'?M>'DE?>@:@K';B@LB@:c
-.#$[-"#60' [-")"+)!' gvejkest%vejkestV[0' o>:;M' B?M>@p, vejkeńek%vejkeńek 4[0' o>:;M'

B?M>@p, vejkeŋk%vejkeŋk 2[0'o>:;M'B?M>@phd
!.0.#&$\.' $)&.--",6&$\.' [-")"+)!'gkonast V[0'oaME;M'B]'?M>Cpd'konaŋk'2[0'oaME;M'B]'

KB=pd'konanok 4[0'oaME;M'B]'=Fphd'
… omboćest V[0' oBH>' B]' ?M>C' í' ?M>' B?M>@pd' vejkeŋk …

Z$)6-m' [-")"+)!' gvejkest
omboćeŋk'2[0'oBH>'B]'KB='í'?M>'B?M>@pd'vejkeńek … omboćeńek 4[0'oBH>'B]'=F'í'?M>'
B?M>@phd'
+)$\.-!60'v+6)&$($.-!'gveśemest V[0 o:DD'B]'?M>Cpd'veśemeŋk 2[0 o:DD'B]'KB=pd veśemeńek

4[0 o:DD'B]'=Fpdhd
#6-7$)60')+5.-60!'gkolmost V[0 o?M>'?M@>>'B]'?M>Cphc
"bDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'EF'BbF>@`>J'EH'?M>'e=:H?E!'>@Fc
5"-[/"0",m 4RY
Interim summary of sublexicon prominence
&M>' EH:DE>H:bEDE?K' ME>@:@;MK' :LL>:@F' ?B' ;B@@>D:?>' CBF?' F?@BHGDK' aE?M' LBFF>FF:' b>:@EHG'
;B@>*FKH?:_'@BD>Fc''rMED>'<EHFMEL'?>@CF':HJ'M=C:H'bBJK'L:@?':@>'CBF?'@Bb=F?DK':??>F?>J'
aE?M'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG':HJ'HBCEH:?E`>d'G>HE?E`>'B@'J:?E`>';:F>'C:@<EHGd'&M>F>'F=bD>_E*
;:':@>'D>FF'@Bb=F?'EH'B?M>@';:F>']B@CFc''6JLBFE?EBHF':HJ'FL:?E:D'@>D:?EBHF'G:EH'L@BCEH>H;>'
EH'?M>'DB;:D';:F>F'aE?M':'@>L@>F>H?:?EBH'B]'bBJK'L:@?Fd':F'a>DDc''&MEF'D:??>@'F=bD>_E;BH'EF'
]:`B@>J'B`>@'<EH'?>@CFd'aME;M'aB=DJ':LL>:@'?B'EHJE;:?>':'@>`>@F:D'B]'?M>'EH:DE>H:bEDE?K'
ME>@:@;MK' g;]c' 4c4' &/.' $)60$.)6Z$0$&m' /$.-6-#/mhc' ' [@BHB=HF' :@>' CBF?' :LL:@>H?' EH' ?M>'
:bD:?E`>':HJ':b>FFE`>d'aM>@>:F'?M>'?@:HFD:?E`>d';BCL:@:?E`>':HJ';BCE?:?E`>q:FFB;E:?E`>'
;BDD>;?E`>':@>'CEHEC:DDK':??>F?>J']B@':HK'?:@G>?c
&M>' :bF>H;>' B]' L>@FBH:D' L@BHB=HF' ]@BC' ?M>' ;B@>*;:F>' G@B=LF' EF' b>F?' >_LD:EH>J'
bK'?M>']:;?'?M:?'?M>'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF':@>'G>HE?E`>'CBJE!'>@Fc''6F'G>HE?E`>'
CBJE!'>@F'?M>K'CEGM?':LL>:@'aE?M'^>@B'C:@<EHG':F'F=bQ>;?';BCLD>C>H?F'EH'?M>']B;=Fd'Ec>c'
aM>H'?M>K':@>'=F>J'EH'b>DBHG*?B'LBFF>FFE`>';BHF?@=;?EBHF'g;]c'/>EH>'4YYSA'2W*28d'2Y*VVi'
/:C:@E'233SA'WVhc''$H'?M>'?BLE;d'MBa>`>@d'?M>F>'G>HE?E`>'CBJE!'>@F':@>'G>H>@:DDK'F=bQ>;?'
?B' FL>:<>@*B@E>H?>J' J>CBHF?@:?E`>' J>@E`:?EBHd' :HJ' ?M>@>]B@>' ;:HHB?' b>' J>:D?' aE?M' M>@>'
gF>>'F>;?EBH'RcWc'67)"5$)60'!m)&6T'6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")hc
4.3.2. Attested parts of speech and sublexica

$H' ?M>' L@>ÈB=F' F>;?EBH' gRcVc4c' ["!!.!!$\.' 7.#0.)!$")' #"5[6&$Z$0$&m' ("-' 7$!&$),+$!/$),'
[6-&!' "(' ![..#/hd' a>' M:`>' EH?@BJ=;>J' `:@EB=F' F=bD>_E;:' JEFLD:KEHG' ;BCL:?EbEDE?K' aE?M'
LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EH'?M>'?ME@?>>H';:F>F':??>F?>J']B@'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EH'F>;?EBH'
Rc2c'6(($T.!c''&MEF'F=bF>;?EBH'aEDD';BHFEF?'B]'?M>';=C=D:?E`>'>H=C>@:?EBH'B]':DD'F=bD>_E;:'
EHJE;:?>J'aE?M':']B;=F'BH'?M>':??>F?:?EBH'B]'>:FEDK'J>DECE?>J'L@BHB=HFc''&M>Hd'a>'aEDD'
;BH?EH=>'aE?M'?M>'EHFL>;?EBH'B]'L@BCEH>H?'@>L@>F>H?:?E`>F'B]'?M>'`:@EB=F'F=bD>_E;:'gbK'
C>@E?'B]']@>e=>H;Khd']B@'`:@E:?EBH'L:??>@HF'EH':??>F?:?EBH'aE?M'D>_E;:D'`>@F=F'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'
:JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'EH'?M>'EDD:?E`>';:F>c
Nouns
)B=H'F=bD>_E;:'a>@>':??>F?>J']B@'HEH>'HBH*:CbEG=B=F';:F>']B@CFc''6D?MB=GM'HBH*:C*
bEG=B=F'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@'@>:JEHG'EF':??>F?>J']B@'?M>'V!,'%OzO'CB@LM>C>d'HBCEH:?E`>'
LD=@:D':F'a>DD':F'G>HE?E`>'FEHG=D:@':HJ'LD=@:D'@>:JEHGF'B]'E?F'%OnzO';B=H?>@L:@?'JE;?:?>J'
:';BH"':?EBH'B]'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>*;:F>':??>F?:?EBH'EH'?MEF'?@>:?EF>c'&M>'DB;:?E`>';:F>'
:??>F?>J'EH'?M>'@>D:?EBH:D*FL:?E:D'HB=H'jon oJE@>;?EBHp'@>HJ>@>J'EH'jon+o oEH'xTtFy'JE@>;?EBHp'
:DFB'@>e=E@>F'C:H=:D'JEF:CbEG=:?EBH'aM>H':';BH?@BDD>@qLBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'EF'L@>F>H?c'')B'
;BCE?:?E`>';:F>']B@CF'a>@>':??>F?>J']B@'HB=HF'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHc''
4W3 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Z>DBa'EF':'DEF?'B]'F=bD>_E;:':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd'EH'aME;M'?aB'
F>?Fd'L@BL>@*H:C>'?BLE;'J>@E`:?EBHF':HJ':FFB;E:?E`>'>DJ>@'HB=HFd'bB?M'@>e=E@>'BbDEG:?B@K'
:JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHGc''&M>'DEF?'EF'GE`>H'EH';BH]B@CE?K'aE?M'?M>':;;>FFEbEDE?K'ME>@*
:@;MKd'aM>@>:F'?M>'F=bD>_E;BH'6-,+5.)&'6#&"-!'(-"5'&-6)!$&$\.'\.-Z!'M:F'b>>H'F>?'B]]'
:F':'L@BCEH>H?'F>?'B]'HBH*<EH'?aB*:@G=C>H?'HB=HFd'aME;M'aEDD'F>@`>d'EH']=?=@>'?@>:?EF>F'
B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d':F'JEF?EH;?'@>]>@>H?F':`:ED:bD>']B@'FB*;:DD>J'<EH*?>@C'EH?>@L@>?:?EBHF'gF>>'
:DFB'F>;?EBH'RcRchc
[-"[.-')65.!''gĺuda'o0K=J:pd'matŕa'o5:?@K:pd'kat́a'o1:?K:pd śima o!EC:pd'vad́im'o\:J*

ECpd'vera'o\>@:ph
[-"[.-*)65.' &"[$#' 7.-$\6&$")!'xEH'ńizey'gdoškeńize'o7BFM<>tF'aE]>pd'listarńize'o0EF?:@tF'

aE]>pd'murzańize'o5=@^:tF'aE]>pd'śomańize'o!KBC:tF'aE]>ph'f'&MEF'F>?'@>e=E@>F'BbDEG:*
?B@K'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG
6!!"#$6&$\.' .07.-' )"+)!'gavid́eń oCK'CB?M>@':HJ'?MBF>'aE?M'M>@ph'f'&MEF'F>?'@>e=E@>F'

BbDEG:?B@K'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG
1$)'&.-5!':HJ'B?M>@'MEGM*:HEC:;K'2*:@G=C>H?'@>]>@>H?F'galuž oJ>:@d']>DDBapd'ava'oCB?M*
>@pd'azor'oC:F?>@pd'baba oG@:HJCB?M>@pd'ćora oFBHpd'jalga o;BC@:J>pd'kaka o;MEDJp, ĺeĺa
o>DJ>@'b@B?M>@d'=H;D>pd'miŕd́e'oM=Fb:HJpd'ńi oaE]>pd'oja o;DBF>']@E>HJp, pakša o;MEDJp, pat́a
o>DJ>@'FEF?>@d':=H?pd'sazor oDE??D>'FEF?>@p, t́ejt́eŕ oJ:=GM?>@pd't́et́a o]:?M>@ph
6-,+5.)&'6#&"-!'(-"5'&-6)!$&$\.'\.-Z!'gid́ića o?B'L@B?>;?pd'iĺt́ića o?B'>F;B@?pd'kiŕd́ića o?B'

MBDJpd'kuči͔ća o?B'F>HJpd'ńejića'o?B'F>>pd'polavti͔ća o?B'@>LD:;>pd't́eji o?B'C:<>pd''tonavti͔ća
o?B'?>:;Mpd'uči͔ća o?B'a:E?pd'uskića o?B'M:=Dpd'vansti͔ća o?B'G=:@Jpd'večkića o?B'DB`>pd'vet́ića
o?B'D>:Jph
Z"7m' [6-&!'gčama o]:;>p, čeŕ oM:E@pd'ked́ oM:HJd':@Cp, keĺ o?BHG=>pd'kiŕga o?M@B:?pd'końa

o]B@>M>:Jpd'kurgo oCB=?Mp, lavtov oFMB=DJ>@p, mešt́e o;M>F?p, pej o?BB?Mpd'peke oF?BC:;Mp,
piĺe o>:@pd'piĺge o]BB?d'D>Gpd'pŕa'oM>:Ji'?BLpd'pulo'o?:EDpd'rungo obBJKp, sakal ob>:@Jpd'sudo
oHBF>pd'sur'o!'HG>@p, śedej oM>:@?p, śeĺme'o>K>pd'št́oka o;M>><pd'turva oDELph
5.6!+-.5.)&!' gašo oaME?>pd ečke' o?ME;<H>FFpd' keĺe oaEJ?Mpd' kuvalmo oD>HG?Mpd' ĺembe
oa:@C?Mpd'pit́ńe'o`:D=>pd'paro'oÈ@?=>pd'sal oF:D?pd'seŕ oM>EGM?pd'stalmo oa>EGM?pd'śupavči͔
oa>:D?Mpd'tańśt́ o"':`B@ph
[/m!$#60' B@' 5.)&60' !&6&.' gjožo' o]>>DEHGd' ;BH?:;?' LBEH?pd kež o]=@Kpd' koj' o;=F?BCpd meĺ'
oCEHJpd'obuća o;M:@:;?>@pd''ojme'oFB=Dpd'vij'oF?@>HG?Mph
5"-[/"0",m 4W4
či͔ńe oFC>DDpd' moro' oFBHGpd poem oLB>Cpd' t́ev'

[-"7+#&' B@' .5$!!$")' ' gaŕśema' o?MB=GM?pd
oaB@<pd'struja'o@:Kpd suĺej oFM:JBad'@>"'>;?EBHpd'śorma oD>??>@pd śt́ix'oLB>Cpd'šum oHBEF>pd'
vajgeĺ'o`BE;>pd'val oaB@Jph
6[[6-.0''gćiĺim oLEL>p, karks ob>D?pd kartuz o;:L'aE?M'ÈFB@p, kotom oM:`>@F:;<p, mešok

ob:Gp, oršamo o;DB?MEHGp, paća o<>@;ME>]p, oža' oFD>>`>pd' palka' oF?E;<pd' panar oFME@?pd'
pidžak o;B:?pd'pĺatija oJ@>FFp, poŋgo obBFBCpd' portfeĺ oF=E?;:F>p, sumka oL=@F>p, śive
o;BDD:@pd'šapka oM:?pd''źepe'oLB;<>?ph
&""0!'gkajga'oÈBDEHpd'krandaz oa:GBHpd'lokšo oaMELpd peĺuma oF;K?M>pd'penč oFLBBHpd

piks o@BL>pd śalgo oLE<>pd uźeŕe o:_ph
7"5.!&$#' 6)$560!' gajgor oF?:DDEBHpd' alaša oMB@F>pd' at́akš o@BBF?>@pd' kiska oJBGpd ĺišme
oMB@F>pd psaka o;:?pd'skal o;Bapd'vašo o]B:Dph
-.06&$")60' ![6&$60'HB=HF'galks ob:F>p, boka oFEJ>p, či͔ŕe o>JG>p, ekše oFM>D?>@'B]p, ikeĺks
o]@BH?p, jožo o;BH?:;?' LBEH?pd' jon oJE@>;?EBHp,' jutko' oFL:;>' b>?a>>Hpd' kunška' o;>H?>@pd'
laŋgo o=LL>@'F=@]:;>p, pe'o>HJpd'potmaks obB??BCp, potmo oEHFEJ>p, udalks ob:;<p, veĺks
o;B`>@EHGph
![6&$60' !.&&$),!'geŕamo'oDE]>pd'joŋkso:@>:d'@>GEBHp, kardaz oK:@Jpd'kudo oMB=F>d'MBC>p,

mastor oD:HJd' ;B=H?@Kd' >:@?Mp, pakśa' o!'>DJpd' piŕe oG:@J>Hd' B@;M:@Jpd' pize' oH>F?pd śĺed
oL:?Mpd' škola oF;MBBDpd' šabra oH>EGMbB@pd' tarka oLD:;>pd' ugol o;B@H>@pd vaŕa ob=@@Bapd'
veĺe oÈDD:G>ph
&.5["-60' !.&&$),!' gči͔oJ:Kp, eŕamo oDE]>p, ije oK>:@pd' kov oCBH?Mpd ńedĺa oa>><p, on
oJ@>:Cp, piŋge oDE]>'?EC>pd ška o?EC>ph
,-"+['B]'5.5Z.-!/$[''gbrigada'ob@EG:J>pd'raśke oH:?EBHpd''śemija'o]:CEDKpd'ušmo o:@CKph
6JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>';:F>F']BDDBaF'?M@>>'B=?'B]'
]B=@'LBFFEbD>'L:??>@HFc''&M>'L:??>@HF'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'EH;D=J>A'gEh'FECLD>'
LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'gbK']:@'?M>';BCCBH>F?'L:??>@Hhi'gEEh'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@B*
HB=H'U'LBFF>FF=C'EH'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd':HJ'gEEEh'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'U'
LBFF>FF=C'EH'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHc''$?':LL>:@F'?M:?':HK'EHF?:H;>F'B]'?M>'MKLB?M>?E;:D'L:?*
?>@H'gE`h'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'U'LBFF>FF=C'EH'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHd'EF'EHJE;:*
?E`>'B]':H'EH;BCLD>?>'g;BCLB=HJh'aB@Jc
4W2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Adpositions
6JLBFE?EBHF':@>':??>F?>J']B@'FE_';:F>FA':bD:?E`>d'EH>FFE`>d'>D:?E`>d'EDD:?E`>d'L@BD:?E`>':HJ'
DB;:?E`>'aE?M'?M>';BCE?:?E`>*]=H;?EBH':JLBFE?EBH'marto oaE?Mp'EH':H'EHJEF;>@HEbD>';:F>c''
#>@?:EH' :JLBFE?EBHF' @>e=E@>' BbDEG:?B@K' LBFF>FFB@' EHJ>_EHGd' >cGc' ejsted́enze oB]' MECq
M>@qE?p' gHB?>' >_?>HJ>J' >_LBH>H;>' EH' ?M>' ;:F>' C:@<EHGhd' t́enze o?B' MECqM>@qE?p' g;B=H?>@'
L:@?'B]'J:?E`>']B@C'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFhc''!>`>@:D'FL:?E:D':JLBFE?EBHF':@>':DFB':??>F?>J':F'
FL:?E:D':J`>@bFd'>cGc'aB@JF'F=;M':F'vakska oL:F?p';:H'b>'=F>J'aE?M'ECLDE;E?';BCLD>C>H?Fc''
/>H;>'?MEF'EF':H'>_:CLD>'B]':'?aB*:@G=C>H?'aB@J'aME;M'JB>F'HB?'@>e=E@>':H'>_LDE;E?'
;BCLD>C>H?d' :HJ' EH' ?MEF' a:K' CEGM?' b>' ;BCL:@>J' aE?M' ?@:HFE?E`>' `>@bF' ?M:?' ;:H' :DFB'
:LL>:@'aE?M'ECLDE;E?'BbQ>;?'@>:JEHGFd'j?B'@>:Jkd']B@'>_:CLD>'g;]c'-=>?>@'233Shc
67["!$&$")!'galo o=HJ>@p, aldo o]@BC'=HJ>@p, alga o=HJ>@pi'ejs oEH?Bp, ejse oEHp, ejste oB=?'
B]pd'ezga o:DBHGpi ikeĺd́e o]@BC'EH']@BH?'B]p, karšos o:G:EHF?pi'koŕas o:;;B@JEHG'?Bpi'kise
o]B@pi'malas oEH?B'?M>'È;EHE?K'B]p, malaso oH>:@pd'malasto o]@BC'H>:@'bKpd malava oEH'?M>'
È;EHE?K'B]pi'marto oaE?Mpi'pačka o?M@B=GMp, peĺd́e o]@BCp, peŕkava o:@B=HJpd''piĺgaldo
o]@BC'=HJ>@']BB?phd't́e% o?Bpd'vakss oH>_?'?Bp, vaksso oH>_?'?Bp, vakssto o:a:K']@BCp, vak%
ska oL:F?pi udaldo o]@BC'b>MEHJp, trokska o:;@BFFpd vaĺmalga o:?'?M>'aEHJBaph
Non-finites
&M>'HBH*!'HE?>'CB@LM>C>'EF'F=bQ>;?'?B'DECE?>J'J>;D>HFEBHd':F'EHJE;:?>J'bK'?M>':??>F?:?EBH'
B]':'S*FDB?'L:@:JEGC'@>L@>F>H?>J'EH'gW2hc
gW2h' +Om+sd' +Om+Od +Om+dOd +Om+sOd +Om+stOd +Om+gad +Om+ks

U$)(U$00d''U$)(U0"#d'' U$)(U6Z0d'' U$)(U$).d''' U$)(U.06d'' U$)(U[-"0d'' U$)(U&-)!0
7=>' ?B' ?M>' J>]>;?EÈ?K' B]' ?M>' EH"'>;?EBH:D' L:@:JEGC' B]' ?MEF' J>@E`:?EBH' ?KL>' :HJ' E?F'
;BH]B@CE?K' aE?M' @>D:?E`>*FL:;>' :J`>@bq:JLBFE?EBH' L:@:JEGC' L:??>@HFd' Ec>c' ?M>' J>:@?M'
B]';B@>*;:F>'FDB?F'`>@F=F':b=HJ:H;>'B]'DB;:D*;:F>'FDB?Fd'F>>'gWVfWRhd':HJ'?M>'FKH?:;?E;'
]=H;?EBHF'?M>F>'?aB'aB@J'?KL>F'FM:@>d':'L:@:DD>D'CEGM?'b>'J@:aH'b>?a>>H'?M>Cc''
gWVh' al+ovd al+od al+dod al+gad

=HJ>@z["[U06&d'' =HJ>@z["[U0"#d' =HJ>@z["[U6Z0d' =HJ>@z["[U[-"0d'
al+ks
=HJ>@*FEJ>z["[U&-)!0*)
gWRh' vaks+sd vaks+sod vaks+stod vaks+ka

H>_?*?Bz["[U$00d''' H>_?*?Bz["[U$).d'' H>_?*?Bz["[U.06d''H>_?*?Bz["[U[-"0
5"-[/"0",m 4WV
$)&-6)!$&$\.' 7.\.-Z60' gbažam% o?B' EH?>HJ' ?Bp, čačom% o?B' b>' bB@Hp, eŕam%' o?B' DE`>pd'
jakam%'o?B'a:D<d'?B'ÈFE?p' jovtńem% o?B'?>DDp, jutam% o?B'L:FFp, kemem% o?B'b>DE>`>p, kor%
tam% o?B'FL>:<pd'kulom%'o?B'JE>pd'ĺekśem% o?B'b@>:?M>p, ĺiśem%'o?B';BC>'B=?pd''moĺem% o?B'
CB`>d'?B'GBpd'pejd́em% o?B'D:=GMpd''pramo o?B']:DDpd putom% o?B'LD:;>pd''sam% o?B':@@E`>p,
śimem%'o?B'J@EH<pd'tujem% o?B'J>L:@?pd'udom% o?B'FD>>Lpd'sovam% o?B'>H?>@pd'uĺem% o?B'b>ph
&-6)!$&$\.'7.\.-Z60'gčaŕkodem% o?B';BCL@>M>HJp, id́em% o?B'L@B?>;?p, iĺt́am%'o?B'>F;B@?pd'

kunsolom% o?B' DEF?>Hp, lovom%' o?B' ;BHFEJ>@p, lovnom%' o?B' @>:Jpd' ĺed́śt́am%' o?B' @>C>C*
b>@p, mujem% o?B' !'HJpd' ńejem% o?B' F>>p, noldam%' o?B' @>D>:F>pd' ojmavtom%' o?B' LD:;:?>p,
panžom% o?B'BL>Hp, pańem% o?B'J@E`>i'?B'b:<>pd''pŕadom%'o?B'!'HEFMpd'sajem%'o?B'?:<>pd'
šnam% o?B'L@:EF>p, śt́avtom% o?B'@:EF>p, t́ejem% o?B'C:<>p, tonavtom% o?B'?>:;Mp, učom% o?B'
a:E?p, vastom% o?B'C>>?p, vanom% o?B'a:?;Mp, vet́am% o?B'D>:Jph
&M>'HBH*!'HE?>'CB@LM>C>'EH'.@^K:'CEGM?'@>:JEDK'b>'F>>H':F':H':bF?@:;?'HB=H'aE?M'DE??D>'
E]' :HK' L:@:C>?>@F' aE?M' aME;M' ?B' F>?' E?' :L:@?' ]@BC' B?M>@' HB=HFc' '&M>' %Oms' ]B@C:?E`>d'
CBF?';BCCBHDK'@>]>@@>J'?B':F'?M>'EDD:?E`>'EH!'HE?E`>'B@'!'@F?'EH!'HE?E`>d'M:F'L:@:DD>DF'EH'?aB'
JE]]>@>H?']B@CFA'?M>'EDD:?E`>':HJ'?M>'?@:HFD:?E`>c''6DD'F>C:H?E;'=F>F'B]'?M>'F>`>H';:F>F';:H'
b>'L:@:DD>D>J'aE?M'?M>';:F>F'B]'B?M>@';BCCBH'HB=HFc'
Quantifiers
$H'?M>'J>!'HE?EBH'B]';:F>d'?M>'V!,']B@CF'%OzO':HJ'%OnzO'M:`>'b>>H'@EGB@B=FDK'=F>J'?B'
>F?:bDEFM'L:@:JEGCF'B]';>@?:EH'aB@JFc''&M=F'?M>@>':@>';:@JEH:D'H=C>@:DF':HJ'=HE`>@F:D'
e=:H?E!'>@F'aME;M':??>F?';:F>'`:@E:?EBHFd'F=;M':F'HBCEH:?E`>d'EDD:?E`>d'>D:?E`>d'>?;c''&M>'
L:@?E?E`>']=H;?EBH'B]'?M>F>'e=:H?E!'>@F'EF'FM:@>J'bK'?M>'F>D>;?E`>'EH?>@@BG:?E`>'L@BHB=HF'
EH'kona oaME;Mpd'?M>'@>;EL@B;:D*]=H;?EBH'@>;=@FE`>'H=C>@:D'jBH>k'vejke'aE?M'LBFF>FFE`>'
J>;D>HFEBHd':HJ'?M>'bEH:@K*]=H;?EBH'F>D>;?B@F'oBH>'B]'T'í':HJ'í'?M>'B?M>@'B]'Tpc''6?'?M>'
F:C>'?EC>'?M>@>':@>':FFB;E:?E`>*;BDD>;?E`>'H=C>@:DF':HJ'?M>E@';B@@>FLBHJEHG'L@BHB=HF'
gEH?>@@BG:?E`>' :HJ' EHJ>!'HE?>h' gF>>' -=>?>@' "H' e=:H?E!';:?EBH' EH' .@^K:d' ]B@?M;BCEHGhd'
aME;M' M:`>' b>>H' :H:DK^>J' :F' LBFF>FFE`>*J>;D>HFEBH' ;BCE?:?E`>' ]B@CFc' ' (EH:DDKd' ?M>'
CEHEC:DEÊHG'e=:H?E!'>@Fd'aME;Md'DE<>'?M>':FFB;E:?E`>*;BDD>;?E`>Fd'>_MEbE?'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]'
F>L:@:?>';:F>Fd':H'EHJE;:?EBH'B]'G@:CC:?E;:DE^:?EBHc''+HDE<>'?M>';:@JEH:D'H=C>@:DF':HJ'
=HE`>@F:D' e=:H?E!'>@Fd' ?M>' :FFB;E:?E`>*;BDD>;?E`>F' :HJ' CEHEC:DEÊHG' e=:H?E!'>@F' @>e=E@>'
BbDEG:?B@K';BH?@BDD>@'EHJ>_EHGc
#6-7$)60')+5.-60!'gkolmost V[0 o?M>'?M@>>'B]'?M>Cpd'kolmozonok o?M>'?M@>>'B]'=Fphd
+)$\.-!60'v+6)&$($.-'gveśemeze o:DD'?BDJpd'veśemest V[0 o:DD'B]'?M>Cpd'veśemeŋk 2[0 o:DD'

B]'KB=pd veśemeńek 4[0 o:DD'B]'=Fphd
4WR 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.47 +HE`>@F:D'L@BHB=H'veśeme o:DDp'EH':??>F?>J';:F>'FDB?F'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'L:@:JEGCF

)"5 6Z0 $00 .06
(B@C /E?F (B@C /E?F (B@C /E?F (B@C /E?F
4!, veśemem 4 )6 )6 )6
4[0 veśemeńek V )6 )6 )6
2!, veśemet́ )6 )6 )6 )6
2[0 veśemeŋk 4 )6 veśemezeŋk 2 )6
V!, )"5c!, veśemeze VVW )6 )6 )6
"&/.-! veśemenze W )6 )6 )6
V[0 veśemest VR veśemed́est V veśemezest 4 veśemstest 4
!.0.#&$\.' $)&.--",6&$\.' [-")"+)!'gkonast V[0'oaME;M'B]'?M>Cpd'konaŋk'2[0'oaME;M'B]'

KB=pd'konanok 4[0'oaME;M'B]'=Fphd'
Table 4.48 !>D>;?E`>'EH?>@@BG:?E`>q@>D:?E`>'L@BHB=H'aE?M'L:@?E?E`>'@>]>@>H;>'

' ' :FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'LD=@:D'L>@FBH'EHJ>_EHG
)"5q,.) $00
(B@C /E?F (B@C /E?F
4 [0 konanok Y
2 [0 konaŋk 22
V [0 konast 48 konazost 4
-.#$[-"#60' [-")"+)!' gvejkest%vejkestV[0' o>:;M' B?M>@p, vejkeńek%vejkeńek 4[0' o>:;M'

B?M>@p, vejkeŋk%vejkeŋk 2[0'o>:;M'B?M>@phd
Z$)6-m' [-")"+)!' gvejkest … omboćest V[0' oBH>' B]' ?M>C' í' ?M>' B?M>@pd' vejkeŋk …
omboćeŋk'2[0'oBH>'B]'KB='í'?M>'B?M>@pd'vejkeńek … omboćeńek 4[0'oBH>'B]'=F'í'?M>'
B?M>@phd'
6!!"#$6&$\.*#"00.#&$\.' )+5.-60!' gkolmońest V[0 o?M>' ?M@>>' B]' ?M>Cpd'kolmońenze o?M>'

?M@>>'B]'?M>C'gDE?c'?M>'?M@>>'B]'MECqM>@qE?hphd
5$)$560$n$),'v+6)&$($.-'gśkamonzo V!,d'śkamozot o]B@'KB='x!,y':DBH>pd'śkamodonzo'oV!,c

6Z0cphc
5"-[/"0",m 4WW
Pronouns
[@BHB=HF':??>F?EHG'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH';:H'b>'JEÈJ>J'EH?B'V'G@B=LFc''&M>@>':@>'?M>'
L>@FBH:D' L@BHB=HF' aE?M' 44' ;:F>Fd' :HJ' ?M>E@' @>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>' L@BHB=H' ;B=H?>@L:@?F'
aE?M' BHDK' F>`>H' gHBCEH:?E`>d' G>HE?E`>d' J:?E`>d' :bD:?E`>d' ?@:HFD:?E`>d' ;BCL:@:?E`>' :HJ'
:b>FFE`>hc'')>_?';BC>'?M>'EH?>@@BG:?E`>'L@BHB=H'meźe oaM:?pd'aME;M';:H'b>'LBFF>FF>Jc''
(EH:DDKd';BC>'?M>'J>!'HE?>':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>'L@BHB=HFd'F=;M':F'iśt́amo oDE<>'?MEFq?M:?pd'eŕva
o>:;Mpd'ĺija oB?M>@pd'>?;cd'aME;M':;;B@JEHG'?B'6G:]BHB`:'g2333A'4V8f4R4h';:H'?:<>':DD'
]B@CF'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHd'b=?'?MEF'EFd'EH']:;?d':'C:??>@'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHc''
7:?:'BH'L>@FBH:D':HJ'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'EF'B]'ECLB@?:H;>'EH'?M:?'E?':DDBaF'=F'
?B'BbF>@`>';B@@>D:?EBHF'a>'aEDD'a:H?'?B'DBB<'b:;<'BH'EH'F>;?EBH'RcWc'67)"5$)60' !m)&6T'
6)7'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")c'
[.-!")60' [-")"+)!d' "Z0$v+.' #6!.!' g>cGc' 6Z0A' sońd́enze' V!,d' mońd́eń 4!,d' tońd́et́' 2!,d'
mińd́eńek 4[0d'si͔ńd́est V[0d'ti͔ńd́eŋk'2[0hd'
Table 4.49a 7:?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'

' ' :HJ''@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'g5:QB@E?K';B@L=Fh
[ [-") 6JLBFE?EBHd'>cGc' -.(0qEH?>HFE`>' -.(0qEH?>HFE`>'
%̗&'(&#o?B'MECqM>@qE?p [-") F?>C
[D:EH #DE?E; [D:EH #DE?E; [D:EH #DE?E; [D:EH #DE?E; &B?:D
4 !, 82RX VR8 gYY4W 4V8h 82 )6 V33 VS 6993 (17,044)
[0 4SYX Y3 g24V8 )6h S S 432 4V 2017 (4153)
2 !, VW4V 4Y8 g82RV )6h RV 48 28R VW 4067 (10,310)
[0 S8R W3 g4SRW )6h W 2 RS W 873 (2618)
V !, VVYS 4W8 g44d82W )6h S2 2V 44R4 YR 4883 (16,508)
[0 YX8 WS g2SWV )6h 4S )6 24V 23 1293 (4046)
&B?:D 16,706 895 (34,417 136) 206 48 2067 204 20,126 (54,679)
$?'EF'H>;>FF:@K'?M:?'a>';BCL:@>'?:bD>F'gRcRY:h':HJ'gRcRYbhc''&M>']B@C>@';BH?:EHF'J:?:'
J>@E`>J']@BC'?M>'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F'B]'B`>@'RcW'CEDDEBH'aB@JFd'b=?'E?'M:F'BH>'L:E@'B]';>DDF'
aME;M';:HHB?'b>'?:<>H'EH?B';BHFEJ>@:?EBH'g:CbEG=B=F';>DDF'J:@<>H>Jhd'H:C>DKd'?M>'4!,'
;>DDF'B]'?M>':JLBFE?EBH't́eń o?B'C>pc''&MEF';>DD'M:F':'MBCBHKC'EH'?M>'G>HE?E`>']B@C'B]'
?M>'FEHG=D:@'L@B_EC:D'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=Hd'aME;M'EF':DFB'@>:DE^>J':F't́eń. &M>@>]B@>'
a>'C=F?'=?EDE^>'?M>'J:?:':`:ED:bD>']@BC'?M>'CEHB@E?K';B@L=F'B]':LL@B_EC:?>DK'SRWd333'
aB@JFd'aME;M'M:F'b>>H'F>CE*:=?BC:?E;:DDK'L:@F>J':HJ'C:H=:DDK'JEF:CbEG=:?>Jc''5BF?'
F:DE>H?'EF'?M>']:;?'?M:?'?M>';B@LB@:':??>F?'HB'EHF?:H;>F'B]'?M>':JLBFE?EBH't́enze o?B'MECq
M>@qE?p'aE?M':H'>H;DE?E;c'&M>'!'G=@>F'EH'?:bD>'gRcRY:h'M:`>':JJE?EBH:D'F=CF'EH'L:@>H?M>F>Fd'
aME;M'EHJE;:?>'>_?@>C>DK'MEGM'B;;=@@>H;>'B]'=HF?@>FF>J*L@BHB=H'=F:G>'EH'V[d'aM>@>:F'
;BH?@:F?E`>'F?@>FF>J'L@BHB=HF':@>'L@>]>@@>J']B@'j=Fk'aE?M'4[c
4W8 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.49b 7:?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'

' ' :HJ''@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'g5EHB@E?K';B@L=F'h
[ [-")d'>cGc 6JLBFE?EBHd' -.(0qEH?>HFE`>' -.(0qEH?>HFE`>'F?>Cd'
sońenze o?B' >cGc't́enze o?B' [-")d'>cGc >cGc
MECqM>@qE?p MECqM>@qE?p sońśt́enze o?B'MEF'q' eśt́enze o?B'MEF'q'M>@'
M>@'q'E?F'F>D] q'E?F'F>D]
[D:EH #DE?E; [D:EH #DE?E; [D:EH #DE?E; [D:EH #DE?E; &B?:D
4 !, 434W W8 W23 )6 4V )6 VW W 1644
[0 VV4 2Y 28R )6 4 R 4R W 648
2 !, 843 2R Y3X )6 4R V RW Y 1613
[0 YY 44 2WR )6 )6 )6 R )6 368
V !, WS3 V3 4YYS )6 43 2 22X 2R 2861
[0 4V )6 WVX )6 2 )6 R3 R 597
&B?:D 2638 150 4481 0 40 9 366 47 7731
$H' ;BCL:@EHG' ?:bD>F' gRcRY:*bh' aE?M' gRcW3fW4h' a>' HB?E;>' ?M>' :bF>H;>' B]' :H' =HF?@>FF>J'
L@BHB=H'FL:;>':D?BG>?M>@']B@'?M>':b>FFE`>'FDB?'aME;M'EF'V[':HJ'2['B@E>H?>J'EH'?M>'J:?E`>'
FDB?c''&M>'J:?E`>'EHJ>>J'L@BÈJ>F':H'EH?>@>F?EHG'`:@E:?EBHd'H:C>DKd'?M>'jGEÈHG';:F>kd':F'
E?'a>@>d'L@B`>F'?B'b>'CB@>'B]':'j@>;>EÈHGk'4!,*B@E>H?>J';:F>'EH'?M>';BH?@:F?E`>d'F?@>FF>J'
L@BHB=Hd' aM>@>:F' ?M>' =HF?@>FF>Jd' HBH*;BH?@:F?E`>' L@BHB=HF' FMBa' V!,' B@E>H?:?EBHd' ;]c'
F?:?EF?E;F'BH'?M>'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L@BHB=HF'EH'?:bD>'gRcS8hc
Table 4.50 [>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF':??>F?>J']B@':b>FFE`>';:F>'EH'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH

L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'U';:F>'U':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH
#BH?@BDD>@ /E?F .H;DE?E;':??>F?:?EBH /E?F &B?:D
4 !, mon+t́eme+ń VW 3 35
[0 miń+t́eme+ńek 8 miń+t́eme+ńek+kak 2 8
2 !, toń+t́eme+t́ 82 3 62
[0 ti͔ń+t́eme+ŋk 44 ti͔ń+t́eme+ŋk+kak V 14
V !, soń+t́eme+nze W3 soń+t́eme+nze+jak W 55
[0 si͔n+t́eme+st V4 si͔n+t́eme+st+kak V 34
&B?:D 195 13 208
-.(0.T$\.*!&.5' [-")"+)!' g>cGc' [-"0A' eśkanzo' V!,d' eśkast' V[0d' eśkan 4!,d' eśkat 2!,d'
eśkanok 4[hd'
-.(0.T$\.'[.-!")60'[-")"+)!'g>cGc'6Z.A'sońśt́emenze'V!,d'mońśt́emeń 4!,d'tońśt́emet́'2!,d'
si͔ńśt́emest V[0d'mińśt́emeńek 4[0d'ti͔ńśt́emeŋk'2[0hd
5"-[/"0",m 4WS
Table 4.51 ->"'>_E`>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF':??>F?>J']B@':b>FFE`>';:F>'EH'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH

!ECLD>' @>"'>_E`>' L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'U'@>"'>_E`>'F?>C'U';:F>'U':JHBCEH:D'
F?>C L>@FBH
#BH?@BDD>@ /E?F /E?F .H;DE?E;':??>F?:?EBH /E?F &B?:D
!, eś+t́eme+ń ~ 2 mon+ś+t́eme+ń ~ YW 3 97
4 eśe+vt́eme+ń mon+ś+t́eme+m
[0 3 miń+ś+t́eme+ńek 28 miń+ś+t́eme+ńek+kak V 29
2 !, 3 ton+ś+t́eme+t́ YV 3 93
[0 3 ti͔ń+ś+t́eme+ŋk 42 3 12
V !, eś+t́eme+nze 4 son+ś+t́eme+nze 4S2 son+ś+t́eme+nze+jak 4S 190
[0 3 si͔n+ś+t́eme+st WX si͔n+ś+t́eme+st+kak R 62
&B?:D 3 456 24 483
$)&.--",6&$\.'[-")"+)'gmeźeze oaM:?'B]'MEFqM>@FqE?Fph
Table 4.52 )B=H*]B;=F'EH?>@@BG:?E`>'L@BHB=HF'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH

)"5q,.) .06
(B@C /E?F (B@C /E?F
4 !, meźem 22 )6
[0 meźeńek 22 )6
2 !, meźet́ W3 )6
[0 meźeŋk 4W )6
!, )"5c!, meźeze WV )6
V "&/.- meźenze 22 meźestenze 4
[0 meźest VX )6
4.3.3. Drawing conclusions

&M>'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH';:H'b>'b@B<>H'EH?B'G@B=LF'
BH' ?M>' b:FEF' B]' ;:F>' ;BCL:?EbEDE?Kc' !BC>' ;:F>F' :LL>:@' ?B' M:`>' H>:@DK' >_;D=FE`>' :FFB*
;E:?EBH'aE?M'`:@EB=F'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;Md'Ec>c'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>';BJEHG':HJ'HB=Hd';BCL:@:?E`>d'
?@:HFD:?E`>':HJ':b>FFE`>'aE?M'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF':HJ'@>"'>_E`>'L@BHB=HFd';BCE?:?E`>':HJ'
e=:H?E!'>@Fd' DB;:?E`>' aE?M' :JLBFE?EBHF' :HJ' @>D:?EBH:D' FL:?E:D' HB=HFc' ' Z=?' E?' :LL>:@F' ?M>'
EH>FFE`>d'>D:?E`>d'EDD:?E`>':HJ'L@BD:?E`>';:F>F':@>'BL>H'?B'?M>'G@>:?>@'L:@?'B]'?M>F>'aB@J'
G@B=LFc''&M>@>]B@>'E?'EF'EH?>@>F?EHG'?B'F>>'MBa'JE]]>@>H?'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'b>M:`>'EH':'FL:?E:D'
;:F>d'F=;M':F'?M>'EDD:?E`>c
&:bD>F'gRcWVfWXh'M:`>'b>>H'F>?'=L'?B'EHJE;:?>'`:@E>?E>F'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<*
EHGd'H:C>DKd'EH'?:bD>F'aE?M'F=b*D>??>@'j:k'a>'aEDD'M:`>':'aB@J'aE?M'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'
C:@<EHG'ECC>JE:?>DK']BDDBaEHG'?M>'EDD:?E`>*;:F>'CB@LM>C>d':HJ'EH'?:bD>F'aE?M'F=b*D>??>@'
jbk'?M>@>'aEDD'b>':'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'EH'?M>'G>HE?E`>'L@>;>JEHG':'M>:J'aE?M'EHJ>!'HE?>'ED*
4WX 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
D:?E`>'C:@<EHGc''6F'a>'CB`>']@BC'MEGM']@>e=>H;K'?B'DBad'a>'aEDD'HB?>'?M:?'?M>'?>HJ>H;K'
EF']B@'?M>'F=b*D>??>@'j:k'?KL>' !&.5'U'#T'U' ["!!'?B'F=@L:FF'?M>'B;;=@@>H;>'D>`>DF'B]'?M>'
F=b*D>??>@'jbk'?KL>'[-")*[.-!c,.)''U'!&.5U'#Tc''.:;M'?:bD>'M:F']B=@';BD=CHF'EHJE;:?EHG'
LBFE?EBH'B]'>E?M>@'?M>'EHJEÈJ=:D'aB@J']B@C'B@'?M>'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L@BHB=H':HJ'aB@J']B@Cc''
&M>'!'@F?';BD=CH'EHJE;:?>F'MBa'C:HK'?EC>F'?M>'E?>C':LL>:@F':F'?M>'FEHG=D:@'>D>C>H?'B]'
:'F>H?>H;>d'aM>@>:F'?M>'F=bF>e=>H?'?M@>>';BD=CHF':FF=C>'?M:?'?M>@>':@>':?'D>:F?'?aB'>D>*
C>H?F'EH'?M>'F>H?>H;>c''&M>'F>;BHJ';BD=CH'EHJE;:?>F'MBa'C:HK'?EC>F'?M>'E?>C':LL>:@F'
F>H?>H;>'EHE?E:DDKi'?M>'?ME@J';BD=CH'EHJE;:?>F'MBa'C:HK'?EC>F'E?':LL>:@F'C>JE:DDK'g?M>@>'
:@>':?'D>:F?'V'>D>C>H?F'EH'?MEF'?KL>'B]'F>H?>H;>hd':HJ'?M>']B=@?M';BD=CH'EHJE;:?>F'MBa'
C:HK'?EC>F'?M>'E?>C'B;;=@F'F>H?>H;>*!'H:DDKc'6?'?M>'>HJ':HJ'b>DBa'?M>@>'EF':H':JJE?EBH:D'
;BD=CH':HJ'@Ba']B@'L@BÈJEHG'?:DDE>F'EH'bBDJ*]:;>c
Table 4.53a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'laŋgs'oBH?Bp''[BLU[BFF

["- !EHGD>*aB@J $HE?E:D 5>JE:D (EH:D &B?:D
4 !, 3' X 2RW YV' 346
[0 4' Y YV V3' 133
2 !, 3' W 242 S2' 289
[0 3' 3 VW 4V' 48
V !, 3' WV 43XW R38' 1544
[0 3' 4S R4Y 448' 552
&B?:D 1 92 2089 730 2912
Table 4.53b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'laŋgs'oBH?Bp''',>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U'[BLU[BFF

["- !EHGD>*LM@:F> $HE?E:D 5>JE:D (EH:D &B?:D
4 !, 2 V2 4V4 W8 221
[0 4 R WW 4S 77
2 !, 4 2W WX 23 104
[0 3 W 24 R 30
V !, 3 SR 42Y 8Y 272
[0 3 VV SW 4X 126
&B?:D 4 173 469 184 830
$H'?:bD>F'gRcWV:h'a>';:H'F>>'?M:?'?M>':JLBFE?EBH'laŋgs oBH?Bd':?p'M:F':'L@BHB=H;>J'JE]]>@>H;>'
b>?a>>H' 4!,' :HJ' V!,' :??>F?:?EBH' EH' C>JE:D' LBFE?EBHd' aM>@>:F' ?:bD>' gRcWVbh' :;?=:DDK'
EHJE;:?>F':'MEGM>@'EHF?:H;>'B]'4!,'EH'?M>'F:C>'C>JE:D'LBFE?EBHc''$]'a>';BCL:@>'?MEF'@:?EB'
aE?M'?M>':JLBFE?EBH'ejs oEH?Bd'=L'?Bp'EDD=F?@:?>J'EH'?:bD>F'gRcWR:*bh'a>'aEDD'HB?E;>'?M:?'?M>'
;BH?@:F?'>`>H'EH'?M>'C>JE:D'LBFE?EBH':DBH>'EDD=F?@:?>F':'JE]]>@>H;>'EH'L>@FBH'B@E>H?:?EBHd'
Ec>c'EH'?:bD>'gRcWV:h':'4'?B'W'@:?EB';B@@>D:?>F'?B':'4'?B'43'@:?EB'EH'?:bD>'gRcWR:hc'ZB?M'gRcWV:h'
:HJ'gRcWR:h'M:`>'@>D:?E`>DK'DBa':??>F?:?EBH']B@'F>H?>H;>*EHE?E:D'B@'!'H:D'LBFE?EBHd'aM>@>:F'
?M>E@';B=H?>@L:@?F'EH'gRcWVbh':HJ'gRcWRbh'FMBa'MEGM>@'@:?EB'EH'EHE?E:D':HJ'!'H:D'LBFE?EBHc
5"-[/"0",m 4WY
Table 4.54a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'ejs'oEH?Bi'=L'?Bp''[BLU[BFF

4 !, 3 4 WW 48 72
[0 3 3 44 W 16
2 !, 3 4 W2 4X 71
[0 3 3 R V 7
V !, 3 83 WW2 4Y3 802
[0 3 48 4XS RR 247
&B?:D 0 78 861 276 1215
Table 4.54b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'ejs'oEH?Bi'=L'?Bp''',>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U'[BLU[BFF

4 !, 3 2 4R 2 18
[0 3 3 2 V 5
2 !, 3 4 X 2 11
[0 3 3 4 3 1
V !, 3 4V 2S 4W 55
[0 3 Y 48 W 30
&B?:D 0 25 68 27 120
6F'EH'?M>'L@>;>JEHG'@>D:?EBH:D'FL:?E:D'J>@E`:?EBH'laŋgs oBH?Bpd':HJ':JLBFE?EBH'ejs oEH?Bi'

=L'?Bpd'?M>'aB@J'tarka oLD:;>p'EDD=F?@:?>F'?M>'F:C>'<EHJ'B]'b>M:ÈB@A''V!,'L@BCEH>H;>'EH'
?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'>_L@>FFEBH'B]'L>@FBHd'b=?'=HDE<>'?M>C'?MEF'HB=H'>_MEbE?F'D>FF';BH?@:F?'
b>?a>>H'F>H?>H;>'LBFE?EBHc
Table 4.55a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'tarka'oLD:;>p'')B=HU[BFF

4 !, 3 R V4 4W 50
[0 3 3 8 2 8
2 !, 4 V VW 4X 57
[0 3 3 W 4 6
V !, 3 W3 V3V 4Y3 543
[0 3 44 Y3 V4 132
&B?:D 1 68 470 257 796
Table 4.55b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'tarka'oLD:;>p'',>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U')B=HU[BFF

4 !, 3 V 4V 8 22
[0 3 3 4 3 1
2 !, 3 V 8 W 14
[0 3 3 4 3 1
V !, 3 4W 23 W 40
[0 3 W 4V W 23
&B?:D 0 26 54 21 101
483 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
&M>'J>`>@b:D ]B@C'sams o?B':@@E`>p'EH'?:bD>F'gRcW8:*bh'L@BÈJ>F'=F'aE?M':'LBEH?'EH'?EC>'

>_L@>FFEBHd'FBC>?MEHG'JE]]>@>H?']@BC'?M>'FL:?E:D'JEC>HFEBHF'B]]>@>J'M>@>?B]B@>c''rMED>'
?M>'?B?:D']@>e=>H;K'EF'C=;M'DBa>@'?M:H'?M>'FL:?E:D'>_L@>FFEBHd'a>'F=JJ>HDK'HB?E;>':'DBa>@'
;BH?@:F?'b>?a>>H'L>@FBH':HJ'LBFE?EBHc''r>';:H'F>>'?M:?'?M>'@:?EBF']B@'L>@FBH':HJ'LBFE?EBH'
EH'?:bD>'gRcW8:h':@>'@>CEHEF;>H?'B]'?M>'@:?EBF'EDD=F?@:?>J'EH'?M>'F=b*D>??>@'jbk'?:bD>F'gRcWVf
WWhd'aM>@>:F'?:bD>'gRcW8bh'F>>CF':D@>:JK'?BB'DBa']B@'L>@?EH>H?'@>:JEHGc
Table 4.56a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'sams'o?B':@@E`>p'')B=HU[BFF

4 !, 3 44 4X V 32
[0 3 R 43 4 15
2 !, 3 Y 48 R 29
[0 3 2 R 3 6
V !, 3 VV VX 48 87
[0 3 44 22 V 36
&B?:D 0 70 108 27 205
Table 4.56b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'sams'o?B':@@E`>p'',>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U')B=HU[BFF

4 !, 3 3 R 2 6
[0 3 4 3 3 1
2 !, 3 4 3 3 1
[0 3 3 3 3 0
V !, 3 4 X 3 9
[0 3 2 4 3 3
&B?:D 0 5 13 2 20
+HDE<>' B?M>@' ;M:@?Fd' ?:bD>' gRcWS:h' M:F' HB' D>_E;:D' ;B=H?>@L:@?' ]B@' C:@<EHG' L>@FBHd' :HJ'
H>:@DK':DD':??>F?:?EBHF':@>']B@'V!,c''&MEF'EF'FKCL?BC:?E;'B]'?M>']:;?'?M:?'?M>'aB@J']B@C'
či͔+ze+nze J:Kz)U$00U["!!*V!,' oL>@' J:Kp' EF' :;?=:DDK' :H' >_L@>FFEBH' B]' J=@:?EBHc' ' &MEF'
=F:G>'J>È:?>Fd'MBa>`>@d']@BC'aM:?'a:F'F>>H'EH'?:bD>'gRcW8:*bh'aM>@>'?M>'J>`>@b:D'EF'
:DFB':H'>_L@>FFEBH'B]'?EC>d'H:C>DKd'sams o?B':@@E`>p'EF'HB?'=F=:DDK';BH;>E`>J':F':'L@B;>FF'
b=?':F':';BCLD>?>J'>`>H?c''6DFB'?M>':bF>H;>'B]':'V[0'@>:JEHG';BH?@:F?>J'aE?M'?M>'H>:@DK'
CBHBDE?ME;'V!,'?>DDF'=F'?M:?'a>'CEGM?'b>'J>:DEHG'aE?M':H'>D>C>H?'=HEe=>'?B':DD'<EHJF'B]'
;BH?>_?F'L@>JE;?:bD>'EH'DE?>@:?=@>'f':H'E?>C'B@'LM>HBC>HBH'=HEe=>'?B'?M>'=HE`>@F>'gF>>'
Rc2cVc4cVc'&/$-7'[.-!")hc
5"-[/"0",m 484
Table 4.57a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'či͔'oJ:Ki'F=Hp'')B=HU[BFF

4 !, 3 3 2 3 2
[0 3 3 3 4 1
2 !, 3 3 3 3 0
[0 3 3 3 3 0
V !, 3 X W3 R 62
[0 3 3 3 3 0
&B?:D 0 8 52 5 65
&M>'aB@J'źepe oLB;<>?pd'EH'?:bD>F'gRcWX:*bhd'EF'G@B=L>J'EH'?M>'F=bD>_E;BH']B@':LL:@>Dd'
b=?'a>'CEGM?';MBBF>'?B'@>:H:DK^>'E?':F':';BH?:EH>@d'aME;M'aB=DJ';B@@>D:?>'b>??>@'aE?M'?M>'
EDD:?E`>'=F:G>c'(B@'?M>'!'@F?'?EC>'?M>'V[0'@>:JEHG'F=@L:FF>F'?M:?'B]'?M>'V!,c''&M>';B@@>D:?EBH'
b>?a>>H'4!,':HJ'2!,'EH'C>JE:D'LBFE?EBH'EF';DBF>'?B'?M:?']B=HJ'EH':DD'?M>'B?M>@'?:bD>Fc''&M>'
aB@J'źepe oLB;<>?p'EF':DFB'FMBaH'?B';B@@>D:?>'EH'E?F'@:?EBF'aE?M'B?M>@'>_L@>FFEBHF'B]'HBH*
?>CLB@:D'FL:;>c
Table 4.58a [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'źepe'oLB;<>?p'')B=HU[BFF

4 !, 3 3 43 2 12
[0 3 3 4 3 1
2 !, 3 3 43 R 14
[0 3 3 3 4 1
V !, 3 3 Y 2 11
[0 3 2 84 VR 97
&B?:D 0 2 91 43 136
Table 4.58b [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'EDD:?E`>'źepe'oLB;<>?p'',>HE?E`>'[@BHB=H'U')B=HU[BFF

4 !, 3 3 4 4 2
[0 3 3 3 3 0
2 !, 3 4 2 3 3
[0 3 3 3 3 0
V !, 3 3 3 3 0
[0 3 4 3 3 1
&B?:D 0 2 3 1 6
&M>';BCL:?EbEDE?K'B]'HB=Hd':JLBFE?EBH':HJ'HBH*!'HE?>'F?>CF'aE?M'EDD:?E`>*;:F>'LBFF>FFE`>'
J>;D>HFEBH' EHJE;:?>F' `:@E:?EBH' EH' @:?EBF' ]B@' L>@FBHd' LBFE?EBH' :HJ' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' `>@F=F'
D>_E;:D'C:@<EHG'B]':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBHd':DD'B]'aME;M'LBEH?'?B':'MEGM'L@>]>@>H;>']B@'CB@*
LMBDBGE;:D'C:@<EHG'B]'L>@FBHc''&M>';BCLD>?>':bF>H;>'B]':'D>_E;:D'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK']B@'
?M>' E?>C' či͔ oJ:Kp' aB=DJ' :LL>:@' ?B' EHJE;:?>' ?M>' H>;>FFE?K' B]' CB@>' aB@<' EH' ?M>' C:??>@'
482 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
B]'@>e=E@>J'BbDEG:?B@K'L>@FBH'C:@<EHGc''6F'a>'C:K'HB?>d'MBa>`>@d'?M>@>'a>@>'4!,':?*
?>F?:?EBHFd':F'a>DDc''&MEF'EHJE;:?>F'?M:?';:?>GB@E;:D'@>F=D?F'FMB=DJ'HB?'b>'FB=GM?'EH'?MEF'
?@>:?EF>d'EHF?>:J'?M>'?@>:?EF>';:H'BHDK':]]B@J':'?>H?:?E`>'EHJE;:?EBH'B]'JE@>;?EBHc''[>@FBHd'
]B@'EHF?:H;>d'CEGM?'b>'EDD=F?@:?>J'EH'?M>':=FLE;>F'B]'?M>':b>FFE`>';:F>d'aME;M'EF':DCBF?'
>H?E@>DK'J>`B?>J'?B'L>@FBH:D':HJ'@>"'>_E`>'L@BHB=HF'B@'?M>'J:?E`>d'aME;M'FB:@F'MEGM'EH'
]@>e=>H;Kd'F>>'?:bD>F'gRcRYfW4hc''!EH;>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF':HJ'@>"'>_E`>'L@BHB=HF':F':'
@=D>'BbF>@`>'BbDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'EH'?M>'BbDEe=>';:F>Fd'?M>F>'?:bD>F'M:`>'
?:<>H':H':JJ>J']>:?=@>'EH?B';BHFEJ>@:?EBH'f'?M>K'EHJE;:?>':??>F?:?EBH']B@'>H;DE?E;'C:@<EHGd'
:F'a>DDc''$?'EF'HB?'?MEF']>:?=@>'?M:?'EF'B]'G@>:?>F?'EH?>@>F?i'E?'EF'?M>']:;?'?M:?'?M>@>'EF':'C:@<>J'
:??>F?:?EBH']B@'2FG'EH'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd'aM>@>:F'?M>'@:?EB'EH'?M>'@>"'>_E`>'L@BHB=HF'EF'
@>CEHEF;>H?'B]'aM:?'a:F'BbF>@`>J'EH'?M>'EDD:?E`>'?:bD>F':bB`>'gRcWVfWXhc''
&M>'=HEe=>'aB@J']B@CF'B]'?M>'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F'a>@>'!'D?>@>J']B@'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>H*
FEBH';BCL:?EbEDE?K':HJ'2S'F=bD>_E;:'a>@>'JEF;>@H>J'EH':'C:H=:D'F;:H'B]'?M>'ME?Fd'aME;M'
:LL>:@>J' BH' :' MEGM>F?*]@>e=>H;K*!'@F?*b:FEFc' '6??>F?:?EBH' a:F' L:@?E:DDK' EH?=E?EBH:Dd' b=?'
;BCL:@EFBH'B]'?M>'F=bD>_E;:'a:F':DFB':LLDE>Jc''&M>F>'@>F=D?F':@>'@>HJ>@>J'M>@>'aE?M'?M>'
F=bD>_E;:':??>F?EHG'D:@G>F?'JEF?@Eb=?EBH':LL>:@EHG'EH'?M>'MEGM>F?'@Ba':HJ'?M>';:F>':??>F?EHG'
?M>'D:@G>F?'JEF?@Eb=?EBH'EH'?M>';BD=CH']=@?M>F?'D>]?c''"]'?M>'MKLB?M>?E;:D'VW4';>DDF'@>L@>*
F>H?EHG'LBFFEbD>'J>;D>HFEBHF'4V3'a>@>':??>F?>J'gF>>'?:bD>'RcWYhc''
Table 4.59' [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH':??>F?:?EBH'B]'JEF;>@HEbD>'F=bD>_E;:

,.)q )"5 76& 6Z0 .06 $00 $). [-"0 #"5[ 6Z. &-)!0 0"# #"5 &B?:D
"Z0
ZBJK' U U U U U U U U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 8
1EH U U U U U )6 U )6 U U )6 )6 )6 8
\& U U U U U U )6 U )6 )6 )6 U )6 8
[@BH* U )6 U U U U )6 )6 U U U )6 )6 8
[>@F'
->D U U )6 )6 U U U U )6 )6 )6 U )6 7
!L:? U U )6 U U U U U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 7
\$ U U U U U U )6 U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 7
->"'* U )6 U U )6 )6 )6 U U U U )6 )6 7
F?>C
[@BH* U )6 U U )6 )6 )6 )6 U U U )6 )6 6
->"''
.C U U U U )6 U U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 6
6LL U U U )6 U U U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 6
6F* U U U U' U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 5
FB;'
>DJ>@
5"-[/"0",m 48V
,.)q )"5 76& 6Z0 .06 $00 $). [-"0 #"5[ 6Z. &-)!0 0"# #"5 &B?:D
"Z0
["[ )6 )6 )6 U U U U U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 5
CEH' U )6 U U )6 U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 4
v
v U )6 )6 )6 )6 U )6 )6 U )6 )6 )6 U 4
,@L U U U U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 4
&CL U U )6 )6 U U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 4
$H?>@' U U U )6 U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 4
[@BH
+v U U )6 )6 U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 3
7BC U U U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 3
5>:F U U )6 )6 )6 )6 U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 3
[-[ U U U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 3
&BL' U U U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 3
J>@E`
6;* U U U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 3
?B@F
&BBDF U U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 2
[MKF U U )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 )6 2
&B?:D 25 20 17 13 13 12 8 7 6 3 3 2 1 130
g!MB@?'HB?:?EBH'=F>J'EH'?:bD>'gRcWYhA'6LL's':LL:@>Di'6FFB;'>DJ>@'s':FFB;E:?E`>'>DJ>@'?>@Ci'
ZBJK's'bBJK'L:@?Fi'5>:F's'C>:F=@>C>H?Fi'7BC's'JBC>F?E;':HEC:DFi'.C's'L@BJ=;?'B@'
>CEFFEBHi' ,@L' s' G@B=L' B]' C>Cb>@FMELi' $H?>@' [@BH' s' $H?>@@BG:?E`>' L@BHB=Hi' CEH' v' s'
CEHEC:DEÊHG'e=:H?E!'>@i'[MKF's''LMKFE;:D':HJ'C>H?:D'F?:?>Fi'->D's'@>D:?EBH:D'FL:?E:Di'!L:?'
s'FL:?E:D'F>??EHGi'&CL's'?>CLB@:D'F>??EHGi'&BL'J>@E`>'s'L@BL>@*H:C>'&BLE;'J>@E`:?EBHi'
+v's'=HE`>@F:D'e=:H?E!'>@h
"bDEG:?B@K' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' C:@<EHG' a:F' :??>F?>J' EH' ]B=@' L:@?F' B]' FL>>;Md' HB=HFd'
e=:H?E!'>@Fd'L@BHB=HF':HJ':JLBFE?EBHFc''$H'?M>'G@:CC:@F'E?>CF'aE?M'BbDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*
L>@FBH' C:@<EHG' :@>' =F=:DDK' FMBaH' ?B' M:`>' FC:DD>@' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' ;:F>' EH`>H?B@E>Fd'
]B@' `:@E:?EBH' g;BHF=D?' ?:bD>' RcWYhd' B?M>@aEF>' @>]>@' ?B' DEF?EHG' B]' F=bD>_E;:' aE?M' FECLD>'
>_:CLD>Fc
48R 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
4.4. Paradigm defectivity in Erzya possessor indexing
4.4.1. Background
.@^K:'G@:CC:@E:HF'B]'?M>'L:F?';>H?=@K'M:`>'=F>J'?M>'HB?EBH'1$)'&.-5'?B'M>DL'>_LD:EH'?M>'
FL>;E:D'C:@<EHG'=F>J'BH'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>*;:F>'LBFF>FF:'EH';BH?>_?F'aM>@>'4!,':HJ'2!,'
;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'CB@LM>C>F'aB=DJ'b>'>_L>;?>Jd'F>>'FL>;E:D']B@CF'b>DBac''&KLBDBGE;:DDK'
FL>:<EHGd'<EH'?>@CF':F'LBFF>FF:';B=DJ';BH;>E`:bDK'b>'?M>'?:@G>?F'B]'FL>;E:D']B@CFd':F'?M>K'
:LL>:@' >_?@>C>DK' MEGM' g;]c' 4c4' &/.' $)60$.)6Z$0$&m' /$.-6#/mhd' ]B@a:@J>J' EH' !E>aE>@F<:'
g233RA'4RVh':HJ'L@BÈJ>J'EH'?M>'ME>@:@;ME>F'B]'F>;?EBH'4c''g!>>':DFB'-EQ<MB]d'EH:DE>H:bD>Fd'
2332A'X8fY2ch''&MEF'EH';BCbEH:?EBH'aE?M'?M>'F:DE>H;K'B]'?M>'4F?':HJ'2HJ'L>@FBH'L@BHB=HF'
g;]c' 4c2' !60$.)#.' /$.-6-#/$.!' "(' 6##.!!$Z$0$&mh' CEGM?' b>' @>"'>;?>J' EH' CB@LMBDBGE;:D'
C:@<EHG'g;]c'4cV'&/.'6##.!!$Z$0$&m'56-1$),'!#60.hc
,>HE?E`>
%Oń U["!!*4!,|x1$)y,.)'
%Ot́ U["!!*2!,|x1$)y,.)
7:?E`>'
%Neń'''U["!!*4!,|x1$)y76&'
%Teń''''U["!!*2!,|x1$)y76&
5B@LMBDBGE;:DDK'FL>:<EHGd'a>';:H'ECC>JE:?>DK'BbF>@`>'?M:?'?M>'CB@LM>C>F'=F>J'EH'4!,'
;BH?>_?F':@>'EJ>H?E;:D'?B'?M>']B@CF'B]'?M>E@';B@@>FLBHJEHG';:F>F'EH'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>H*
FEBHc''6'DE??D>'<HBaD>JG>'B]'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>'C:@<EHG'B]'?M>'BbDEe=>';:F>F'
B]'?M>'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHd'>cGc'?M>'!MB<FM:*7@:<EHB'JE:D>;?'G@B=LFd':F'a>DD':F'FBC>'B]'
?M>' !=@:' F=bJE:D>;?Fd' FL>;E!';:DDK' !M=G=@B`:' gF>>' &FKG:H<EH' 4Y84A' VRShd' aEDD' FMBa' :'
J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'G>HE?E`>']B@C'EH'%t́':HJ'>`>H'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'J:?E`>']B@CF'EH'%t́i(j). '&M>'
e=>F?EBH'?M>H'L@>F>H?F'E?F>D]':F'?B'aMK'?M>F>']B@CF'FMB=DJ'b>'?@>:?>J':F':HK?MEHG'B?M>@'
?M:H'aM:?'?M>K':LL>:@'?B'b>c''$F'?M>@>':HK'@>:FBH'?M:?':'LBFF>FF=C'@>L@>F>H?EHG':'@>]>@>H?'
]@BC'?M>'?BL'B]'?M>':HEC:;K'ME>@:@;MK'g<EH'?>@Ch'CEGM?'b>':DDBa>J'?B'GB'=HC:@<>J'aM>H'
E?F';BH?@BDD>@qLBFF>FFB@'EF']@BC'>`>H'MEGM>@'BH'?M>'F:C>'ME>@:@;MKd'Ec>c'?M>'L@BHB=HF':@>'
MEGM>@'=L'BH'?M>'ME>@:@;MK'?M:H'HB=HFd':HJ'E?'EF'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,'a>':@>'?:D<EHG'B]'M>@>c
$H'?M>'.@^K:'F=b*JE:D>;?'FLB<>H'EH'"@<EHBd'B@EGEH:DDK'JB;=C>H?>J'EH'!M:<MC:?B`tF'
;BDD>;?EBH'B]']BD<DB@>':HJ'G@:CC:?E;:D'J>F;@EL?EBHd'?M>'HB?EBH'B]'1$)'&.-5'g!M:<MC:?B`'
4Y43A' SYSfSYXh' EF' !'@F?' ]B@a:@J>J' ?B' >_LD:EH' `:@E:?EBH' EH' ?M>' ;MBE;>' B]' G>HE?E`>' :HJ'
J:?E`>' ]B@CF' B]' ?M>' LBFF>FF:' C:@<>J' aE?M' 4!,' :HJ' 2!,' ;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D' CB@LM>C>Fc''
!M:<MC:?B`'L@BÈJ>F':'CEHEC:D'L:E@';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK']B@'?M>'aB@J'ava
oD:JKi'CB?M>@pd'bK'aME;M'?M>'BbQ>;?*C:@<>J'LBFF>FF=C'aE?M'2!,';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<*
EHG'`:@E>F'EH']B@C':;;B@JEHG'?B'?M>'L:@:C>?@E;']>:?=@>'xà1$)y'B]'?M>'@>]>@>H?d'F>>'gWW:*bhc
5"-[/"0",m 48W
gWWh' :c' mon večk+sa &7&*+

$z[-")*[.-!*4!,c)"5'' DB`>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*4!,|V!,''' lady_N+POSS-2SG
g!M:<MC:?B`'4Y43A'SYXh'o$'DB`>'KB=@'BDJ'D:JKcp
bc' mon večk+sa &7&*+ ́

$z[-")*[.-!*4!,c)"5'' DB`>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*4!,|V!,''' mother_N+POSS-2SG>[KIN]GEN
g!M:<MC:?B`'4Y43A'SYXh'o$'DB`>'KB=@'CB?M>@cp
+LBH' >F?:bDEFMEHG' ?M>' L:@:C>?@E;' JEF?EH;?EBH' xà1$)yd' !M:<MC:?B`' ?M>H' >_MEbE?F' :' F>?'
B]'<EH'?>@CF']>:?=@EHG'FL>;E:D'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>']B@CF'EH'?M>';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'
C:@<>@F'B]'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,c''&MEF'L:@:C>?@E;'JEF?EH;?EBH'M:F'b>>H'@>?:EH>J'EH'F=bF>e=>H?'
J>F;@EL?EBHF'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d':D?MB=GM'?M>@>'EF'FBC>'`:@E:?EBH'EH'E?F':??>F?:?EBHc''.`F>`t>`'
g4Y8VA'444f442hd']B@'>_:CLD>d'GE`>F':'FDEGM?DK'FD:;<>@'HB?EBH'B]'<EH'B@'FBC>BH>';DBF>DK'
:FFB;E:?>Jq@>D:?>J'?B'?M>'FL>:<>@'EH';BHQ=H;?EBH'aE?M'?M>'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'LBFF>FF:'B]'?M>'
4!,' LBFF>FFB@d' b=?' D>:`>F' ?M>' 2!,' C:@<EHG' BL>H' ?B' :DD' HB=HFc' '&MEF' aB=DJ' ECLDK' ?M:?'
?M>'a>DD*?@:`>DD>J'.`F>`t>`d'B@EGEH:DDK']@BC':'#M=`:FM*.@^K:'MBC>'EH'5:DK>'1:@C:DK'
EH' L@>F>H?' #M=`:FME:' g.@^K:A' ćarmunh' aM>@>' :H' 6D:?K@t*?KL>' JE:D>;?' EF' FLB<>Hd' ;]c'
1>@>F^?>F'4YYYA'2Vd'aB=DJ'M:`>'b>>H']:CEDE:@'aE?M'bB?M']B@CF'?B'FBC>'>_?>H?':HJ'?M:?'M>'
aB=DJ'M:`>'@>;BGHE^>J'?M>':DD>G>J'2!,']B@CF':F';BHFEF?>H?'aE?M'J>!'HE?>'C:@<>@Fc''&M=F'
.`F>`t>`'EH;D=J>F'?M>']B@C'ĺišme+t́eń aE?M'?M>';BH?>_?=:D'GDBFF'MB@F>z)U["!!*2!,|76&d'
>`>H'?MB=GM':'F>;BHJ'GDBFF'MB@F>z)U' 76&c7.(c!,'aB=DJ'M:`>'a>DD'F=E?>J'E?'EH'F>H?>H;>*
EHE?E:D'?BLE;'LBFE?EBHc'
gW8h' ĺišme+t́eń maks+i͔ń pińeme+t́

horse_N+POSS-2SG>DAT ' GE`>z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*4!,'' B:?Fz)U)"5c[0
horse_N+DAT.DET.SG
g.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'442h'o&M>qKB=@'MB@F>d'$'G:`>'xMECy'B:?Fcp
&M>';BH?>H?EBH'EF'?M:?'.`F>`t>`'JEJ'HB?'@>;BGHE^>'?M>'2!,']B@CF']B@':HK?MEHG'B?M>@'?M:H'
:'J>!'HE?>']B@Cd'FBC>?MEHG'b>DBHGEHG'?B'?M>'FM:@>J'<HBaD>JG>'B]'?M>'FL>:<>@':HJ'?M>'
:JJ@>FF>>c''\:@E>?E>F'B]'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'aM>@>'?M>'FL>;E:D'2!,']B@CF'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>'
:HJ'J:?E`>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHF'B]'?M>'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>'CEGM?'b>'MBCBHKCB=F'aE?M'
;B@@>FLBHJEHG']B@CF'B]'?M>'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH';:H'b>':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'!M=G=@B`:'JE:D>;?'g:'
!=@:*JE:D>;?d';]c'&FKG:H<EH'4Y84A'2YRfVYWh':HJ'?M>'7@:<EHF<E'JE:D>;?'g7@:<EHB*!MB<FM:d'
;]c'm:<=FM<EH'4Y84A'4YSf2YVhc''6?'?MEF'?EC>d'E?'aEDD'F>@`>'=F'a>DD'?B']:CEDE:@E^>'B=@F>D`>F'
aE?M':'a>DD'JB;=C>H?>J'`:@E:H?'B]':H'6D:?K@t'JE:D>;?'FLB<>H'EH')E^MH>LpK:HF<Ec''
488 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
4.4.2. A dialect attesting [±NUMBER] and [±KIN] parameters

&M>' )E^MH>LpK:HF<E' JE:D>;?' :??>F?F' L:@:C>?@E;' ]>:?=@>F' EH' E?F' LBFF>FFE`>' J>;D>HFEBH'
EH;D=JEHG' xà)Zy' :HJ' xà1$)y' g;]c' ):Jt<EH' 4Y8XA' Vf4YXhc' ' ):Jt<EH' J>F;@Eb>F' :' JE:D>;?' EH'
aME;M':DD'FEHG=D:@'L>@FBHF'FM:@>':'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'JEF?EH;?EBH'BbF>@`>J'EH'V!,'B]'
?M>'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>d'Ec>c'?M>K'JEF?EHG=EFM')"5c!,']@BC')"5c[0d',.)c!,d',.)c[0d'F>>'?:bD>'
gRc83hc
Table 4.60 )E^MH>LpK:HF<E'JE:D>;?']B@CF']B@ kudo oMB=F>pd'skal'o;Bap'

' ' :HJ't́ejt́eŕ'oJ:=GM?>@p'LBFF>FF:'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>'
' ' B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'gL@>DECEH:@Kh
["- [BFF>FF:
)"5c!, )"5c[0 ,.)c!, ,.)c[0
kudo+m kudo+n kudo+n kudo+n
4 !, skal+om skal+un skal+un skal+un
t́ejt́eŕ+em t́ejt́eŕ+iń t́ejt́eŕ+iń t́ejt́eŕ+iń

kudo+t kudo+nt kudo+nt kudo+nt
2 !, skal+ot skal+unt skal+unt skal+unt
t́ejt́eŕ+et́ t́ejt́eŕ+ińt́ t́ejt́eŕ+ińt́ t́ejt́eŕ+ińt́

kudo+zo kudo+nzo kudo+nzo kudo+nzo
V !, skal+zo skal+unzo skal+unzo skal+unzo
t́ejt́eŕ+ze t́ejt́eŕ+inze t́ejt́eŕ+inze t́ejt́eŕ+inze

g;]c'):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'83f84h
6;;B@JEHG'?B'):Jt<EHd'?M>F>'G>HE?E`>'FEHG=D:@']B@CF':@>'MBCBHKCB=F'aE?M'?M>'G>HE?E`>'
:HJ'HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:D']B@CFc''/>H;>d':D?MB=GM'a>'aEDD'M:`>'?B'?:<>'):Jt<EHtF'aB@J']B@'
?MEF' EH?>@L@>?:?EBH' EH' ?M>' >_:CLD>' ]B@' ?M>' 4!,' kudo+n MB=F>qMBC>z)U["!!*4!,d' E?' b>*
;BC>F'BbÈB=F'EH'?M>'F>;BHJ':HJ'?ME@J'L>@FBHF'?M:?'?M>']B@CF'skal+unt ;Baz)U["!!*2!,'
:HJ' t́ejt́eŕ+inze' J:=GM?>@qGE@Dz)U["!!*V!,d' aME;M' aE?MB=?' ;BH?>_?' CEGM?' b>' GDBFF>J' :F'
LD=@:D'LBFF>FF:d':@>'=F>J'M>@>'?B'EHJE;:?>'FEHG=D:@'LBFF>FF:c''&M>'EH?>@L@>?:?EBH'skal+unt
;Baz)U["!!*2!,|,.)c!,'>C:H:?>F']@BC'?M>']:;?'?M:?'E?'EF'=F>J'EH':'LBFF>FFE`>';BHF?@=;*
?EBH' ?B' C:@<' ?M>' LBFF>FFB@' :HJ' ?M>' LBFF>FF=C' B]' F:EJ' ;BHF?@=;?EBH' EF' EH' ?=@H' C:@<>J'
aE?M':'V!,';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<>@'EH %OzO'@>HJ>@EHG'odar+zo =JJ>@z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c
!,c''&M>'EH?>@L@>?:?EBH't́ejt́eŕ+inze'J:=GM?>@qGE@Dz)U["!!*V!,|,.)c!,'EF'DE;>HF>J'bK'BbQ>;?'
C:@<EHG'BH'?M>'!'HE?>'`>@bd'EHJE;:?E`>'B]':'FEHG=D:@'BbQ>;?c
5"-[/"0",m 48S
gWSh' kudo*" vaks+ne

MB=F>z)+POSS-1SG>GEN'''H>_?*?Bz["[U$).
g):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'83h'oH>_?'?B'CK'MB=F>p
gWXh' skal*4"+## odar+zo

MB=F>z)+POSS-2SG>GEN'''=JJ>@'z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,
g):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'83h'oKB=@';BatF'=JJ>@p
gWYh' jomavt+i͔źe t́ejt́eŕ*(".,

DBF>z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,|V!,''J:=GM?>@z)U["!!*V!,|,.)
g):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'83h'oM>'DBF?'MEF'J:=GM?>@p
rE?M'@>G:@J'?B'<EH'?>@CFd'):Jt<EH'g4Y8XA'84h'FL>;E!'>F'?M:?'?M>'?>@C'pat́a oBDJ>@'FEF?>@p'
M:F'?aB'JE]]>@>H?']B@CF':F':H'BbQ>;?'aM>H'?M>@>'EF';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<EHG']B@':'4!,'
LBFF>FFB@c' ' rM>@>:F' ?M>' >_LDE;E?' C:@<EHG' B]' ?M>' ]B@CF' pat́a+ń BDJ>@*FEF?>@z)U["!!*
4!,|x1$)y,.)c!,' :HJ' pat́a+n BDJ>@*FEF?>@z)U["!!*4!,|1$)c,.)c[0' :@>' :;;BCL:HE>J' bK'
BbQ>;?';@BFF*@>]>@>H;EHG'BH'?M>'`>@bFd'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@'EH'?M>'LBFF>FF:'B]'?M>'2!,'
:HJ'V!,'EF'ECLDE;E?':HJ'JEF:CbEG=:?EBH'EF'J>L>HJ>H?'=LBH'?M>'BbQ>;?';@BFF*@>]>@>H;EHG'
F?@:?>GK'BH'?M>'!'HE?>'`>@bFd'F>>'g83f82hc
g83h' :c' večk+sak pat́a*Ĕ

DB`>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*2!,|V!,''' BDJ>@*FEF?>@z)+POSS-1SG>[KIN]GEN.SG
g):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'84h'oKB='DB`>'CK'BDJ>@'FEF?>@p
bc' večk+si͔ pat́a*"

DB`>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*2!,|V[0''BDJ>@*FEF?>@z)+POSS-1SG>GEN.PL
g):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'84h'oKB='DB`>'CK'BDJ>@'FEF?>@p
g84h' :c' večk+sazo pat́a*"+

DB`>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,|V!,''' BDJ>@*FEF?>@z)+POSS-2SG>GEN
g):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'84h'oM>'DB`>F'KB=@'BDJ>@'FEF?>@p
bc' večk+si͔ńźe pat́a*#"+

DB`>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,|V[0''BDJ>@*FEF?>@z)+POSS-2SG>GEN
g):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'84h'oM>'DB`>F'KB=@'BDJ>@'FEF?>@Fp
g82h' :c' večk+sak pat́a*".!

DB`>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*2!,|V!,''' BDJ>@*FEF?>@z)+POSS-3SG>GEN
g):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'84h'oKB='DB`>'MEFqM>@'BDJ>@'FEF?>@p
bc' večk+si͔ pat́a*".!

DB`>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*2!,|V[0''' BDJ>@*FEF?>@z)+POSS-3SG>GEN
g):Jt<EH'4Y8XA'84h'oKB='DB`>'MEFqM>@'BDJ>@'FEF?>@Fp
48X 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
$?';:H'?M>@>]B@>'b>':FF=C>J'?M:?'EH'?M>')E^MH>LpK:HF<E'F=b*JE:D>;?d':HJ'L>@M:LF'B?M>@'
`:@E:H?F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d'<EH*?>@C'L:@:C>?>@F'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>';:F>':LLDK'BHDK'?B'?M>'4!,'
C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GKd':HJ'?M>H'BHDK'aM>H'?M>'@>]>@>H?'EF'JEF?EH;?'f'FEHG=D:@c''$H':'D:HG=:G>'
`:@E:H?'aM>@>'FL>;E:D'4!,'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GE>F'b>;BC>':LL:@>H?'BHDK':?'?M>'Q=H;?=@>'B]'?aB'
MEGM'LBEH?F'B]'?M>':HEC:;K'ME>@:@;MKd'Ec>c':'4!,'LBFF>FFB@d'BH'?M>'BH>'M:HJd':HJ':'JEF?EH;?q
FEHG=D:@'<EH*?>@C'@>]>@>H?d'BH'?M>'B?M>@d'F=;M'?M:?' 1$)' &.-5'CEGM?'b>F?'b>'@>G:@J>J':F':'
?aB*:@G=C>H?' HB=Hd' F=;M' :F' ?MBF>' ]B=HJ' EH' J>`>@b:D' 6#&"-' )65.!d' BH>' CEGM?' @>:JEDK'
;BH;D=J>'?M:?'G>HE?E`>']B@CFd'aME;M':@>'EJ>H?E;:D'?B'?MBF>'EH'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHd'
:;?=:DDK':@>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@CFc''
4.4.3. Distinct common-noun referents indefinite genitive forms

in literature
/KLB?M>?E;:DDKd'BH>'aB=DJ'H>>J'?B'!'HJ';BH?>_?F'EH'aME;M'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'@>]>@>H?'EF'MEGM'
BH'?M>':HEC:;K'ME>@:@;MK':HJ'JEF?EH;?c''"H>'aB=DJd'L@>]>@:bDKd':DFB'MBL>'?B'!'HJ';BH?>_?F'
aME;M'a>@>'HB?4!,*B@E>H?>Jc''$H'?M>'D:HG=:G>'B]'.@^K:'DE?>@:?=@>'F=;M';BH?>_?F';:H'b>'
:??>F?>Jd'F>>'g8Vf8Rhc
g8Vh' vit́ste meŕ+em+s, ĺubaša a pek

JE@>;?z6c.06'' F:Kz\U$)(U$00''0K=b:FM:z[-[c)"5c!,''HB?z[-&*).,''C=;Mz67\''
večk+eĺiźe si͔ŕe pat́a+ńt́,
DB`>z\c$)7c[-.&$$c[-.7*V!,|V!,''BDJz6c6Z!'' >DJ>@*FEF?>@z)U,.)c7.(c!,
śe+ks a pek
?M:?z[-")*7.5*7$!&U&-)!0''' HB?z[-&*).,''C=;Mz67\''
kunsolo+ś+kak ejse+nze. viška
DEF?>H*?Bz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,U#0&'' EHz["[c$).U["!!*V!,c''DE??>z6c6Z!''
piŋg+ste t́et́a+zo ĺija+sto
:G>z)U.06'' ]:?M>@z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,'' B?M>@z[-")*7.(U.06''
kadn+i͔ĺiźe ašt́e+m+e si͔ŕe ́
1&+&*Ĕ
D>:`>z\U$)7c[-.&$$c[-.7*V!,|V!,''' FE?z\U$)(U0"#'' BDJz6c6Z!' elder-sister_N+GEN
ejkakš+t+ne+ń marto.
;MEDJz)U[0U7.(c[0U,.)''aE?Mz["[c
g6b@:CB`'4YSRA'WRh'o(@:H<DK'FL>:<EHGd'0K=b:FM:'JEJHp?'DE<>'?M>'xM>@y'C=;Md'x:HJy'
?M>@>]B@>'FM>'JEJHp?'DEF?>H''?B'M>@'C=;Mc''$H'x0K=b:tFy';MEDJMBBJ'M>@x0K=b:tFy']:?M>@'
aB=DJ'D>:`>'M>@x0K=b:tFy'?B'FE?'aE?M'x0K=b:tFy':=H?tF';MEDJ@>H'BH'B;;:FEBHcp
5"-[/"0",m 48Y
g8Rh' markin+t+ne+ńeń ašt́e+m+e šabra+ń veĺe+ste

5:@<EHz[-[U[0U7.(c[0U76&''' FE?z\U$)(U0"#'' H>EGMbB@z)c,.)''ÈDD:G>z)U.06''
tago sa+ś śeŕoga+ń ava+nzo
:G:EHz67\''' ;BC>z\c$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'' !>@KBG:z[-[U,.)''CB?M>@z)U["!!*V!,
0&.!)*!Ĕ###################t́ejt́eŕ+eś frośa.
little-sister_N+GEN J:=GM?>@z)U)"5c7.(c!,'' (@BFK:z[-[c)"5c!,c
g5:@?KHB`'4YXRAh'o"H;>':G:EHd'(@BFK:d'?M>'J:=GM?>@'B]'!>@KBG:tF'CB?M>@tF'DE??D>'FEF?>@'
;:C>']@BC'?M>'H>EGMbB@EHG'ÈDD:G>'?B'F?:K'aE?M'?M>'5:@<EHFcp
$H'bB?M'>_:CLD>F'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>']B@CF':@>'=F>J'BH'HB=HF'EHJE;:?EHG'<EHxU7$!&$)#&y'
@>]>@>H?Fd'aME;M';BH?>_?=:DDK'aB=DJ'M:`>'b>>H'LBFF>FF:'>DE;E?EHG'V!,';BH?@BDD>@qLBFF>FF*
B@'EHJ>_EHGc''!B'aM:?'a>@>'?M>'b:F>F']B@'!M:<MC:?B`tF'MKLB?M>FEF{''
4.4.4. Orkino
!M:<MC:?B`' g4Y43h' EH?@BJ=;>J' :' xà1$)y' L:@:C>?>@' ]B@' JEF?EHG=EFMEHG' ?M>' F>C:H?E;F'
EH`BD`>J' EH' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' `:@E:?EBH' :??>F?>J' ]B@' <EH*?>@C' LBFF>FF:c' ' $H' ?M>' F=bJE:D>;?'
FLB<>H'EH'"@<EHBd'J>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>'FEHG=D:@'C:@<EHG'EH'?M>'BbDEe=>';:F>F'EH`BD`>F'?M>'
CB@LM>C>' %Ońt́' :HJd' EH' :JJE?EBH' ?B' ?M:?d' ?M>@>' :@>' :DFB' %Ot́' C:@<>@F' :??>F?>J' ]B@' ?M>'
2!,' LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_' G>HE?E`>' ]B@C' B]' <EH' ?>@CFc' ' !M:<MC:?B`' a:F' :bD>' ?B' >H=C>@:?>'
F>`>@:D'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'LBFF>FF:'B]'2!,'LBFF>FFB@Fd'>cGc'avat́'oKB=@'CB?M>@tFp, t́at́at́'oKB=@'
]:?M>@tFp, pat́at́' oKB=@'>DJ>@'FEF?>@tFp, suvaxat́' oKB=@'C:?;M*C:<>@tFp, sazyryt́' oKB=@'DE??D>'
FEF?>@tFp, sazyrnyt́'oKB=@'DE??D>'FEF?>@tFp, ĺaĺat́'oKB=@'>DJ>@'bB?M>@tFp, mačkat́'oKB=@'CB?M>@*
EH*D:atFpd bat́kat́' oKB=@' ]:?M>@*EH*D:atFpd' b=?' ?M>' BH>F' :;?=:DDK' EHJE;:?>J' EH' ;BH?>_?' :@>'
B]'FL>;E!';'EH?>@>F?c''&M>K':@>'GE`>H'EH'?:bD>F'gRc84hd'b>DBad'aE?M'@>]>@>H;>'?B'?M>'?M@>>'
FKH?:;?E;']=H;?EBHF'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>':F'JEF;=FF>J'EH'F>;?EBH'gRc4c'#"-.'#6!.!hd'Ec>c'BbQ>;?'B]'
?M>'!'HE?>'`>@bd':JLBFE?EBH';BCLD>C>H?':HJ'C:@<>@'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@c''
Table 4.61 &M>'2!,'LBFF>FFB@':HJ'<EH'?>@CF'EH'"@<EHB':;;B@JEHG'?B'!M:<MC:?B`

,DBFF )"5c!, ,.)c!,'gBbQ>;?h ,.)c!,'g:JLBFE?EBH' ,.)c!,'gLBFF>FFB@h
;BCLD>C>H?h
CB?M>@ avat avat́ avat́ )6
D:JK'x*1$)y avat avat )6 )6
]:?M>@ t́at́at t́at́at́ t́at́at́ )6
FBH*EH*D:a sodamyt sodamyt́ sodamyt́ )6
M=Fb:HJtF'KB=HG>@' )6 )6 aĺńit́ )6
b@B?M>@'B@'
b@B?M>@*EH*D:a
KB=HG>@'b@B?M>@ )6 )6 bratyt́ )6
FBH )6 ćorat́ )6 )6
>DJ>@'b@B?M>@ )6 )6 )6 ĺaĺat́
'g;]'!M:<MC:?B`'4Y43A'SYSfSYXh
4S3 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
&M>' ?aB' ?:bD>F' L@BÈJ>' J>È:H?' EDD=F?@:?EBHF' B]' ?M>' xà1$)y' L:@:C>?>@c' '&M>' EDD=F?@:?EBH'
B]'?M>'2!,'?:bD>'gRc84h'GE`>F'BH>'?M>'ECL@>FFEBH'?M:?'?M>@>':;?=:DDK'CEGM?'b>'>ÈJ>H;>'
EH'F=LLB@?'B]'!M:<MC:?B`tF'L@BLBF:D']B@':'xà1$)y'L:@:C>?>@c'&M>'>H=C>@:?EBH']B@'<EH'
?>@CF' aE?M' 2!,' C:@<EHG' F>>CF' ?B' L@BÈJ>' :' C:_EC:D' `:@E>?Kd' b=?' ?M>' F:C>' ;:HHB?' b>'
F:EJ'B]'?M>'4!,'>H=C>@:?EBHc''&M>'4!,'>H=C>@:?EBH':F'F>>H'EH'?:bD>'gRc82h'C:K'b>']=@?M>@'
J>DECE?>J' aE?M' :' L:@:C>?>@' EHJE;:?EHG' >E?M>@' xU.07.-*&/6)*4!,y' B@' xU7$!&$)#&yd' aME;M'
aB=DJ'L:@:DD>D'?M>'!'HJEHGF'B]'):Jt<EH'EH'?M>')E^MH>LpK:HF<E'JE:D>;?c''&M=F'?M>'e=>F?EBH'
?B' b>' :HFa>@>J' EF' JB' FB*;:DD>J' <EH*?>@C' JEF?EH;?EBHF' :??>F?>J' bK' !M:<MC:?B`' ]B@' 2!,'
G>HE?E`>'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GE>F';B@@>D:?>'?B'?MBF>'B]'4!,c''#BH?>_?F'L@BÈJ>J'bK'!M:<MC:?B`'
JB'>_>CLDE]K'L:??>@HF']B@'?M>'?M@>>']=H;?EBHF'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>d'b=?'?M>@>'EF'HB'@>]>@>H;>'
C:J>'?B'LBFF>FF:d'Ec>c':DD'EHF?:H;>F'GE`>H':@>'EH:J`>@?>H?DK'FEHG=D:@c'
Table 4.62 &M>'4!,'LBFF>FFB@':HJ'<EH'?>@CF'EH'"@<EHB':;;B@JEHG'?B'!M:<MC:?B`

,DBFF )"5c!, ,.)c!,' ,.)c!,' ,.)c!,' ,.)'
gBbQ>;?h g:JLBFE?EBH' gLBFF>FFB@h gEHJ>!'HE?>h
;BCLD>C>H?h
CB?M>@ avam avań avań ~ avam )6 avań
]:?M>@ t́at́am t́at́ań t́at́ań )6 t́at́ań
>DJ>@'FEF?>@ )6 pat́ań )6 )6 )6
G@:HJCB?M>@ )6 babań )6 )6 )6
>DJ>@'b@B?M>@ )6 ĺaĺań )6 )6 ĺaĺań
G@:HJ]:?M>@ pokščam )6 )6 )6 pokščań
>DJ>@'b@B?M>@'gJECEH=?E`>h )6 )6 pat́kam )6 )6
CB?M>@'gJECEH=?E`>h )6 )6 afkam )6 afkań
KB=HG>@'FEF?>@ )6 sazyrym )6 )6 )6
KB=HG>@'b@B?M>@ )6 bratym )6 )6 )6
aE]> )6 koźajkam )6 )6 )6
;MEDJ )6 äjd́im )6 )6 )6
FBH*EH*D:a )6 sodamym )6 )6 H:
!M:<MC:?B`'EHJE;:?>F'?M:?'?M>'G>HE?E`>']B@CF'B]'FBC>'<EH*?>@C'LBFF>FF:'aE?M'4!,';@BFF*
@>]>@>H;>'C:@<EHG':@>'MBCBHKCB=F'aE?M'?M:?'B]'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>']B@CF'B]'?M>'F:C>'
aB@JFc'''$H'?M>'?:bD>'E?'aEDD'b>'BbF>@`>J'?M:?'F=;M':'F?:?>C>H?'BHDK':LLDE>F'?B'@>]>@>H?F'
aE?M':H'xU.07.-*&/6)*4!,q7$!&$)#&y']>:?=@>'EH'?M>'@BD>'B]'BbQ>;?d'aM>@>:F'?M>'FKH?:;?E;'
@BD>'B]':JLBFE?EBH:D';BCLD>C>H?':LL>:@F'?B'b>'`BD:?ED>'aE?M'@>G:@J'?B'?MEF'L:@:C>?>@d':HJ'
?M>'@BD>'B]'LBFF>FFB@'EF']=DDK'=H:??>F?>Jc
$HFL>;?EBH'B]'?M>'J:?E`>']B@CF'EHJE;:?>F'?M:?'?M>K';:H'b>'GE`>H'L:@:DD>D'?@>:?C>H?d'
Ec>c'2!,']B@CF'EH'%t́ijd':F'EHJE;:?>J'bK'!M:<MC:?B`d'M:`>'HB'xà.07.-*&/6)*["!!.!!"-y'L:*
@:C>?>@c''&M=F'a>'BbF>@`>'t́at́a+t́ij']:?M>@z)*1$)U["!!*2!,|76&'o?B'KB=@']:?M>@pd'ava+t́ij'
CB?M>@z)*1$)U["!!*2!,|76&d' suvaxa+t́ij C:?;M*C:<>@qCB?M>@*EH*D:az)*1$)U["!!*
2!,|76&d' :HJ' sazyr+yt́ij DE??D>*FEF?>@z)*1$)U["!!*2!,|76&c' ' $H' ?M>' L@>F>H?:?EBH' B]' 4!,'
LBFF>FF:d'E?'aEDD'b>'HB?>Jd'?M>'aB@J']B@CF'e=B?>J':@>'?:<>H']@BC'?M>'<EH'?>@CF':JM>@EHG'
?B'?M>'xU.07.-*&/6)*["!!.!!"-y'qxU!$),+06-q7$!&$)#&y'L:@:C>?>@d'>cGc'ava+ńiń CB?M>@z)*
1$)*.07.-U["!!*4!,|76&d' pat́a+ńiń >DJ>@*FEF?>@z)*1$)*.07.-U["!!*4!,|76&d' afka+ńiń
5"-[/"0",m 4S4
CB?M>@z)*1$)*.07.-c7$5U["!!*4!,|76&d' :HJ' t́at́ka+ńiń ]:?M>@z)*1$)*.07.-c7$5U["!!*

4!,|76&c''/>H;>d'EH'"@<EHB'?M>'4!,'C:@<>@F']B@'<EH'?>@CF'aE?M'?M>']>:?=@>'xU.07.-*&/6)*
["!!.!!"-y'EH'bB?M'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>':@>':??>F?>J':F'b>EHG'?M>'MBCBHKCB=F'aE?M'?MBF>'
B]'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>'@>FL>;?E`>DKd'F>>'JEF;=FFEBH'EH'F>;?EBH'Rc2c4c4c'#"-.'
#6!.!c
4.4.5. Recent grammatical presentation

of the possessive declension
$H' ?M>' CBF?' @>;>H?' CB@LMBDBGK' B]' ?M>' .@^K:' D:HG=:G>d' 6J=FM<EH:' g2333A' XYf432h'
L@BÈJ>F':'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHc''!M>'L@BÈJ>F'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'
;M:@?F']B@':DD'L>@FBHF'gM>@>'$'aEDD';E?>'BHDK'?M@>>hd'aME;M'EHJE;:?>':H':bF>H;>'B]'G>HE?E`>'
:HJ'J:?E`>']B@CF'EH':DD'b=?'?M>'V!,'J>;D>HFEBHd'F>>'?:bD>F'gRc8V:*;hc'
Table 4.63a [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'BH'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'gLBFF>FFB@'s'!"Ĕ'o4!,pd'

' ' :HJ'LBFF>FF:'EH'vaĺma'oaEHJBapd'veĺe'oÈDD:G>ph
!EHG=D:@ [D=@:D
)"5 vaĺma+m veĺe+m vaĺma+n veĺe+ń
,.) – – – –
76& – – – –
6Z0 vaĺma+do+n veĺe+d́e+ń
$). vaĺma+so+n veĺe+se+ń
.06 vaĺma+sto+n veĺe+ste+ń
$00 vaĺma+zo+n veĺe+ze+ń
[-"0 vaĺma+va+n veĺe+va+ń
#"5[ vaĺma+ška+n veĺe+ška+ń
6Z. vaĺma+vtomo+n veĺe+vt́eme+ń
g6J=FM<EH:'2333A'YSh
Table 4.63b [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'BH'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'gLBFF>FFB@'s'toń ‘2FGpd'

' ' :HJ'LBFF>FF:'EH'vakan'obBaDpd'paŕ'ob:@@>Dph
)"5 vakan+ot paŕ+et́
,.) – –
76& – –
6Z0 vakan+do+t paŕ+d́e+t́
$). vakan+so+t paŕ+se+ t́
.06 vakan+sto+t paŕ+ste+ t́
$00 vakan+oz+ot paŕ+ez+et́
[-"0 vakan+ga+t paŕ+ga+t́
#"5[ vakan+ška+t paŕ+ška+t́
6Z. vakan+tomo+t paŕ+t́eme+t́
g6J=FM<EH:'2333A'YSfYXh
4S2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
rMED>' ?M>' J:FM' EH' ?M>' 4!,' :HJ' 2!,' G>HE?E`>' :HJ' J:?E`>' ;:HHB?' b>' =HJ>@F?BBJ' :F' JE??B'
C:@<EHG'f'?M:?'aB=DJ'C>:H'?M:?'?M>'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>':@>';BHF?@=>J':F'MBCBHKCF'B]'
?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'f'a>';:H':FF=C>'?M:?'?M>@>'EF':';BH"':?EBH'B]'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>';:F>'
]B@CF'EH':DD'b=?'?M>'V!,c''
Table 4.63c [BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'BH'?M>'LBFF>FF=C'gLBFF>FFB@'s'sonze'oVFGpd'

' ' :HJ'LBFF>FF:'EH'ĺom'oC>:JBapd'ĺem'oH:C>ph
)"5 ĺom+ozo ĺem+eze ĺom+onzo ĺem+enze
,.) ĺom+onzo ĺem+enze
76& ĺom+onsteń ĺem+ensteń
6Z0 ĺom+do+nzo ĺem+d́e+nze
$). ĺom+so+nzo ĺem+se+ nze
.06 ĺom+sto+nzo ĺem+ste+nze
$00 ĺom+oz+onzo ĺem+ez+enze
[-"0 ĺom+ga+nzo ĺem+ga+nzo
#"5[ ĺom+ška+nzo ĺem+ška+nzo
6Z. ĺom+tomo+nzo ĺem+t́eme+nze
g6J=FM<EH:'2333A'YXh
&MEF' ;BH"':?EBH' B]' HBCEH:?E`>' :HJ' G>HE?E`>' EF' b>F?' BbF>@`>J' EH' ?:bD>' gRc8Rhd' aM>@>'
6J=FM<EH:d'EDD=F?@:?>F'?M>':bEDE?K'B]'.@^K:'?B'EHJE;:?>'LBFF>FFB@']=H;?EBH'EH'aB@JF'aE?M'
LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHGc''/>@>'FM>':DFB'EHJE;:?>F':'JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@'EH'?M>'
4!,'C:@<EHG'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFB@d'Ec>c'%Om'EHJE;:?>F'FEHG=D:@':HJ'%ON'LD=@:D'LBFF>FF:c
Table 4.64 7EF?EH;?EBH']B@'G@:CC:?E;:D'H=Cb>@'B]'LBFF>FF>J'LBFF>FF:'

' ' :LL:@>H?'BHDK'EH'4!,'C:@<EHG
["- [BFF>FFB@* [BFF>FF=C'B]' [BFF>FFB@* [BFF>FF=C'B]'LBFF>FF:
]=H;?EBH' LBFF>FF=C ]=H;?EBH'
LBFF>FF=C LBFF>FF:
4 !, t́ejt́eŕ+em t́ejt́eŕ+eń
[0 t́ejt́eŕ+eńek t́ejt́eŕ+eńek
2 !, t́ejt́eŕ+et́ vajgeĺ+eze t́ejt́eŕ+et́ oršamo+st
[0 t́ejt́eŕ+eŋk t́ejt́eŕ+eŋk
V !, t́ejt́eŕ+enze t́ejt́eŕ+enze
[0 t́ejt́eŕ+est t́ejt́eŕ+est
oJ:=GM?>@p `BE;>z)U["!!* oJ:=GM?>@p ;DB?MEHGz)U["!!*V[0
V!,|)"5c!,
'g;]c'6J=FM<EH:'2333A'YRh
5"-[/"0",m 4SV
!EH;>' ?M>' aB@J' t́ejt́eŕ oJ:=GM?>@i' GE@Dp' CEGM?' @>:JEDK' b>' ;BHF?@=>J' :F' J>LE;?EHG' :' ?aB*
:@G=C>H?' @>]>@>H?d' :' <EH' ?>@Cd' 6J=FM<EH:tF' J>CBHF?@:?EBH' B]' G@:CC:?E;:D' H=Cb>@'
:LL>:@F'?B'b>'EH';BH"'E;?'aE?M'?M>'FL>;E:D'G>HE?E`>']B@CF'B]'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,'LBFF>FFB@'
EHJE;>Fd'F>>'@>F?:?>C>H?'B]'?M>F>c
,>HE?E`>
%Oń U["!!*4!,|x1$)y,.)'
%Ot́ U["!!*2!,|x1$)y,.)'
Attestation of one disambiguous gloss (tet́ á ‘father’)
&@>:?C>H?'B]'<EH*?>@C'LM>HBC>H:'EF'>_?@>C>DK'DECE?>J'EH'?M>'G@:CC:@F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d'
aME;M'EF'L@Bb:bDK'J=>'?B'?M>'JEFL:@E?K'B]'?M>'@>]>@>H?'F>?F'EHJE;:?>J'bK'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,'
L>@FBHFc' ' />H;>d' aM>@>' L@BL>@' HB=HF' :@>' F=]!';E>H?DK' JEF?EH;?' ?B' :DDBa' ]B@' EHJ>!'HE?>*
C:@<EHG' F?@:?>GE>F' gF>>' F>;?EBH' Rc2c4c4chd' <EH' ?>@CFd' >FL>;E:DDK' JEF?EH;?' BH>Fd' ;:H' :DFB'
:DDBa']B@'EHJ>!'HE?>'C:@<EHGd'>`>H'aM>H'?M>';BH?>_?=:D';BH?@BDD>@qLBFF>FFB@'EF'DBa>@'BH'
?M>':HEC:;K'ME>@:@;MK'?M:H'4!,c
&M>'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F':??>F?F'?B':'MEGM']@>e=>H;K'B]'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>']B@CF'B]'?M>'
?aB'JEF?EH;?'?aB*:@G=C>H?'<EH'?>@CF'ava oCB?M>@p'4222'ME?F':HJ't́et́a o]:?M>@p'YV2'ME?Fd'
?M>']B@C>@'B]'aME;M';:H':DFB'b>'GDBFF>J':F':'BH>*:@G=C>H?'HB=H'oaBC:Hpc'''rM>@>:F'
?M>' aB@J' ]B@C' t́et́a+ń ]:?M>@z)U,.)' M:F' MEGM*]@>e=>H;K' :??>F?:?EBH' aE?M' LBF?LBFE?EBHF'
:HJ' LBFF>FF:d' >cGc' t́et́a+ń marto' oaE?M' xCKy' ]:?M>@p' W4' ME?Fd' t́et́a+ń či͔ńenze' o?M>' FC>DD'
B]'xCKy']:?M>@p'23'ME?Fd'?M>@>':@>'BHDK'V'ME?F']B@'?M>'F>e=>H;>'t́et́a+m marto'oaE?M'CK'
]:?M>@pd'aME;M'EF'?M>'MEGM>F?':??>F?:?EBH'B]':'HBCEH:?E`>*>e=E`:D>H?']B@C'aE?M':']=H;?EBH'
:??@Eb=?>J' ?B' ?M>' G>HE?E`>c' ' $H?>@>F?EHGDK' >HB=GM' ?M>F>' ?M@>>' ME?F' ;BC>' EH' L=bDE;:?EBHF'
a@E??>H'bK'FL>:<>@F'B]'6D:?K@t*?KL>'JE:D>;?F'g7B@BHEH'4YYVi'Z:@GB`:'4YYShc''#B=DJ'?M>F>'
b>'EHF?:H;>F'B]'B`>@*^>:DB=F'L@BB]*@>:J>@F'aE?M'JE]]>@>H?'JE:D>;?'b:;<G@B=HJFd'B@'FMB=DJ'
?M>K'b>';BHFEJ>@>J'MKL>@;B@@>;?']B@CF':??@Eb=?>J'?B'?M>':=?MB@F'?M>CF>D`>F{''&M>'FL>;E:D'
2!,'G>HE?E`>']B@C'EH't́et́a+t́ M:F':'FDEGM?DK'DBa>@':??>F?:?EBHd'>cGc't́et́a+t́ marto'oaE?M'KB=@q
?M>']:?M>@p'23'ME?Fd't́et́a+t́ či͔ńeze'o?M>'FC>DD'B]'KB=@q?M>']:?M>@p'4R'ME?Fd':HJ'?M>@>':@>'BHDK'
2'ME?F']B@'?M>'F>e=>H;>'t́et́a+t marto'oaE?M'KB=@']:?M>@pd'bB?M']@BC'7B@BHEH'g4YY8d'2334hd'
aMBd'EH'?MEF'EHF?:H;>d'aB=DJ'b>'=FEHG'?M>']B@CF'B]'MEF'BaH'JE:D>;?d'aME;M'JB'HB?']>:?=@>'
:'FL>;E:D'2!,']B@Cc
In conclusion
&M>' xà1$)y' L:@:C>?>@d' MKLB?M>FE^>J' bK' !M:<MC:?B`' EH' 4Y43' EH' MEF' ?@>:?EF>' B]' ?M>'
"@<EHB'JE:D>;?d'EF'F?EDD':??>F?>J'EH'G@:CC:@'a@E?EHG'B]'?BJ:Kc''rM>@>:F'bB?M'4!,':HJ'2!,'
C:@<EHG';:H'b>'@>:JEDK':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'EHJ>!'HE?>':HJ'JE:D>;?*]B@C'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHFd'
@>FL>;?E`>DKd'?M>@>':@>'F?EDD'C:??>@F'?B'b>'@>F>:@;M>Jc''&B'aM:?'>_?>H?';:H'HB=HF'EHJE;:?EHG'
JEF?EH;?d' MEGM*:HEC:;K' @>]>@>H?F' K>?' HB?' L@BL>@' HB=HF' B@' FL>;E!';:DDK' <EHFMEL' ?>@CF'
b>' J>;DEH>J' EH' EHJ>!'HE?>' aB@J' ]B@CF{' ' rM:?' :@>' ?M>' :;?=:D' JE:D>;?F' :HJ' F=b*JE:D>;?F'
4SR 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
aM>@>'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>'C:@<EHG'@>;>E`>'FL>;E:D'J>;D>HFEBH:D']B@CF{''6@>'?M>'F:C>'
JEF?@Eb=?EBHF':LLDE;:bD>'?B'4!,'G>HE?E`>'C:@<EHG':LLDE;:bD>'?B'?M>'J:?E`>':F'a>DD{''/Ba'
;:H'?M>F>'JE]]>@>H;>FqFECED:@E?E>F'EH'JEF?@Eb=?EBH'b>';BCL:@>J'?B'?MBF>'B]'2!,d'aME;Md':F'
a>'M:`>'HB?>Jd'EF'HB?':??>F?>J'EH':DD'?M>'F:C>'D:HG=:G>'`:@E:H?F':F'?MBF>'aM>@>'FL>;E:D'
4!,'C:@<EHG'Bb?:EHFc
4.5. Adnominal syntax and secondary declension

&MEF'F>;?EBH'J>F;@Eb>F'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'LM>HBC>H:'EH`BD`>J'EH'.@^K:'F>;BHJ:@K'J>*
;D>HFEBHc' '&M>' JEF;=FFEBH' J>`>DBL>J' F>?F' B=?' ?B' EDD=F?@:?>' ?M:?d' aM>@>:F' `:@EB=F' CBJE*
!'>@F';:H'b>;BC>'C:EH'E?>CF'EH':H' )['aM>H'?M>';BH?>_?=:DDK'L@>JE;?:bD>'M>:J'HB=H'EF'
J@BLL>Jd'?M>@>':@>'?aB'b:FE;'F?@:?>GE>F']B@'C:@<EHG' 5r)'gCBJE!'>@F'aE?MB=?'HB=HFhA'gEh'
n.-"'C:@<EHGd':HJ'gEEh' !"7'g!L>:<>@*"@E>H?>J'7>CBHF?@:?E`>h'C:@<EHGc'',@:CC:@F'B]'
.@^K:'L@>F>H?'bB?M'B]'?M>F>'F?@:?>GE>F'?B'JE]]>@>H?'J>G@>>Fd'b=?'=F=:DDK'?M>E@'?@>:?C>H?'B]'
5r)'EF'J>DE`>@>J'EH'F>`>@:D'F>L:@:?>'F>;?EBHF'aE?M'HB';BHH>;?EBHF'J@:aHc''&M>'?@>:?C>H?'
B]'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'M:F'b>>H':FFB;E:?>J'aE?M'!"7'F?@:?>GE>F'EH'.`F>`t>`tF'
G@:CC:@'B]'.@^K:'g4Y8Vx4Y2Xq2Yyhd'aM>@>:F'6G:]BHB`:'g2333h'L@>F>H?F'L>@FBH:D'L@B*
HB=HF':HJ'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'n.-"'C:@<EHGc''+LBH';DBF>@'F;@=?EHK'E?'b>*
;BC>F' :LL:@>H?' ?M:?'6G:]BHB`:tF' @>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>' L@BHB=H' ;M:@?F' EH;D=J>' C>Cb>@F'
]@BC'?aB'JE]]>@>H?'L:@:JEGCFi'?M>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L:@:JEGCF':@>'EH?>@CEHGD>J'aE?M'
G>HE?E`>'U'!"7'F?@:?>GE>Fc''g#]c',5m:'4Y82'$A'2V2i',5m:'4YX3A'28Si'5BFEH'P'Z:Q=FM<EH'
4YXVA'448i'[:DD'4YY8A'4X*4Yi'n:E;^'2338h''&M=F':]?>@'L@>F>H?EHG'b:;<G@B=HJ'EH]B@C:?EBH'
BH' F>;BHJ:@K' J>;D>HFEBHd' :HJ' J>CBHF?@:?EHG' ?M:?' bB?M' C:@<EHG' F?@:?>GE>F' :@>' :??>F?>J'
aE?M'DB;:?E`>'CBJE!'>@Fd'$'L@BÈJ>':H'B`>@È>a'BH'?M>';BCL:?EbEDE?K'B]'`:@EB=F'CBJE!'>@'
?KL>F'aE?M'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHc'6HJ'?MEF'$']BDDBa'=L'aE?M':'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'EHFL>;?EBH'
B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D':HJ'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF':F'@>HJ>@>J'EH' 5r)'B@'
F>;BHJ:@K*J>;D>HFEBH']B@CFc
4.5.1. Background
$H'CK':@?E;D>'")'v+6)&$($#6&$")' $)' &/.'.-nm6'06),+6,.'g-=>?>@d']B@?M;BCEHGhd'$'M:`>'
HB?>J' ?M:?' .@^K:' HBCEH:D*FKH?:_' F?@=;?=@>' >H?:EDF' FKCC>?@E;' C:@<EHG' B]' ;:F>c' ' #:F>'
C:@<EHG' EH' ?=@H' @>e=E@>F' ?M>' ;MBE;>' B]' BH>' J>;D>HFEBH' ?KL>' ]@BC' :' F>D>;?EBH' B]' ?M@>>d'
aM>@>=LBH'E?'EF'@>HJ>@>J'aE?M'LBF?LBF>J'B@E>H?:?EBH'BH'?M>'LM@:F>*!'H:D'M>:Jd'B@'EH'?M>'
:bF>H;>'B]'?MEF';BHF?E?=>H?d'BH'?M>'!'H:D';BHF?E?=>H?'B]'?M>'LM@:F>c''&M=Fd'EH':JJE?EBH'?B'?M>'
FECLD>'HB=H'LM@:F>';BHFEF?EHG'B]'BHDK':'M>:J'HB=Hd'?M>'.@^K:')[';:H':DFB'b>'@>L@>F>H?>J'
bK'H=C>@B=F';BCbEH:?EBHF'B]'L@>CBJE!'>@F'aE?M':HJ'aE?MB=?':H' )['M>:Jc''(E@F?'D>?'=F'
>_:CEH>'?M>'FECLD>'M>:J*HB=H')[F':HJ')[F'aE?M'FEHGD>'CBJE!'>@d'F>>'g8Whc
5"-[/"0",m 4SW
g8Wh' kudo+ś
MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>q?M:?q?MEF''MB=F>qMBC>p
/>:J' HB=HF' ;:H' b>' L@>;>J>J' bK' FEHGD>' CBJE!'>@F' @>L@>F>H?EHG' :JQ>;?E`>Fd' e=:H?E!'>@Fd'
FL:?E:D'CBJE!'>@F':HJ'J>?>@CEH>@Fc
6JQ>;?E`>'U')B=H'U'#_
g88h' pokš kudo+ś

bEGz6c6Z!'' MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>q?M:?q?MEF'bEG'MB=F>p
g8Sh' jakśt́eŕe kudo+ś

@>Jz6c6Z!'' MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>q?M:?q?MEF'@>J'MB=F>p
v=:H?E]KEHG'CBJE!'>@'U')B=H'U'#_
g8Xh' źaro vina+ś

?M:?*C=;Mzvc6Z!'' DEe=B@z)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>'C=;M'DEe=B@p
!L:?E:D'CBJE!'>@'U')B=H'U'#_
g8Yh' oš+so kudo+ś

?BaHz)U$).''MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>q?M:?q?MEF'MB=F>'EH'?BaHp
7>?>@CEH>@'U')B=H'U'#_
gS3h' iśt́amo kudo+ś

F=;Mz[-"*7.(c6Z!''MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
oF=;M':'MB=F>p
gS4h' t́e kudo+ś

?MEFz[-"*7.5*[-"Tc6Z!'' MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?MEF'MB=F>p
4S8 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
gS2h' ńe kudo+t́+ńe
?MEFz[-"*7.5*[-"Tc6Z!'' MB=F>qMBC>z)U[0U7.(c[0c)"5
o?M>F>'MB=F>Fp
,>HE?E`>'CBJE!'>@'U')B=H'U'#_
gSVh' :c' vańa+ń kudo+ś

\:HK:z[-[U,.)''MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
o\:HK:tF'MB=F>p
bc' čuvto+ń kudo+ś

aBBJz)U,.)''MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>q?M:?q?MEF'aBBJ>H'MB=F>p
;c' sonze kudo+ś

M>qFM>qE?z[-")*[.-!*V!,c,.)c["!!*V!,''MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>q?M:?q?MEF'aBBJ>H'MB=F>p
$H'>_:CLD>F'g88fSVh'a>';:H'BbF>@`>'FECLD>'CBJE!'>@'F?@=;?=@>F'EHA
)['s')d'6'U')d'v'U')d'![6&$60'U')d'7.&'U')':HJ',.)*6&&-'U')
6D?>@H:?>'B@J>@EHG'B]'M>:J':HJ'CBJE!'>@gFh'aEDD'EHJ=;>'?M>':JJ@>FF>>'?B'L>@;>E`>':';BC*
LD>?>'F>H?>H;>d':D?MB=GM'EH';BH?>_?')['DBB<EHG'F>e=>H;>F';:H':DFB'b>'EH?>@L@>?>J':F';BC*
LD>?>'F>H?>H;>Fc''/>H;>'?M>'=LL>@*;:F>'D>??>@F'EH'gS8fSSh'EHJE;:?>'HBH*H>=?@:Dd'L>@M:LF'
]B;=Fd'L@>JE;:?>'LBFE?EBHc
gSRh' kudo+ś pokš

MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,''bEGz6c)"5c!,''
o?M>q?M:?q?MEF'MB=F>'xEFy'bEGcp
gSWh' kudo+ś oš+so

MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,''?BaHz)U$).''
o?M>q?M:?q?MEF''MB=F>'xEFy'EH'?BaHcp
gS8h' POKŠ kudo+ś

bEGz6c)"5c!,''MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
oxHBay'?MEF'MB=F>'EF'Z$,p
gSSh' OŠ+SO kudo+ś

?BaHz)U$).''MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
oxHBay'?MEF'MB=F>'EH'$)'&"r)p
5"-[/"0",m 4SS
0>?'=F'HBa'BbF>@`>':';BCbEH:?EBH'EH;D=JEHG'bB?M'FL:?E:D':HJ':JQ>;?E`:D'CBJE!'>@Fc''/>@>'
E?'aEDD'b>'BbF>@`>J'?M:?'?M>':JQ>;?E`>'JE@>;?DK'L@>;>J>F'?M>' )['M>:Jd':HJ'?M:?'?M>'FL:?E:D'
CBJE!'>@'EF':DFB'L@>LBF>J'EH'.@^K:d'L@>;>JEHG'?M>':JQ>;?E`>c''&M>'EH>FFE`>'C:@<EHG'EH'?M>'
DB;:?E`>'CBJE!'>@'EF'EHJE;:?E`>'B]':H'EH>FFE`>')['ošso oEH'?BaHp'?M:?'L@>CBJE!'>F'?M>'HB=H'
LM@:F>'pokš kudoś o?M>'bEG'MB=F>pc''
gSXh' oš+so pokš kudo+ś

?BaHz)U$).' ' bEGz6c6Z!'' MB=F>qMBC>z)U)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>q?M:?q?MEF'bEG'MB=F>'EH'?BaHp
Noun Phrase Constituent Ordering
&M>' b:FE;' ;BHF?E?=>H?' B@J>@EHG' EH' ?M>' HB=H' LM@:F>' ;:H' b>' B=?DEH>J' :F' J>?>@CEH>@' U'
e=:H?E!'>@' U' :JQ>;?E`>' U' HB=Hc' ' &MEF' B=?DEH>' C:K' :LL>:@' B`>@FECLDE!'>Jd' b=?' E?' F>>CF'
?B':JJ@>FF':'D:@G>'LB@?EBH'B]'HB=H'LM@:F>F'EH'?M>'.@^K:';B@LB@:c''&M=F'FKCC>?@K'EH' )['
>_L:HFEBH'F?@:?>GE>F'GB>F'G>H>@:DDK'=H;BCL@BCEF>Jd'Ec>c'?M>'CBJE!'>J')[F';:H'b>']=@?M>@'
CBJE!'>J'aE?M'e=:H?E!'>@Fd'J>?>@CEH>@F':HJ'>`>H')[F'B@':JLBFE?EBH:D'LM@:F>F'EH'CBJE!'>@*
;:F>']B@CF'g>cGc',.)d'$).d'.06d'[-"0d'#"5[d'6Z.d'&-)!0d'0"#hc''6JQ>;?E`>F';:H';B*B;;=@'aE?M'
e=:H?E!'>@F'B@'J>?>@CEH>@F'B@'bB?Md'F>>'gSYfX4hc'
gSYh' :c' kavto pokš kudo+so

?aBz)+5*#6-7c6Z!''bEGz6c6Z!'' MB=F>qMBC>z)U$).
oEH'?aB'bEG'MB=F>Fp
bc' kavto pokš kudo+t́+ńe+se

?aBz)+5*#6-7c6Z!''bEGz6c6Z!'' MB=F>qMBC>z)U[0U7.(c[0U$).
oEH'?M>q?MBF>q?M>F>'?aB'bEG'MB=F>Fp
gX3h' :c' t́e pokš kudo+so+ńt́

?MEFz[-")*7.&c6Z!'' bEGz6c6Z!'' MB=F>qMBC>z)U$).U7.(c!,
oEH'?MEF'bEG'MB=F>p
bc' ńe pokš kudo+t́+ńe+se

?M>F>z[-")*7.&*[0c6Z!'' bEGz6c6Z!'' MB=F>qMBC>z)U[0U7.(c[0U$).
oEH'?M>F>'bEG'MB=F>Fp
âgX4h':c' t́e kavto pokš kudo+so+ńt́

?MEFz[-")*7.&*!,c6Z!'' ?aBz)+5*#6-7c6Z!''bEGz6c6Z!'' MB=F>qMBC>z)U$).U7.(c!,
oEH'?M>q?M:?q?MEF'?aB'bEG'MB=F>p
4SX 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
bc' ńe kavto pokš kudo+t́+ńe+se

?M>F>z[-")*7.&*[0c6Z!'' ?aBz)+5*#6-7c6Z!''bEGz6c6Z!'' MB=F>qMBC>z)U[0U7.(c[0U$).
oEH'?M>q?MBF>q?M>F>'?aB'bEG'MB=F>Fp
$H'?M>'>_:CLD>F':bB`>'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@K'B]'H=Cb>@'M:F':H'EH"'=>H;>'BH'?M>'JEF*
?@Eb=?EBH'B]'J>?>@CEH>@Fd'e=:H?E!'>@F':HJ'?M>'@>C:EHJ>@'B]'?M>' )[c''6'H=C>@:D'g?aB':HJ'
:bB`>h';:H';B*B;;=@'aE?M':'M>:J'EH':H'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@Cd'B@'E?';:H':LL>:@'aE?M':'
M>:J'EH':'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@Cd'Ec>c'?M>')['kavto kudoso oEH'?aB'MB=F>Fp'JE]]>@F']@BC'
?M>')['kavto kudot́ńese oEH'?M>'?aB'MB=F>Fp'EH'C:??>@F'B]'J>!'HE?>H>FFc''!EH;>'J>!'HE?>H>FF'
EF':H'>H?:EDC>H?'B]'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=HFd'E?'aEDD'b>'HB?>J'?M:?'e=:H?E!'>@F'EHJE;:?EHG'
H=Cb>@F'D:@G>@'?M:H'BH>';:H'BHDK';B*B;;=@'aE?M'?M>'LD=@:D'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H'ńe
o?M>F>'g:H:LMB@E;hp':HJ'HB?'E?F'FEHG=D:@';B=H?>@L:@?'t́e o?MEFpd'F>>'gX4hc
6HB?M>@'e=:DE!';:?EBH'B]';BHF?E?=>H?'B@J>@':JJ@>FF>F'?M>'G>HE?E`>':??@Eb=?>Fd'=F=:D*
DK'EHJE;:?EHG'C:?>@E:D':HJ'FL:?EB*?>CLB@:D'FB=@;>d'L=@LBF>d':HJ'C>@BHKCKc''ZB?M':JQ>;*
?E`>F':HJ'G>HE?E`>':??@Eb=?>F';:H'b>'=F>J'F>L:@:?>DK':F'CBJE!'>@Fd'b=?'aM>H'?M>K';B*B;;=@d'
?M>'FKCC>?@E;'F?@:?>GK':FFEF?F'G@>:?DK'EH'JEF:CbEG=:?EBHd'F>>'gX2fXWhd'Ec>c'?M>'B@J>@EHG'
kośke tumoń oJ@K'B:<p'F>?F'B]]':'L@>CBJE]KEHG'G>HE?E`>':??@Eb=?>')['?B'peŋgt́ o!'@>*aBBJp'
aMED>' ?M>' @>`>@F>' B@J>@EHG' tumoń kośke oB]' B:<d' J@Kp' EHJE;:?>F' ?M:?' ?M>' M>:J' M:F' ?aB'
CBJE!'>@F'f':H':JQ>;?E`>'kośke'oJ@Kp':HJ':'L@>;>JEHG'G>HE?E`>':??@Eb=?>'tumoń oB]'B:<p'
)[c''0>?'E?'F=]!';>'?M:?'a>'BbF>@`>'?M>']BDDBaEHG'>_:CLD>Fd'J>@E`>J']@BC'g1BDK:JKBH<B`'
4YR3A'2Rd'W2i'Z:@?>HF'4YYYA'444hc
gX2h' tumo+ń peŋg+t́

B:<z)U,.)'' !'@>*aBBJz)U'[0c)"5
oB:<g>Hh'!'@>*aBBJp
gXVh' kośke peŋg+t́

J@Kz6c6Z!''!'@>*aBBJz)U'[0c)"5
oJ@K'!'@>*aBBJp
gXRh' kośke tumo+ń peŋg+t́

J@Kz6c6Z!''B:<z)U,.)'' !'@>*aBBJz)U[0c)"5
o!'@>*aBBJ';=?']@BC'J@K'B:<p
gXWh' tumo+ń kośke peŋg+t́

B:<z)U,.)'' J@Kz6c6Z!''!'@>*aBBJz)U'[0c)"5
oJ@K'B:<'!'@>*aBBJp
$H':'FECED:@'`>EH'a>';:H':??>F?'B?M>@' )['CBJE!'>@F':HJ'?M>E@'LD:;>C>H?'b>]B@>'?M>'M>:J'
HB=H'EH'>_:CLD>F']@BC'5E<M:ED'Z@K^MEHF<Ed'F>>'gX8fXShc
5"-[/"0",m 4SY
gX8h' kečaj son+ś+kak eź

1>;M:Ez)*[-[c)"5c!,'' MECF>D]z[-")*[.-!*V!,U-.(0U#0&''HB?z\*).,*[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''
soda, ko+v eskeĺ+i
<HBaz\c#")).,''aM>@>z[-")*$)&.-*![6&$60U06&''F?@EJ>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,''
viŕ+ga+ńt́, ́
0,Ě,-###########'(ࡓ ############## 7,+,#########################8$!+!
]B@>F?z)U[-"0U7.(c!,d'' tall_A.ABS and_CONJ five_NUM-CARD.ABS -six_NUM-CARD.ABS
0,Ď*,Ĕ################ ,þ$,/%&*0!##########Ğ&'!#################################(-,*Ĕ
fathom_N+GEN thickness_N+INE hundred_NUM-CARD.ABS year_N+GEN
þ47+*+*",*Ĕ jutko+va
tree_N+PL+DET.PL+GEN''' :CBHGqb>?a>>Hz["[U[-"0
gZ@K^MEHF<Ed'5c'1E@J:^M?'C:H=F;@EL?h'o.`>H'1>;M:E'MECF>D]'JEJHp?'<HBa'aM>@>'M>'
a:F'a:D<EHG'?M@B=GM'?M>']B@>F?d':CBHG'?M>'?:DD'?@>>F'!'`>'xB@y'FE_']:?MBCF':@B=HJ':HJ'
M=HJ@>JF'B]'K>:@F'BDJcp
gXSh' kolmo či͔+t́ ti͔ńeŋk

?M@>>z)+5*#6-7c6Z!''J:Kz)U[0c)"5''KB=z[-")*[.-!*2[0c76&c["!!*2[0''
eź pečt́avo &/&<&*Ĕ########### 14/!*Ĕ########
HB?z\*).,*[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'';@BFFz\c#")).,''horse_N+GEN tail_N+GEN
́
$,Ď,*0,########## +,#############################Ď,-*,Ğ!
width_N+INE this_PRON-DEM.ABS river_N+NOM.DET.SG
gZ@K^MEHF<Ed'5c'4YXVA'Y3h'o(B@'?M@>>'J:KF'KB='M:`>'HB?'C:H:G>J'?B';@BFF'?MEF'@E`>@'?M:?'
EF'?M>'b@>:J?M'B]':'MB@F>tF'?:EDÖp'
/>H;>' a>' ;:H' :FF=C>' ?M:?' EH' :JJE?EBH' ?B' ?M>' ]BDDBaEHG' B@J>@EHG' ]B@' )[Fd' ?M>@>' CEGM?'
:DFB'b>'@BBC']B@'JB=bD>'B@'?@ELD>'>Cb>JJEHGc''&M=F'?M>'FECLD>_' )[';BHFEF?F'B]'LBFFEbD>'
J>?>@CEH>@Fd' e=:H?E!'>@F' :HJ' :JQ>;?E`>Fd' :HJ' :' ;BCLD>_' )[' CEGM?' ;BHFEF?' B]' :H' )['
>Cb>JJ>J'EH'>E?M>@':H')['B@':JLBFE?EBH:D'LM@:F>'EH'BH>'B]'?M>'CBJE!'>@';:F>Fc''.ÈJ>H;>'
]@BC'Z@K^MEHF<EtF'?>_?F'EHJE;:?>F'>`>H'CB@>';BCLD>_E?Kd'F>>'b>DBac'
!ECLD>')['s'g7.&.-5$).-h'gv+6)&$($.-h'g679.#&$\.h')"+)'
)['aE?M'FEHGD>'>Cb>JJEHG'
s')['x,.)'Ü'$).'Ü'.06'Ü'[-"0'Ü'#"5['Ü'6Z.'Ü'&-)!0y''U')[
s'6JLBFE?EBH:D''LM@:F>x$).'Ü'.06'Ü'[-"0'Ü'#"5['Ü'0"#y''U')[
)['aE?M'JB=bD>'>Cb>JJEHG'
vet́e%koto seĺ+eń ečkelma+so čuvto
s')[x)[x)[xv'''''''''''''''''')'x,.)yy'U')x$).yy''''''''''''U')y
alaša+ń pulo+ń keĺe+se t́e ĺej
s')[x)[x)[x)[x)'x,.)yy'''''''U')x,.)yy''''''''''''U')x$).yy''''''''U'7.&'')y
4X3 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Symmetric case marking and head noun deletion
#:F>'C:@<EHG'FKCC>?@K'EH'.@^K:d'E?'C=F?'b>'F?@>FF>Jd'EF'FB'L>@FEF?>H?'?M:?'?M>'C:@<>@F'
CEGM?':DFB'b>'È>a>J':F'>H;DE?E;Fc''$]d']B@'>_:CLD>d'?M>')['M>:J'EF';BH?>_?=:DDK'L@>JE;?:bD>d'
E?'C:K':DFB'b>'J>D>?>Jd'aM>@>=LBH'?M>'CBJE!'>@';DBF>F?'?B'?M>')[*!'H:D'LBFE?EBH'b>;BC>F'
?M>' H>a' DB;=F' ]B@' ;:F>' C:@<EHGd' F>>' gXXhd' :HJ' ;BCL:@>' aE?M' g88fSVhd' :bB`>c' ' "?M>@'
:??>F?:?EBHF' B]' ?MEF' LM>HBC>HBHd' <HBaH' M>@>' :F' !.#")76-m' 7.#0.)!$")d' ;:H' b>' ]B=HJ'
EH' g.`F>`t>`' 4Y8VA' W4d' 434f43Vd' 428d' 42Yf4V2d' 4VRf4VWd' 482i' #BDDEHJ>@' 4Y8YA' 2V4i'
$C:E<EH:'4YY8A'2SfV2i',@>bH>`:'2333A'43Sf43Xi'6G:]BHB`:'2333A'4VYf4R4d'4RVf4RWi'
.@C=~<EH'233RA'WRi'1>@>F^?>F'233WA'V8YfVSYi'n:E;^'2338A'4YRf4YS'gaMB'>`>H'C>H?EBHFd'
aE?MB=?'>_:CLD>d'?>@?E:@K'J>;D>HFEBHhi',ED'r60!']>:?=@>q;M:L?>@'84'679.#&$\.!'r$&/"+&'
)"+)!ch
6JQ>;?E`>'U'á'U'#_
gXXh' :c' pokš+oś

bEGz6c6Z!U)c)"5c7.(c!,
gZ:@GB`:'4YY8A'8Xh'o?M>q?M:?q?MEF'bEG'BH>p
bc' jakśt́eŕe+ś
@>Jz6c6Z!U)c)"5c7.(c!,
g0=<K:HB`'4YWWA'Yh'o?M>q?M:?q?MEF'@>J'BH>p
v=:H?E]KEHG'CBJE!'>@'U'á'U'#_
;c' źaro+ś
?M:?*C=;Mzvc6Z!''DEe=B@z)U)"5c7.(c!,
g6b@:CB`'4YX3A'4Xh'o?M:?'C=;Mp
!L:?E:D'CBJE!'>@'U'á'U'#_
Jc' oš+so+t́+ńe
?BaHz)U$).U)c[0U'7.(c[0c)"5
g6b@:CB`'4YXXA'VWYh'o?M>q?MBF>q?M>F>'BH>F'EH'?BaHp
7>?>@CEH>@'U'á'U'#_
>c' iśt́amo+ś
F=;Mz[-"*7.(c6Z!U)c)"5c7.(c!,
gZ@K^MEHF<E'$c'4YWWA'SRh'oBH>'F=;M'íp
5"-[/"0",m 4X4
â]c't́e+ś
?MEFz[-"*7.5*[-"Tc6Z!U)c)"5c7.(c!,
o?MEF'BH>p
,>HE?E`>'CBJE!'>@'U'á'U'#_
âGc'vańa+ń+eś
\:HK:z[-[U,.)U)c)"5c7.(c!,
o\:HK:tF'BH>p
âMc'čuvto+ń+eś
aBBJz)U,.)U)c)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>q?M:?q?MEF'aBBJ>H'BH>p
Ec' sonze+ś
M>qFM>qE?z[-")*[.-!*V!,c,.)c["!!*V!,U)c)"5c7.(c!,
g1E@EDDB`'4YXSA'SRh'oMEFqM>@FqE?Fp
6F' ;:H' b>' BbF>@`>J' EH' gXXh' L@>JE;?:bD>d' J>!'HE?>' M>:J*HB=H' J>D>?EBH' EF' HB?' :H' BL?EBH'
:??>F?>J']B@':DD' )['?KL>Fc''rMED>'M>:J'J>D>?EBH':]]B@JF'iśt́amo oF=;Mp'?M>'@BD>'B]'J>!'HE?>'
L@BHB=Hd':H':H:DBGB=F'FBD=?EBH'EF'HB?':`:ED:bD>']B@'?M>'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H't́e o?MEFpc''
&M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>'CBJE!'>@Fd':D?MB=GM'=H:bD>'?B':;;BCCBJ:?>']B@'?MEF'FL>;E!';'`:*
@E>?K'B]'L@>JE;?:bD>'M>:J*HB=H'J>D>?EBHd'M:`>'C>:HF'?B';BCL>HF:?>d'>cGc'?M>'G>HE?E`>*
]B@C'CBJE!'>@']=F>F'B@?MBG@:LME;:DDK'aE?M'?M>'>e=E`:D>H?'B]'?M>'FL>:<>@*B@E>H?>J'gJEF?:Dh'
J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H'śe o?M:?p'b>]B@>'=HJ>@GBEHG'J>;D>HFEBHd'aME;M'EF'HB?':Da:KF'J>*
CBHF?@:?E`>'EH'?KL>'g;]c'.@C=~<EH'233RA'WSi'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'428hc''g!>>':DFB'XYfY2':HJ'
F>;?EBH'Rc2c4c4c',.)$&$\.ch
,>HE?E`>'CBJE!'>@'U'[@BH*J>C*JEF?'U'á'U'#_
gXYh' t́išaj+eń+śe+ś
&EFM:Ez[-[U,.)U[-")*7.5*7$!&U)c)"5c7.(c!,
g6b@:CB`'4YXYA'SXh'o?M>q?M:?q?MEF'BH>'B]'&EFM:EtFp
gY3h' čuvto+ń+śe+ś
aBBJz)U,.)U[-")*7.5*7$!&'U)c)"5c7.(c!,
gnM=@:`DB`'4YYYA'44Yh'o?M>q?M:?q?MEF'xaBBJ>H'BH>'Ü'BH>'B]'aBBJyp
gY4h' ked́+eze ćora+ń+śe+d́e staka

M:HJz)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,''C:Hz)U,.)U[-")*7.5*7$!&U)c6Z0''M>:`Kz6c)"5c!,
g6b@:CB`'4YXSA'R4h'oM>@'x5:@K=FM:tFy'M:HJ'a:F'M>:È>@'?M:H'?M:?'B]':'C:HtF'g5:@K=*
FM:'ME?'\:FK:'=H>_L>;?>JDK'M:@Jhp
4X2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
gY2h' paŕak, ńe+t́ ĺed́śt́+ema+t́+ńe+d́e

C:Kb>z[-&d''?M>F>z[-")*7.5*[-"TU[0''@>C>Cb>@z\U)U[0U7.(c[0U6Z0''
maŕav+i t́e+ń śokś+eń
]>>Dz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,'' ?Bz["[U["!!*4!,'':=?=CHz)U,.)''
pizeme+ś tundo+ń+śe+ks
@:EHz)U)"5c7.(c!,''FL@EHGz)U,.)U[-")*7.5*7$!&U)c&-)!0
g#M>?`>@GB`'4YY2A'Y4h'o5:Kb>d'E?tF'?M>F>'C>CB@E>F'?M:?'C:<>'?M>':=?=CH'@:EH']>>D'DE<>'
FL@EHG'x@:EHy'?B'C>p
-=>?>@'g233VA'48Wf488h'L@BÈJ>F':H'>_?>HFE`>'>H=C>@:?EBH'B]'F>C:H?E;'L@BL>@?E>F':FFB*
;E:?>J'aE?M'?M>'?:@G>?'B]'G>HE?E`>'C:@<EHG'EH;D=JEHGA'C:?>@E:Dd'LD:;>d'?EC>d'L=@LBF>d'EHJE*
ÈJ=:D*?B*G@B=L':HJ'G@B=L*?B*EH]>@:bD>*;:L:;E?Kc''&MEF';BDD>;?EBH'B]'F>C:H?E;'L@BL>@?E>F'
:??@Eb=?>J'?B'?M>'?:@G>?'B]'G>HE?E`>'C:@<EHG';:H'b>':=GC>H?>J'aE?M'?M:?'B]'?M>':HEC:?>'
LBFF>FFB@d':F'HB?>J'bK'.`F>`t>`'g4Y8VA'428hd'F>>'gYVhc
gYVh' ki+ń šapka+ńt́ jomavt+i͔ŋk `

aMBz[-")*$)&.-U,.)'';:Lz)U,.)c7.(c!,'' DBF>z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*2[0|V
ivan+oń+śe+ńt́ iĺi
$`:Hz)*[-[U,.)U[-")*7.5*7$!&60U,.)c7.(c!,''B@z#")9''
pet́a+ń+śe+ńt́?
[>?K:z)*[-[U,.)U[-")*7.5*7$!&60U,.)c7.(c!,
g.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'428h'orMBF>';:L'JEJ'KB='DBF>A'$`:HtF'B@'[>?K:tF{p'
rE?M' ?M>' :JJE?EBH' B]' ?M>' LBFF>FFB@' ]=H;?EBHd' BH' ?M>' BH>' M:HJd' :HJ' ?M>' LBFFEbEDE?K' B]'
EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHd'BH'?M>'B?M>@d'a>';:H'>F?:bDEFM'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>'
:F':'CBJE!'>@'LM@:F>']BDDBa>J'bK':'!"7'[-")"+)d'aME;M'M:F':'FKH?:_*CB?E`:?>J'L:@:C>?>@'
]B@'B`>@@EJEHG'?M>'J>CBHF?@:?E`>*J>;D>HFEBH'@>e=E@>C>H?c'!EH;>'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>'
CBJE!'>@';:H'b>'=F>J'aE?M'bB?M'@>]>@>H?E:D':HJ'HBH*@>]>@>H?E:D'HB=HFd'B=@'H>_?'e=>F?EBH'
EF'aM>?M>@'?M>'G>HE?E`>';BHF?@=;?EBH';:H'b>':??>F?>J']B@'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd':F'a>DDc''$H'
]:;?d'.`F>`t>`'g4Y8VA'482h'J>F;@Eb>F'LBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=HF'EH'?M>'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'aE?M'
@>G=D:@'CB@LMBDBGK'?M:?';B@@>D:?>F'JE@>;?DK'?B'?M>'!"7'L@BHB=H'F?@:?>GK':??>F?>J'EH'gYVhd'
;BCL:@>'?:bD>'gRc8Whc''
5"-[/"0",m 4XV
Table 4.65 ,>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'!"7'F>;BHJ:@K'HBCEH:?E`>']B@CF'B@'

' ' :;;B@JEHG'?B'.`F>`t>`'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=HF'EH'?M>'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH
[ !>CE' 5B@LMBDBGE; ,DBFF
LMBH>?E;'
"@?MBG@:LME;
4 !, ɦɨɧɶɞɡɟɫɶ moń+śe+ś [-")*[.-!*4!,c,.)U7.5*7$!&U)c)"5c7.(c!,
[0 ɦɢɧɟɤ*ɫɟɫɶ mińek+śe+ś [-")*[.-!*4[0c,.)c["!!*4[0U7.5*7$!&U)c)"5c7.(c!,
2 !, ɬɨɧɶɬɶ*ɰɟɫɶ tońt́+śe+ś [-")*[.-!*2!,c,.)c["!!*2!,U7.5*7$!&U)c)"5c7.(c!,
[0 ɬɵҥɤ*ɫɟɫɶ ti͔ŋk+śe+ś [-")*[.-!*2[0c,.)c["!!*2[0U7.5*7$!&U)c)"5c7.(c!,
V !, ɫɨɧɡɷ*ɰɟɫɶ sonze+śe+ś [-")*[.-!*2!,c,.)c["!!*2!,U7.5*7$!&U)c)"5c7.(c!,
[0 ɫɵɧɫɬ*ɫɟɫɶ si͔nst+śe+ś [-")*[.-!*2[0c,.)c["!!*2[0U7.5*7$!&U)c)"5c7.(c!,
'g6J:L?>J']@BC'.`F>`t>`'4Y8VA'482h'
"H>'L>;=DE:@E?K'M>@>d'MBa>`>@d'EF'?M:?'.`F>`t>`'JB>F'HB?'L@BÈJ>':'V!,'L@BHB=H']B@C'
;B@@>FLBHJEHG'?B'?M:?'B]'sonze+ś oMEFqM>@FqE?Fp':F'FMBaH':bB`>'EH'gXXEhc'
.`F>`t>`'g4Y8VA'434f43Vd'428d'42Yf4V2d'4VRf4VWd'482h'J>:DF'aE?M'?M>'LM>HBC*
>HBH'B]'HB=H*M>:J'J>D>?EBH'EH'?M@>>'F>L:@:?>'EHF?:H;>Fc''/EF'!'@F?'C>H?EBH'B]'E?':JJ@>FF>F'
?M>'`:@E>?K'EH'aME;M'aB@JF'J>;DEH>J'EH'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'EH>FFE`>d'?@:HFD:?E`>':HJ';BCL:@:*
?E`>';:F>F';:H'b>'EH"'>;?>J':'F>;BHJ'?EC>'EH'?M>'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'J>;D>HFEBHd'F>>'Склонение
определенных имен…'o7>;D>HFEBH'B]'J>!'HE?>'HB=HFípi'?MEF'`:@E>?K'EF'BbF>@`>J'EH'?M>'
EH>FFE`>' aB@J' ]B@C' oš+so+ś ?BaHz)U$).U)c)"5c7.(c!,' o?M>' BH>' EH' ?BaHpc' '&M>' F>;BHJ'
C>H?EBH'EH?@BJ=;>F'bB?M'?M>':JQ>;?E`>*CBJE!'>@'ašo+ś aME?>z6U)c)"5c7.(c!,'o?M>'aME?>'
BH>p' ' :HJ' ?M>' EHJ>!'HE?>*G>HE?E`>' CBJE!'>@' ]B@C' čuvto+ń+śe+ś' aBBJq?@>>z)U,.)U[-")*
7.5*7$!&U)c)"5c7.(c!,'o?M>'aBBJ>H'BH>d'?M>'BH>'B]'aBBJpc''$H'J>:DEHG'aE?M'?M>'D:??>@'
.`F>`t>`';BHFEJ>@F'?M>'F>GC>H?F'+śe+ś ?B'b>':'@>J=LDE;:?>J'ś >D>C>H?d':'È>a'M>DJ'bK'
FBC>'F;MBD:@F'>`>H'?BJ:Kc''&MEF'EH?>@L@>?:?EBH'CEGM?'b>';B=H?>@>Jc''$H'@>G=D:@'J>;D>HFEBH'
B]'?M>':bD:?E`>'HB'DEH<EHG'`Ba>D'EF'L@>F>H?d'aM>@>:F'?MEF'J>@E`:?EBH'EF'@>G=D:@DK'@>L@>*
F>H?>J'EH'+śe+d́e+c''&M>'?ME@J'C>H?EBH'B]'?M>'LM>HBC>HBH'J>:DF'aE?M'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@*
FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'ti͔ŋk+śe+ś KB=z[-")*[.-!*2[0c,.)c["!!*2[0U[-")*7.5*7$!&U)c)"5c7.(c!,
o?M>q?M:?q?MEF'BH>'B]'KB=@Fpc''$HF?>:J'B]'@>L>:?EHG'?M>'EJ>:'B]':'@>J=LDE;:?>J'ś F>GC>H?d'
.`F>`t>`'`BD=H?>>@F':'`>@H:;=D:@'-=FFE:H*D:HG=:G>'L:@:DD>D'EH'vaš%to aM>@>'?M>'-=FFE:H'
LBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=H'vaš oKB=@'g2[0hp'EF';BCbEH>J'aE?M'?M>'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L:@?E;D>'to o?M:?p'
B@'et o?MEFp'g;]c'0KBHF'4YYYA'RXfRYhc''&MEF';D:@E!';:?EBH'bK'.`F>`t>`'FL>:<F'EH']:`B@'B]'?M>'
JEF?:D*J>CBHF?@:?E`>'EH?>@L@>?:?EBH':HJ';:H'b>'F=LLB@?>J'aE?M'>ÈJ>H;>'EH'.@^K:'B]'B?M>@'
J>CBHF?@:?E`>F' =F>J' EH' LBF?*G>HE?E`>*CBJE!'>@' LBFE?EBHd' F>>' t́e o?MEFp' EH' gYRh' :HJ' śet́e
o:HJqHBa'?MEFp'EH'gYWhc'g&M>'>JE?B@F'B]'5r'M:`>';BHFEJ>@>J'?M>'4!,']B@C'mońćit́ińt́ ?B'b>'
:H':H:DBGK'B]'?M>'2!,'tońćit́ińt́c''$?'EFd'b=?'?M>H'E?'EF'HB?':'G>HE?E`>']B@C'B]'?M>'@>"'>_E`>q
EH?>HFE`>'2!,'L@BHB=H'aE?M'F>;BHJ:@K'G>HE?E`>'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'J>;D>HFEBHd'@:?M>@'?M>'
G>HE?E`>' ]B@C' B]' ?M>' 2!,' L>@FBH:D' L@BHB=H' ]BDDBa>J' bK' :' FL>:<>@*B@E>H?>J' ;BH?>_?=:D'
J>CBHF?@:?E`>'EH'śet́ed']BDDBa>J'bK'?M>'F>;BHJ:@K'G>HE?E`>'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@'J>;D>HFEBHch
4XR 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
gYRh' ruz+oń koj%kona govor+t+ne+s+kak

-=FFE:Hz)U,.)'' FBC>z[-")*$)7.(c6Z!''JE:D>;?z)U[0U7.(c[0U$00U#0&''
sova+ś finno%ugra+ń t́e
>H?>@z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''(EHHB*+G@E:Hz)U,.)'' ?MEFz[-")*7.5*[-"Tc6Z!''
val+oś “mečka” forma+so –
aB@Jz)U)"5c7.(c!,''jC>;M<:z)c6Z!k'']B@Cz)U$).'f
“ĺevks marto avaka ovto” smuśt́+se.
jB]]*FL@EHGz)c6Z!''aE?Mz["['']>C:D>z)c6Z!''b>:@z)c6Z!k''C>:HEHGz)U$).''
gZ@K^MEHF<E'5'4YY4A'4WSh'o&MEF'(EHHB*+G@E:H'aB@Jd'EH'?M>']B@C'jC>;M<:kd'M:F'>`>H'b>*
;BC>'L:@?'B]'?M>'D>_E;BH'EH'FBC>'-=FFE:H'JE:D>;?F'EH'?M>'F>HF>'jFBa'b>:@'aE?M';=bgFhkcp
gYWh' xmońćit́ińt́ y'

a moń+śe+t́e+ńt́
b=?z#")9''$z[-")*[.-!*4!,c,.)U[-")*!"7U[-")*7.5*[-"TU,.)c7.(c!,
viŕ ava+ńeń usk+ik
]B@>F?z)c6Z!'' CB?M>@z)U76&''M:=Dz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*2!,|V!,
g5r'4YY2A'42X2h'ob=?'CEH>d'KB=p`>'?:<>H'?B'?M>'5B?M>@'B]'?M>'rBBJFcp
Interim conclusions
$H' .@^K:' ?M>@>' :@>' ?aB' CBJE!'>@*aE?MB=?*HB=H' C:@<EHG' F?@:?>GE>Fd' :HJ' EH' .`F>`t>`tF'
G@:CC:@'?M>F>'M:`>'HB?'b>>H'QBEH>J'EH'BH>'F>;?EBHd'HB@'M:`>'?M>K'EH'G@:CC:@F'FEH;>'
?M>Hc'"H'?M>'b:FEF'B]'aM:?'M:F'b>>H'J>CBHF?@:?>J':bB`>'aE?M'@>G:@J'?B'J>;D>HFEBH'EH'
)[F' aM>@>' ?M>' M>:J' HB=H' M:F' b>>H' J>D>?>J' EH' ;BH?>_?=:D' ;E@;=CF?:H;>F' :DDBaEHG' ]B@'
L@>JE;?:bD>' EJ>H?E!';:?EBHd' a>' ;:H' J@:a' ?M>' ]BDDBaEHG' EH?>@EC' ;BH;D=FEBHF' BH' aM:?'
CBJE!'>@F':@>':??>F?>J'EH'!.#")76-m'7.#0.)!$")':HJ'?M>E@'?KL>FA
n.-"''s'!ECLD>'FME]?'B]'J>;D>HFEBH'DB;=F'?B'C:EH'E?>C'B]')[A
6JQ>;?E`>FA'ašo skal+oś o?M>'aME?>';Bap's|'ašo+ś'o?M>'aME?>'BH>p
v=:H?E!'>@FA'źaro vina+ś'oFB'C=;M'DEeB=@p's|'źaro+ś'oFB'C=;Mp
!L:?E:D'CBJE!'>@FA'ošso lomań+t́+ńe'o?M>'L>BLD>'EH'?M>'?BaHp's|''ošso+t́+ńe o?M>'BH>F'EH'
?BaHp
7>?>@CEH>@FA'iśt́amo boćka+ś'o:'b:@@>D'DE<>'?M:?p's|'iśt́amo+ś'oBH>'DE<>'?M:?p
,>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFA'sonze kŕepośt́+eś oMEFqM>@qE?F'F?@BHGMBDJp's|'sonze+ś'
oMEFqM>@FqE?Fp
!"7'[-")"+)'*śe 's'!L>:<>@*B@E>H?>J'gJEF?:Dh'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H']BDDBaEHG'C:EH'E?>C'
B]')[':HJ'F=bF>e=>H?'FME]?'B]'J>;D>HFEBH'DB;=F'?B'?M:?'L@BHB=HA
)B=HF'EH'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>A'kšńi+ń kojme+ś o?M>'FMB`>D'B]'E@BHp's|'kšńi+ń+śe+ś o?M>'
E@BH'BH>p
,>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HA'moń kudo+ś oCK'MB=F>i'?M:?'MB=F>'B]'CEH>p's|'
moń+śe+ś'oCEH>i'?M:?'BH>'B]'CEH>p
5"-[/"0",m 4XW
ZK':DEGHEHG'?M>'?aB'?KL>F'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'aE?M'?M>'=HEBH'B]':DD'CBJE!'>@'?KL>F'
J>CBHF?@:?>J' M>@>d' :JQ>;?E`>Fd' e=:H?E!'>@Fd' FL:?E:D' CBJE!'>@Fd' J>?>@CEH>@F' :HJ' G>HE?E`>'
]B@CFd' a>' ;:H' :@@E`>' :?' ?M>' J>F;@EL?EBH' EH' ?:bD>' gRc88hc' ' $H' JEF;=FFEBHF' aE?M' FL>:<>@F'
B]'FBC>'!=@:'JE:D>;?F':HJ'?M>'6D:?K@t*1B^DB`<:*5B<FM:D>E'`>@H:;=D:@'B]'Z:?=FM>`Bd'$'
M:`>':??>F?>J'bB?M'F?@:?>GE>F'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'C:@<EHG'EH':JQ>;?E`>F':HJ'FL:?E:D'
CBJE!'>@F':DE<>'gL>@FBH:D'EH]B@C:?EBHd'4YYSf233Ych
Table 4.66 !>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH

["! n.-" #BCbEHEHG'śe o?M:?p
6JQ>;?E`>F U )6
v=:H?E!'>@F U )6
!L:?E:D'CBJE!'>@F U )6
7>?>@CEH>@F U )6
,>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D' U U
L@BHB=HF
,>HE?E`>*]B@C'HB=HF )6 U
&M>'H=C>@B=F';>DDF'aE?M'HB':??>F?:?EBH'BbDEG>'=F'?B'F>:@;M'?M>'.@^K:'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F'
]B@' ;D=>Fc' ' ZK' F>:@;MEHG' ]B@' ?M>' V!,' :JHBCEH:D' ;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D' C:@<>@' %OnzO' aE?M'
F=bF>e=>H?' J>;D>HFEBH' C:@<EHGd' a>' ECC>JE:?>DK' b>;BC>' :a:@>' B]' :?' D>:F?' G>HE?E`>'
:HJ'EH>FFE`>']B@CF'B]'LBFF>FF>J'HB=HF'?M:?':DDBa']B@'?M>'FECLD>*DB;=F*FME]?'`:@E>?K'B]'
F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHd'F>>'gY8fYShc
gY8h' čakš+oń t́ej+em+ste rožodomkšno+ś,

;@B;<z)U,.)''C:<>z\U$)(U.06''b>;BC>*>HG@BFF>Jz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,d''
aŕśe+ś, sonze+jak
?MEH<z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,d'' M>z[-")*[.-!*V!,c,.)c["!!*V!,U#0&''
ĺiś+i &7&*".!*+*Ĕ,*Ĕ́
;BC>*B=?z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,'' mother_N+POSS-3SG>GEN+N.PL+DET.PL+GEN''
końd́amo, di͔ ańśak źardo
DE<>z["[*6c)"5c!,d'':HJz#")9''' BHDKz[-&''aM>Hz[-")*67\*&.5[''
kaštazne+ś+kak meńd́a+ź+eĺ,
a@>:?Mz)*7$5U)"5c7.(c!,U#0&''' b>HJz\U[&#*"nU$)7c[-.&$$c[-.7*V!,d''
ńej+iźe: ked́ge+ze ...
F>>z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,|V!,A'' ;BH?:EH?>@z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,''
gZ@K^MEHF<E'5c'1E@J:^M?h'o/>'b>;:C>'FB'>HG@BFF>J'EH'C:<EHG'?M>';@B;<d'M>'?MB=GM?'M>'
aB=DJ'C:<>'BH>'DE<>'?M>'BH>F'MEF'CB?M>@'xC:J>yd':HJ'BHDK'aM>H'?M>'@EC'a:F'b>H?'B`>@'
JEJ'M>'F>>'MEF';BH?:EH>@íp
4X8 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
gYSh' śt́opa pškad́+ś alamo+s ašt́e+ź,

!?KBL:z[-[c)"5c!,''' F:Kz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'':*DE??D>zvU$00''FE?z\U[&#*"nd''
źardo poŕev+śt́ di͔
aM>Hz[-")*67\*&.5[''!'HEFM*;M>aEHGz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0'':HJz#")9''
ńiĺev+śt́ $4)=*0!*".!*+*Ĕ,@ ́
G>?*Fa:DDBa>Jz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V[0'' mouth_N+INE+POSS-3SG+N.PL+DET.PL.NOM
g6b@:CB`'4YS4A'S3h'o!?KBL:'@>FLBHJ>J':]?>@'FE??EHG']B@':'DE??D>'aMED>'aM>H'?M>'BH>F'EH'
MEF'CB=?M'M:J'b>>H';M>a>J':HJ'Fa:DDBa>Jcp
!=bF>e=>H?' F>:@;M>F' ]B@' JEF?:D*J>CBHF?@:?E`>' F>;BHJ:@K*J>;D>HFEBH' J>@E`:?EBHF'

:@>' L>@M:LF' D>FF' ]@=E?]=D' EH' ?M>' a@E??>H' ;B@LB@:d' F>>' gYXhd' b=?' ?M>@>' :@>' EHJE;:?EBHF' EH'
J>F;@EL?EBHF'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>d':HJ'L>@FBH:D'EH]B@C:?EBH'BH'`:@E:H?F'B]'?M>'FLB<>H'D:HG=:G>'
?M:?'aB=DJ'EHJE;:?>':'?:HGEbD>'L@>F>H;>'B]'?M>'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'J>@E`:?EBH'?KL>'EH'.@^K:c
gYXh' – aźo ved́ meĺga! di͔ avoĺ

GBÖz[-&*$5[c2!,''a:?>@z)c6Z!''' :]?>@z["[Ö''b=?q:HJz#")9''HB?z[-&*).,*#")&-
mala+so ĺiśmapŕa+ńt́eń, 7&0!/*!*Ĕ+,Ĕ.́
H>:@z67\*![6&U$).''FL@EHGz)U76&c7.(c!,d'' far-away_ADV-SPAT+LOC+N.DAT.DET.SG
– meks 7&0!/*!*Ĕ+,Ĕ? ́
aMKz[-")*$)&.-c&-)!0'' far-away_ADV-SPAT+LOC+N.DAT.DET.SG{''
%&/&*0!*ü,*0,*Ĕ+ ́ ved́+eś śed́e
near-by_ADV+INE+PRON-DEM-DIST+N.INE+DET.SG''a:?>@z)U)"5c7.(c!,''CB@>z[-")*7.5*
7$!&c6Z0
paro!
GBBJz6c)"5c!,
g1E@EDDB`'4YXSA'4WRh'o– ,B'G>?'xFBC>y'a:?>@Ö'Z=?'HB?'xJBHp?'GBy'?B'?M>'FL@EHG'H>:@'bKd'
?M>'BH>']:@':a:Kc
f'rMK'?M>'BH>']:@':a:K{''&M>'a:?>@'EH'?M>'BH>'H>:@'bK'EF'b>??>@cp'
$H':JJE?EBH'?B'?M>'FL:?E:D':J`>@b'J>CBHF?@:?>J'EH'gYXhd'a>'aEDD'BbF>@`>'?M:?'#BDDEHJ>@'
g4Y8YA' 2V4h' FL>:<F' B]' MKLBF?:?E^:?EBH' aE?M' ;>@?:EH' ;:F>' ]B@CF' gEH>FFE`>d' L@BD:?E`>d'
:b>FFE`>d';BCL:@:?E`>hc''#BDDEHJ>@'FMBaF'MKLBF?:?E^:?EBHd':HB?M>@'?>@C'?B'EHJE;:?>'?M>'
LM>HBC>HBH'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHd'?B'b>'C:HE]>F?'EH'CB@>'>D:bB@:?>'aB@J']B@CFc'&M>'
]B@CF'EH';BH?>_?'L@BÈJ>'MKLB?M>?E;:D']B@C=D:?EBHF']B@'F;@=?EHKd'F>>'gYYhc
gYYh' :c' peĺ+an kudo+so+n+ʒ́e+de+ńt́

peĺ+an kudo+so+n+śe+d́e+ńt́ g-=>?>@h
]>:@z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*4!,'' MB=F>z)U["!!*4!,U[-")*7.5*7$!&U)c6Z0U7.(c!,
o$':C':]@:EJ'B]'?M>'L>@FBH'aMB'EF'EH'CK'MB=F>p'g#BDDEHJ>@'4Y8YA'2V4h
5"-[/"0",m 4XS
bc' peĺ+an kudo+so+nzo+se+de+ńt́

peĺ+an kudo+so+nzo+śe+d́e+ńt́g-=>?>@h
]>:@z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*4!,'' MB=F>z)U["!!*4!,U[-")*7.5*7$!&U)c6Z0U7.(c!,
o$':C':]@:EJ'B]'?M>'L>@FBH'aMB'EF'EH'MEF'MB=F>p'g#BDDEHJ>@'4Y8YA'2V4h
$H'gYY:h'a>'M:`>':'LBFF>FF=C'kudo oMB=F>p'EH'?M>'EH>FFE`>';:F>'aE?M'4!,'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'
]BDDBa>J' bK' :' MKLBF?:?EÊHG' J>CBHF?@:?E`>' ;BHF?@=;?EBHd' :HJ' ?M>' F:C>' ]B@C=D:?EBH' EF'
@>L>:?>J' :G:EH' EH' gYYbhc' ' .`>H' E]' ?M>F>' ]B@C=D:?EBHF' CEGM?' b>' DECE?>J' EH' ?M>' a@E??>H'
;B@LB@:d' ?M>' C>@>' ]:;?' ?M:?' ?M>K' M:`>' b>>H' :??>F?>J' :HJqB@' MKLB?M>FE^>J' >H;B=@:G>F'
=F'?B'J>D`>'J>>L>@c''r>'C=F?']B@C=D:?>'?M>']BDDBaEHG'e=>F?EBHF']B@';BCL:?EbEDE?K'aE?M'
:JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'C:@<EHGA
6@>'bB?M'`:@E>?E>F'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'C:@<EHG{
rM:?'CBJE!'>@F':@>';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH':HJ'FECLD>'DB;=F'FME]?{
rM:?'CBJE!'>@F':@>';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH':HJ'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'J>@E`:?EBH{
6@>'?M>@>':HK'EHF?:H;>F'B]':CbEG=E?K'aE?M'B?M>@';BHF?@=;?EBHF{
Hypothesis
$H'@>FLBHF>'?B'?M>'!'@F?'e=>F?EBHd'?M>':HFa>@'M:F':D@>:JK'b>>H'GE`>Hi'?M>'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'
L>@FBH:D' L@BHB=HF' b>GEHHEHG' aE?M' ?M>' ?ME@J' L>@FBH' FEHG=D:@' :??>F?' ?B' ?M:?c' ' ->G:@JEHG'
?M>' *śe% F>GC>H?' :F' @>L@>F>H?:?E`>' B]' ?M>' JEF?:D' J>CBHF?@:?E`>' L@BHB=Hd' aME;M' EF' :'
FL>:<>@*B@E>H?>J'L@BHB=Hd'E?'aEDD'b>'MKLB?M>FE^>J'?M:?'?M>'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'J>@E`:?EBH'aEDD'
b>'=F>J'D>FF']@>e=>H?DK'aE?M'CBJE!'>@F'?M:?'>_MEbE?';BCL:?EbEDE?K'aE?M'bB?M'`:@E>?E>F'B]'
F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'B@'MKLBF?:?E^:?EBHc''(EH:DDKd'JEFL:@E?K'EH';BH;:?>H:?EBH'F?@:?>GE>F'B]'
L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'L:@:JEGCF':F'L@BÈJ>J'bK'6G:]BHB`:'g2333A'4RVf4RWh':HJ'.`F>`t>`'
g4Y8VA'4WVf4WRd'482h'EH';BH?@:F?'aE?M'n:E;^'g2338A'4Y8f4YSh':@>'EHJE;:?E`>'B]'LBFFEbD>'
:CbEG=E?K'b>?a>>H'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>':HJ'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'J>@E`:?EBH']B@CFc
4.5.2. Compatibility of ZERO marking and adnominal-person

$H'?MEF'F>;?EBH'a>'aEDD']B;=F'B=@':??>H?EBH'BH'?M>'e=>F?EBHA''aME;M'CBJE!'>@'?KL>F';:H'
b>'F=bQ>;?>J'?B';BH?>_?=:D'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'aE?M':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHGc''&MEF'
C>:HF'a>'aEDD'b>':F<EHG'B=@F>D`>F'aM:?'`:@E>?K'B]':JQ>;?E`>d'e=:H?E!'>@d'J>?>@CEH>@d'FL:?E:D'
:HJ'G>HE?E`>'CBJE!'>@F'FMBa':H'EHJE;:?EBH'B]'bB?M':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH':HJ'MKLBF?:?E^:?EBHc'
5"7$($.-''g[-")*7.5*7$!&h'U'["!!
4XX 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Adjectives
6JQ>;?E`>F'EH'.@^K:':F'F?:?>J'bK'5BFEH'g2333A'43Xf444h';:H'b>'JEÈJ>J'EH?B'CBJE!'>@F'
gEh';M:@:;?>@EÊHG'e=:DE?E>Fd':HJ'gEEh'EHJE;:?EHG'@>D:?EBHFc''rMED>'CBJE!'>@F';M:@:;?>@EÊHG'
e=:DE?E>F'g>_L@>FFEBHF'B]';BDB@d'C>:F=@>d':G>d'"':`B@d'>?;ch';:H'b>';BCL:@>Jd'?MBF>'EHJE*
;:?EHG'@>D:?EBHF';:HHB?c''._:CLD>F':@>':DFB']B@a:@J>J'B]':JQ>;?E`>F'=HJ>@GBEHG'MKLBF*
?:?E^:?EBH'EH`BDÈHG'?M>'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'J>;D>HFEBHd'>cGc'od oH>apd'od+oś o?M>'H>a'BH>pd'
b=?'HB'@>]>@>H;>'EF'C:J>'?B'?M>'LBFFEbEDE?K'B]'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'EH';BCbEH:?EBH'aE?M'
:JHBCEH:D'L>@FBHc
$HE?E:D'F>:@;M>F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F'bB@>'HB'EHJE;:?EBH'B]';BCL:?EbEDE?K'
b>?a>>H' e=:DE?K*;M:@:;?>@EÊHG' :JQ>;?E`>F' :HJ' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' C:@<EHG' EH' EHF?:H;>F'
B]';BH?>_?=:D'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHc''(B@'?MEF'@>:FBHd'?aB'DBBF>'!'D?>@F'a>@>';BHF?@=;?>JA''
BH>'aME;M':DDBa>J'aB@J']B@CF'>HJEHG'EH']>:FEbD>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'>HJEHGF'aE?M'
:DDBa:H;>' ]B@' LBFFEbD>' HBCEH:D' ;BHQ=G:?EBH' :HJ' ;DE?E;' C:@<EHGd' :HJ' ?M>' F>;BHJ' !'D?>@'
F;@>>H>J'?M>'@>F=D?'B]'?MEF']>>J':DDBaEHG'BHDK'aB@J']B@CF'aE?M':JQ>;?E`>'@BB?Fc''$H'?MEF'
C:HH>@'?M>'H>:@DK'V33d333'=HEe=>'aB@J']B@CF'B]'?M>';B@LB@:'a>@>'!'D?>@>J'JBaH'?B'RVSY'
ME?Fd'aME;M'a>@>'?M>H'C:H=:DDK'F;@=?EHE^>J'bK'?M>'@>F>:@;M>@c
$?'FBBH'b>;:C>':LL:@>H?d'MBa>`>@d'?M:?'C:HK'.@^K:'aB@JF'JB=bD>':F':JQ>;?E`>F'
:HJ'HB=HFc''";;:FEBH:D' n.-"*J>@E`:?EBH'@>D:?EBHF'b>?a>>H':JQ>;?E`>F':HJ'HB=HF';:H'b>'
JEÈJ>J' EH?B' ?aB' G@B=LFc' ' (E@F?d' ?M>@>' :@>' ?M>' aB@JF' B]' e=:DE?Kd' >cGc' valdo' oga.h' DEGM?p'
ws|'ogn.h'DEGM?pd ĺembe oa:@Cp'ws|'oa:@C?Mpd'mazi͔ ob>:=?E]=Dp'ws| ob>:=?K'gC>:F=@*
:bD>'e=:DE?Khpd'aME;M'J>CBHF?@:?>d'B@'FB'E?'aB=DJ'F>>Cd'?M:?'e=:DE?E>F':@>'EH?>G@:D'HB?EBHF'
:??@Eb=?>J'?B'EHJEÈJ=:DFd':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'LBFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@'EHJ>_EHG'B]'F=;M'e=:DE?E>F'
aB=DJ'EH:J`>@?>H?DK'b@EHG'=F'b:;<'?B'?M>'M>:J'HB=H'B]'?M>')[c''/>H;>d'@>D:?E`>'e=:DE?E>F'
:F'EHJE;:?>J'bK'C>:F=@>C>H?d';BDB@':HJ'"':`B@'@>;>E`>'?@>:?C>H?'EH'F>;?EBH'RcVc4')"+)!c''
!>;BHJd'?M>@>':@>'L:E@F'EH'aME;M'?M>':JQ>;?E`>';M:@:;?>@E^>F':'e=:DE?K'B@'@>D:?EBHd'aM>@>:F'
?M>'HB=H'EHJE;:?>F':'@>]>@>H?'?M:?';:H'b>';M:@:;?>@E^>J'bK'?M:?':JQ>;?E`>d'>cGc'pokš obEGp'
ws| oD>:J>@pd'piže oG@>>Hp'ws| o;BLL>@pd'gńedoj ob:Kp'ws|'ob:K'gMB@F>hpd'trodovoj oD:*
bB@d'aB@<p'ws|'o>CLDBKC>H?'MEF?B@K'bBB<pc''&M>F>'?aB'G@B=LF';BH?@Eb=?>'?B':'C:QB@E?K'
B]'?M>':CbEG=B=F':JQ>;?E`>'U':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH':]!'_:?EBH'@>:JEHGFi'HB'EHF?:H;>F'B]';BH*
?>_?=:D'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'a>@>'JEF;>@H>Jc''
Quantifiers
v=:H?E!'>@F'aE?M':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHGd'F=;M':F'H=C>@:DFd'CEGM?'@>:JEDK'b>'J>?>;?>J'
EH':'F=L>@!';E:D'F;:H'B]'?M>'=HEe=>'aB@J']B@CF'EH'?M>';B@LB@:c''&M>'CBF?']@>e=>H?']B@CF'
:@>'?MBF>'B]'?M>':FFB;E:?E`>*;BDD>;?E`>'H=C>@:DF'J>:D?'aE?M'EH'v+6)&$($.-!'F>;?EBH'RcVc2c'
6&&.!&.7'[6-&!'"('![..#/'6)7'!+Z0.T$#6c''&aB'B?M>@'G@B=LF';:H'b>'JEF;>@H>Jd'BH>';BHFEF?F'
B]'B@JEH:D'H=C>@:DFd'aME;M'aEDD'b>'J>:D?'aE?M'b>DBa'EH'?M>'F>;?EBH'BH'J>?>@CEH>@Fd':HJ'?M>'
B?M>@d'BHDK':??>F?>J'bK'FEHG=D:@'EHF?:H;>Fd';:@JEH:D'H=C>@:DF'g:DFB'J>:D?'aE?M'EH'F>;?EBH'
RcVc2chc
5"-[/"0",m 4XY
Determiners
7>?>@CEH>@F' :@>' :??>F?>J' EH' ?M>' D:HG=:G>' aE?M' ;BH?>_?=:D' F>;BHJ:@K' J>;D>HFEBHc' ' &M>'
CBF?' L@BCEH>H?' B]' ?M>F>' :@>' ?M>' L@BHB=HF' ĺija o:HB?M>@d' ?M>' @>C:EHJ>@pd' eŕva o>:;Mpd'
iśt́amo o?MEFq?M:?'<EHJ'B]p'J>F;@Eb>J'bK'6G:]BHB`:'g2333A'4V8f4R4hc''rMED>'6G:]BHB`:'
L@BÈJ>F' L:@:JEGCF' ]B@' ?M>F>' ?M@>>' J>?>@CEH>@F' EH' >EGM?' CB@LMBDBGE;:D' ]B@CFd' ?M>' EH*
F?:H;>F'B]'?M>F>']B@CF':`:ED:bD>'EH'?M>'.@^K:'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F'EHJE;:?>'?M:?'?M>K':@>d'EH'
]:;?d'C:HE]>F?:?EBHF'B]';BH?>_?=:D'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHd'F>>'g433f434hc
g433h' ` śe+jak eŕav+i meŕ+em+s:

?M:?z[-")*7.5*7$!&c)"5c!,U#0&''M:`>*?Bz\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,''F:Kz\U$)(U$00A''
a klub+onok, a meźe+ńek
HB?z[-&*).,''' ;D=bz)U["!!*4[0d''HB?z[-&*).,''' aM:?z[-"*)*$)&.-U["!!*4[0
Ď(-&*"!$@
other_PRON-DET+N.POSS-1PL.
g6b@:CB`'4Y84A'R33h'o6HJ'E?'FMB=DJ':DFB'b>'F:EJA'HB?'B=@';D=bd'HB?':HK?MEHG'>DF>'a>'
M:`>cp
g434h' “t́e ńej kije

?MEFz[-")*7.5*[-"Tc)"5c!,''HBaz67\*&.5[''' aMBz[-")*$)&.-c)"5c!,''
sa+ś? raśke+ńek jutk+sto
:@@E`>z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*4!,'' ]:CEDKz)U["!!*4[0'':CBHGz["[U.06''
kińgak ́
(Ğ+&%!*.!##
:HKBH>z[-")*$)7.(c,.)c#0&''this/that-kind-of_PRON-DET-A.N+POSS-3SG>NOM.SG''
araś…” – puĺkav+it́
HB?*>_EF?z6c$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,ík'f'b=bbD>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V[0''
aŕśema+t́+ńe pŕa pot+so
?MB=GM?z)U[0U7.(c[0c)"5''M>:Jz)c6Z!''aE?MEHz["[U$).'
g,:H;MEH'233YA'XA'VXh'o)Bad'aMB'M:F';BC>'x?B'ÈFE?y{')BbBJK'EH'B=@']:CEDK'M:F'?M:?'
<EHJ'B]'x?MEHGq;:@y'f'?M>'?MB=GM?F'EH'M>@'M>:J'b=bbD>Jcp
6JJE?EBH:D'J>?>@CEH>@F';:H'b>'JEF;>@H>J'EH'aB@J']B@CF'J>@E`>J'aE?M'?M>'CB@LM>C>'*śe
~ %ćed'Ec>c B@JEH:D'H=C>@:DF':HJ':'DECE?>J'H=Cb>@'B]'B?M>@'@>D:?>J'aB@JFc
g432h' koda kort+i͔t́, mejeĺće+nze

:Fz[-"*67\*56)).-''FL>:<z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V[0d''?M>*D:F?z7.&U)c["!!*V!,c,.)''
maks+i͔
GE`>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,
gFK:?<B'233VfYA'h'o6F'?M>K'F:Kd'M>'x1:CEDpy'aEDD'GE`>'MEF'D:F?cp
4Y3 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
g43Vh' ćori͔ńe+ś śe či͔+ste+ńt́

bBKz)U)"5c7.(c!,''?M:?z[-")*7.5*7$!&c6Z!''J:Kz)U.06U7.(c!,'
vačo+do+ĺ. kuvat́
M=HG@Kz\*[-&U6Z0U$)7c[-.&$$c[-.7*V!,c'' DBHG*?EC>z67\*&.5[''
oźa+ś % nosk+ś
<>>L*b=FKz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,'' L=]]z\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''
krandazke+se+ńt́, eĺ targav+ś
DE??D>*a:GBHz)U$).U7.(c!,d''Q=F?z[-&'' C:H:G>*?B*L=DDz\U$)7c[-.&$c[-.7*V!,''
vaśeńće piĺge+ze, mejĺe
!'@F?z7.&c6Z!'' D>Gz)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,d''D:?>@z67\*&.5[''
!%5!ü,*.,.
second_DET.ABS+N.POSS-3SG>NOM.SG
gx#MEDEF>C:'4YYY'ʋR'0:?È:H']:E@K?:D>yh'o&M>'DE??D>'bBK'a:F'M=HG@K'?M:?'J:Kc''(B@':'
DBHG'?EC>'M>'<>L?'MECF>D]'b=FK':HJ'L=??>@>J':@B=HJ'aE?M'?M>'DE??D>'a:GBHd'M>'Q=F?'C:H*
:G>J'?B'L=DD'B=?'MEF'!'@F?'D>G':HJ'?M>H'MEF'F>;BHJcp
7>?>@CEH>@F'EH'?M>']B@C'B]':JQ>;?E`>*>e=E`:D>H?'L@BHB=HF':HJ'B@JEH:D'H=C>@:DF';:H'b>'
JEF;>@H>J'EH'?M>';B@LB@:c
Spatial modifiers
!L:?E:D'CBJE!'>@Fd';BH?:EHEHG'?M>'CB@LM>C>'*śe ~ %ćed':'JEF?:D'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H'
>e=E`:D>H?d' M:`>' b>>H' ?:@G>?>J' ]B@' :??>F?:?EBH' aE?M' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' C:@<EHGc' ' &MEF'
aB@J'?KL>'EH;D=J>F';B@@>D:?EHG'L:E@Fd'F=;M':F'al+o'ob>DBap'ws|'al+će o?M>'DBa>@pd'veŕ+e'
o=L'MEGMp'ws| veŕ+će o?M>'=LL>@'ípd'vasol+o o]:@':a:Kp'ws|'vasol+će o?M>'í']:@':a:Kpd'
aME;M' aB=DJ' L:@:DD>D' ?M>' CB@LMBDBGK' BbF>@`>J' :bB`>' aE?M' ?M>' aB@J' ]B@CF' mejeĺ+e
o?M>Hd'D:?>@p'ws|'mejeĺ+će o?M>'D:F?pc'')B'EHF?:H;>F'a>@>':??>F?>J'EH'?M>';B@LB@:c
Genitive modifiers
/KLB?M>?E;:DDKd'?MEF'G@B=L'aB=DJ';BCL@EF>'HB=H'B@'L@BHB=H']B@CF'EH'?M>'G>HE?E`>d'aME;M'
CEGM?'BL?EBH:DDK'M:`>':'JEF?:D'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H'>D>C>H?'aB@<>J'EH?B'?M>'CB@LMBD*
BGKc''&MEF']B@C=D:?EBH'EF'HB?':??>F?>J']B@'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>':HJ'J>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>'J>;D>HFEBHFd'
b=?'E?'EF'>ÈJ>H;>J'EH'6G:]BHB`:tF'J>;D>HFEBH';M:@?F'B]'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D':HJ'@>"'>_*
E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'gF>>6G:]BHB`:'2333A'4RVf4RWhc
Interim summary
"HDK' J>?>@CEH>@F' B]' ?M>' :JQ>;?E`>' B@' B@JEH:D*H=C>@:D*>e=E`:D>H?' `:@E>?K' :??>F?' ?B'
;BH?>_?=:D' F>;BHJ:@K' J>;D>HFEBH' B]' CBJE!'>@F' aE?M' :' n.-"' C:@<EHG' F?@:?>GK' :HJ'
:JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHGc
5"-[/"0",m 4Y4
4.5.3. Compatibility of possessive-declension modifiers

with ZERO marking strategy
$H'?MEF'F>;?EBH'B=@':??>H?EBH'aEDD'b>']B;=F>J'BH'?M>'e=>F?EBHA''aME;M'CBJE!'>@'?KL>F';:H'
b>' C:@<>J' ]B@' :JHBCEH:D' L>@FBH' :HJ' F=bF>e=>H?DK' F=bQ>;?>J' ?B' ;BH?>_?=:D' F>;BHJ:@K'
J>;D>HFEBHc''&MEF'C>:HF'a>'aEDD'b>':F<EHG'B=@F>D`>F'aM:?'`:@E>?K'B]':JQ>;?E`>d'e=:H?E!'>@d'
J>?>@CEH>@d'FL:?E:D':HJ'G>HE?E`>'CBJE!'>@F'FMBa':]!'_:D':JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH']BDDBa>J'bK':H'
EHJE;:?EBH'B]'MKLBF?:?E^:?EBHc'
5"7$($.-'U'["!!''U'7.#0.)!$")
Adjectives, Quantifiers and Determiners
[BFF>FFB@q;BH?@BDD>@' EHJ>_EHG' B]' :JQ>;?E`>Fd' e=:H?E!'>@F' :HJ' HBH*FL:?E:DqG>HE?E`>'

J>?>@CEH>@F'JB'HB?':LL>:@'EH'CBJE!'>@'LBFE?EBHc'g!>>'JEF;=FFEBH'EH'!m55.&-$#'#T'56-1$),'
6)7'/.67')"+)'7.0.&$")'gXXfYWh':HJ'F=bF>e=>H?'$)&.-$5'#")#0+!$")!ch
Spatial modifiers
&M>'EH>FFE`>';:F>'L@BÈJ>F':'FB=@;>']B@'J>CBHF?@:?EHG'?M>'?aB'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GE>Fd'Ec>c'
gYSh' L@BÈJ>F' ^>@B' C:@<EHG' EH' kurg+so+nzo+t́+ńe# CB=?Mz)U$).U["!!*V!,A)U[0U7.(c
[0c)"5'':HJ'gYYbh' !"['C:@<EHG'EH#kudo+so+nzo+śe+d́e+ńt́ MB=F>z)U["!!*4!,U[-")*7.5*
7$!&U)c6Z0U7.(c!,c
Genitive modifiers
,>HE?E`>'CBJE!'>@F'aE?M':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG':@>'C:HE]>F?'EH'?aB'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;Md'
LBFF>FF>J'HB=HFd'>cGc'ava+nzo+t́+ńe+ń'CB?M>@z)U["!!*V!,c,.)U)c[0U7.(c[0U,.)d':HJ'?M>'
L>@FBH:D' L@BHB=HFd' aME;M' >_MEbE?' >_?>HJ>J' >_LBH>H;>' EH' ?M>' C:@<EHG' B]' L>@FBH' :HJ'
H=Cb>@'EH'BbDEe=>';:F>']B@CFd'F>>'g43Rf43Whc
g43Rh':c' mińek+t́+ńe
a>z[-")*[.-!*4[0c,.)c["!!*4[0A)U)"5c7.(c[0
bc' miń+śe+ńek+t́+ńe
a>z[-")*[.-!*4[0U-.(0U,.)c["!!*4[0A)U')"5c7.(c[0
;c' eśe+ńek+t́+ńe
a>z[-")*[.-!*4[0U-.(0U,.)c["!!*4[0A)U')"5c7.(c[0
4Y2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
g43Wh':c'mińek+śe+t́+ńe
a>z[-")*[.-!*4[0c,.)c["!!*4[0U[-")*7.5*7$!&60A)'U)"5c7.(c[0
bc' miń+śe+ńek+śe+t́+ńe
a>z[-")*[.-!*4[0U-.(0U,.)c["!!*4[0U[-")*7.5*7$!&60A)'U')"5c7.(c[0
;c' eśe+ńek+śe+t́+ńe
a>z[-")*[.-!*4[0U-.(0U,.)c["!!*4[0U[-")*7.5*7$!&60A)U')"5c7.(c[0
$H'g43Rh'a>'F>>'?M>'ECLD>C>H?:?EBH'B]'?M>'^>@B*C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK'aE?M'?M>'G>HE?E`>']B@CF'
B]'?M>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'g43R:hd'?M>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=H'g43Rbh':HJ'?M>'@>"'>_E`>q
EH?>HFE`>*F?>C'L@BHB=H'g43R;hc''6DD'?M@>>'G>HE?E`>']B@CF':@>'?M>H'@>HJ>@>J'EH'g43Wh'aE?M'
?M>' !"7'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GKc''/KLB?M>?E;:DDKd'K>?':'?ME@J'F>?'CEGM?'b>'@>HJ>@>J'=FEHG'?M>'
;BCLD>_'śet́e !"7'L@BHB=Hd';]c'gYWhc''#=@EB=F'>HB=GMd':HB?M>@']B@C'EF':DFB':??>F?>J'EH'
?M>';B@LB@:'aE?M'aM:?':LL>:@F'?B'b>':'G@:CC:?E;:DE^:?EBH']@BC'?M>'?aB'F>L:@:?>'%Oń+śe%
CB@LM>C>F'?B':'FEHGD>'%Ońśe%'CB@LM>C>'M>:J'C:@<>@c'
g438h' mińek+eń+śe+t́+ńe
a>z[-")*[.-!*4[0c,.)c["!!*4[0A)U/.67*56-1.-U)"5c7.(c[0
gB=?'B]';BH?>_?'?M>B@>?E;:Dh'a>z[-")*[.-!*4[0c,.)c["!!*4[0A)U,.)U[-")*7.5*
7$!&60A)U)"5c7.(c[0
Minimalizing quantifier śkamonzo ‘by his/her/its self’
(EH:DDKd'?M>@>'EF'?M>'CEHEC:DEÊHG'e=:H?E!'>@'aMBF>';:F>'a>'M:`>'b>>H'=H:bD>'?B'JEF;>@Hc''
&MEF'e=:H?E!'>@d'DE<>'?M>':FFB;E:?E`>*;BDD>;?E`>'e=:H?E!'>@F'aE?M'LBFFEbD>';BCE?:?E`>*;:F>'
:??>F?:?EBHd' :LL>:@F' :F' :' e=:H?E!'>@' EH' :LLBFE?EBHc' '6F' F=;M' E?' ;:H' :DFB' :LL>:@' :DBH>' EH'
;BH?>_?d' :HJ' :F' :' CBJE!'>@' B]' FB@?Fc' ' &M>' ;B@LB@:' :??>F?' ?B' BH>' EHF?:H;>' B]' F>;BHJ:@K'
J>;D>HFEBHd'F>>'g43Shc
g43Sh' di͔ śejed́ste ĺiśń+i, t́e

:HJz#")9''' B]?>Hz67\c.06'';BC>*B=?z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,d''?MEFz[-")*7.5*[-"Tc6Z!''
śkamo+nzo+ś kadov+i vid́e+ks.
:DBH>zv*5$)U["!!*V!,A)U)"5c7.(c!,'' b>*D>]?z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!,'' @EGM?z6U&-)!0
gZ@K^MEHF<E'4YY4A'VXh'o6HJ']@>e=>H?DKd'E?'?=@HF'B=?d'?MEF'DBH>@';BC>F'B=?'@EGM?cp
5"-[/"0",m 4YV
4.5.4. Personal and reflexive/intensive pronouns

and secondary declension
6;;B@JEHG'?B'6G:]BHB`:'g2333A'4RVf4RWh'?M>'G>HE?E`>']B@CF'B]'?M>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'
:HJ'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF':@>'=F>J'EH'?M>'@BD>'B]'LBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=HFc'
&MEF'F?:?>C>H?';:H'b>':=GC>H?>J'?B';BH?:EH'bB?M'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>C':HJ'@>"'>_E`>q
EH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HFd'F>>'?:bD>'gRc8Shc'
Table 4.67 [>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'EH'G>HE?E`>'=F>J':F'CBJE!'>@F

)>=?@:D''L@BHB=HF ->"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF ->"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF
[-")*[.-!
moń 4!,c,.) mon+ś+eń 4!,c-.(0U["!!*4!,|,.) eś+eń -.(0U["!!*4!,|,.)
mińek 4[0c["!!*4[0c,.) miń+ś+eńek 4[0c-.(0U["!!*4[0|,.) eś+eńek -.(0U["!!*4[0|,.)
toń 2!,c,.) ton+ś+et́ 2!,c-.(0U["!!*2!,|,.) eś+et́ -.(0U["!!*2!,|,.)
ti͔ŋk 2[0c["!!*2[0c,.) ti͔ń+ś+eŋk 2[0c-.(0U["!!*2[0|,.) eś+eŋk -.(0U["!!*2[0|,.)
sonze V!,c["!!*V!,c,.) son+ś+enze V!,c-.(0U["!!*V!,|,.) eś+enze -.(0U["!!*V!,|,.)
si͔nst V[0c["!!*V[0c,.) si͔ń+ś+est V[0c-.(0U["!!*V[0|,.) eś+est -.(0U["!!*V[0|,.)
6DD'B]'?M>F>'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'L@BHB=HF';:H']=H;?EBH':F'CBJE!'>@Fd':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'?M>K':@>'
;:HJEJ:?>F'?B'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHc''6F'6G:]BHB`:'F?:?>F'E?'?M>'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D'
L@BHB=HF';:H'?:<>'J>!'HE?>'CB@LM>C>Fd':HJ'b>'J>;DEH>J'DE<>'HB=HFc''&M=F'6G:]BHB`:'
L@>F>H?F'HB=H*J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>F'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'L@BHB=HFd'bB?M'B]'aME;M':LL>:@'?B'
]B@a:@J':'^>@B*C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK'HB?':??>F?>J'aE?M'.`F>`t>`d'F>>'?:bD>'gRc8Xhc
4YR 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.68 ,>HE?E`>*]B@C'gH>=?@:Dh'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

!EHG=D:@')['M>:J
4!, 2!, V!,
)"5 moń+eś toń+eś sonze+ś
,.) moń+eńt́ toń+eńt́ sonze +eńt́
76& moń+eńt́eń toń+eńt́eń sonze +eńt́eń
6Z0 moń+d́e+ńt́ toń+d́e+ńt́ sonze +d́e+ńt́
$). moń+se+ńt́ toń+se+ńt́ sonze +se+ńt́
.06 moń+ste+ńt́ toń+ste+ńt́ sonze +ste+ńt́
[-"0 moń+ga+ńt́ toń+ga+ńt́ sonze +ga+ńt́
&-)!0 moń+ks+eńt́ toń+ks+eńt́ sonze +ks+eńt́
#"5[ moń+ška+ńt́ toń+ška+ńt́ sonze +ška+ńt́
6Z. moń+t́eme+ńt́ toń+t́eme+ńt́ sonze +vt́eme+ńt́
4[0 2[0 V[0

!,
)"5 mińek+eś ti͔ŋk+eś si͔nst+eś
,.) mińek+eńt́ ti͔ŋk+eńt́ si͔nst+eńt́
76& mińek+eńt́eń ti͔ŋk+eńt́eń si͔nst+eńt́eń
6Z0 mińek+t́e+ńt́ ti͔ŋk+t́e+ńt́ si͔nst+te+ńt́
$). mińek+se+ńt́ ti͔ŋk+se+ńt́ si͔nst+se+ńt́
.06 mińek+ste+ńt́ ti͔ŋk+ste+ńt́ si͔nst+ste+ńt́
[-"0 mińek+ka+ńt́ ti͔ŋk+ka+ńt́ si͔nst+ka+ńt́
&-)!0 mińek+eks ti͔ŋk+eks si͔nst+eks
#"5[ mińek+ška+ńt́ ti͔ŋk+ška+ńt́ si͔nst+ška+ńt́
6Z. mińek+t́eme+ńt́ ti͔ŋk+t́eme+ńt́ si͔nst+teme+ńt́
[D=@:D')['M>:J
)"5 moń+e+t́ńe toń+e+t́+ńe sonze+t́+ńe
,.) moń+e+t́+ńe+ń toń+e+t́+ńe+ń sonze+t́+ńe+ń
76& moń+e+t́+ńe+ńeń toń+e+t́+ńe+ńeń sonze+t́+ńe+ńeń
6Z0 moń+e+t́+ńe+d́e toń+e+t́+ńe+d́e sonze+t́+ńe+d́e
$). moń+e+t́+ńe+se toń+e+t́+ńe+se sonze+t́+ńe+se
.06 moń+e+t́+ńe+ste toń+e+t́+ńe+ste sonze+t́+ńe+ste
[-"0 moń+e+t́+ńe+va toń+e+t́+ńe+va sonze+t́+ńe+va
&-)!0 moń+e+t́+ńe+ks toń+e+t́+ńe+ks sonze+t́+ńe+ks
#"5[ moń+e+t́+ńe+ška toń+e+t́+ńe+ška sonze+t́+ńe+ška
6Z. moń+e+t́+ńe +vt́eme toń+e+t́+ńe+vt́eme sonze+t́+ńe+vt́eme
5"-[/"0",m 4YW
[D=@:D')['M>:J
)"5 mińek+t́+ńe ti͔ŋk+t́+ńe si͔nst+t+ne
,.) mińek+t́+ńe+ń ti͔ŋk+t́+ńe+ń si͔nst+t+ne+ń
76& mińek+t́+ńe+ńeń ti͔ŋk+t́+ńe+ńeń si͔nst+t+ne+ńeń
6Z0 mińek+t́+ńe+d́e ti͔ŋk+t́+ńe+d́e si͔nst+t+ne+d́e
$). mińek+t́+ńe+se ti͔ŋk+t́+ńe+se si͔nst+t+ne+se
.06 mińek+t́+ńe+ste ti͔ŋk+t́+ńe+ste si͔nst+t+ne+ste
[-"0 mińek+t́+ńe+va ti͔ŋk+t́+ńe+va si͔nst+t+ne+va
&-)!0 mińek+t́+ńe+ks ti͔ŋk+t́+ńe+ks si͔nst+t+ne+ks
#"5[ mińek+t́+ńe+ška ti͔ŋk+t́+ńe+ška si͔nst+t+ne+ška
6Z. mińek+t́+ńe+vt́eme ti͔ŋk+t́+ńe+vt́eme si͔nst+t+ne+vt́eme
'gF>>'6G:]BHB`:'2333A'4RVf4RWh'?MEF':=?MB@tF':HHB?:?EBH
&M>'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'H>=?@:D'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF';:H'b>']B@C=D:?>J'
:F']BDDBaF'aE?M'?M>'`:@E:bD>'YA
4!,':HJ'2!,A
!EHG=D:@'M>:J's'[-")*[.-!*mc,.)U#TU7.(
[D=@:D'M>:J's'[-")*[.-!*mc,.)U[0U7.(U#T
V!,d'4[0d'2[0':HJ'V[0A
!EHG=D:@'M>:J's'[-")*[.-!*mU["!!*mc,.)U#TU7.(
[D=@:D'M>:J's'[-")*[.-!*mU["!!*mc,.)U[0U7.(U#T
$H'>:@DE>@']B@CF'B]'?M>'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>':HJd'H:?=@:DDKd'FBC>'B]'?M>'.@^K:'JE:D>;?Fd'?M>'
2!,'L@BHB=H':DFB'M:J'LBFF>FFE`>'C:@<EHG'EH'?M>']B@C=D:?EBH'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>']B@C'tońt́.
6FF=CEHG' ?M>' !'@F?' :HJ' F>;BHJ' L>@FBHF' FEHG=D:@' :@>' bB?M' D:;<EHG' LBFF>FFE`>' C:@<EHGd'
aM>@>:F'E?';B=DJ'b>':@G=>J'?M:?'?M>'4!,']B@C':;?=:DDK';BH?:EHF'?M>'F:C>'G>HE?E`>'C:@<EHG'
:F'?M:?'@>F>@`>J']B@'JEF?EH;?'<EH'?>@CFd'?M:?'EF'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>'C:@<EHGd'a>';:H'@>HJ>@'
:'C=?=:D']B@C=D:?EBH']B@':DD'L>@FBHF'aE?M'L:@>H?M>F>Fc
!EHG=D:@'M>:J's'[-")*[.-!gU["!!*mhc,.)U#TU7.(
[D=@:D'M>:J's'[-")*[.-!gU["!!*mhc,.)U[0U7.(U#T
)>_?' 6G:]BHB`:' L@>F>H?F' ?M>' @>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>' L@BHB=H' L:@:JEGC' aME;M' :;?=:DDK'

EHJE;:?>F'F=LLD>?EBH'EH'?M>'4FG':HJ'2FG']B@CFd'aM>@>'EHF?>:J'B]':'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'@>"'>_E`>q
EH?>HFE`>' L@BHB=H' a>' >H;B=H?>@' :' G>HE?E`>*;:F>' H>=?@:D' L>@FBH:D' L@BHB=H' aE?M' !"7'
C:@<EHGd'F>>'?:bD>'gRc8Yh'aM>@>'?M>'F=LLD>?E`>';>DDF'M:`>'b>>H'J:@<>H>Jc''g$H'?MEF':=?MB@tF'
?@:HF;@EL?EBH'B]'?M>'#K@EDDE;'F;@EL?'?M>'G>HE?E`>*]B@C'F?>CF'EH'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,'L>@FBH:D'
L@BHB=HF':@>'C:@<>J'L:D:?:DE^>J'ńch
4Y8 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.69 ,>HE?E`>*]B@C'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF

!EHG=D:@')['M>:J
4!, 2!, V!,
!,
)"5 moń+śe+ś toń+śe+ś son+ś+enze+ś
,.) moń+śe+ńt́ toń+śe+ńt́ son+ś+enze+eńt́
76& moń+śe+ńt́eń toń+śe+ńt́eń son+ś+enze+eńt́eń
6Z0 moń+śe+d́e+ńt́ toń+śe+d́e+ńt́ son+ś+enze+d́e+ńt́
$). moń+śe+se+ńt́ toń+śe+se+ńt́ son+ś+enze+se+ńt́
.06 moń+śe+ste+ńt́ toń+śe+ste+ńt́ son+ś+enze+ste+ńt́
[-"0 moń+śe+va+ńt́ toń+śe+va+ńt́ son+ś+enze+va+ńt́
&-)!0 moń+śe+ks toń+śe+ks son+ś+enze+ks
#"5[ moń+śe+ška+ńt́ toń+śe+ška+ńt́ son+ś+enze+ška+ńt́
6Z. moń+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ toń+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ son+ś+enze+vt́eme+ńt́
4[0 2[0 V[0

[0
)"5 miń+ś+eńek+eś ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+eś si͔ń+ś+est+eś
,.) miń+ś+eńek+eńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+eńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+eńt́
76& miń+ś+eńek+eńt́eń ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+eńt́eń si͔ń+ś+est+eńt́eń
6Z0 miń+ś+eńek+t́e+ńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+t́e+ńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+te+ńt́
$). miń+ś+eńek+se+ńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+se+ńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+se+ńt́
.06 miń+ś+eńek+ste+ńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+ste+ńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+ste+ńt́
[-"0 miń+ś+eńek+ka+ńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+ka+ńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+ka+ńt́
&-)!0 miń+ś+eńek+eks ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+eks si͔ń+ś+est+eks
#"5[ miń+ś+eńek+ška+ńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+ška+ńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+ška+ńt́
6Z. miń+ś+eńek+t́eme+ńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+t́eme+ńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+teme+ńt́
[D=@:D')['M>:J
!,
)"5 moń+śe+t́+ńe toń+śe+t́+ńe son+ś+enze+t́+ńe
,.) moń+śe+t́+ńe+ń toń+śe+t́+ńe+ń son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+ń
76& moń+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń toń+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+ńeń
6Z0 moń+śe+t́+ńe+d́e toń+śe+t́+ńe+d́e son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+d́e
$). moń+śe+t́+ńe+se toń+śe+t́+ńe+se son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+se
.06 moń+śe+t́+ńe+ste toń+śe+t́+ńe+ste son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+ste
[-"0 moń+śe+t́+ńe+va toń+śe+t́+ńe+va son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+va
&-)!0 moń+śe+t́+ńe+ks toń+śe+t́+ńe+ks son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+ks
#"5[ moń+śe+t́+ńe+ška toń+śe+t́+ńe+ška son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+ška
6Z. moń+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme toń+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+vt́eme
5"-[/"0",m 4YS
[0
)"5 miń+ś+eńek+t́+ńe ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+t́+ńe si͔ń+ś+est+t+ne
,.) miń+ś+eńek+t́+ńe+ń ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+t́+ńe+ń si͔ń+ś+est+t+ne+ń
76& miń+ś+eńek+t́+ńe+ńeń ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+t́+ńe+ńeń si͔ń+ś+est+t+ne+ńeń
6Z0 miń+ś+eńek+t́+ńe+d́e ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+t́+ńe+d́e si͔ń+ś+est+t+ne+d́e
$). miń+ś+eńek+t́+ńe+se ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+t́+ńe+se si͔ń+ś+est+t+ne+se
.06 miń+ś+eńek+t́+ńe+ste ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+t́+ńe+ste si͔ń+ś+est+t+ne+ste
[-"0 miń+ś+eńek+t́+ńe+va ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+t́+ńe+va si͔ń+ś+est+t+ne+va
&-)!0 miń+ś+eńek+t́+ńe+ks ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+t́+ńe+ks si͔ń+ś+est+t+ne+ks
#"5[ miń+ś+eńek+t́+ńe+ška ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+t́+ńe+ška si͔ń+ś+est+t+ne+ška
6Z. miń+ś+eńek+t́+ńe+vt́eme ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+t́+ńe+vt́eme si͔ń+ś+est+t+ne+vt́eme
'gF>>'6G:]BHB`:'2333A'4RVf4RWh'aE?M'?MEF':=?MB@tF':HHB?:?EBH
6H'EHE?E:D']B@C=D:?EBH'B]'6G:]BHB`:tF']B@CF'EH'?M>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'?:bD>'gRc8Yh'@>*
`>:DF':'FECED:@'b@>:<'EH'?M>'JEF?@Eb=?EBH'B]'L>@FBHd'Ec>c'4!,':HJ'2!,'`>@F=F'V!,d'4[0d'2[0'
:HJ'V[0c
4!,':HJ'2!,A
!EHG=D:@'M>:J's'[-")*[.-!*mc,.)U[-")*7.5*7$!&60U#TU7.(
[D=@:D'M>:J's'[-")*[.-!*mc,.)U[-")*7.5*7$!&60'U[0U7.(U#T
V!,d'4[0d'2[0':HJ'V[0A
!EHG=D:@'M>:J's'[-")*[.-!*mU-.(0U["!!*mc,.)U#TU7.(
[D=@:D'M>:J's'[-")*[.-!*mU-.(0U["!!*mc,.)U[0U7.(U#T
&MEF'b@>:<d':F'HB?>J':bB`>d':LL>:@F'?B'EH`BD`>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D';BH]=FEBH'B@'F=L*
LD>?EBHc' ' rM>@>' ?M>' V!,' :HJ' V[0' L>@FBHF' :??>F?' ?B' :' G>HE?E`>*]B@C' @>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'
L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'b:F>']B@'?M>E@'J>!'HE?>']B@CFd'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,':??>F?'?B':'?B?:DDK'JE]]>@>H?'
F?@=;?=@>d'H:C>DKd':'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'H>=?@:D'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'aE?M':'JEF?:D'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'
L@BHB=H':F'E?F'b:F>d'Ec>c'?M>'!"7'F?@:?>GK']B@'C:@<EHG'5r)c
$]'a>':LLDK'?M>' !"7'F?@:?>GK'B]'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,'?B'?M>'B?M>@'L>@FBHFd'a>'aEDD':@*
@E`>':?':'L:@:JEGC'L:@:DD>D'?B'aM:?'EF':??>F?>J':bB`>']B@'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>'HB=HFd'F>>'
gXYfY2hd'aE?M'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'JE]]>@>H;>':@EFEHG'EH'?M>'L@>F>H;>'B]':JHBCEH:D*?KL>'
;@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'C:@<EHG'b>]B@>'?M>'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H'@>"'>_'*śe%c''$H']:;?d'E?'F>>CF'
?M:?'?MEF'EF'L@>;EF>DK'?M>'L:@:JEGC'?M:?'.`F>`t>`'EHJE;:?>F'gF>>'4Y8VA'482h'aM>H'M>'@>]>@F'
?B'?M>'Определенная форма притяжательных местоимений'oJ>!'HE?>']B@CxFy'B]'?M>'
LBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=HFpd'F>>'?:bD>'gRcS3hc
4YX 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.70' ,>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'JEF?:D'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H'C:@<EHG

!EHG=D:@')['M>:J
4!, 2!, V!,
!,
)"5 moń+śe+ś toń+śe+ś sonze+śe+ś
,.) moń+śe+ńt́ toń+śe+ńt́ sonze+śe+ńt́
76& moń+śe+ńt́eń toń+śe+ńt́eń sonze+śe+ńt́eń
6Z0 moń+śe+d́e+ńt́ toń+śe+d́e+ńt́ sonze+śe+d́e+ńt́
$). moń+śe+se+ńt́ toń+śe+se+ńt́ sonze+śe+se+ńt́
.06 moń+śe+ste+ńt́ toń+śe+ste+ńt́ sonze+śe+ste+ńt́
[-"0 moń+śe+va+ńt́ toń+śe+va+ńt́ sonze+śe+va+ńt́
&-)!0 moń+śe+ks+eńt́ toń+śe+ks+eńt́ sonze+śe+ks+eńt́
#"5[ moń+śe+ška+ńt́ toń+śe+ška+ńt́ sonze+śe+ška+ńt́
6Z. moń+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ toń+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ sonze+śe+vt́eme+ńt́
4[0 2[0 V[0

[0
)"5 mińek+śe+ś ti͔ŋk+śe+ś si͔nst+śe+ś
,.) mińek+śe+ńt́ ti͔ŋk+śe+ńt́ si͔nst+śe+ńt́
76& mińek+śe+ńt́eń ti͔ŋk+śe+ńt́eń si͔nst+śe+ńt́eń
6Z0 mińek+śe+d́e+ńt́ ti͔ŋk+śe+d́e+ńt́ si͔nst+śe+d́e+ńt́
$). mińek+śe+se+ńt́ ti͔ŋk+śe+se+ńt́ si͔nst+śe+se+ńt́
.06 mińek+śe+ste+ńt́ ti͔ŋk+śe+ste+ńt́ si͔nst+śe+ste+ńt́
[-"0 mińek+śe+va+ńt́ ti͔ŋk+śe+va+ńt́ si͔nst+śe+va+ńt́
&-)!0 mińek+śeks ti͔ŋk+śeks si͔nst+śeks
#"5[ mińek+śe+ška+ńt́ ti͔ŋk+śe+ška+ńt́ si͔nst+śe+ška+ńt́
6Z. mińek+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ ti͔ŋk+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ si͔nst+śe+vt́eme+ńt́
[D=@:D')['M>:J
!,
)"5 moń+śe+t́+ńe toń+śe+t́+ńe sonze+śe+t́+ńe
,.) moń+śe+t́+ńe+ń toń+śe+t́+ńe+ń sonze+śe+t́+ńe+ń
76& moń+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń toń+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń sonze+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń
6Z0 moń+śe+t́+ńe+d́e toń+śe+t́+ńe+de sonze+śe+t́+ńe+d́e
$). moń+śe+t́+ńe+se toń+śe+t́+ńe+se sonze+śe+t́+ńe+se
.06 moń+śe+t́+ńe+ste toń+śe+t́+ńe+ste sonze+śe+t́+ńe+ste
[-"0 moń+śe+t́+ńe+va toń+śe+t́+ńe+va sonze+śe+t́+ńe+va
&-)!0 moń+śe+t́+ńe+ks toń+śe+t́+ńe+ks sonze+śe+t́+ńe+ks
#"5[ moń+śe+t́+ńe+ška toń+śe+t́+ńe+ška sonze+śe+t́+ńe+ška
6Z. moń+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme toń+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme sonze+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme
5"-[/"0",m 4YY
[0
)"5 mińek+śe+t́+ńe ti͔ŋk+śe+t́+ńe si͔nst+śe+t́+ńe
,.) mińek+śe+t́+ńe+ń ti͔ŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ń si͔nst+śe+t́+ńe+ń
76& mińek+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń ti͔ŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń si͔nst+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń
6Z0 mińek+śe+t́+ńe+d́e ti͔ŋk+śe+t́+ńe+de si͔nst+śe+t́+ńe+d́e
$). mińek+śe+t́+ńe+se ti͔ŋk+śe+t́+ńe+se si͔nst+śe+t́+ńe+se
.06 mińek+śe+t́+ńe+ste ti͔ŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ste si͔nst+śe+t́+ńe+ste
[-"0 mińek+śe+t́+ńe+va ti͔ŋk+śe+t́+ńe+va si͔nst+śe+t́+ńe+va
&-)!0 mińek+śe+t́+ńe+ks ti͔ŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ks si͔nst+śe+t́+ńe+ks
#"5[ mińek+śe+t́+ńe+ška ti͔ŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ška si͔nst+śe+t́+ńe+ška
6Z. mińek+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme ti͔ŋk+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme si͔nst+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme
)Bad'E]'a>'@>;BHFEJ>@'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,'EH'?:bD>'gRc8Yh'BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]'?M>'V!,d'4[0d'2[0':HJ'
V[0'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'^>@B*C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK'>_MEbE?>J'EH'[-")*[.-!'U-.(0U["!!*mc,.)Ud'
a>'aEDD':@@E`>':?']B@CF'F=;M':F'tońćit́ńt́ @>HJ>@>J'bK'?MEF':=?MB@':F'ton+ś+et́+eńt́'g;]c'5r'
$\A'2V4Wbh'F>>':DFB'gYWhd':bB`>.
Table 4.71' !EHG=D:@'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'^>@B*C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK'

' ' EH':DD'L>@FBHF
4!, 2!, V!,
!,
)"5 mon+ś+eń+eś ton+ś+et́+eś son+ś+enze+ś
,.) mon+ś+eń+eńt́ ton+ś+et́+eńt́ son+ś+enze+eńt́
76& mon+ś+eń+eńt́eń ton+ś+et́+eńt́eń son+ś+enze+eńt́eń
6Z0 mon+ś+eń+d́e+ńt́ ton+ś+et́+d́e+ńt́ son+ś+enze+d́e+ńt́
$). mon+ś+eń+se+ńt́ ton+ś+et́+se+ńt́ son+ś+enze+se+ńt́
.06 mon+ś+eń+ste+ńt́ ton+ś+et́+ste+ńt́ son+ś+enze+ste+ńt́
[-"0 mon+ś+eń+ga+ńt́ ton+ś+et́+ka+ńt́ son+ś+enze+va+ńt́
&-)!0 mon+ś+eń+eks ton+ś+et́+eks son+ś+enze+ks
#"5[ mon+ś+eń+ška+ńt́ ton+ś+et́+ška+ńt́ son+ś+enze+ška+ńt́
6Z. mon+ś+eń+t́eme+ńt́ ton+ś+et́+t́eme+ńt́ son+ś+enze+vt́eme+ńt́
[0
)"5 mon+ś+eń+e+t́ńe ton+ś+et́+t́+ńe son+ś+enze+t́+ńe
,.) mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ń ton+ś+et́+e+t́+ńe+ń son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+ń
76& mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ńeń ton+ś+et́+e+t́+ńe+ńeń son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+ńeń
6Z0 mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+d́e ton+ś+et́+e+t́+ńe+d́e son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+d́e
$). mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+se ton+ś+et́+e+t́+ńe+se son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+se
.06 mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ste ton+ś+et́+e+t́+ńe+ste son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+ste
[-"0 mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+va ton+ś+et́+e+t́+ńe+va son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+va
&-)!0 mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ks ton+ś+et́+e+t́+ńe+ks son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+ks
#"5[ mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ška ton+ś+et́+e+t́+ńe+ška son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+ška
6Z. mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+vt́eme ton+ś+et́+e+t́+ńe+vt́eme son+ś+enze+t́+ńe+vt́eme
233 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
&M=F' a>' M:`>' :@@E`>J' :?' ?M@>>' ]B@C=D:?EBHF' ]B@' G>HE?E`>*;:F>' L>@FBH:D' :HJ' @>"'>_E`>q
EH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHc''&M>@>'EF':'^>@B*C:@<>@'F?@:?>GK']B@'bB?M'
?M>'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H':HJ'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=Hd':HJ':' !"7'C:@<>@'
F?@:?>GK']B@'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFc''&MEF'C>:HF'?M:?':HB?M>@'?:bD>d'?:bD>'gRcS2h'
C=F?'b>'@>HJ>@>J']B@'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'aE?M':'!"7'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GKc
Table 4.72' ,>HE?E`>*]B@C'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'!"7'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK

!EHG=D:@')['M>:J
4!, 2!, V!,
!,
)"5 mon+ś+eń+śe+ś ton+ś+et́+śe+ś son+ś+enze+śe+ś
,.) mon+ś+eń+śe+ńt́ ton+ś+et́+śe+ńt́ son+ś+enze+śe+ńt́
76& mon+ś+eń+śe+ńt́eń ton+ś+et́+śe+ńt́eń son+ś+enze+śe+ńt́eń
6Z0 mon+ś+eń+śe+d́e+ńt́ ton+ś+et́+śe+d́e+ńt́ son+ś+enze+śe+d́e+ńt́
$). mon+ś+eń+śe+se+ńt́ ton+ś+et́+śe+se+ńt́ son+ś+enze+śe+se+ńt́
.06 mon+ś+eń+śe+ste+ńt́ ton+ś+et́+śe+ste+ńt́ son+ś+enze+śe+ste+ńt́
[-"0 mon+ś+eń+śe+va+ńt́ ton+ś+et́+śe+va+ńt́ son+ś+enze+śe+va+ńt́
&-)!0 mon+ś+eń+śe+ks ton+ś+et́+śe+ks son+ś+enze+śe+ks
#"5[ mon+ś+eń+śe+ška+ńt́ ton+ś+et́+śe+ška+ńt́ son+ś+enze+śe+ška+ńt́
6Z. mon+ś+eń+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ ton+ś+et́+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ son+ś+enze+śe+vt́eme+ńt́
4[0 2[0 V[0

[0
)"5 miń+ś+eńek+śe+ś ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+ś si͔ń+ś+est+śe+ś
,.) miń+ś+eńek+śe+ńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+ńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+śe+ńt́
76& miń+ś+eńek+śe+ńt́eń ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+ńt́eń si͔ń+ś+est+śe+ńt́eń
6Z0 miń+ś+eńek+śe+d́e+ńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+d́e+ńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+śe+d́e+ńt́
$). miń+ś+eńek+śe+se+ńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+se+ńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+śe+se+ńt́
.06 miń+ś+eńek+śe+ste+ńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+ste+ńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+śe+ste+ńt́
[-"0 miń+ś+eńek+śe+va+ńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+va+ńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+śe+va+ńt́
&-)!0 miń+ś+eńek+śe+ks ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+ks si͔ń+ś+est+śe+ks
#"5[ miń+ś+eńek+śe+ška+ńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+ška+ńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+śe+ška+ńt́
6Z. miń+ś+eńek+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ si͔ń+ś+est+śe+vt́eme+ńt́
5"-[/"0",m 234
[D=@:D')['M>:J
!,
)"5 mon+ś+eń+e+t́ńe ton+ś+et́+śe+t́+ńe son+ś+enze+śe+t́+ńe
,.) mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ń ton+ś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+ń son+ś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+ń
76& mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ńeń ton+ś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń son+ś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń
6Z0 mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+d́e ton+ś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+d́e son+ś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+d́e
$). mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+se ton+ś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+se son+ś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+se
.06 mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ste ton+ś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+ste son+ś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+ste
[-"0 mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+va ton+ś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+va son+ś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+va
&-)!0 mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ks ton+ś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+ks son+ś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+ks
#"5[ mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ška ton+ś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+ška son+ś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+ška
6Z. mon+ś+eń+e+t́+ńe+vt́eme ton+ś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme son+ś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme
[0
)"5 miń+ś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe si͔ń+ś+est+śe+t́+ńe
,.) miń+ś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+ń ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ń si͔ń+ś+est+śe+t́+ńe+ń
76& miń+ś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń si͔ń+ś+est+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń
6Z0 miń+ś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+d́e ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+de si͔ń+ś+est+śe+t́+ńe+d́e
$). miń+ś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+se ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+se si͔ń+ś+est+śe+t́+ńe+se
.06 miń+ś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+ste ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ste si͔ń+ś+est+śe+t́+ńe+ste
[-"0 miń+ś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+va ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+va si͔ń+ś+est+śe+t́+ńe+va
&-)!0 miń+ś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+ks ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ks si͔ń+ś+est+śe+t́+ńe+ks
#"5[ miń+ś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+ška ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ška si͔ń+ś+est+śe+t́+ńe+ška
6Z. miń+ś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme ti͔ń+ś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme si͔ń+ś+est+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme
r>' HBa' M:`>' ]B=@' FL>;E!';' J>;D>HFEBH' ?:bD>F' J@:]?>J' gRc8Xd' RcS3fS2h' J>CBHF?@:?EHG'
?M>' MKLB?M>?E;:D' ;BCbEH:?EBHF' B]' G>HE?E`>*;:F>' L>@FBH:D' L@BHB=HF' :HJ' @>"'>_E`>q
EH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'aE?M'?aB'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GE>F']B@'5r)c''r>'aEDD'HBa':LLDK'?M>F>'F:C>'
;BCbEH:?EBHF'aE?M'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'EH'?:bD>F'gRcSVfSWhd':HJ':JJ@>FF'?M>'C:??>@'
B]';B@LB@:':??>F?:?EBHc'
232 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.73' ,>HE?E`>*;:F>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'aE?M'^>@B*C:@<EHG

4!, 2!, V!,
!,
)"5 eś+eń+eś eś+et́+eś eś+enze+ś
,.) eś+eń+eńt́ eś+et́+eńt́ eś+enze+eńt́
76& eś+eń+eńt́eń eś+et́+eńt́eń eś+enze+eńt́eń
6Z0 eś+eń+d́e+ńt́ eś+et́+d́e+ńt́ eś+enze+d́e+ńt́
$). eś+eń+se+ńt́ eś+et́+se+ńt́ eś+enze+se+ńt́
.06 eś+eń+ste+ńt́ eś+et́+ste+ńt́ eś+enze+ste+ńt́
[-"0 eś+eń+ga+ńt́ eś+et́+ka+ńt́ eś+enze+va+ńt́
&-)!0 eś+eń+ks+eńt́ eś+et́+eks+eńt́ eś+enze+ks+eńt́
#"5[ eś+eń+ška+ńt́ eś+et́+ška+ńt́ eś+enze+ška+ńt́
6Z. eś+eń+t́eme+ńt́ eś+et́+t́eme+ńt́ eś+enze+vt́eme+ńt́
[0
)"5 eś+eń+e+t́ńe eś+et́+t́+ńe eś+enze+t́+ńe
,.) eś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ń eś+et́+e+t́+ńe+ń eś+enze+t́+ńe+ń
76& eś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ńeń eś+et́+e+t́+ńe+ńeń eś+enze+t́+ńe+ńeń
6Z0 eś+eń+e+t́+ńe+d́e eś+et́+e+t́+ńe+d́e eś+enze+t́+ńe+d́e
$). eś+eń+e+t́+ńe+se eś+et́+e+t́+ńe+se eś+enze+t́+ńe+se
.06 eś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ste eś+et́+e+t́+ńe+ste eś+enze+t́+ńe+ste
[-"0 eś+eń+e+t́+ńe+va eś+et́+e+t́+ńe+va eś+enze+t́+ńe+va
&-)!0 eś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ks eś+et́+e+t́+ńe+ks eś+enze+t́+ńe+ks
#"5[ eś+eń+e+t́+ńe+ška eś+et́+e+t́+ńe+ška eś+enze+t́+ńe+ška
6Z. eś+eń+e+t́+ńe+vt́eme eś+et́+e+t́+ńe+vt́eme eś+enze+t́+ńe+vt́eme
,>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'EH']=F>J'M>:J';BHF?@=;?EBHF''
j!&.5*-.(0*,.)U["!!U#TgU7.(hk
4[0 2[0 V[0
!,
)"5 eś+eńek+eś eś+eŋk+eś eś+est+eś
,.) eś+eńek+eńt́ eś+eŋk+eńt́ eś+est+eńt́
76& eś+eńek+eńt́eń eś+eŋk+eńt́eń eś+est+eńt́eń
6Z0 eś+eńek+t́e+ńt́ eś+eŋk+t́e+ńt́ eś+est+te+ńt́
$). eś+eńek+se+ńt́ eś+eŋk+se+ńt́ eś+est+se+ńt́
.06 eś+eńek+ste+ńt́ eś+eŋk+ste+ńt́ eś+est+ste+ńt́
[-"0 eś+eńek+ka+ńt́ eś+eŋk+ka+ńt́ eś+est+ka+ńt́
&-)!0 eś+eńek+eks eś+eŋk+eks eś+est+eks
#"5[ eś+eńek+ška+ńt́ eś+eŋk+ška+ńt́ eś+est+ška+ńt́
6Z. eś+eńek+t́eme+ńt́ eś+eŋk+t́eme+ńt́ eś+est+teme+ńt́
5"-[/"0",m 23V
[0
)"5 eś+eńek+t́+ńe eś+eŋk+t́+ńe eś+est+t+ne
,.) eś+eńek+t́+ńe+ń eś+eŋk+t́+ńe+ń eś+est+t+ne+ń
76& eś+eńek+t́+ńe+ńeń eś+eŋk+t́+ńe+ńeń eś+est+t+ne+ńeń
6Z0 eś+eńek+t́+ńe+d́e eś+eŋk+t́+ńe+de eś+est+t+ne+d́e
$). eś+eńek+t́+ńe+se eś+eŋk+t́+ńe+se eś+est+t+ne+se
.06 eś+eńek+t́+ńe+ste eś+eŋk+t́+ńe+ste eś+est+t+ne+ste
[-"0 eś+eńek+t́+ńe+va eś+eŋk+t́+ńe+va eś+est+t+ne+va
&-)!0 eś+eńek+t́+ńe+ks eś+eŋk+t́+ńe+ks eś+est+t+ne+ks
#"5[ eś+eńek+t́+ńe+ška eś+eŋk+t́+ńe+ška eś+est+t+ne+ška
6Z. eś+eńek+t́+ńe+vt́eme eś+eŋk+t́+ńe+vt́eme eś+est+t+ne+vt́eme
Table 4.74' ,>HE?E`>*;:F>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'aE?M'!"7'C:@<EHG

4!, 2!, V!,
!,
)"5 eś+eń+śe+ś eś+et́+śe+ś eś+enze+śe+ś
,.) eś+eń+śe+ńt́ eś+et́+śe+ńt́ eś+enze+śe+ńt́
76& eś+eń+śe+ńt́eń eś+et́+śe+ńt́eń eś+enze+śe+ńt́eń
6Z0 eś+eń+śe+d́e+ńt́ eś+et́+śe+d́e+ńt́ eś+enze+śe+d́e+ńt́
$). eś+eń+śe+se+ńt́ eś+et́+śe+se+ńt́ eś+enze+śe+se+ńt́
.06 eś+eń+śe+ste+ńt́ eś+et́+śe+ste+ńt́ eś+enze+śe+ste+ńt́
[-"0 eś+eń+śe+va+ńt́ eś+et́+śe+va+ńt́ eś+enze+śe+va+ńt́
&-)!0 eś+eń+śe+ks+eńt́ eś+et́+śe+ks+eńt́ eś+enze+śe+ks+eńt́
#"5[ eś+eń+śe+ška+ńt́ eś+et́+śe+ška+ńt́ eś+enze+śe+ška+ńt́
6Z. eś+eń+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ eś+et́+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ eś+enze+śe+vt́eme+ńt́
[0
)"5 eś+eń+śe+t́+ńe eś+et́+śe+t́+ńe eś+enze+śe+t́+ńe
,.) eś+eń+śe+t́+ńe+ń eś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+ń eś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+ń
76& eś+eń+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń eś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń eś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń
6Z0 eś+eń+śe+t́+ńe+d́e eś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+d́e eś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+d́e
$). eś+eń+śe+t́+ńe+se eś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+se eś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+se
.06 eś+eń+śe+t́+ńe+ste eś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+ste eś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+ste
[-"0 eś+eń+śe+t́+ńe+va eś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+va eś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+va
&-)!0 eś+eń+śe+t́+ńe+ks eś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+ks eś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+ks
#"5[ eś+eń+śe+t́+ńe+ška eś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+ška eś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+ška
6Z. eś+eń+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme eś+et́+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme eś+enze+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme
23R 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.75' ,>HE?E`>*]B@C'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HF'EH']=F>J'M>:J';BHF?@=;?EBHF''

' ' j!&.5*-.(0U["!!c,.)U7.5*7$!&U#TgU7.(hk
4[0 2[0 V[0
!,
)"5 eś+eńek+śe+ś eś+eŋk+śe+ś eś+est+śe+ś
,.) eś+eńek+śe+ńt́ eś+eŋk+śe+ńt́ eś+est+śe+ńt́
76& eś+eńek+śe+ńt́eń eś+eŋk+śe+ńt́eń eś+est+śe+ńt́eń
6Z0 eś+eńek+śe+d́e+ńt́ eś+eŋk+śe+d́e+ńt́ eś+est+śe+d́e+ńt́
$). eś+eńek+śe+se+ńt́ eś+eŋk+śe+se+ńt́ eś+est+śe+se+ńt́
.06 eś+eńek+śe+ste+ńt́ eś+eŋk+śe+ste+ńt́ eś+est+śe+ste+ńt́
[-"0 eś+eńek+śe+va+ńt́ eś+eŋk+śe+va+ńt́ eś+est+śe+va+ńt́
&-)!0 eś+eńek+śe+ks eś+eŋk+śe+ks eś+est+śe+ks
#"5[ eś+eńek+śe+ška+ńt́ eś+eŋk+śe+ška+ńt́ eś+est+śe+ška+ńt́
6Z. eś+eńek+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ eś+eŋk+śe+vt́eme+ńt́ eś+est+śe+vt́eme+ńt́
[0
)"5 eś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe eś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe eś+est+śe+t́+ńe
,.) eś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+ń eś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ń eś+est+śe+t́+ńe+ń
76& eś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń eś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń eś+est+śe+t́+ńe+ńeń
6Z0 eś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+d́e eś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+de eś+est+śe+t́+ńe+d́e
$). eś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+se eś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+se eś+est+śe+t́+ńe+se
.06 eś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+ste eś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ste eś+est+śe+t́+ńe+ste
[-"0 eś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+va eś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+va eś+est+śe+t́+ńe+va
&-)!0 eś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+ks eś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ks eś+est+śe+t́+ńe+ks
#"5[ eś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+ška eś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+ška eś+est+śe+t́+ńe+ška
6Z. eś+eńek+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme eś+eŋk+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme eś+est+śe+t́+ńe+vt́eme
6??>F?:?EBH' B]' ?aB' C:@<EHG' F?@:?>GE>F' ]B@' ?M@>>' G>HE?E`>' L@BHB=HF' a:F' ;BHJ=;?>J'
:;;B@JEHG' ?B' :' FECLD>' e=>F?EBH' B]' aM>?M>@' :HK' ;:F>' ]B@C' B?M>@' ?M:H' ?M>' HBCEH:?E`>'
FEHG=D:@' EHJ>!'HE?>' J>;D>HFEBH' B;;=@@>J' EH' ?M>' ;B@LB@:c' ' &:bD>' gRcS8h' EDD=F?@:?>F' ?M>'
!'HJEHGFc''
Table 4.76 6??>F?:?EBH'B]'?aB'CBJE!'>@*aE?MB=?*HB=H'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GE>F'

' ' ]B@'?M@>>'F>?F'B]'L@BHB=HF
[>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H ->"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=H ->"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>C
n>@B 7.5 n>@B 7.5 n>@B 7.5
4 !, )6 U )6 U )6 U
[0 U U U )6 U U
2 !, U U U )6 U U
[0 U U U )6 U )6
V !, U )6 U )6 U )6
[0 U U )6 )6 U )6
5"-[/"0",m 23W
&M>' BHDK' L:@:JEGC' B]' CEHEC:D' :??>F?:?EBH' a:F' ?M:?' ]B@' ?M>' ;BCbEH:?EBH' @>"'>_E`>q
EH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=H'aE?M' !"7'C:@<EHGc''&MEFd'MBa>`>@d'EF'HB?'F=@L@EFEHGd':F'?M>'G>HE?E`>*
;:F>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF':@>'DBa']@>e=>H;Kd'F>>'?:bD>'gRcSShd'aM>@>d']B@'L=@LBF>F'
B]' ;BCL:@EFBHd' $' M:`>' L@BÈJ>J' F?:?EF?E;F' ]B@' LD:EH' G>HE?E`>' ]B@CF' :HJ' G>HE?E`>' ]B@CF'
aE?M';DE?E;Fc
Table 4.77 ,>HE?E`>']B@CF'B]'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'

' ' :HJ'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF
[>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H ->"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>' ->"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>C
L@BHB=H
[D:EH #DE?E; [D:EH #DE?E; [D:EH #DE?E; &B?:D
4 !, 42d4Y8 W24 4RW VS Y2Y RR 13,872
[0 XS2V 423 SS W S3S 4Y 9651
2 !, SWSX 4WS 483 VY YV4 V2 8897
[0 22VV VY 2S W 4X3 V 2487
V !, 4SdXXS 28W VVX 2X R2VX SR 22,830
[0 SW2X Y2 S4 4 4RWV 42 9157
&B?:D 56,145 1194 818 115 8438 184 66,894
rE?M':H':??>F?>J'FKF?>C'B]'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=HFd'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'
:HJ'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CF'EH';BCbEH:?EBH'aE?M'?aB'F?@:?>GE>F']B@'CBJE!'>@*aE?MB=?*
HB=H' C:@<EHGd' a>' :@@E`>' :?' ?M>' FE_' ?:bD>F' gRc8Xd' RcS3fSWh' aE?M' :??>F?:?EBH' EH' ?:bD>'
gRcS8hc''Z=?'aM:?'EF'?M>@>'?B'F:K'B]'?M>'V!,';BH;:?>H:?EBH'J>CBHF?@:?>J'bK'n:E;^'g2338A'
4YShd' aM>@>' M>' M:F' :LL:@>H?DK' C:J>' :H' :H:DBGE;:D' L:@:JEGC' :;;B@JEHG' ?B' :' JE]]>@>H?'
EH?>@L@>?:?EBH'B]'?M>'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L@BHB=HF'4!,':HJ'2!,'LD=F' !"7'F?@:?>GK'F>>H'EH'?:bD>'
gRc8Yhd' mońśeś ' oCEH>' gEH' F=bQ>;?' ]=H;?EBHhp' :HJ' tońśeś' oKB=@F' gEH' F=bQ>;?' ]=H;?EBHhp{''
6;;B@JEHG'?B'aM:?';:H'b>'F>>H'EH'MEF'?:bD>'f'@>L@BJ=;>J'b>DBa'EH'gRcSXh'gaE?M'J:@<>HEHG'
EH'?M>';>DDF'B]'EH;BHFEF?>H?';BH;:?>H:?EBHd'aM>@>:F'?M>';BD=CHF'M:`>'b>>H':FFEGH>J'0:?EH'
H=C>@:DF' ]B@' >:F>' B]' DB;:?EBHd' bK' ?MEF' :=?MB@h' f' n:E;^' M:F' :LL:@>H?DK' EH?>@L@>?>J' ?M>'
]B@CF'EH';BD=CH'$$':F'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHF'B]'?M>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HFc''#:H'F=;M'
]B@CF'b>':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'.@^K:';B@LB@:{
238 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Table 4.78 5B@J`:'V!,'L@BHB=HF'u'D:'n:E;^'g2338A'4YSh

PRO.s3 Possessive.PRO.s3 REFLEX.PRO.s3
o(s)hep ohis/hersp ohim/herselfp
$ $$ $$$ $\
)"5 ) son son%sʲesʲ ~ son%zesʲ esʲ
,.) ,q6 son%ze son%sʲenʲtʲ ~ son%zenʲtʲ esʲ%enze
76& 7:?q6DD sonʲ%enze son%sʲenʲtʲenʲ ~ son%zenʲtʲenʲ esʲ%tʲenze
$). $H> sonʲ%senze son%sesenʲtʲ ~ son%zesenʲtʲ esʲ%senze
.06 .D: sonʲ%stenze son%stesenʲtʲ ~ son%stesenʲtʲ esʲ%stenze

$00 $DD sonʲ%zenze sonʲ%zesenʲtʲ ~ sonʲ%zesenʲtʲ esʲ%senze
[-"0 [@BD sonʲ%ganzo sonʲ%ganʲtʲ ~ son%ganʲtʲ esʲ%kanzo
6Z0 6bD sonʲ%dʲenze sonʲ%dʲenʲtʲ ~ sonʲdʲenʲtʲ esʲ%tʲedʲenze
&-)!0 g&@:HF sonʲ%ksenze sonʲ%ksenʲtʲ ~ son%ksenʲtʲ esʲ%ksenzeh
6Z. 6b> sonʲ%tʲemenze sonʲ%tʲemenʲtʲ ~ sonʲtʲemenʲtʲ esʲ%tʲemenze
#"5[ #]` sonʲ%škanzo sonʲ%škanʲtʲ ~ son%škańtʲ esʲ%eškanzo
(E@F?'B]':DDd'E?';:HHB?'b>'B`>@*F?@>FF>J'?M:?'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>':??>F?F'?B'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'
L@BHB=HFd'aME;M';B@@>D:?>'EH'CBJE!'>@']=H;?EBH'aE?M'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'HB=HFd':HJ'?M:?'?M>@>'
:@>'HB'L@BHB=H']B@CF'aME;M';B@@>D:?>'EH'C:@<EHG'?B'?M>'M>:J'HB=H'?M>K'CBJE]Kd'Ec>c'?MEF'
FKF?>C' JB>F' HB?' L:@:DD>D' ?M:?' B]' ?M>' ,>@C:H'deine Mutter oKB=@' CB?M>@p' `>@F=F' dein
Vater oKB=@']:?M>@p'aM>@>'?M>'FM:L>'B]'?M>'L@BHB=H'EF'JE;?:?>J'bK'E?F'M>:Jd':HJ'?M>@>]B@>'$'
JB'HB?'FL>:<'B]'LBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=HFc''!>;BHJd'?M>'G>HE?E`>']B@C'EH';BD=CH'BH>'EF'@>:DE^>J'
LMBH>?E;:DDK'aE?MB=?'L:D:?:DE^:?EBH'J=>'?B'?M>']BDDBaEHG':D`>BD:@']@E;:?E`>d'b=?'?M>'e=:DE?K'
B]'?M>']BDDBaEHG']@BH?'CEJ'`Ba>D'e EHJE;:?>F'?M:?'?M>@>'a:F':']@BH?EHG'?@EGG>@d'L@Bb:bDK':'
L:D:?:DE^>J'ń :F'EF'?M>';:F>'EH'?M>';DBF>DK'@>D:?>J'5B<FM:'D:HG=:G>c''&ME@Jd'?M>'BHDK'V!,'
]B@CF'EH'?M>'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F'b>GEHHEHG'EH'sonśe% :HJ'?M>@>]B@>':JJ@>FFEHG':DD'C>Cb>@F'
;BHF?@=>J']B@';BD=CH'$$d':@>'?M>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HF'EDD=F?@:?>J'EH'?:bD>'gRcS4hd'
aME;M' :@>' @>:JEDK' FLB??>J' J=>' ?B' ?M>' BbDEG:?B@K' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' C:@<EHGc' ' (B=@?Md'
BHDK'?M>'!'@F?']B=@'@BaF'B]';BD=CH'$$$':JM>@>'?B'?M>';BH;:?>H:?EBH'F;M>C>'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'
L@BHB=H' LD=F' J>!'HE?>' J>;D>HFEBHc' ' "]' ;B=@F>d' ?MEF' ;BH;>L?EBH' B]' ?M>' .@^K:' FKF?>C' EF'
HB?'B@EGEH:D'aE?M'n:E;^d'?M>',@:CC:@'B]'5B@JÈH'0:HG=:G>F'g4YX3A'28Sh'ECLDE>F'?M:?'
?M>@>'>_EF?'J>!'HE?>*J>;D>HFEBH']B@CF'B]'?M>'.@^K:'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HFd':HJ':H'
>:@DE>@'`>@FEBH'g,5m:'4Y82'$A'2V2h'>`>H'L@BÈJ>F':'FEHGD>'V!,']B@C'âsonśeśd'b=?'?M>H'
?M>':=?MB@F'BHDK'>_LDE;E?DK'FMBa'?M>'L:@:JEGCF'B]'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,'L>@FBHFd'aM>@>:F'?M>'
V!,' L:@:JEGC' L@BÈJ>J' EH' L:@:DD>D' ?B' ?MBF>' B]' ?M>' B?M>@' FEHG=D:@' G>HE?E`>' L@BHB=HF' EF'
@>:DE^>J'EH'sonześ ?M>'^>@B*C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK']B@' 5r)'gF>>',5m:'4Y82'$A'2V2hc''$]'?M>K'
M:J':??>CL?>J'?B':??>F?'F=;M']B@CF']@BC':HK'B]'?M>'B?M>@'L>@FBHFd'?M>E@'F>:@;M'aB=DJ'M:`>'
L@B`>H']@=E?D>FFd':HJ'$'aB=DJ'b>'J>HE>J'?M>'BLLB@?=HE?K'?B';B@@>;?'?M>F>'CEF;BHF?@=:DF'B]'
?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>'=F>J'EH'DE?>@:?=@>c
5. Conclusions
$H'?M>'EH?@BJ=;?EBH'$'M:`>'JEF;=FF>J'?M>'L@BCEH>H?'EFF=>F'B]'.@^K:H'D:HG=:G>MBBJd'aM>@>'
E?'EF'FLB<>H':HJ'E?F'=F>':F':'C>JE=C'B]'DE?>@:@K';BCC=HE;:?EBHc''$'M:`>'L@BÈJ>J'>_:CLD>F'
B]' LM>HBC>H:' Bb?:EHEHG' EH' ?M>' D:HG=:G>' F?@EÈHG' ?Ba:@J' ;BHFEF?>H?' :HJ' ;BH?>_?=:DDK'
F=]!';E>H?'@>HJE?EBHF'B]''?M>'DE?>@:@K':HJd'BH'B;;:FEBHd'?M>'FLB<>H'D:HG=:G>c'',@>:?'F?@>FF'
M:F'b>>H'LD:;>J'BH'?M>':??>F?:bEDE?K'B]'LM>HBC>H:'EH':'C:QB@E?K';B@L=Fd'aM>@>':=?MB@F'
:HJ' FL>;E!';' L:G>F' EH' L=bDE;:?EBHF' :@>' :]]B@J>J' ?M>E@' BaH' LD:;>' EH' ?M>' J>F;@EL?EBH' B]'
?M>'D:HG=:G>c''&M>'EJ>H?E!';:?EBH'B]'EHJEÈJ=:D'a@E?>@F'EF'F>>H':F':'H>;>FF:@K'b=EDJEHG'
bDB;<'EH'?M>':H:DKFEF'B]'`:@E:?EBH'EH'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'LM>HBC>H:':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'D:HG=:G>c''
r@E?>@F'B]'?MEF'@>D:?E`>DK'H>a'a@E??>H'C>JE=C'M:D>']@BC'`:@EB=F'JE:D>;?'b:;<G@B=HJFd'
:F' JB' ?M>E@' >JE?B@F' :HJ' L@BB]*@>:J>@Fc' ' &M>' EJ>H?E!';:?EBH' B]' FKH;M@BHE;*G>BG@:LME;:D'
L:@:C>?>@F'?M:?';:H'b>':??>F?>J'CEGM?d'EH']:;?d'L@B`>'CB@>'@>D>`:H?'?M:H'MKLB?M>?E;:D*
JE:;M@BHE;'L:@:C>?>@F'?M:?';:HHB?c
Phonology
6H' :JQ=F?>J' :HJ' :??>F?>J' LMBHBDBGE;:D' :;;B=H?' B]' ?M>' CBJ>@H' .@^K:' D:HG=:G>' a:F'
C:J>'BH'?M>'b:FEF'B]'?M>'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F'aE?M'?M>';BHF=D?:?EBH'B]'H:?E`>'FL>:<>@F'B]'?M>'
D:HG=:G>c'''6F'EF'?M>';:F>'aE?M'CBF?'D:HG=:G>F'?M>@>':@>'LMBH>C>F'aMBF>'L@BCEH>H;>'
`:@E>F' ]@BC' H:?E`>' ?B' DB:HaB@JFc' '6FF=CEHG' ?M:?' H:?E`>' FL>:<>@F' :HJ' a@E?>@F' JB' HB?'
:=?BC:?E;:DDK'@>GEF?>@'?M>E@'=F:G>'B]'>?KCBDBGE;:DDK'H:?E`>'`>@F=F'DB:H'`B;:b=D:@Kd':HJ'
H:?=@:D'D:HG=:G>':DFB'>H?:EDF'=F>'B]':]]>;?>J'aB@JFd'?MEF'?@>:?EF>'B]'.@^K:'M:F':JM>@>J'?B':'
FKF?>C'B]'FE_'`Ba>D'LMBH>C>F'gF>>'?:bD>'VcSh':HJ'?a>H?K*HEH>';BHFBH:H?'LMBH>C>F'gF>>'
?:bD>'VcXh'L:@?E:DDK'@>L@>F>H?>J'EH'?M>'=HCBJE!'>J'#K@EDDE;'F;@EL?'B]'?ME@?K*?M@>>';M:@:;?>@Fc''
&M>':JJE?EBH:D'`Ba>D'LMBH>C>'=H@B=HJ>J'MEGM';>H?@:D'i͔'EF'C:@GEH:D'b=?';:H'b>':??>F?>J'
EH'CEHEC:D'L:E@F'EH'H:?E`>':HJ'DB:H'aB@J'F?>CFd'b=?'HB?'EH':]!'_>F'B@':?'?M>'F?>C*:]!'_'
Q=H;?=@>''gF>>'?:bD>'VcWhc''&M>':JJE?EBH:D';BHFBH:H?'LMBH>C>'`>D:@'H:F:D'ŋ'EF':??>F?>J'
EH'CEHEC:D'L:E@F'aM>@>'?M>':D`>BD:@'H:F:D'B;;=@F'b>]B@>'`>D:@'LDBFE`>F'gEH'DB:H'aB@JF'
:HJ' EH' F?>C*:]!'_' Q=H;?=@>Fh' :HJ' aB@J' EHE?E:DDK' gF>>' ' ?:bD>' VcVhc' ' &M>' =H@B=HJ>J' CEJ'
;>H?@:D'`Ba>D'e͔d'MBa>`>@d'a:F'J>?>@CEH>J'?B'b>':H':DDBLMBH>'B]'?aB'F>L:@:?>'LMBH>C>FA'
?M>'=H@B=HJ>J'CEJ']@BH?'`Ba>D'e':HJ'?M>'=H@B=HJ>J'MEGM';>H?@:D'`Ba>D'i͔' gEH'-=FFE:H*
D:HG=:G>':;M@BHKCFhc''(EH:DDKd'?M>'bED:bE:D'?@EDD'ʙd'aME;M':LL>:@F'BHDK'aB@J*EHE?E:DDK'EH'
?M@>>'aB@J'@BB?Fd'M:F'HB?':LL>:@>J'EH'?M>'>_:CLD>F'B]'?MEF'JEFF>@?:?EBHc
!E_'L@BCEH>H?'LM>HBC>H:';BH?@Eb=?EHG'?B':DDBCB@LME;'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'
FKF?>C'B]'.@^K:'a>@>'B=?DEH>Jd'B]'aME;M'?M@>>':@>'>FL>;E:DDK'ECLB@?:H?'?B'?MEF'?@>:?EF>'B]'
CB@LMBDBGK'EH'?M:?'?M>K':@>'=bEe=E?B=F'B@';BH?@Eb=?>'?B':CbEG=E?K'EH'?M>'FKF?>CA''
23X 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
g:h\Ba>D' M:@CBHK' :]]>;?F' :DDBCB@LME;' `:@E:?EBH' EH' HEH>?>>H' CB@LM>C>F' B]' :J*
HBCEH:D'J>;D>HFEBH'aE?M'?:@G>?'`Ba>DF':??>F?>J'EH']B=@':]!'_'LBFE?EBHFA':]!'_*EHE?E:Dd':]!'_*
EH?>@H:Dd':]!'_*!'H:D':HJ'F?:HJ*:DBH>c''
gbh'[:D:?:D'M:@CBHK';BH?@Eb=?>F'?B':CbEG=E?K'EH']@BH?*`Ba>D';BH?>_?F'EH'?M>'EH*
?>@L@>?:?EBH'B]'F=@]:;>';BJ:'%ń':HJ'%t́c'6JHBCEH:D'4!,'%ON C:@<EHG'EF'@>:DE^>J'EH';BJ:'
%ń':HJ'?M=F'EF':'MBCBHKC'B]'?M>'@>:DE^:?EBH'B]'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'G>HE?E`>'%Ońd'
aME;M'EF':DFB'=F>J'EH'C:@<EHG'?M>'G>HE?E`>';:F>'BH'JEF?EH;?d'FEHG=D:@'@>]>@>H?Fd'>FL>;E:DDK'
L@BL>@'HB=HF':HJ'LBFF>FF:'B]'?M>'4!,'LBFF>FFB@c''6JHBCEH:D'2!,'%OT C:@<EHG'EF'@>:D*
E^>J'EH';BJ:'%t́':HJ'?M=F'EF':'MBCBHKC'B]'?M>'@>:DE^:?EBH'B]'?M>'2!,'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'
<EH*?>@C'G>HE?E`>'%Ot́' :HJ'FBC>?EC>F'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:D'EH'%Tc'''g!>>'F>;?EBH'Vc2c2c'
[606&60'/6-5")m'g4fRhch''6HJ''
g;h'!?>C*!'H:D'`Ba>D'DBFF';:=F>F':CbEG=E?K''EH'a%!'H:D'F?>CF':?'?aB'Q=H;?=@>Fc''g#]c'
F>;?EBHF'Vc2c8'!&.5*($)60'\"r.0'0"!!d'Rc2cVc4c4c'($-!&'[.-!")d'Rc2cVc4c2c'!.#")7'[.-!")'
Rc2cRc')"5$)60'#")9+,6&$")'56-1.-!':HJ'RcRc'[6-67$,5'7.(.#&$\$&m'$)'.-nm6'["!!.!!"-'
$)7.T$),ch''$H"'>;?EBH'EH`BDÈHG'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>'HBCEH:?E`>'LD=@:D'CB@LM>C>'EH'%T'EF'@>:D*
E^>J'EH':'aB@J']B@C'MBCBHKCB=F'?B'?M>'HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBH']B@C'B]'?M:?'F:C>'F?>C'
EH'?M>'EHJE;:?E`>'L@>F>H?'2!,d'F>>'g4hc''0E<>aEF>d'EH"'>;?EBH'EH`BDÈHG'?M>'4!,'LBFF>FFE`>'
J>;D>HFEBH'HBCEH:?E`>*LD=@:D'B@'BbDEe=>'CB@LM>C>'EH'%ON'EF'@>:DE^>J'EH':'aB@J']B@C'
MBCBHKCB=F'?B':'HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBH']B@C'B]'?M:?'F:C>'F?>C'EH'?M>'EHJE;:?E`>'L@>F>H?'
4!,d'F>>'g2hc
g4h' :c' ava+T'''''''''''''''''''s|''avat'

CB?M>@z)U[0c)"5
bc' ava+at 's|'''avat g]BD<DB@>d'BDJ'DE?>@:@Kd':HJ'6D:?K@t'F=bJE:D>;?F'avajath

CB?M>@z)U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*2!,
g2h' :c' ćora+ON''s|''ćoran

FBHz)U["!!*4!,|[0c)"5
bc' ćora+an'' s|''ćoran g]BD<DB@>d'BDJ'DE?>@:@Kd':HJ'6D:?K@t'F=bJE:D>;?F'ćorajanh

FBHz)U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*4!,
#")#0+!$")! 23Y
Morphology
5B@LMBDBGK'F:a'?M>'>F?:bDEFMC>H?'B]']B=@'F>L:@:?>'EH"'>;?EBH:D'D>`>DFA'?M>'aB@J'F?>Cd'
J>;D>HFEBHd';BHQ=G:?EBH':HJ';DE?E;'C:@<EHGc''.:;M'a:F'EHFL>;?>J':HJ'L@BÈJ>J'aE?M'CB@*
LMBDBGE;:Dd'F>C:H?E;':HJ'F?:?EF?E;'J:?:'@>D>`:H?'?B'F=b>F>e=>H?'EHFL>;?EBHc''5B@LMBDBGE*
;:D';@E?>@E:'a>@>'?M>H'=F>J'EH'?M>'EH`>F?EG:?EBH'B]'F=bD>_E;:'L@BCEH>H?'EH'`:@EB=F';:F>'
FDB?Fc''$H;BHFEF?>H;E>F'EH'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'FDB?F'4!,':HJ'2!,'a>@>'EH`>F?EG:?>Jc''
6HJ'!'H:DDKd':'LM>HBC>H:';:DD>J'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHd':'LM>HBC>H:'EH`BDÈHG'?M>'J@BL*
LEHG'B]':';BH?>_?=:DDK'@>?@E>`:bD>'M>:J'HB=H'EH':H' )[':HJ'?M>'@:EFEHG'B]'BH>'B]'?M>'@>*
?:EH>J'CBJE!'>@F'?B'C:EH*E?>C'F?:?=Fc
)BCEH:D*?KL>'EH"'>;?EBH:D' !&.5' &m[.!'a>@>'>F?:bDEFM>J':F'?M@>>A'F?>CF'>HJEHG'EH'
;BHFBH:H?F' g)4h' f' aE?M' :' F=bG@B=L' JEF;>@H>J' EH' FgMhEbED:H?*!'H:D' F?>CF' g)4!hi' F?>CF'
>HJEHG'EH'CEJ'`Ba>DF'?M:?':??>F?'?B'BL?EBH:D'F?>C*!'H:D'`Ba>D'DBFF'EH'FL>;E!';'J>;D>HFEBH'
;>DDF'g)2hd':HJ'F?>CF'>HJEHG'EH'`Ba>DF'?M:?':@>'HB?'BL?EBH:DDK'J@BLL>J'b>]B@>':]!'_*EHE?E:D'
BHF>?';BHFBH:H?F'g)Vhc''
)4'' s'kev oF?BH>pi'kal o!'FMpi'sod oFBB?p
)4!''s'piks o@BL>pi'kijaks o"'BB@pi'oš o?BaHd';E?Kp
)2'' s'paŋgo oC=FM@BBCi'bBHH>?pi'eĺd́e oC:@>pi'valdo oDEGM?'g:ci'Hchp
)V'' s'kudo oMBC>i'MB=F>i'@BBCi';BH?:EH>@pi'vele oÈDD:G>pi'ava oaBC:Hi'CB?M>@p
&M>';BH;:?>H:?EBH'B]'.@^K:':JHBCEH:D'CB@LMBDBGK';:H'b>'b@B<>H'JBaH'EH?B'?M@>>'D:K*
>@FA' J>;D>HFEBHF' gRc2c4c' #6!.d' Rc2c2c' )+5Z.-' :HJ' Rc2cVc' 7.$#&$#' 56-1.-!hd' :JHBCEH:D'
;BHQ=G:?EBH'gRc2cR')"5$)60' #")9+,6&$")' 56-1.-!h':HJ';DE?E;'C:@<EHG'gRc2cW'&/.' #0$&$#'
%GAKhc''7=>'?B'n.-"*C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GE>F'EH'C:HK'FDB?F'B]'EH"'>;?EBHd':JHBCEH:D'CB@LMBD*
BGK':DFB'@>e=E@>F':H'=HJ>@F?:HJEHG'B]'HBCEH:D*?KL>'aB@J*F?>C'CB@LMBDBGKd'aME;M';:H'
b>'=?EDE^>J'EH':DD'D:K>@F'B]':JHBCEH:D'EH"'>;?EBHc''&M>'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>Fd'$)7.(d'["!!.!!$\.'
:HJ'7.($)$&.d'?M>'D:F?'B]'aME;M'CEGM?d']B@';BH;:?>H:?EBH:D'@>:FBHF'b>'FLDE?'EH?B'!$),+06-'
:HJ'[0+-60d':??>F?'EH"'>;?EBH'EH'4Wd'4Vd'43':HJ'4V';:F>Fd'@>FL>;?E`>DK'gF>>'?:bD>'RcR3hc
6JHBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBHd'aME;M'B?M>@aEF>'EF'?M>']B;=F'B]':'JB;?B@:D'JEFF>@?:?EBH'
g&=@=H>HA'2343'j)BH`>@b:D'L@>JE;:?EBH'EH'.@^K:A'!?=JE>F'BH'CB@LMB*FKH?:;?E;'`:@E:?EBH'
:HJ'L:@?'B]'FL>>;M'JEF?EH;?EBHFkhd'M:F'b>>H'B=?DEH>J':;;B@JEHG'?B'FB=@;>'G@:CC:@F':HJ'
:??>F?:?EBH']@BC';B@L=F':HJ'!'>DJ'aB@<c''&M>';BCL:?EbEDE?K'B]'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'C:@<EHG'
aE?M';:F>'M:F'b>>H'LDB??>J'EH'?:bD>'gRcR2hc''&M>@>':@>'BHDK'!'`>';:F>F':??>F?EHG'LBFF>FFE`>'
J>;D>HFEBH';BCL:?EbEDE?K'aE?M'HBCEH:D';BHQ=G:?EBHA''?M>'HBCEH:?E`>d'EH>FFE`>d'G>HE?E`>d'
L@BD:?E`>':HJ'DB;:?E`>c
#DE?E;'C:@<EHG'a:F'BbF>@`>J':F':'JE;MB?BCKd'>E?M>@'E?'EF'B@'E?'EFHp?c''$?'a:F'BbF>@`>J'
?M:?'?M>'J:?E`>':JLBFE?EBH't́e%d aE?M'BbDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHGd'JB>F'HB?';B*
B;;=@' aE?M' ;DE?E;' C:@<EHGd' :' C:??>@' aME;M' C:K' b>' ;B@@>D:?>' aE?M' G@:CC:?E;:DE^:?EBHc''
g!>>'CB@>'FL>;E!';F'EH'F>;?EBH'RcV'67)"5$)60*&m[.' [.-!")' $)' [6-&!' "(' ![..#/':HJ'?:bD>'
RcRYbch
243 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Possessive declension compatibility
&M>'=HEe=>'aB@J']B@CF'B]'?M>'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F'a>@>'!'D?>@>J']B@'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH'
;BCL:?EbEDE?K':HJ'2S'F=bD>_E;:'a>@>'JEF;>@H>J'EH':'C:H=:D'F;:H'B]'?M>'ME?Fd'aME;M':L*
L>:@>J'BH':'MEGM>F?*]@>e=>H;K*!'@F?*b:FEFc''6??>F?:?EBH'a:F'L:@?E:DDK'EH?=E?EBH:Dd'b=?';BC*
L:@EFBH'B]'?M>'F=bD>_E;:'a:F':DFB':LLDE>Jc''&M>'@>F=D?F'a>@>'@>HJ>@>J']B@'?M>'VW4'MKLB*
?M>?E;:D';>DDFi'?M>@>'a>@>'4V3''LBFFEbD>'J>;D>HFEBHF':??>F?>J'gF>>'?:bD>'RcWYhc''
$HFL>;?EBH'B]'LBFF>FFE`>*J>;D>HFEBH':??>F?:?EBH'@>`>:DF'`:@E:?EBH'EH'?M>':FFB;E:?EBH'
B]'F=bD>_E;:d';:F>':HJ'LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'C:@<EHG'EH'.@^K:c''rMED>'?M>@>'EF':'@>D:?E`>DK'MEGM'
]@>e=>H;K'B]'<EH'?>@CF':HJ'bBJK'L:@?F'aE?M'LBFF>FFÈ>'J>;D>HFEBH'C:@<EHG'EH'?M>';B@>'
;:F>Fd'FL:?E:D'>H?E?E>F':HJ':bF?@:;?'@>]>@>H?F':@>'CB@>'?KLE;:DDK'?M>'?:@G>?F'B]'DB;:D*;:F>'U'
LBFF>FFB@*EHJ>_'C:@<EHGc''&M>'BbDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*C:@<EHG'@>e=E@>C>H?':]]>;?F'BHDK'
;>@?:EH'F=bD>_E;:d'':HJ'?M>F>'F=bD>_E;:':??>F?'?B'DECE?>J';:F>'EH`>H?B@K'EH'?M>'C:QB@E?K'
;B@L=Fc'''!?:?EF?E;F'BH':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GE>F'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'`>@F=F'D>_E;:D'
L@BÈJ>'>ÈJ>H;>']B@'aB@J'G@B=LF'aE?M'JEF?EH;?E`>'L:??>@HFd'aME;M';:H'b>'J>DECE?>J'bK'
L:@?*B]*FL>>;M':]!'DE:?EBH':HJqB@'F>C:H?E;':DEGHC>H?'gHB=H'LM@:F>d'e=:H?E!'>@Fd':JLBFE*
?EBH:D'LM@:F>':HJ'HB=H*DE<>'HBH*!'HE?>';BHF?@=;?EBHF'EH'%Omhc''&M>':JLBFE?EBH:D'LM@:F>'
JE]]>@F' ]@BC' B?M>@' FKH?:;?E;' >D>C>H?F' EH' ?M:?' :JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH' C:@<EHG' EF' F=bQ>;?' ?B'
;BCLD>C>H?:@K'JEF?@Eb=?EBHd'H:C>DKd':JLBFE?EBHF'?:<>'>E?M>@':'L@>;>JEHG';BCLD>C>H?'B@'
?M>K':@>'C:@<>J'aE?M':'LBFF>FFE`>'EHJ>_c''$H'HB=H'LM@:F>F'g:DFB'HBH*!'HE?>Fh'L>@FBH';:H'
b>'>_L@>FF>J'aE?M'bB?M'D>_E;:D':HJ'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'C>:HF'gF>>'?:bD>F'RcWVfRcWXhc
"bDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'a:F':??>F?>J'EH']B=@'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;Md'HB=HFd'
e=:H?E!'>@Fd'L@BHB=HFd':JLBFE?EBHF':HJ'HB=H*DE<>'HBH*!'HE?>';BHF?@=;?EBHF'EH'%Omc''$H'?M>'
G@:CC:@F'E?>CF'aE?M'BbDEG:?B@K':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG':@>'=F=:DDK'FMBaH'?B'M:`>'
FC:DD>@'CB@LMBDBGE;:D';:F>'EH`>H?B@E>Fd':HJ'?M>E@':LL>:@:H;>'EH'?M>'?:bD>F'EF'D:@G>DK'Q=F*
?E!'>J'bK'?M>E@'L:@:JEGC:?E;':??>F?:bEDE?Kc
$H';BH;:?>H:?EBH'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>'?aB'FL>;E!';'LM>HBC>H:'a>@>'F=bQ>;?>J'?B'EHFL>;?EBHA''
[:@:JEGC'J>]>;?EÈ?K':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'G>HE?E`>':HJ'J:?E`>'FDB?F'B]'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,'LBFF>FFE`>'
J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>F'aE?M'@>G:@J'?B'FB*;:DD>J'1$)*&.-5':]!'DE:?EBH':HJ'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBHd'
:';B`>@'?>@C']B@'J>;D>HFEBH'F?@:?>GE>F'EH'5"7$($.-!*r$&/"+&*)"+)!'?:@G>?')[Fc
Paradigm defectivity
&M>'EH`>F?EG:?EBH'B]'L:@:JEGC'J>]>;?EÈ?K':??>CL?>J'?B':F;>@?:EH'?M>'LM>HBC>H:'EH`BD`>J'
EH'?M>'L:@:JEGC'J>]>;?EÈ?K'BbF>@`:bD>'EH'?M>'G>HE?E`>'FDB?'B]'?M>'LBFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBHc''
g!>>'FL>;E!';F'EH'gRcRch'[6-67$,5' 7.(.#&$\$&m' $)'.-nm6' ["!!.!!"-' $)7.T$),ch''$?'b>;:C>'
:LL:@>H?'?M:?'?M>'HB?EBH' 1$)*&.-5'EF'=F>J'EH;BHFEF?>H?DK'aE?M'@>G:@J'?B'?M>'?aB'L>@FBHFd'
4!,':HJ'2!,d'EH`BD`>J'EH'?MEF'J>]>;?EÈ?Kc''"H'?M>'BH>'M:HJd'?M>'EHJ>!'HE?>*J>;D>HFEBH'MBC*
BHKCE;'4!,*G>HE?E`>']B@C'EH'%Oń'a:F'BbF>@`>J'EH'!M:<MC:?B`tF'C:?>@E:DF'?B':LL>:@'aE?M'
:'FC:DD>@'G@B=L'B]'@>]>@>H?F'?M:H'?M:?'B]'?M>'2!,*G>HE?E`>']B@C'%Ot́d'H:C>DKd'4!,*G>HE?E`>'
F>>C>J'?B'B;;=@'BHDK'aE?M'bDBBJ*<EH'?>@C'EHJE;:?EHG'JEF?EH;?'@>]>@>H?'>DJ>@'?M:H'?M>'4!,c''
#")#0+!$")! 244
#BCL:@EFBH'aE?M'JE:D>;?'EH]B@C:?EBH']@BC'6D:?K@t'JE:D>;?'gBH>'aE?M'L:@:C>?>@F']B@'
<EH':HJ'H=Cb>@hd'L@BÈJ>J'EHFEGM?'EH?B'?M>'ECLB@?:H;>'B]'?M>']>:?=@>'jJEF?EH;?kd'aM>@>:F'
F=bF>e=>H?DK'>ÈJ>H;>']@BC'?M>'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F'L@BÈJ>J'>_:CLD>F'B]'JEF?EH;?'<EH'?>@CF'
=F>J'EH';BH?>_?F'aM>@>':'V!,'EH?>@L@>?:?EBH'aB=DJ'b>'>_L>;?>Jc''/>H;>'E?'a:F':FF=C>J'
?M:?'?M>':DD>G>J'4!,'<EH*?>@C'G>HE?E`>'a:Fd'EH']:;?d':H'EHJ>!'HE?>'G>HE?E`>'C:@<>@d'F=;M':F'
aB=DJ'b>';BCL:?EbD>'aE?M'B?M>@'MEGM*EH:DE>H:bD>'LBFF>FF:q?:@G>?F'B]'MEGM*F:DE>H;KqLBF*
F>FFB@'C:@<EHGd']B@'>_:CLD>d'L@BL>@'HB=HFd'?M>'4!,':HJ'2!,'L>@FBH'L@BHB=HFd':F'a>DD':Fd'
EH'?MEF';:F>d'JEF?EH;?'FEHG=D:@'<EH'?>@CFc''
&M>'a>EGM?'B]'?M>'2!,':JHBCEH:D'C:@<EHG'a:F':DDBa>J'?B']:DD'BH'D>FF'>_?>HFE`>'
JE:D>;?'JEF?@Eb=?EBHc''&M>'2!,*G>HE?E`>']B@C'CEGM?'b>':??>F?>J':F':H':CbEG=B=F'C:@<>@'
:]]B@JEHG'bB?M':'2!,'G>HE?E`>'EH?>@L@>?:?EBH':HJ'BH>'B]':'JE:D>;?'G>HE?E`>'J>!'HE?>'FEHG=D:@c
Modifiers without nouns (secondary declension)
&M>'FB=@;>'G@:CC:@F':HJ';B@LB@:'a>@>'EHFL>;?>J']B@'F>;BHJ:@K*J>;D>HFEBH':??>F?:?EBHc''
g!>>'FL>;E!';F'EH'gRcWch'67)"5$)60' !m)&6T' 6)7' 7$!&$),+$!/$),' [.-!")60' [-")"+)' [6-6*
7$,5!ch''$?'a:F']B=HJ'?M:?'.@^K:':??>F?F'?B'?aB'F?@:?>GE>F'B]'5r)'gCBJE!'>@F*aE?MB=?*HB=HF'
C:@<EHGhA' ' :' ^>@B' C:@<EHG' F?@:?>GK' EH`BDÈHG' :' FECLD>' FKCC>?@E;' FME]?' B]' J>;D>HFEBH'
DB;=F'?B'?M>')[*!'H:D'C:EH'E?>Cd':HJ':'FL>:<>@*B@E>H?>J'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H'F?@:?>GKd'
G>H>@:DDK'EH`BDÈHG'?M>'JEF?:D'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H'śe o?M:?pd'b=?'L@Bb:bDK':DFB'B?M>@'
FL>:<>@*B@E>H?>J' J>CBHF?@:?E`>' L@BHB=HFd' F=;M' :F' śet́e oHBa' ?MEF' g:' FL>:<>@*B@E>H?>J'
J>CBHF?@:?E`>'L@BHB=H'EH?@BJ=;EHG':'H>aDK'C>H?EBH>J'E?>C'EH':'JE:DBG=>';BH?>_?hpc''$?'
a:F'?M>H'HB?>J'?M:?';>@?:EH'CBJE!'>@'?KL>Fd'EH'a@E??>H'DE?>@:?=@>d':??>F?'?B'bB?M'F?@:?>GE>F'
B]'5r)'C:@<EHGc''6H'EHFL>;?EBH'a:F'C:J>'B]'?M>'F=bD>_E;:'aE?M'@>G:@J'?B'aM:?'CBJE!'>@'
?KL>F':LL>:@>J'aE?M'aME;M'5r)'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GE>Fc''
&M>'@>F=D?EHG'MKLB?M>FEF'B]'?aB' 5r)'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GE>F'a:F'?M>H':LLDE>J'?B'?M>'
EHFL>;?EBH'B]':'JEFL:@E?K'EH'?M>'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L@BHB=HFd'L>@FBH:D':HJ'@>*
"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>d']B=HJ'EH'`:@EB=F'?@>:?EF>F'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>c''$?'a:F'HB?>J'?M:?'?M@>>'F>?F'
B]'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L@BHB=HF';:H'b>':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'C:QB@E?K';B@L=F']B@'bB?M'F?@:?>GE>F'B]'
5r)'C:@<EHGd':HJ'?M:?'?M>'FL>:<>@*B@E>H?>J'J>CBHF?@:?E`>'C:@<EHG'F?@:?>GK'M:F'>@@BH>*
B=FDK'b>>H'L@>F>H?>J':F':'J>!'HE?>*J>;D>HFEBH'`:@E:H?'B]'?M>'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HFc
Morphological adnominal person in Erzya
6JHBCEH:D'L>@FBH'EH'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'FKF?>C'B]'.@^K:';:H'b>':??>F?>J':F'BH>'B]'?M>'
?M@>>'J>;D>HFEBH'?KL>F'BH':'L:@'aE?M'EHJ>!'HE?>':HJ'J>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBHc''&MEF'J>;D>HFEBH'
?KL>'M:F':'@:HG>'EH'!'`>'JE]]>@>H?'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'HB=HFd'e=:H?E!'>@Fd'L@BHB=HFd':JLBFE*
?EBHF' :HJ' ?M>' L@BbD>C:?E;' HBH*!'HE?>F' EH' %Om%d' aM>@>:F' BbDEG:?B@K' :JHBCEH:D' L>@FBH'
C:@<EHG'EF'BHDK':??>F?>J'EH':'CEHEC:D'F>?'B]'HB=HFd'e=:H?E!'>@Fd'L@BHB=HF':HJ':JLBFE?EBHFc''
6JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'EH'.@^K:'CB@LMBDBGK'EF'EHJE;:?>J'bK':'F=]!'_':??>F?EHG'?B'?M@>>'F>L:*
@:?>'B@J>@EHG'F?@:?>GE>Fc''&M>'HBH*;B@>';:F>F':??>F?'?B':'@EGEJ' #6!.' 56-1.-'U' ["!!.!!"-'
$)7.T'B@J>@EHGi'?M>';B@>';:F>F'gHBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>h'C:<>'HB'JEF?EH;?EBH']B@';:F>'`Fc'
242 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
LBFF>FFB@'EHJ>_';BCLBH>H?Fd':HJ'?M>'J:?E`>d'aME;M'FKH;M@BHE;:DDK';:H'b>':DEGH>J'aE?M'
?M>'F?@:?>GK'B]'?M>'B?M>@';B@>';:F>Fd'b=?'CEGM?'JE:;M@BHE;:DDK'FL>:<EHG'EDD=F?@:?>':' ["!*
!.!!"-'$)7.T'U'#6!.'56-1.-'"-7.-$),'F?@:?>GKc
[BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_'C:@<EHG'EF'=F>J'?B'EHJE;:?>'?M>'LBFF>FFB@'EH'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?*
>GB@E>F'B]'L>@FBH':HJ'H=Cb>@c''&M>'LBFF>FFB@'EHJE;>F':DFB'B]]>@':'CEHEC:D'JEF?EH;?EBH'
]B@'?M>'G@:CC:?E;:D';:?>GB@K'B]'H=Cb>@']B@'?M>'LBFF>FF:c''&M>'JEF?EH;?EBH';:H'b>'F>>H'EH'
?M>':bF>H;>'B]':H'N'C:@<>@'g?@:JE?EBH:DDK'È>a>J':F':'LD=@:D'C:@<>@d'b=?':DFB':H'BbDEe=>'
C:@<>@hc'&M>'V!,'C:@<>@'EH'%OzO'EF'BHDK'=F>J'aE?M'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@d'FKH?:;?E;'
F=bQ>;?qF=bQ>;?';BCLD>C>H?'@>:JEHGd'EH'?M>'DE?>@:@K'D:HG=:G>'gJE:D>;?'>ÈJ>H;>'>_EF?F']B@'
BbQ>;?'C:@<EHG'B]'EH:HEC:?>Fhd'aM>@>:F'?M>'V!,'C:@<>@'EH'%OnzO':LL>:@F'EH':DD'B?M>@'
FDB?Fc''&M>'4!,'C:@<>@'EH'%Om'EF'DECE?>J'?B'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>':HJ'G>HE?E`>'FEHG=D:@'@>:JEHGF'
EH'HB@C:?E`>'G@:CC:@Fd'aMED>'E?F';B=H?>@L:@?'EH'%ON':LL>:@F'EH':DD'B?M>@'FDB?Fc''$H'?M>'
C:QB@E?K';B@L=Fd'MBa>`>@d'?M>'4!,'C:@<>@'EH'%Om';:H':LL>:@'EH':DD'FDB?Fd'aM>@>:F'E?'EF'
?M>';B=H?>@L:@?'EH'%ONd'aME;M'EF'H>`>@':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'HBCEH:?E`>'FEHG=D:@'FDB?'g%ON';:H'
b>':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'G>HE?E`>d'BbQ>;?*]=H;?EBH'FDB?hc''&M>'@>C:EHEHG']B=@'L>@FBHF'C:<>'HB'
JEF?EH;?EBH']B@'H=Cb>@'B]'LBFF>FF:c
[BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH';:H'`:@K'EH';BCL:?EbEDE?K'aE?M'JE]]>@>H?'F=bD>_E;:']@BC'?M>'
!'`>'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'aM>@>'E?'EF':??>F?>Jc''#BCLB=HJ>J'L:@:C>?>@F'EH`BDÈHGA'g:h'LBFF>FF:'
:HJ'?M>E@';B@@>D:?EBH'aE?M'?M>'EH:DE>H:bEDE?K'ME>@:@;MKd':HJ'gbh'LBFF>FFB@F''aE?M'?M>E@'F:DE*
>H;>'EH'?M>'ME>@:@;ME>F'B]':;;>FFEbEDE?K'CEGM?'b>'=F>J':F':@G=C>H?:?EBH']B@'MEGM*@:H<EHG'
BH'?M>':;;>FFEbEDE?K'C:@<EHG'F;:D>d'Ec>c' n.-"'C:@<EHGc'[:@:JEGC:?E;'J>]>;?EÈ?K';:H':HJ'
FMB=DJ'b>'J>:D?'aE?M'F>L:@:?>DK'=?EDEÊHG'L:@:C>?>@Fd'F=;M':Fd';:F>':HJ'L>@FBHc'
[BFF>FFB@'EHJ>_EHG'EF':DFB':??>F?>J'EH'?M>'F>;BHJ:@K'J>;D>HFEBH'B]')[Fd'F=;M'?M:?'E?'
]BDDBaF':'n.-"*C:@<>@'F?@:?>GKd':HJ';:H'b>']B=HJ'EH'?>_?F'B]'?M>'C:QB@E?K';B@L=Fc''5BF?'
L>@FBH'C:@<EHG']B=HJ'EH'F>;BHJ:@K*J>;D>HFEBH'F?@:?>GE>F'EH`BD`>F'G>HE?E`>*;:F>'L>@FBH*
:D'L@BHB=HF'gH>=?@:D'L@BHB=HFd'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'F?>CFd'@>"'>_E`>qEH?>HFE`>'L@BHB=HFh''
:HJ'?M>'L:@:C>?>@'xà![.61.-*"-$.)&.7'7.5")!&-6&$\.'56-1$),yc
&>_?';B@LB@:'@>F>:@;M'B]':JHBCEH:D*L>@FBH'C:@<EHG'EH'?M>'CB@LMBDBGE;:D'FKF?>C'
B]'.@^K:'M:F'M>DL>J'?B'>F?:bDEFM'H>a'LBEH?F'B]'J>L:@?=@>'EH'@>F>:@;M'B]'?M>'D:HG=:G>c'
Erzya Source Literature (Corpora)
+[&5)'Vc2'4Y8S's'ɍɉɌɆɇ'Vc2'4Y8SA
ɗɪɡɹɧɫɤɢɟ'ɫɤɚɡɤɢ
[=bDEFM>J'EHA'ɍɫɬɧɨ*ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ'ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ'ɦɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ'ɧɚɪɨɞɚd'ɜ'ɜɨɫɶɦɢ'ɬɨɦɚɯ
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ'ʊ'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɟ'ɤɧɢɠɧɨɟ'ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨc
rB@J';B=H?A'WVdSWVi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'8SRd248
6b@:CB`d'1=^pC:'4Y84's'Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜd'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'4Y84A
)B`>DA'Ʌɨɦɚɧɬɧɟ'ɬɟɟɜɫɬɶ'ɦɚɥɚɰɟɤɫc'
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ'ʊ'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɣ'ɤɧɢɠɧɨɣ'ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɫɶc
(B@C:?A'C:QB@E?K#B@L=F
rB@J';B=H?A'43Wd2S2i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4dR4SdS38
6b@:CB`d'1=^pC:'4Y82's'Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜd'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'4Y82A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ʉɨɦɨɥɹɜɤɚc'
rB@J';B=H?A'2SdW2Si'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'VWWdVY4
6b@:CB`d'1=^pC:'4Y8R's'Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜd'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'4Y8RA
)B`>DA'Ʉɚɱɚɦɨɧɶ'ɩɚɱɤc'
rB@J';B=H?A'4R3dRX2i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4dY3RdVSW
6b@:CB`d'1=^pC:'4Y8S's'Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜd'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'4Y8SA
)B`>DA'ɗɫɟɬɶ'ɤɚɧɫɬɨɫɶ'ɚ'ɦɚɪɹɜɢc'
rB@J';B=H?A'X8d8WRi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4d482d24V
6b@:CB`d'1=^pC:'4YS4's'Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜd'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'4YS4A
)B`>DA'ɗɪɡɹɧɶ'ɰɺɪɚ'$c'
rB@J';B=H?A'XXdXW4i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4d4YVd3YR
6b@:CB`d'1=^pC:'4YSV's'Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜd'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'4YSVA
)B`>DA'ɗɪɡɹɧɶ'ɰɺɪɚ'$$c'
rB@J';B=H?A'443d428i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4dRXRdSR3
6b@:CB`d'1=^pC:'4YSR's'Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜd'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'4YSRA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɇɭɪɶɤɚ'ɦɨɪɨɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'8YdX4Ri'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'Y28dXRS
6b@:CB`d'1=^pC:'4YX3's'Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜd'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'4YX3A
)B`>DA'ȼɟɥɟɧɶ'ɬɟɣɬɟɪɶc'
rB@J';B=H?A'44RdY4Ri'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4dWR2d8RY
24R 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
6b@:CB`d'1=^pC:'4YXS's'Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜd'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'4YXSA
)B`>DA'ɂɫɹɤ'ɹɤɢɧɶ'ɇɚɣɦɚɧɨɜc'
rB@J';B=H?A'X2dYWWi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4d4RVd83S
6b@:CB`d'1=^pC:'4YXX's'Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜd'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'4YXXA
)B`>DA'ɉɭɪɝɚɡc'
(B@C:?A'CEHB@E?K#B@L=F
rB@J';B=H?A'4V4d4WWi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4dSSRd3Y3
6b@:CB`d'1=^pC:'4YXY's'Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜd'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'4YXYA
)B`>DA'Ɉɥɹɱɢɧɬɶ'ɤɢɫɷc'
rB@J';B=H?A'443d43Vi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4dWR3dVVX
6b@:CB`d'1=^pC:'4YYR's'Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜd'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'4YYRA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɋɚɪɚɤɥɵɱc'
$H'1>^ì@>Hp'LEHG>J>c'ä@^K:Hp'@:Fp<>J>d'4YYRc'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ
rB@J';B=H?A'4dXWWi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'43dRW2
6b@:CB`d'1=^pC:'4YY8's'Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜd'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'4YY8A
7@:C:A'ɗɪɶɜɚɧɬɶ'ɷɫɟɧɡɷ'ɨɪɦɚɡɨc'
rB@J';B=H?A'43dX4Yi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'82dXY3
6G>E<EHd',c'4YY8's'Ⱥɝɟɣɤɢɧd'Ƚc'4YY8A
7@:C:A'ɇɭɦɨɥɧɷɬɶc'
$H'5BHp'`>;M<>È<F'<HEG:Cd'4YY8c'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ
rB@J';B=H?A'4dXYRi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'2WdS3X
6D?KFM<EHd'\E<?B@'4YX8's'Ⱥɥɬɵɲɤɢɧd'ȼɢɤɬɨɪ'4YX8A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɗɪɹɦɨɧɶ'ɩɢɧɤɫɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'43dRR2i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4RVdVSV
6HBFM<EHd'\c'4YV8q2's'Ⱥɧɨɲɤɢɧd'ȼc'4YV8q2A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ȼɚɥɫɤɟɧɶ'ɝɭɞɨɤc'
$H'!K:?<Bd'4YV8q2c'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ
rB@J';B=H?A'SdRWXi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'438dYRS
6HBFM<EHd'\c'4YVXq44f42's'Ⱥɧɨɲɤɢɧd'ȼc'4YVXq44f42A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ƚɟɪɨɣɫɬɜɚc'
$H'!K:?<Bd'4YVXq44f42c'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ
rB@J';B=H?A'Sd4V2i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'43Vd342
.-nm6'!"+-#.'0$&.-6&+-. 24W
6H?BHB`d'$`:H'4YW8's'Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜd'ɂɜɚɧ'4YW8A
)B`>DA'ȼɟɣɫɷɧɶ'ɫɟɦɢɹɫɨc'
rB@J';B=H?A'8Vd38Vi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'X84dRX2
6@:LB`d'\:FEDE''s'Ⱥɪɚɩɨɜd'ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ'A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ʌɭɬɚɡɶ'ɬɟɲɬɟc'
5:H=F;@EL?
rB@J';B=H?A'24dV3Ri'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'2YXdV4S
6@:LB`d'6D><F:HJ@'4YXS's'Ⱥɪɚɩɨɜd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YXSA
[B>?@KA'ɋɵɪɧɟɫɷ'ɦɨɞɚɧɬɶ'ɩɨɣ'ɤɚɡɢc'
$H'5:H>K'`:FBD<F?d'4YXSc'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ
rB@J';B=H?A'4d4SSi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4SdW4V
6@:LB`d'6D><F:HJ@'4YY3's'Ⱥɪɚɩɨɜd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YY3A
[B>?@KA'ȼɚɣɝɟɥɶc'
rB@J';B=H?A'RdRWRi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'WYdRW3
6@:LB`d'\:FEDE'4YYW's'Ⱥɪɚɩɨɜd'ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ'4YYWA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ⱥɲɬɟɦɚ'ɤɨɜc'
rB@J';B=H?A'2VdX23i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'VV8dYR2
Z:@JEHd'[KB?@'4YSY's'Ȼɚɪɞɢɧd'ɉɺɬɪ'4YSYA
[B>?@KA'Ɍɟɲɬɟɧɶ'ɩɢɡɟɦɟc'
rB@J';B=H?A'VdV32i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'R8dXV8
Z:@GB`:d'&:C:@:'4YY8's'Ȼɚɪɝɨɜɚd'Ɍɚɦɚɪɚ'4YY8A
7@:C:A'ɑɚɜɨɥɤɚɣɬɶ'ɞɵ'ɩɪɟɜɟɣɬɶc'
rB@J';B=H?A'Vd8W3i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'R8dSXW
Z:@GB`:d'&:C:@:'4YYS's'Ȼɚɪɝɨɜɚd'Ɍɚɦɚɪɚ'4YYSA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ȼɟɱɤɟɦɚɧɶ'ɭɫɢɹɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'V2dYRWi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'RRSdSRV
Z:?K:E<EHd'$DpK:'4YX8's'Ȼɚɬɹɣɤɢɧd'ɂɥɶɹ'4YX8A
[B>?@KA'ȼɚɥɞɚɫɶɤɟc'
rB@J';B=H?A'2d83Yi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'VYdV38
248 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
ZE=FM<EH:d'5:@EK:'4YY8's'Ȼɢɭɲɤɢɧɚd'Ɇɚɪɢɹ'4YY8A
7@:C:A'ɋɵɪɝɨɡɟɦɚc'
rB@J';B=H?A'Xd3XYi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'434dWYR
Z@K^MEHF<Ed'6HJ@>E'4YYR's'Ȼɪɵɠɢɧɫɤɢɣd'Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ'4YYRA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ɉɣɦɟɧɶ'ɜɚɥɞɨc'
rB@J';B=H?A'WYd2X3i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'XVVd8V4
Z@K^MEHF<Ed'5E<M:ED'4YXV's'Ȼɪɵɠɢɧɫɤɢɣd'Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ'4YXVA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɉɨɥɨɜɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'V8dYYRi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'RYXd4W8
Z@K^MEHF<Ed'5E<M:ED'4YY4's'Ȼɪɵɠɢɧɫɤɢɣd'Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ'4YY4A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɗɪɹɦɨɞɨ'ɧɚɞɨɛɢɹc'
rB@J';B=H?A'RSd2RXi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'8VXd48W
Z@K^MEHF<Ed'5E<M:ED'C:H=F's'Ȼɪɵɠɢɧɫɤɢɣd'Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ'C:H=FA
.?MHB]:H?:F?E;A'Ʉɢɪɞɚɠɬc'
5:H=F;@EL?
rB@J';B=H?A'W3dSSRi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'8S8dSX2
#M:<EHd'6D><F:HJ@'4YYW's'ɑɚɤɢɧd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YYWA
[B>?@KA'ȼɟɱɤɟɦɚɞɨc'
rB@J';B=H?A'233i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'2dXW3
#M>FHB<B`d'(KBJB@'4YSR's'ɑɟɫɧɨɤɨɜd'Ɏɺɞɨɪ'4YSRA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ɉɞ'ɷɪɹɦɨɧɶ'ɭɜɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'V3dS33i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'R44d43W
#M>FHB<B`d'(KBJB@'4YY8's'ɑɟɫɧɨɤɨɜd'Ɏɺɞɨɪ'4YY8A
7@:C:A'Ʉɚɜɬɨ'ɤɢɹɜɚc'
rB@J';B=H?A'VdY3Wi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'RYdW3R
#M>?`>@GB`d'.`G>HE'4YY2's'ɑɟɬɜɟɪɝɨɜd'ȿɜɝɟɧɢɣ'4YY2A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ȼɟɥɟɧɶ'ɜɚɣɝɟɥɶɬɶc'
rB@J';B=H?A'VV34Wi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'RWWdRWV
.-nm6'!"+-#.'0$&.-6&+-. 24S
#M>?`>@GB`d'.`G>HE'233V's'ɑɟɬɜɟɪɝɨɜd'ȿɜɝɟɧɢɣ'233VA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɂɟɧɶ'ɬɸɫɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'R3d2VWi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'WVSdX28
7>@G:;MKB`:d'0K=bB`t'4YYW's'Ⱦɟɪɝɚɱɟɜɚd'Ʌɸɛɨɜɶ'4YYWA
[B>?@KA'ȼɟɱɤɟɦɚɞɨc'
rB@J';B=H?A'2d23Xi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'V4d8R2
7B@BHEHd'6D><F:HJ@'4YSY's'Ⱦɨɪɨɧɢɧd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YSYA
rB@J';B=H?A'2d4RYi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'V4dY83
7B@BHEHd'6D><F:HJ@'4YYV's'Ⱦɨɪɨɧɢɧd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YYVA
)B`>DA'Ʉɨɱɤɨɞɵɤɟɫɶ'f'ɩɚɤɫɹɧɶ'ɧɚɪɦɭɧɶc'
rB@J';B=H?A'43VdV2Vi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4dVXSdVS2'
7B@BHEHd'6D><F:HJ@'4YYR's'Ⱦɨɪɨɧɢɧd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YYRA
Ʉɢɧɶ'ɸɬɚɫɵ'ɦɨɥɢɰɹɫɶc'
rB@J';B=H?A'RVd2XVi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'84Xd8RV
7B@BHEHd'6D><F:HJ@'4YY8's'Ⱦɨɪɨɧɢɧd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YY8A
)B`>DA'Ȼɚɹɝɚɧɶ'ɫɭɥɟɣɬɶc'
rB@J';B=H?A'42SdY28i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4dXWYd3VS
7B@BHEHd'6D><F:HJ@'2334's'Ⱦɨɪɨɧɢɧd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'2334A
)B`>DA'Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜc'
(B@C:?A'CEHB@E?K#B@L=F'
rB@J';B=H?A'432dX24i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4dR2YdWY8
7KBCEHd'\:FEDE'233X's'Ⱦɺɦɢɧd'ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ'233XA
(E;?EBHA'Ʉɭɡɶɤɚ'ɷɪɡɹɧɶ'ɩɚɡc'
5:H=F;@EL?
rB@J';B=H?A'V3d833i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'R22dSX2
ä@K=FM>`d'ZB@EF'4YYS's'ɗɪɸɲɟɜd'Ȼɨɪɢɫ'4YYSA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ɍɢɪɢɧɶ'ɦɚɫɬɨɪɫɬɨ'ɤɭɱɨɜɤɫc'
$H'"?FKB@d'4YYSc'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ
rB@J';B=H?A'2dVXRi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'VRd3WX
24X 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
.`F>`t>`d'5:<:@'4YV4's'ȿɜɫɟɜɶɟɜd'Ɇɚɤɚɪ'4YV4A
(BD<DB@>A'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ'ɫɜɚɞɶɛɚc'
5BF<B`'ʊ'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɣ'ɤɧɢɠɧɨɣ'ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɫɶc
rB@J';B=H?A'4SdXXWi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'2W4d28V
.`F>`t>`d'5:<:@'4Y8W's'ȿɜɫɟɜɶɟɜd'Ɇɚɤɚɪ'4Y8WA
(BD<DB@>A'ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ'ɬɪɭɞɵ'Vc'ɬɨɦc'
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ'ʊ'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɣ'ɤɧɢɠɧɨɣ'ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɫɶc'
rB@J';B=H?A'VWd4Y3i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'R84d828
,B@b=HB`d',>H@E<M'4YYV's'Ƚɨɪɛɭɧɨɜd'Ƚɟɧɪɢɯ'4YYVA
ȼɚɫɬɨɦɚɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'R8dR4Ri'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'8SSd888
,@EGBFMEHd'm:<B`'4YY8's'Ƚɪɢɝɨɲɢɧd'əɤɨɜ'4YY8A
7@:C:A'Ȭɥɤɚɧɶ'ɩɟɪɶɤɚc'
rB@J';B=H?A'4438i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4WRSW
$@<:K>`d')E<BD:E'4YYR's'ɂɪɤɚɟɜd'ɇɢɤɨɥɹɣ'4YYRA
[B>?@KA'Ɇɨɪɨ'Ɋɚɬɨɪɞɨc'
$H'1>^ì@>Hp'LEHG>J>c'ä@^K:Hp'@:Fp<>J>d'4YYRc'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ'
$FM=?<EHd')E<BD:E'4YXS's'ɂɲɭɬɤɢɧd'ɇɢɤɨɥɹɣ'4YXSA
[B>?@KA'Ɇɚɧɟɣ'ɜɚɫɨɥɤɫɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'2d23Wi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'VVd8YS
$FM=?<EHd')E<BD:E'4YYR's'ɂɲɭɬɤɢɧd'ɇɢɤɨɥɹɣ'4YYRA
[B>?@KA'Ɍɟɲɬɟɧɶ'ɦɚɫɬɨɪc'
rB@J';B=H?A'8dR24i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'YXd4YR
1:DEH<EHd'$`:H'4YYW's'Ʉɚɥɢɧɤɢɧd'ɂɜɚɧ'4YYWA
Ⱥɜɚ'ɞɵ'ɥɟɣc'
rB@J';B=H?A'W4dX42i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'S8RdWRS
1:DEH<EHd'$`:H'2333's'Ʉɚɥɢɧɤɢɧd'ɂɜɚɧ'2333A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ʉɢɫɤɚɧɶ'ɷɪɹɦɨc'
1:DEH<EHd'$`:H'2333's'Ʉɚɥɢɧɤɢɧd'ɂɜɚɧ'2333A
[B>?@KA'ɋɸɤɨɧɹɦɨc'
$H'1EF<:Hp'ì@K:CBd'2333c'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ'
1>C:E<EH:d'-:EF:'4YXS's'Ʉɟɦɚɣɤɢɧɚd'Ɋɚɢɫɚ'4YXSA
[B>?@KA'Ɇɚɧɟɣ'ɜɚɫɨɥɤɫɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'2d4YYi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'V2dSRY
.-nm6'!"+-#.'0$&.-6&+-. 24Y
1>C:E<EH:d'-:EF:'4YY8's'Ʉɟɦɚɣɤɢɧɚd'Ɋɚɢɫɚ'4YY8A
7@:C:A'ɒɭɦɛɪɚɬd'ɨɞ'ɢɟc'
rB@J';B=H?A'4d2WVi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4SdWVR
1E@EDDB`d'[KB?@'4YX8's'Ʉɢɪɢɥɥɨɜd'ɉɺɬɪ'4YX8A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ʉɨɱɤɚɡɶ'ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹɬ'V'ɬɨɦɫɨc'4*ɰɟ'ɬɨɦɨɫɶc'
rB@J';B=H?A'VXd8X8i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'RY4dVRR
1E@EDDB`d'[KB?@'4YXS's'Ʉɢɪɢɥɥɨɜd'ɉɺɬɪ'4YXSA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ȼɚɫɟɧɰɟ'ɭɪɨɤc'
rB@J';B=H?A'SXdS34i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4d3VVdYSW
1E@EDDB`d'[KB?@'4YY8's'Ʉɢɪɢɥɥɨɜd'ɉɺɬɪ'4YY8A
7@:C:A'Ʌɢɬɨɜɚc'
rB@J';B=H?A'Wd23Vi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'8YdS43
1DK=;M:GEHd'[KB?@'4YSY's'Ʉɥɸɱɚɝɢɧd'ɉɺɬɪ'4YSYA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɉɢɪɹɜɤɫc'
rB@J';B=H?A'8d3W3i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'XRd43Y
1DK=;M:GEHd'[KB?@'4YY3's'Ʉɥɸɱɚɝɢɧd'ɉɺɬɪ'4YY3A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ɇɟɟɥɶɰɟ'ɤɭɥɹɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'VdR3Si'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'RXdY42
1DK=;M:GEHd'[KB?@'4YYS's'Ʉɥɸɱɚɝɢɧd'ɉɺɬɪ'4YYSA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɐɺɤɚɧɤɚc'
rB@J';B=H?A'28d888i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'VSSdVRY
1BDBC:FB`d'\:FEDE'4YY8's'Ʉɨɥɨɦɚɫɨɜd'ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ'4YY8A
)B`>DA'Ʌɚɜɝɢɧɨɜc'
rB@J';B=H?A'83dSVSi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'S8Xd883
1BDBC:FB`d'\:FEDE'4YY8's'Ʉɨɥɨɦɚɫɨɜd'ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ'4YY8A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ɍɭɦɨ'ɉɟɬɹc'
rB@J';B=H?A'2d8RWi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'VRd22X
1@E`BFM>K>`d'$DpK:'4YR8's'Ʉɪɢɜɨɲɟɟɜd'ɂɥɶɹ'4YR8A
[B>?@KA'Ɇɨɧɶ'ɤɢɦc'
rB@J';B=H?A'Rd83Ri'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'S4d23R
223 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
1@E`BFM>K>`d'$DpK:'4YY8's'Ʉɪɢɜɨɲɟɟɜd'ɂɥɶɹ'4YY8A
7@:C:A'Ɇɟɡɟ'ɬɟɹɬ'f'ɫɟɤɟɧɶ'ɧɟɹɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'VdVX4i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'RRdW2V
1@E`BFM>K>`d'$DpK:'4YYY's'Ʉɪɢɜɨɲɟɟɜd'ɂɥɶɹ'4YYYA
[B>?@KA'Ʉɨɱɤɚɡɶ'ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬc'
1=DJ=@<:K>`d'm:<B`'4YYR's'Ʉɭɥɞɭɪɤɚɟɜd'əɤɨɜ'4YYRA
[B>?@KA'ɗɪɶɦɟɡɶc'
$H'1>^ì@>Hp'LEHG>J>c'ä@^K:Hp'@:Fp<>J>d'4YYRc'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ
rB@J';B=H?A'43dR88i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4W2dWS2
1=?B@<EHd'6HJ@>E'4Y8Y's'Ʉɭɬɨɪɤɢɧd'Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ'4Y8YA
)B`>DA'Ʌɚɠɧɢɰɹ'ɋɭɪɚc'ȼɚɫɟɧɰɟ'ɤɧɢɝɚc'ȼɚɥɞɚɟɜɬɶc'
(B@C:?A'C:QB@E?K#B@L=F'
1=?B@<EHd'6HJ@>E'4YS8's'Ʉɭɬɨɪɤɢɧd'Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ'4YS8A
)B`>DA'Ʌɚɠɧɢɰɹ'ɋɭɪɚc'Ɉɦɛɨɰɟ'ɤɧɢɝɚc'Ʉɚɜɬɨ'ɤɢɹɜɚc'
1=?B@<EHd'6HJ@>E'4YXS's'Ʉɭɬɨɪɤɢɧd'Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ'4YXSA
)B`>DA'Ʌɚɠɧɢɰɹ'ɋɭɪɚc'Ʉɨɥɦɨɰɟ'ɤɧɢɝɚc'Ⱥɲɨɥɝɚɞɨɦɚ'ɥɚɧɝɚc'
rB@J';B=H?A'YRd8Y2i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4dV4YdYX2
1=?B@<EHd'6HJ@>E'4YYS's'Ʉɭɬɨɪɤɢɧd'Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ'4YYSA
)B`>DA'Ɋɚɭɠɨ'ɉɚɥɦɚɧɶc'
$H'-:=^MB'[:DC:Hpd'4YYSc'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ
rB@J';B=H?A'SRdWR3i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4d32XdRXX
1=?B@<EHd'6HJ@>E'4YYS's'Ʉɭɬɨɪɤɢɧd'Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ'4YYSA
[B>?@KA'Ʌɚɦɡɭɪɶc'
$H'-:=^MB'[:DC:Hpd'4YYSc'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ
0=<pK:HB`d'6D><F>E'4YWW's'Ʌɸɤɶɹɧɨɜd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ'4YWWA
)B`>DA'ȼɚɥɞɨ'ɤɢc'
rB@J';B=H?A'RSdWVSi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'8VVd8SX
0K=b:K>`d'[:`>D'4YWX's'Ʌɸɛɚɟɜd'ɉɚɜɟɥ'4YWXA
[B>?@KA'əɥɝɚɧɶ'ɜɚɥc'
rB@J';B=H?A'Vd848i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'W4dVS3
.-nm6'!"+-#.'0$&.-6&+-. 224
0K=DK:<EH:d'!>@:!'C:'4YY8's'Ʌɸɥɹɤɢɧɚd'ɋɟɪɚɮɢɦɚ'4YY8A
7@:C:A'Ⱥɜɚɧɶ'ɫɟɞɟɣc'
rB@J';B=H?A'VdS8Vi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'RSd848
5:@?KHB`d'6D><F:HJ@'4YXR's'Ɇɚɪɬɵɧɨɜd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YXRA
)B`>DA'Ɍɨɥɨɧɶ'ɫɺɥɦɨɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'83dRYRi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'X2VdVWV
5B?B@<EHd'5E<M:ED'4YY8's'Ɇɨɬɨɪɤɢɧd'Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ'4YY8A
7@:C:A'ɑɚɱɨɦɚ'ɱɢc'
rB@J';B=H?A'WdRS3i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'SVdY2S
5B?B@<EHd'5E<M:ED'4YYS's'Ɇɨɬɨɪɤɢɧd'Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ'4YYSA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ȼɚɪɦɚ'ɤɨɜɨɥc'
rB@J';B=H?A'VYdW4Si'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'WWRdS28
[>?:E<EHd'6D><F:HJ@'4YYW's'ɉɟɬɚɣɤɢɧd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YYWA
[B>?@KA'c'
$H'\>;M<>C:JBd'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤc
rB@J';B=H?A'4VXi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4dX8Y
[>?:E<EHd'6D><F:HJ@'4YY8's'ɉɟɬɚɣɤɢɧd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YY8A
7@:C:A'Ɍɚɧɬɟɣ'ɒɬɸɪɶɛɚc'
rB@J';B=H?A'WdR4Ri'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'S4dRV4
[>?@=FM<EHd')E<BD:E'4YYS's'ɉɟɬɪɭɲɤɢɧd'ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ'4YYSA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ⱥɣɝɨɪ'ɉɟɬɹc'
rB@J';B=H?A'4dWVWi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'24d4RX
[D:?BHB`d'!>@G>E'4YS3's'ɉɥɚɬɨɧɨɜd'ɋɟɪɝɟɣ'4YS3A
[B>?@KA'ɀɨɣɧɢɰɹ'ɡɨɪɹɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'RdXW4i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'S3dRWW
[D:?BHB`d'!>@G>E'4YSW's'ɉɥɚɬɨɧɨɜd'ɋɟɪɝɟɣ'4YSWA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ȼɚɥɞɨ'ɜɚɫɨɥɤɫɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'VWdVX3i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'RX8dVVR
222 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
[@BH;M:?B`d'$`:H'4YY8's'ɉɪɨɧɱɚɬɨɜd'ɂɜɚɧ'4YY8A
[B>?@KA'ɋɷɧɹɠɚc'
rB@J';B=H?A'2dY8Ri'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'RVd348
-:J:K>`d'\:FEDE'P'6HBFM<EHd'\c4YVXqX's'Ɋɚɞɚɟɜd'ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ'P'Ⱥɧɨɲɤɢɧd'ȼc4YVXqXA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ⱦɟɩɭɬɚɬc'
$H'!K:?<Bd'4YVXqXc'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ
rB@J';B=H?A'WdY4Ri'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'X8d22Y
-:J:K>`d'\:FEDE'4Y8R's'Ɋɚɞɚɟɜd'ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ'4Y8RA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ȼɟɱɤɟɜɢɤɫ'ɫɨɞɚɜɢɤɫɷɧɶc'
rB@J';B=H?A'44d2VYi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4WVd8WW
-:J:K>`d'\:FEDE'4Y8S's'Ɋɚɞɚɟɜd'ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ'4Y8SA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɒɨɲɦɚ'ɥɟɟɧɬɶ'ɱɢɪɟɫɷc'
-:J:K>`d'\:FEDE'4Y8Y's'Ɋɚɞɚɟɜd'ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ'4Y8YA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɂɫɬɹɹɤ'ɫɚɤɲɧɵ'ɱɚɫɢɹɫɶc'
-:J:K>`d'\:FEDE'4YSV's'Ɋɚɞɚɟɜd'ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ'4YSVA
[B>?@KA'ɋɢɹɠɚɪc'
rB@J';B=H?A'R8dW42i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'8S8dXRV
-:J:K>`d'\:FEDE'4YY4's'Ɋɚɞɚɟɜd'ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ'4YY4A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ɍɸɲɬɹc'
rB@J';B=H?A'V2d4V2i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'RS4d8WV
-:J:K>`d'5E<M:ED'4YY8's'Ɋɚɞɚɟɜd'Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ'4YY8A
7@:C:A'Ɍɸɲɬɹɧɶ'ɤɨɣɬɶc'
rB@J';B=H?A'4d2XWi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4XdRR3
-:L?:HB`d'&ECB]>E'4YXW's'Ɋɚɩɬɚɧɨɜd'Ɍɢɦɨɮɟɣ'4YXWA
)B`>DA'ɑɢɯɚɧ'ɩɚɧɞɨ'ɚɥɨc'
rB@J';B=H?A'W4dSV2i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'S43dYR4
.-nm6'!"+-#.'0$&.-6&+-. 22V
-:^G=DK:K>`:d'&:?pK:H:'4YYS's'Ɋɚɡɝɭɥɹɟɜɚd'Ɍɚɬɶɹɧɚ'4YYSA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ɉɧd'ȼɢɪɟɧɶ'ɚɡɨɪd'ɑɭɜɚɪɨɧɶ'ɤɭɞɵɧɟɬɶdcccc'
rB@J';B=H?A'8d4YWi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'XSdRR3
-=^:ÈH:d'\:D>H?EH:'4YYS's'Ɋɭɡɚɜɢɧɚd'ȼɚɥɟɧɬɢɧɚ'4YYSA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɋɟɞɟɣɫɬɷ'ɥɢɫɢɰɹ'ɜɚɥɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'4dRW4i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'23d2V3
-K:bB`d'6H:?BDEK'4YVW's'Ɋɹɛɨɜd'Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɣ'4YVWA
0EHG=EF?E;FA'ɗɪɶɡɹɧɶ'ɤɟɥɟɧɶ'ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚc'Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹc'
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ'ʊ'c'
rB@J';B=H?A'4Wd8WWi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'2VSdV8R
-K:bB`d'6H:?BDEK'4YVW's'Ɋɹɛɨɜd'Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɣ'4YVWA
0EHG=EF?E;FA'ɗɪɡɹɧɶ'ɤɟɥɟɧɶ'ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚc'ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ'ɲɤɨɥɚɫɨ'8'ɤɥɚɫɫɨ'ɬɨɧɚɜɬɧɟɦɚ'ɤɧɢɝɚc'
Ɉɦɛɨɰɟ'ɩɟɥɶɤɫd'ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫc'
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ'ʊ'c'
rB@J';B=H?A'4Wd8RVi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'22XdX23
!>JBE<EHd'0>BHEJ'4YY4's'ɋɟɞɨɣɤɢɧd'Ʌɟɨɧɢɞ'4YY4A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ⱥɜɚɧɶ'ɦɨɪɨɡɨc'
rB@J';B=H?A'4XdYXVi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'2W8d3W3
!M:@BHB`d'6D><F:HJ@'4YYR's'ɒɚɪɨɧɨɜd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YYRA
(BD<DB@>A'Ɇɚɫɬɨɪɚɜɚc'
!M;M>GDB`d'6D><F:HJ@'4Y8X's'ɓɟɝɥɨɜd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4Y8XA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɍɰɹɫɤɚc'
rB@J';B=H?A'RW8VVi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'83VSR3
!M;M>GDB`d'6D><F:HJ@'4YSR's'ɓɟɝɥɨɜd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YSRA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɋɜɚɞɶɛɚɞɨ'ɢɤɟɥɟc'
rB@J';B=H?A'23Y2Si'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'2SSYXS
!M;M>GDB`d'6D><F:HJ@'4YX3's'ɓɟɝɥɨɜd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YX3A
)B`>DA'Ʉɚɜɤɫɬɶ'ɱɚɱɨɡɶc'
rB@J';B=H?A'YRdR83i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4d2V4d23S
!M;M>GDB`d'6D><F:HJ@'4YY8's'ɓɟɝɥɨɜd'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ'4YY8A
[B>?@KA'Ƚɚɣɤɫɬɚɤd'ɛɚɧɞɭɪɚc'
rB@J';B=H?A'Y82i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4Vd83Y
22R 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
!EJB@B`d'\E<?B@'4YY8's'ɋɢɞɨɪɨɜd'ȼɢɤɬɨɪ'4YY8A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɋɭɥɟɣɬɶc'
rB@J';B=H?A'23dXX4i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'2XSd2XS
!=DpJEH:d'6HH:'4YSY's'ɋɭɥɶɞɢɧɚd'Ⱥɧɧɚ'4YSYA
rB@J';B=H?A'Vd3SSi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'R8dV83
&:@:FB`:d'5:@EH:'4YY8's'Ɍɚɪɚɫɨɜɚd'Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ'4YY8A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'ɉɫɚɤɚɧɶ'ɺɜɤɫɬc'
\?=D<EHd'5E<M:ED'4YX8's'ȼɬɭɥɤɢɧd'Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ'4YX8A
[B>?@KA'ȼɚɥɞɚɫɶɤɟc'
rB@J';B=H?A'Vd33Ri'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'R3dVWY
\?=D<EHd'5E<M:ED'4YY8q43f44's'ȼɬɭɥɤɢɧd'Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ'4YY8q43f44A
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ɋɚɜɨɧɶ'ɬɨɦɛɚɥɟc'
$H'ɋɹɬɤɨd'4YY8q43f44c'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ
rB@J';B=H?A'4VdXY3i'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'4Y8dYXY
nM=@:`DB`d'\K:;MEFD:`'4YXS's'ɀɭɪɚɥɨɜd'ȼɹɱɢɫɥɚɜ'4YXSA
[B>?@KA'ɗɪɶɜɚ'ɦɨɪɨɫɶ'ɦɨɧɶ'ɱɚɱɢ'ɫɟɞɟɣɫɷɧɶc'
$H'5:H>K'`:FBD<F?d'4YXSc'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤ
rB@J';B=H?A'4dRRRi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'24d28W
nM=@:`DB`d'\K:;MEFD:`'4YYV's'ɀɭɪɚɥɨɜd'ȼɹɱɢɫɥɚɜ'4YYVA
!MB@?'F?B@KA'Ɉɜɬɨ'ɥɚɬɤɨ'ɺɜɬɧɟɦɚɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'22d32Xi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'2YXdVX2
nM=@:`DB`d'\K:;MEFD:`'4YY8's'ɀɭɪɚɥɨɜd'ȼɹɱɢɫɥɚɜ'4YY8A
[B>?@KA'ȼɚɥɞɨ'ɨɣɦɟc'
rB@J';B=H?A'Sd3VXi'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'434dWVR
nM=@:`DB`d'\K:;MEFD:`'4YYY's'ɀɭɪɚɥɨɜd'ȼɹɱɢɫɥɚɜ'4YYYA
[B>?@KA'Ⱥɪɫɟɦɚɬ'ɞɵ'ɺɠɨɬc'
rB@J';B=H?A'22dX2Si'#M:@:;?>@';B=H?A'V4Wd83V
.@^K:';B@LB@:'CB@>'>_?>HFE`>DKA
wM??LAqqaaacDEHGcM>DFEH<Ec!'qÇ@=>?>@q@F;q@=>?>@*.@^K:!B=@;>c_CD|
$57$*J:?:'!'D>F
wM??LAqqaaacDEHGcM>DFEH<Ec!'q=MD;FqC>?:J:?:q;B@L=F*C>?:J:?:q=@:DE;*DGFqCB@JÈH|
Reference Bibliography
6:FCl>d')EEH:'233SA
-MK?MC'->D:?>J'.]]>;?F'EH'.@^K:c
$HA LINGUISTICA URALICA XLIIIA'Rd'28Xf2X2c
6bBHJBDBd'7c'4YXSA
!>GC>H?F':HJ'L@BFBJE>F'EH'.@^K:'5B@JÈHE:Hc
$HA'1c'-IJ>E'g>Jchd'Studia Uralicad'24Yf2VVc
\E>HH:A'\>@b:HJ'Jc'rEFFc',>Fc'îF?>@@>E;MFc
6J=FM<EH:'2333's'Ⱥɞɭɲɤɢɧɚd'ɇc'ɋc'2333A
Ⱥɡɨɪɤɫɱɢɧɶ'ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɫɶd'Ⱥɡɨɪɤɫɱɢɧɶ'ɧɟɜɬɢɰɹ'ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɬɧɷɧɶ'ɬɟɜɫ'ɧɨɥɞɚɦɨɫɬd'
Ⱥɡɨɪɤɫɱɢɧɶ'ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɧɬɶ'ɧɟɜɬɟɦɚɧɶ'ɤɢɬɧɟ*ɹɧɬɧɷd'Ⱥɡɨɪɤɫɱɢɧɶ'ɩɨɥɚɜɬɧɟɦɚɫɨɧɬɶ'
ɩɚɞɟɠɟɧɬɶ'ɥɭɜɨɫɶc'
EKMd'XYO432c
6G:]BHB`:'2333's'Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜɚd'ɇc'Ⱥc'2333A
Ɇɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹɫɶc'
EKMd'42RO4RWc
6MDe=EF?d'6=G=F?c'4X84A
Versuch einer mokscha%mordwinischen Grammatik nebst Texten und Wörterverzeichnissc
!?c'[>?>@Fb=@GA'.GG>@F'>?'#BCLc
6MDeÈF?d'6=G=F?'.HG>Db@><?'4XWYA
Läran om Verbet i Mordvinskans Mokscha%dialekt.
6<:J>CEF<'6]M:HJDEHGd'FBC'C>J'J>H'ÈJ?b>@CJ:'/EF?B@EF<*(EDBDBGEF<:'(:<=D?>?>HF'ÈJ'
1>QF>@DEG:'6D>_:HJ>@F*+HE`>@FE?>?>?'E'(EHD:HJ'F:C?K;<>'?EDD'B]]>H?DEG'G@:HF<HEHG']@:CF?lDD>F'
:]'6=G=F?'.HG>Db@><?'6MDeÈF?d'/EF?c*(EDc'5:GEF?>@c'+?E'MEF?c*!'DBDc'Dl@BF:D>H'J>H'2X'5:Q'4XWY'
Lc'`c'?c']c'Cc
/>DFEHG]B@FA'9c'#c'(@>H;<>DD'P'!BHc
6D>_:HJ@:'mc'6E<M>H`:DJ':HJ'-c'5c'rc'7E_BH'4YYXA
7>L>HJ>H;E>F'b>?a>>H',@:CC:?E;:D'!KF?>CF.
Languaged'SRd'g4hd'W8fX3c
6DMB'6DMBHE>CEd')EH:'6G:]BHB`:'P'5EM:ED'5BFEH'4YYYA
Suomalais%ersäläinen sanakirja.
&=@=H'KDEBLEF?BH'F=BC:D:EF>H'Q:'KD>EF>H'<E>DE?E>?>>H'D:E?B<F>H'Q=D<:EF=Q:'8Rc
&=@<=A'&=@=H'KDEBLEF?BH'F=BC:D:EF>H'Q:'KD>EF>H'<E>DE?E>?>>H'D:E?BFc
6DKBFM<EH:'2333's'Ⱥɥɺɲɤɢɧɚ'2333A
Ⱦɟɟɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɹɫɶc
EKMd'222f22Sc
Z:<<>@d'7E<'r60!'"HDEH>A
[>@FBH'5:@<EHG'BH'6JLBFE?EBHFc
WALS Onlined';M:L'RXc
wM??LAqqa:DFcEH]Bq]>:?=@>qRX|'g2343h
Z:@?>HFd'-:EQ:'4YS3A
"H'?M>'&>CLB@:D'(B@CF'EH'5B@JÈHc
FUF'TTT\$$$d'2RSf2W8c
Z:@?>HFd'-:EQ:'4YSYA
Mordvan, tšeremissin ja votjakin konjugaation infiniittisten muotojen syntaksi.
!=BC:D:EF*+G@ED:EF>H'!>=@:H'&BECE?=<FE:'4S3c'
/>DFEH<EA'!=BC:D:EF*+G@ED:EH>H'!>=@:c
228 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
Z:@?>HFd'-:EQ:'4YYYA
Mordvalaiskielten rakenne ja kehitys.
!=BC:D:EF*+G@ED:EF>H'!>=@:H'&BECE?=<FE:'2V2c'
ZE;<>Dd'Z:D?M:F:@'P'9BM:HH:')E;MBDF'r60!'"HDEH>A
0B;=F'B]'5:@<EHG'EH'[BFF>FFE`>')B=H'[M@:F>Fc
"bDEG:?B@K'[BFF>FFE`>'$H"'>;?EBHc
$HA'WALS Onlined';M:LF'2Rd'WXc
wM??LAqqa:DFcEH]Bq]>:?=@>q2R|'g2343h
wM??LAqqa:DFcEH]Bq]>:?=@>qWX|'g2343h
Z=b@E<M'4YV3's'Ȼɭɛɪɢɯd'Ⱦc'ȼc'4YV3A
Звуки и формы эрзянской речи по говору с. Козловки.
ɆɨɫɤɜɚA'ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ'ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ'ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ'ɋɋɋɊc
Z=b@E<M'4YRS's'Ȼɭɛɪɢɯd'Ⱦc'ȼc'4YRSA
Эрзя%мордовская грамматика % минимум (Пособие для вузов).
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤc
Z=b@E<M'4YWV's'Ȼɭɛɪɢɯd'Ⱦc'ȼc'4YWVA
Историческая грамматика эрзянского языка.
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤc
Z=J>H^d'9ï^M>]'4X8YA
Moksa% és erza%mordvin nyelvtan.
Z=J:L>F?A'6'5c'&c'6<:JICE:'<HK`<E:Jï*ME`:?:Dub:Hc
Z=^:<B`:'2333's'Ȼɭ'ɡɚɤɨɜɚd'Ɋc'ɇc'2333A
ɉɚɞɟɠɬɧɟɧɶ'ɫɦɭɫɬɟɫɬd'Ⱥɜɨɥɶ'ɩɚɞɟɠɟɧɶ'ɮɨɪɦɚɫɶd'ȼɚɥɦɟɥɶɝɚɤɫɨɫɶc
EKMd'X2fXSd'XSfXYd'2RYf2WRc
#BDDEHJ>@d'ZQ@H'4Y8Y'x4YWSyA
Survey of the Uralic languages.
#BCLED>J'bK'ZQ@H'#BDDEHJ>@'EH';BDD:bB@:?EBH'aE?M'B?M>@'F;MBD:@Fc'2HJ'@>`c'>Jc
!?B;<MBDCA'6DCeÈF?'P'rE<F>DDc
#BC@E>d'Z>@H:@J'4YX4A
The languages of the Soviet Union.
#:Cb@EJG>A'#:Cb@EJG>'+HE`>@FE?K'[@>FFc
7:C:F<EHd'-=JH>`'4SXW's'Ⱦɚɦɚɫɤɢɧd'Ɋɭɞɧɟɜ'4SXWA
Словарь IAзыковъ разныхъ народовъ, въ Нижегородской Епархіи обитающихъd'
ɢɦɹɧɧɨA'Ɋɨɫɫɿɹɧɴd'Ɍɚɬɚɪɴd'ɑɸɜɚɲɟɣd'Ɇɨɪɞɜɵd'ɢ'ɑɟɪɟɦɢɫɴA'ɩɨ'ɜɵɫɨɱɚɣɲɟɦɭ'
ɫɨɢɡɜɨɥɟɧɿɸ'ɢ'ɩɨɜɟɥ࣎ɧɿɸ'ȿɹ'ȱɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɝɨ'ɜɟɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ'ɩɪɟɦɭɞɪɨɣ'Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɵɧɢd'
ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɵ'Ⱥɥɟɤɫ࣎ɟɜɧɵd'ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɪɢɰɵ'ɢ'ɋɚɦɨɞɟɪɠɢɰɵ'ɜɫɟɪɨɫɫɿɣɫɤɨɣd'ɉɨ'ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɭ'
Ɋɨɫɫɿɣɫɤɢɯɴ'ɫɥɨɜɴ'Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣi'ɢ'ɜɴ'ɧɢɠɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ'ɋɟɦɿɧɚɪɿɢ'ɨɬɴ'ɡɧɚɸɳɢɯɴ'ɨɧɴɿɹ'
ɹɡɵɤɢ'ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɴ'ɢ'ɋɟɦɿɧɚɪɢɫɬɨɜɴd'ɩɨɞɴ'ɩɪɢɫɦɨɬɪɚɦɴ'ɉɪɟɿɡɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɚɝɨ'Ⱦɚɦɚɫɤɢɧɚ'
ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ'ɧɢɠɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɝɨ'ɢ'Ⱥɥɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɝɨd'ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɢ'4SXW'ɝɨɞɚc
7:HEDB`d'\E<?B@'4Y8Y's'Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨɜd'ȼɢɤɬɨɪ'4Y8YA
Ʉ'ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ'ɨ'ɤɨɦɢɬɚɬɢɜɟ'ɜ'ɷɪɡɹɧɫɤɨɦ'ɹɡɵɤɟc'
Советское финно%угроведение'gVhd'4S4f4SRc
7:HEDB`d'\E<?B@'4YSV's'Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨɜd'ȼɢɤɬɨɪ'4YSVA
Ɉɛɳɢɟ'ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ'ɢɧɟɫɢɜɚ'ɜ'ɦɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɢɯ'ɢ'ɩɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨ*ɮɢɧɫɤɢɯ'ɹɡɵɤɚɯc'
Советское финно%угроведение'gVhd''4XWf4YRc
-.(.-.)#.'Z$Z0$",-6[/m 22S
7:`KJB`d'5c'5c'4Y8V's'Ⱦɚɜɵɞɨɜd'Ɇc'Ɇc'4Y8VA
Ȼɨɥɶɲɟ*ɂɝɧɚɬɨɜɫɤɢɣ'ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬ'ɷɪɡɹ*ɦɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ'ɹɡɵɤɚc
OMD'IId'44Xf2VVc
7KBCEHd'\c'2334's'Ⱦɺɦɢ'ɧd'ȼc'2334A
Комическое в мордовской литературе (этапы эволюции)c
Ɍɢɩc'ñɊɭɡɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ'ɩɟɱɚɬɧɢɤóc'O'283'ɫc
.GB@B`:d'6c'!c'4'YS8's'ȿɝɨɪɨɜɚd'Ⱥcɋc'4YS8A
Ɉ'ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ'ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ'ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ'ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ'ɜ'ɷɪɡɹɧɫɤɨɦ'ɹɡɵɤɟc'
Советское финно%угроведение'g2hd'X4fXYc
.15'2333's'ɗɪɡɹɧɶ'ɤɟɥɶd'ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ'2333A
Эрзянь кель, морфемика, валонь теевема ды морфологияc
ȼɭɡɨɧɶ'ɷɪɡɹɧɶ'ɞɵ'ɮɢɧɧɷɧɶ'ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɧɶ'ɬɨɧɚɜɬɧɢɰɹɬɧɟɧɶ'ɬɭɪɬɨɜ
ɊɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɹɫɶA'Ⱦ'cȼc'ɐɵɝɚɧɤɢɧ'gɨɬɜc'ɪɟɞcd'ɇc'Ⱥc'Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜɚd'Ɇc'Ⱦc'ɂɦɚɣɤɢɧɚ'ɞɵ'ɥɢɹɬc
ʊ'ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤA'Ɍɢɩc'ñɄɪɚɫ'c'Ɉɤɬcóc'ʊ'2X3'ɫc'ʊ'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜc*ɷɪɡɹ'ɹɡc
.-\'4YYV's'ɗɊȼ'4YYVA
Эрзянь%рузонь валкс = рзянско%русский словарьc'Ɉɤc'2S'333'ɫɥɨɜq'ɇɂɂ'ɹɡɵɤɚd'
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵd'ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ'ɢ'ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ'ɩɪɢ'ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɣ'ȺɋɋɊd
ɩɨɞ'ɪɟɞc'ɋɟɪɟɛɪɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɚ'Ȼc'Ⱥcd'Ȼɭɡɚɤɨɜɨɣ'Ɋc'ɇcd'Ɇɨɫɢɧɚ'Ɇc'ȼc
ʊ'ɆcA'Ɋɭɫc'ɹɡc'd'Ⱦɢɝɨɪɚc'X3V'ɫc
.@EH:d'"DtG:'4YYS's'ȿɪɢɧɚd'Ɉɥɶɝɚ'4YYSA
Частицы в мордовских языкахc
7EFF>@?:?EBH>F'LMEDBDBGE:>'=@:DE;:>'=HE`>@FE?:?EF'&:@?=>HFEFd'4c
&:@?=A'&:@?='ÅDE<BBDE'<E@Q:F?=Fc
.@C=~<EHd',@EGB@EQ'$c'233R's'ȿɪɦɭɲɤɢɧd'Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ'ɂc'233RA
$Tc'Srednetëšskij dialekt èrzja%mordovskogo jazyka.
5E??>ED=HG>H'J>@'!B;E>?:F'+@:DB*6D?:E;:c'/>]?'2Rc
5BF<`:'ʊ',@BHEHG>Hc
.F?EDDd'7>HEF'233RA
Diachronic change in Erzya word stress.
!=BC:D:EF*+G@ED:EF>H'!>=@:H'&BECE?=<FE:'2R8c
.?MHBDBG=>'"HDEH>A
wM??LAqqaaac>?MHB'DBG=>c;BCqFMBaz;B=H?@Kc:FL{H:C>s-+.|
.`F>`t>`'4Y8V's'ȿɜɫɟɜɶɟɜd'Ɇc'ȿc'x4Y2Xf2Yyq4Y8V
Мордовская грамматика.
gɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ'ɬɪɭɞɵ'Rc'Ɇɨɫɤɜɚch
(>B<?EF?B`d'6c'[c'4Y83's'Ɏɟɨɤɬɢɫɬɨɜ'Ⱥcɉc'4Y83A
Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɢɟ'ɹɡɵɤɢ'ɢ'ɢɯ'ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɵc
$HA'Вопросы этнической истории мордовского народаd'8VfX2c
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚc
(>B<?EF'?B`d'6c'[c'4Y8V's'Ɏɟɨɤɬɢɫɬɨɜ'Ⱥcɉc'4Y8VA
Категория притяжательности в мордовских языках.
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤA'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜc'ɤɧc'ɢɡɞ*ɜɨc'O'4XR'ɫc
(>B<?EF?B`d'6c'[c'4Y88's'Ɏɟɨɤɬɢɫɬɨɜ'Ⱥcɉc'4Y88A
Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɢɟ'ɹɡɵɤɢc
$HA'Языки народов СССРd'Ɍɨɦc'$$$A'Ɏɢɧɧɨ*ɭɝɨɪɫɤɢɟ'ɢ'ɫɚɦɨɞɢɣɫɤɢɟ'ɹɡɵɤɢd'4S2f223c'
ɆɨɫɤɜɚA ɇɚɭɤɚ.
22X 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
(>B<?EF?B`d'6c'[c'4YSW's'Ɏɟɨɤɬɢɫɬɨɜ'Ⱥcɉc'4YSWA
Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɢɟ'ɹɡɵɤɢc
$HA'Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ'ɮɢɧɧɨ*ɭɝɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ'ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹA'ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨ*ɮɢɧɫɤɢɟd'ɫɚɚɦɫɤɢɟ'ɢ'
ɦɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɢɟ'ɹɡɵɤɢd'2RXOVRWc
ɆɨɫɤɜɚA'ɇɚɭɤɚc
(>B<'?EF?Bad'6c[c'4YY3's'Ɏɟɨɤɬɢɫɬɨɜ'Ⱥcɉc'4YY3A
7E>'7E:D><?>'J>@'CB@JaEHEF;M>H'!L@:;M>Hc
$HA'MW'Z:HJ'$d'TTT$f0\$$c
(>B<?EF?B`d'6D><F:HJ@'P'!E@<<:'!::@EH>H'233WA
Mokšamordvan murteet.
!=BC:D:EF*+G@ED:EF>H'!>=@:H'&BECE?=<FE:'2RYc
,:b>D>H?^d'/>@@'#BHBH'`BH'J>@'4XVYA
\>@F=;M'>EH>@'5B@JaEHEF;M>H'',@:CC:?E<c
Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandesc'$$c'2fVd'2VWf2XRd'VXVfR4Yc'
,??EHG>Hc
,M>HBd'7:HEDB'4YYWA
òo5B@JaEHEF;Mp'BJ>@'o5B<F;M:HEF;M'=HJ'.@^:HEF;Mp{jc
$HA',u'bB@'n:E;^'g@>Jchd'Zur Frage der uralischen Schriftsprachenc'WSf84c
0EHG=EF?E;:c'!>@E>F'6c'!?=JE:'>?'JEFF>@?:?EBH>F'4Sc
Z=J:L>F?A'6'5&6')K>D`?=JBCu'HKE'$H?I'^>?>c
,EDd'7:ÈJ'x233Wyr60!'"HDEH>A
6JQ>;?E`>F'aE?MB=?')B'=HFc
$HA WALS Online, ;M:L'84c
wM??LAqqa:DFcEH]Bq]>:?=@>q84|'g2343h
,5m:'4Y82'$'s'ȽɆə'4Y82'$A
Грамматика мордовских (мокшанского и эрзянского) языковc'$c'Фонетика и
морфология.
Ɋɟɞc'Ɇcɇc''Ʉɨɥɹɞɺɧɤɨɜd'ɊcȺc'Ɂɚɜɨɞɨɜɚc
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤc
,5m:'4YX3's'ȽɆə'4YX3A
Грамматика мордовских языков.
ɉɨɞcɪɟɞc'ɩɪɨɮc'Ⱦcȼc'ɐɵɝɚɧɤɢɧɚc
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤc
,@>bH>`:'2333's'Ƚɪɟɛɧɟɜɚd'Ⱥc'Ɇc'2333A
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɫɶd'ɉɚɞɟɠɟɧɶ'ɥɭɜɨɫɶd'Ⱥɜɨɥɶ'ɧɟɜɬɟɦɚɱɢɧɶ'ɩɨɥɚɜɬɧɟɦɚɫɶd'ɇɟɜɬɟɦɚɱɢɧɶ'
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɫɶc'
EKMd'SVfSWd'S8fSSd'SXfX2d'432f43Wc
/:C:@Ed'6@Q:'233SA
The negation of stative relation clauses in the Mordvin languages.
!=BC:D:EF*+G@ED:EF>H'!>=@:H'&BECE?=<FE:'2WRc
/>EH>d'Z>@HJ'4YYSA
Possession.'#BGHE?E`>'FB=@;>Fd']B@;>Fd':HJ'G@:CC:?E;:DE^:?EBHc
#:Cb@EJG>'+HE`>@FE?K'[@>FFc'
/(!&'s'/>DFEH<E'(EHE?>*!?:?>'&@:HFJ=;>@'"HDEH>A
wM??LAqqaaacDEHGcM>DFEH<Ec!'q<E>DE?><HBDBGE:q?=?<EC=FqM]F?|
-.(.-.)#.'Z$Z0$",-6[/m 22Y
$C:E<EH:d'5c'7c's'ɂɦɚɣɤɢɧɚd'Ɇc'Ⱦc'4YY8A
Эрзянский языкc'ɍɱɟɛc'ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ'ɞɥɹ'ɪɭɫɫɤɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ'ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜA'ȼ'2'ɱc'ɑc'2c
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤA'ɂɡɞ*ɜɨ'Ɇɨɪɞ'ɨɜc'ɭɧ*ɬɚc'f'4X3'ɫc
$C:E<EH:d'5c'7c's'ɂɦɚɣɤɢɧɚd'Ɇc'Ⱦc'233XA
Неень шкань эрзянь келесь. Фонетика. ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤc
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤA'ɂɡɞ'*ɜɨ'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜc'ɭɧ*ɬɚc'f'V48'ɫc'f'ɇɚ'ɦɨɪɞɨɜc*ɷɪɡɹ'ɹɡc
1:DEC:d'9:DB'4Y43A
Die russischen Lehnwörter im Syrjänischen.
!=BC:D:EF*+G@ED:EF>H'!>=@:H'&BECE?=<FE:'TT$Tc
1:@DFFBHd'(@>J'2333A
7>]>;?EÈ?Kc
$HA',>>@?'ZBBEQd'#M@EF?E:H'0>MC:HHd'9B:;MEC'5=GJ:Hd
=H?>@'5E?:@b>E?'`BH'rBD]G:HG'1>FF>DM>EC'=HJ'!?:`@BF
!<BL>?>:F'g>JFchd'Morphology. An International
Handbook on Inflection and Word Formation. Vol. 17.1. 8RSf8WRc'
Z>@DEH'P')>a'mB@<A'5B=?BH'J>',@=K?>@c'
1>@>F^?>Fd'0uF^Dï'4YY3A
Chrestomathia Morduinica.
Z=J:L>F?A'&:H<HK`<E:Jïc
1>@>F^?>Fd'0uF^Dï'4YYWA
"H'?M>'v=>F?EBH'B]'?M>'5B@JÈHE:H'0E?>@:@K'0:HG=:G>c'
$HA',ubB@'n:E;^'g->Jchd Zur Frage der uralischen Schriftsprachenc'RSfWWc'
0EHG=EF?E;:c'!>@E>F'6A'!?=JE:'>?'JEFF>@?:?EBH>F'4Sc'
6^'5&6')K>D`?=JBCuHKE'$H?I^>?>c
Z=J:L>F?A'1E>]>@'(>@>H;c
1>@>F^?>Fd'0uF^Dï'4YYYA
Development of Mordvin definite conjugation.
!=BC:D:EF*+G@ED:EF>H'!>=@:H'&BECE?=<FE:'2VVc
1>@>F^?>Fd'0uF^Dï'233WA
(EHHB*+G@E;';@BFF*D:HG=:G>':H:DKFEFA'/=HG:@E:H';BCL:@>J'aE?M'5B@JÈHc'
$HA'Les langues ouraliennes aujourd’huid'Approche linguistique et cognitive. The Uralic
languages today, A linguistic and cognitive approachd'V8YfVSYc
!B=F'D:'JE@>;?EBH'J>'5c5c9Bɫ>DKH>'(>'@H:HJ>^*\>F?c
[:@EFc
1M:@E?BHB`:'2333's'ɏɚɪɢɬɨɧɨɜɚd'Ⱥc'Ɇc'2333A
ɑɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɫɶc
EKMd'44Wf42Vc'
1D>C>H?t>`:d'.c(c'233R's'Ʉɥɟɦɟɧɬɶɟɜɚd'ȿcɎc'233RA
Категория собирательности в эрзянском языкеA'ɍɱɟɛc'ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟc
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤA'Ɍɢɩc'ñɄɪɚɫc'Ɉɤɬcóc'O'X3'ɫc
1DEC:d'0uF^Dï'4YYWA
The linguistic affinity of the Volgaic Finno%Ugrians and their ethnogenesis
(early 4th millennium BC – late 1st millennium AD)c'5:H=F';@EL?c
Z=J:L>F?c
2V3 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
1BDK:JKBH<B`d'5c')c'4YR3's'Ʉɨɥɹɞɺɧɤɨɜd'Ɇcɇc'4YR3A
Синтаксис и пунктуация, мордовских (эрзянского и мокшанского) языков.
gɉɪɢɧɹɬɵ'ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ'ɫɟɫɫɢɟɣ'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ'ɇɚɭɱɧɨ*ɂɫɫɥɭɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ'ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ'
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ'Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ'ɩɪɢ'ɋɇɄ'ɆȺɋɋɊ'2W'ɢɸɥɹ'4YR3'ɝc'ɢ'ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ'ɋɇɄ'
ɆȺɋɋɊ'23'ɢɸɥɹ'4YR3'ɝc
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤA'ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ'ɆɇɂɂɋɄc
1BDK:JKBH<B`d'5c')c'4YWY's'Ʉɨɥɹɞɺɧɤɨɜd'Ɇcɇc'4YWYA
Структура простого предложения в мордовских языках.
Предложение и его главные члены.
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤc
1BL?Q>`F<:Q:*&:CCd'5:@E:'233XA
6JHBCEH:D'LBFF>FFEBH
Uralic Typology Database Project.
rE>Hc
wM??LAqq=@:DE;?KLBDBGKcLbaB@<Fc;BCq]q51&zrE>Hz3X3Y2RcJB;|
1@EF?>@'0EHJIHd'5EE<<:'!ED]`>@b>@G':HJ'&BCCE'[E@EH>H'233YA'
/(!&'&BBDF']B@'5B@LMBDBGK'*'6H'.]!';E>H?'"L>H*!B=@;>'[:;<:G>']B@'#BHF?@=;?EBH'B]'
5B@LMBDBGE;:D'6H:DK^>@Fc'
$HA'#>@F?EH'5:MDBa':HJ'5E;M:>D'[EB?@BaF<E'g>JFchd'State of the Art in Computational
Morphology.
rB@<FMBL'BH'!KF?>CF':HJ'(@:C>aB@<F']B@'#BCL=?:?EBH:D'5B@LMBDBGKd'!(#5'233Yd'
n=@E;Md'!aE?^>@D:HJd'!>L?>Cb>@'Rd'233Yd'[@B;>>JEHGFc
1=J:FMB`:'2332's'Ʉɭɞɚɲɨɜɚd'Ʌɸɛɨɜɶ'Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɧɚ'233'2A
Посессивность в эрзянском и венгерском языках.
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ'43c32c32c'f'ɹɡɵɤɢ'ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ'Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ'Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ'
gɮɢɧɧɨ*ɭɝɨɪɫɤɢɟ'ɢ'ɫɚɦɨɞɢɣɫɤɢɟhc
Ⱦɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ'ɧɚ'ɫɨɢɫɤɚɧɢɟ'ɭɱɟɧɨɣ'ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ'ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ'ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ'ɧɚɭɤc'ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ'
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ'ɞɨɤɬɨɪ'ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ'ɧ'ɚɭɤd'ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ'Ɇcȼc'Ɇɨɫɢɧc
Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɢɣ'ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ'ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ'ɢɦɟɧɢ'ɇcɉc'Ɉɝɚɪɺɜɚc
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤc
1==FF::@Ed'.>@B'4YVWA
Suomen suvun tiet.
1=`:=F'!=BC>H'F=<=<:HFBQ>H'<>ME?K<F>F?l'F><l'?=M:?`=B?EFEF?:'`:>DD=<FEF?:'Q:'
`:D?:?:EF?>D=EF?:c
/>DFEH<EA'!=BC>H'M>ECBFB?=@E>H'DEE??Bc
0:DD=<<:d'!>LLB'4YY2A
Venäjän uralilaisten kansojen tilastoa.
\>HlQlH'Q:'$?l*.=@BBL:H'EHF?E?==??Ed'9=D<:EF=F:@Q:'6'48c''
/>DFEH<Ec
0==?BH>Hd'9B@C:d'5E<M:ED'5BFEHd'\:D>H?EH:'!M;M:H<EH:'233RA
Reverse dictionary of Mordvin = Обратный словарь мордовских языковo.
0>_E;:'!B;E>?:?EF'(>HHB*+G@E;:>'TT$Tc
0KBHFd'#M@EF?BLM>@'4YYYA
Definiteness.
#:Cb@EJG>'+HE`>@FE?K'[@>FFc
5:@<B`d'(c'[c'4Y84's'Ɇɚɪɤɨɜd'Ɏc'ɉc'4Y84A
ɉɪɢɚɥɚɬɵɪɫɤɢɣ'ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬ'ɷɪɡɹ*ɦɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ'ɹɡɵɤɚc
OMDd'SfYYc
-.(.-.)#.'Z$Z0$",-6[/m 2V4
5IFû@BFd'.JE?'4YYY's'Ɇɟɫɚɪɨɲd'ɗɞɢɬ'4YYYA
ɋɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ'ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ'ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ'ɜ'ɷɪɡɹɧɫɤɨɦ'ɹɡɵɤɟc
Studia Uralo%Altaica 42c
5BFEH'2333's'Ɇɨɫɢɧd'Ɇc'ȼc'2333A
ɉɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɫɶc'
EKMd'43Xf44Wc
5BFEHd'5c''\c'f')c'!c'Z:Q=~<EH'4YXVA
Ersämordvan oppikirja.
6L=H>=`BQ:'F=BC:D:EF*=G@ED:EF?>H'<E>D?>H'BLEH?BQ:'`:@?>H'\$$$c
5B@:`;FE<d'.JE?M'233VA
$H"'>;?EBH:D'CB@LMBDBGK'EH'?M>'/=HG:@E:H'HB=H'LM@':F>A
6'?KLBDBGE;:D':FF>FFC>H?c'
$HA'(@:HF'[D:H<'g>Jchd'Noun Phrase Structure in the Languages of Europed'44Vf2W2c
5B=?BH'J>',@=K?>@c
5r'4YY3A
H. Paasonens Mordwinisches Wörterbuchc'Z:HJ'$'g6f9hc
n=F:CC>HG>F?>DD?'`BH'1:EHB'/>E<<EDlc
+H?>@'5E?:@b>E?'`BH'/:HF*/>@C:HH'Z:@?>HFd'6D><F:HJ@'(>B<?EF?Ba'=HJ',@EGB@E'9>@C=F;M<EH'
b>:@b>E?>?'=HJ'M>@:=FG>G>b>H'`BH'5:@??E'1:MD:c
0>_E;:'!B;E>?:?EF'(>HHB*+G@E;:>'TT$$$d'4c
1B?EC:EF?>H'<'E>D?>H'?=?<EC=F<>F<=<F>H'Q=D<:EF=Q:'WYc
/>DFEH<EA'!=BC:D:EF*+G@ED:EH>H'!>=@:'P'1B?EC:EF?>H'<E>D?>H'?=?<EC=F<>F<=Fc
5r'4YY2A
H. Paasonens Mordwinisches Wörterbuchc'Z:HJ'$$''g1f5hc
+H?>@'5E?:@b>E?'`BH'/:HF*/>@C:HH'Z:@?>HFd'6D><F:HJ@'(>B<?EF?Ba'=HJ'',@EGB@E'9>@C=F;M<EH'
0>_E;:'!B;E>?:?EF'(>HHB*+G@E;:>'TT$$$d'2
1B?EC:EF?>H'<E>D?>H'?=?<EC=F<>F<=<F>H'Q=D<:EF=Q:'WYc
5r'4YYRA
H. Paasonens Mordwinisches Wörterbuchc'Z:HJ'$$$'g)fęhc
0>_E;:'!B;E>?:?EF'(>HHB*+G@E;:>'TT$$$d'V
1B?EC:EF?>H'<E>D?>H'?=?<EC='F<>F<=<F>H'Q=D<:EF=Q:'WYc
5r'4YY8A
H. Paasonens Mordwinisches Wörterbuchc'Z:HJ'$\'g!fôhc
b>:@b>E?>?'=HJ'M>@:=FG>G>b>H''`BH'5:@??E'1:MD:c
0>_E;:'!B;E>?:?EF'(>HHB*+G@E;:>'TT$$$d'R
1B?EC:EF?>H'<E>D?>H'?=?<EC=F<>F<=<F>H'Q=D<:EF=Q:'WYc
2V2 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
):Jt<EHd'7c'&c'4Y8X's'ɇɚɞɶɤɢɧd'Ⱦc'Ɍc'4Y8XA
Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ'ɧɢɠɧɟɩɶɹɧɫɤɨɝ'ɨ'ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɚ'ɷɪɡɹ*ɦɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ'ɹɡɵɤɚc
OMDd'Vf4YXc
)E>CEd'9::H:'P'5EM:ED'5BFEH'4YYWA
Ersäläis%suomalainen sanakirja
&=@=H'KDEBLEF?BH'F=BC:D:EF>H'Q:'KD>EF>H'<E>DE?E>?>>H'D:E?B<F>H'Q=D<:EF=Q:'RXc
&=@<=A'&=@=H'KDEBLEF?BH'F=BC:D:EF>H'Q:'KD>EF>H'<E>DE?E>?>>H'D:E?BFc
)E;MBDFd'9BM:HH:'4YXXA
"H':DE>H:bD>':HJ'EH:DE>H:bD>'LBFF>FFEBHc
$HA'rc'!MELD>K'g>Jchd'In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native
American Linguisticsd'WWSf83Y.
Z>@DEHA'5B=?BH'J>',@=K?>@c
)E;MBDFd'9BM:HH:'4YY2A
Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time.
#ME;:GBA'+HE`>@FE?K'B]'#ME;:GB'[@>FFc
"btt>J<EHd'\c'7c'4Y84's'Ɉɛɴɟɞɤɢɧd'ȼc'Ⱦc'4Y84A
ɋɬɚɪɨ*Ɍɭɪɞɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ'ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬ'ɷɪɡɹ*ɦɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ'ɹɡɵɤɚc
OMDd'433f4Y8c
"57'4Y84's'ɈɆȾ'4Y84A
Очерки мордовских диалектовc'Ɍɨɦ''4c
ɊɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵA'ɞɨɤɬɨɪ'ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ'ɧɚɭɤc'ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ'Ɇc'ɇc'Ʉɨɥɹɞɺɧɤɨɜd'Ʉɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ'
ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ'ɧɚɭɤ'Ɉc'ɂc'ɑɭɞɚɟɜɚc
ɇɚɭɱɧɨ*ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ'ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ'əɡɵɤɚd'Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵd'ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ'ɢ'ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ'ɩɪɢ'
ɋɨɜɟɬɟ'Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɜ'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɣ'ȺɋɋɊc
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤA'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɟ'Ʉɧɢɠɧɨɟ'ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨc
"57'4Y8V*$$'s'ɈɆȾ'4Y8V*$$A
Очерки мордовских диалектовc'Ɍɨɦ'$$c
Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ'ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪA'ɩɪɨɮc'Ɇc'ɇc'Ʉɨɥɹɞɺɧɤɨɜc
ɇɚɭɱɧɨ*ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ'ɂ'ɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ'əɡɵɤɚd'Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵd'ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ'ɢ'ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ'ɩɪɢ'
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤA'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɟ'Ʉɧɢɠɧɨɟ'ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨc
"57'4Y8X's'ɈɆȾ'4Y8XA
Очерки мордовских диалектовc'Ɍɨɦ'\c
Ɋɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ'ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɹA'ɂc'ɋc'Ȼɭɡɚɤɨɜd'Ɋc'ȼc'Ȼɚɛɭɲ'ɤɢɧɚd'Ⱦc'Ɍc'ɇɚɞɶɤɢɧc
ɇɚɭɱɧɨ*ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ'ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ'əɡɵɤɚd'Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵd'ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ'ɂ'ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ'ɉɪɢ'
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤA'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɟ'ɤɧɢɠɧɨɟ'ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨc'
"@H:?B`d'[:`>D'4XVX's'Ɉɪɬɚɧɨɜɴd'ɉɚɜɟɥɴ'4XVXA
Мордовская грамматика.'
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ'ɧɚ'ɧɚɪɟɱɢɣ'ɦɨɪɞɜɵ'ɦɨɤɲɢ'ɉɚɜɥɨɦɴ'Ɉɪɧɚɬɨɜɵɦɴc
ɆɨɫɤɜɚA'ȼɴ'ɋɢɧɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɣ'ɬɢɩc
[::FBH>Hd'/>E<<E'4XYSA
7E>'?Å@<EF;M>H'0>MHa@?>@'EC'5B@JaEHEF;M>Hc
Suomalais%Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja XV, 2d'4f8R
[::FBH>Hd'/>E<<E'4Y3VA
Mordvinische Lautlehre.
!=BC:D:EF*+G@ED:EF>H'!>=@:H'&BECE?=<FE:'TTc
-.(.-.)#.'Z$Z0$",-6[/m 2VV
[::FBH>Hd'/>E<<E'4YWV'x4Y3YyA
Mordwinische Chrestomathie mit Glossar und grammatikalischem Abriss.
/ED]CE??>D']Å@'J:F'F?=JE=C'J>@'!'HHEF;M*=G@EF;M>H'FL@:;M>H'$\c
[:DDd'\:DJ><'4YY8A
Ersa keel.
öLE<='<BHFL><?'Q:'FõH:DB>HJc'O'44Y'D<c
&:DDEHHc'
[:DD:Fd'[c'!c's'ɉɚɥɥɚɫd'ɉc'ɋc'4SXYA
Сравнительные словари всҍх языковъ и нарҍчійc
0EHG=:@=C'?B?E=F'B@bEF'`B;:b=D:@E:';BCL:@:?E`:c
ȼɴ'ɋɚɧɤɬɩɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝࣸc
[0)'4YYW's'[@>F;@EL?E`>'0E?>@:@K')B@CF'4YYWA
Мокшень кяльс сёрмадомань, корхтамань, пунктуациянь норматне
Эрзянь кельсэ сёрмадомань, кортамонь, пунктуациянь лувтне. f'28R'ɫc
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤA'ñɄɪɚɫɧɵɣ'Ɉɤɬɹɛɪɶó'ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɫɶc'
[BDK:<B`d'"c'.c'P'9c'-=>?>@'233R's'ɉɨɥɹɤɨɜd'Ɉc'ȿc'P'9c'-=>?>@'233RA
Мокшень и эрзянь кяльхнень фкякс% и аф фкяксшисна. Синь валлувкссна.
Эрзянь ды мокшонь кельтнень вейкекс% ды аволь вейкексчист. Сынст валлувостc'q'
Ɉc'ȿc'ɉɨɥɹɤɨɜd'9c'-=>?>@i'ɇcɉc'Ɉɝɚɪɟɜɨɧɶ'ɥɟɦɫɚ'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɹɣ'ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɣ''
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɫɶc
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤA'ñɄɪɚɫɧɵɣ'Ɉɤɬɹɛɪɶó'ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɫɶc
-EQ<MB]]d'9c'233RA
The Noun Phrase.
"_]B@J'+HE`>@FE?K'[@>FFc
-=>?>@d''9:;<'233VA
.?KCBDBGE;:D'7>?>@CEH:?>'[:@?E;D>F'EH'.@^K:'rB@J'7>@E`:?EBHc
$HA'International Symposium of Deictic Systems and Quantification in Languages Spoken
in Europe and North and Central Asiac
+JC=@?'!?:?>'+HE`>@FE?Kd'$É>`F<'d'+JC=@?E:d'-=FFE:d'5:K'22f2Wd'2334c
Collection of Papersd'48Rf4S2c'#BCLED>J':HJ'>JE?>J'bK'[E@<<B'!=EM<BH>H':HJ'Z>@H:@J'
#BC@E>'aE?M':FFEF?:H;>'B]'!>@G>Q'6H:?BDt>Èþ'5:<FECB`c
+JC=@?''!?:?>'+HE`>@FE?Kd'$É>`F<d'+JC=@?E:d'-=FFE:'P'5:_'[D:H;<'$HF?E?=?>']B@'.`BD=?EBH:@K'
6H?M@BLBDBGKd'7>L:@?C>H?'B]'0EHG=EF?E;Fd'0>ELÊGd',>@C:HKc
-=>?>@d''9:;<'233WA
#BH"'E;?EHG'.ÈJ>H;>']B@'?M>'.@Ê:H',>HE?E`>c
$HA'/:FF>DbD:??d'#B@H>DE=Fd'.EHB'1BLBH>H'=HJ'6HH:'rEJC>@'g/@FGchd')*+,,-'#.&+,"/0'
Z>E?@lG>'^='@'(EHHB=G@EF?E<':=F'6HD:ú'J>F'F>;MÊGF?>H',>b=@?F?:G>F'`BH'/:HF*/>@C:H'
Z:@?>HFc'
\>@]]>H?DE;M=HG>H'J>@''!B;E>?:F'+@:DB*6D?:E;:d'ZJ'8Wc'
/:@@:FFBaE?^'\>@D:Gc
'-=>?>@d'9:;<'233SA
6FKCC>?@E>F'EH'rB@J'#D:FF'7EÈFEBHF'aE?M'._:CLD>F'L>@?:EHEHG'?B'[>@FBH'EH'.@^K:c
$HA'40th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea'2Y'6=G=F?'f'4'!>L?>Cb>@'
233Sc'
+HE`>@FE?K'B]'9B>HF==c
2VR 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
'-=>?>@d'9:;<'233Y:A
#:F>'EH'.@^K:A'6'FKH?M>FEF'B]'CB@LMBDBGKd'F>C:H?E;Fd'FKH?:;?E;']=H;?EBHd':HJ';BCL:?EbEDE?K'
aE?M'H=Cb>@'L>@FBH':HJ'J>!'HE?>H>FF'g7EFL=?>J';:F>F'EH'.@^K:ch
!>;?EBH'L:L>@':?'!1m'233YA'Case in and across languagesc
/>DFEH<Ec
'-=>?>@d'9:;<'233YbA
$F'?M>'j*CF?Bq*CF?>k']B@C:H?'EH'.@^K:':HK?MEHG'CB@>'?M:H':'J>`>@b:D'HB=H'EH'?M>'>D:?E`>{
6bF?@:;?']B@'jFiniteness and Non%Finitenessk'#BH]>@>H;>'EH'&:DDEHHd')B`>Cb>@'2Wd'233Yc
'-=>?>@d'9:;<'g(B@?M;BCEHGhA
"H'e=:H?E!';:?EBH'EH'.@^K:c
$HA'Typology of Quantification: On quantification in Finnish and languages spoken in the
Volga–Kama Regionc
-K:'bB`d'6c's'Ɋɹɛɨɜd'Ⱥc'4YV4A
Русско%эрзянский словарь.
ɆɨɫɤɜɚA'ɐɟɧɬɪɢɡɞɚɬc
-K:bB`d'6H:?BDE'[c's'Ɋɹɛɨɜd'Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɣ'ɉc'4YVWA
Эрзянь морфологиянь грамматика.
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤc
!:DBd'5>@Q:'g(B@?M;BCEHGhA
5B@JÈH#%#J>@E`:?>F'f'F>C:H?E;'>e=E`:D>H?']B@'ECL>@FBH:Dc
$HA'7KbBd'6c'\c'P'm=c'\c')B@C:HF<:K:'g>JFchd'Ural%Altaic Studies, Scientific Journal, 2:
5BF;Bac
!:@`d'/>HB'2332A
Indigenous Europeans East of Moscow.
[BL=D:?EBH':HJ'5EG@:?EBH'[:??>@HF'B]'?M>'0:@G>'F?'(EHHB*+G@E:H'[>BLD>F'EH'-=FFE:']@BC'?M>'
4X?M'?B'?M>'4Y?M'#>H?=@E>Fc
7EFF>@?:?EBH',>BG@:LME;:>'+HE`>@FE?:?EF'&:@?=>HFEFd'4Sc
&:@?=c
!E>aE>@F<:d'6HH:'233RA
Person.
#:Cb@EJG>'+HE`>@FE?K'[@>FFc
!L>H;>@d'6HJ@>a'4YY2A
)BCEH:D'EH"'>;?EBH':HJ'?M>'H:?=@>'B]']=H;?EBH:D';:?>GB@E>Fc
Journal of Linguistics'2Xd'V4VfR4c
!M:<MC:?B`d'6c'6c'4Y43's'ɒɚɯɦɚɬɨɜɴd'Ⱥc'Ⱥc'4Y43A
Мордовскій этнографическій сборникъ.
ɋc*ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɴc
[MEDEL'9BM:H'`BH'!?@:MD>Hb>@G'4SV3A
Das Nord% und Östliche Theil von Europa und Asia, in so weit solches das gantze
Russische Reich mit Sibirien und der grossen Tatarey in sich begriffet.'
$H'\>@D>G=HG'J>F'6=?B@EFc
!?B;<MBDCc
&E<MBHB`:d'&c'5c'4Y88's'&E;MBHB`:d'&c'5c'4Y88A
._L@>FFEBH'B]'J>!'HE?>H>FF':HJ'EHJ>!'HE?>H>FF'B]'?M>'JE@>;?'BbQ>;?'EH'?M>'5B@JÈH'D:HG=:G>Fc'
Советское финно%угроведение'gRhd''2R4f2RWc
-.(.-.)#.'Z$Z0$",-6[/m 2VW
&E<MBHB`:d'&c'5c'4YSR's'Ɍɢɯɨɧɨɜɚ'ɌcɆc'4YSRA
ɋɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ'ɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ'ɜ'ɧɟɩɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ'ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ'ɜ'ɜɨɥɠɫɤɢɯ'ɹɡɵɤɚɯ''ɮɢɧɧɨ*
ɭɝɨɪɫɤɨɣ'ɝɪɭɩɩɵc
$HA'Вопросы советского финно%угроведенияd'44Yf424c
ɉɟɬɪɨɡɚɜɨɞɫɤc
&E<MBHB`:d'&c'5c'4YX3's'Ɍɢɯɨɧɨɜɚ'ɌcɆc'4YX3A
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ'ɥɢɱɧɨ*ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢi'ɉɪɢɬɹɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ'ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟi'ɍɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ'
ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟi'Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ'ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ'ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɢc
$HA'GMYa 1980d'4X2f22Xc
&@BF?>@=Jd'&@BHJ'2338A
Homonymy in the Uralic Two%Argument Agreement Paradigms.
!=BC:D:EF*+G@ED:EF>H'!>=@:H'&BECE?=<FE:'2W4c'
&FKG:H<EHd'7c'4Y84's'ɐɵɝɚɧɤɢɧd'Ⱦc'4Y84A
ɒɭɝɭɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ'ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬ'ɷɪɡɹ*ɦɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ'ɹɡɵɤɚc
OMDd'2YRfVYWc
&FKG:H<EHd'7c'\c'4YSX's'ɐɵɝɚɧɤɢɧd'Ⱦc'ȼc'4YSXA
Грамматические категории имени существительного в диалектах эрзя%мордовского
языка (определенности%неопределенности и притяжательности). O'S3'ɫc
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤA'Ɇɨɪɞɨɜc'ɤɧc'ɢɡɞ*'ɜɨc'
&FKG:H<EH'2333:'s'ɐɵɝɚɧɤɢɧd'Ⱦc'ȼc'2333:A
ȼɚɥɨɧɶ'ɬɟɟɜɟɦɚɫɶ'c'
EKMd'VRfVSc
&FKG:H<EH'2333b's'ɐɵɝɚɧɤɢɧd'Ⱦc'ȼc'2333bA
Мордовские языки глазами ученого%лингвиста.
ɋɚɪɚɧɫɤA'Ɍɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ'ñɄɪɚɫɧɵ'ɣ'Ɉɤɬɹɛɪɶóc
&FKL<:E<EH:'2333's'ɐɵɩɤɚɣɤɢɧɚd'ȼc'ɉc'2333A
Ƚɥɚɝɨɥɨɫɶc'
EKMd'4R8f248c
&=@=H>Hd'-EGEH:'2343A
Nonverbal Predication in Erzya: Studies on morphosyntactic variation and part of speech
distinctions.
+HE`>@FE?K'B]'/>DFEH<Ed'(:;=D?K'B]'6@?Fd'7>L:@?C>H?'B]'(EHHEFMd'(EHHB*+G@E:H':HJ'
!;:HJEH:È:H'!?=JE>Fc
wM??LAqq=@Hc!'q+-)A$!Z)AYSX*YW2*43*82SS*V|
r60!'"HDEH>A
&M>'rB@DJ'6?D:F'B]'0:HG=:G>'!?@=;?=@>F'"HDEH>c
wM??LAqqa:DFcEH]Bq|
rE>J>C:HHd'(c'9c'4X8WA
Grammatik der ersa%mordwinischen Sprache
nebst einem kleinen mordwinisch%deutschen und deutsch%mordwinischen Wörterbuch.
5ICBE@>F'J>'Dp:;:JICE>'ECLI@E:D>'J>F'F;E>H;>F'J>'!?c*[I?>@FbB=@Gd'\$$.'!I@E>c'&BC>'
$Td'ʋ'Wc
2V8 67)"5$)60'[.-!")'$)'&/.'5"-[/"0",$#60'!m!&.5'"('.-nm6
rE?F>Hd')E;BD:>F'4S3WA
Noord en Oost Tartarye, Ofte Bondig Ontwerp Van eenig dier Landen en Volken Welke
voormaels bekent zijn geweest. Beneffens verscheide tot noch toe onbekende, en meest
nooit voorheen beschreve Tartersche en Nabuurige Gewesten, Landstreeken, Steden,
Rivieren, en Plaetzen, in de Noorder en Oosterlykste Gedeelten Van Asia En Europa
Verdeelt in twee Stukken, Met der zelviger Land%kaerten: mitsgaders, onderscheide
Afbeeldingen van Steden, Drachten, enz. Zedert naeuwkeurig onderzoek van veele Jaren,
door eigen ondervondinge ontworpen, beschreven, geteekent, en in ‘t licht gegeven, Door
Nicolaes Witsen.
g(E@F?'L@EH?A'6CF?>@J:Cd'48Y2i'!>;BHJ'L@EH?A'6CF?>@J:Cd'4S3Wc'->L@EH?'EH'4SXWch
o?'6CF?>@J:C'ZK'(@:HùBEF'/:DC:d'ZB><`>@<BBL>@'BL'J>')E>=a>HJK<c
m:<=FM<EHd'6c'7c'4Y84's'əɤɭɲɤɢɧd'Ⱥc'ȼc'4Y84A
Ⱦɪɚɤɢɧɫɤɢɣ'ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬ'ɷɪɡɹ*ɦɨɪɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ'ɹɡɵɤɚc
OMDd'4YSf2YVc
n:E;^d',ubB@'4YYXA
5B@J`:c
$HA'7c'6bBHJBDB'g>Jchd'The Uralic Languagesd'4XRf24Xc
0BHJBHA'-B=?D>JG>c
n:E;^d',ubB@'2338A
5B@J`:c
$HA'7c'6bBHJBDB'g>Jchd'The Uralic Languagesd'4XRf24Xc
0BHJBHA'-B=?D>JG>c'

SUST 261online Etc

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

SUST 261online Etc

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Adnominal Person

in the Morphological System of Erzya

2. Methodology and Corpora 45

Erzya Source Literature (Corpora) 213

Table 1.16' )>=?@:D'L>@FBH:D'L@BHB=H'L:@:JEGC'

Table 3.11 !>?F'=F>J'EH'?M>'J>F;@EL?EBH'B]'.@^K:'L:D:?:D'M:@CBHK' 8R

Table 4.25c [BFF>FFE`>'J>;D>HFEBH']B@'J:?E`>'LBFF>FF:'

Table 4.47 +HE`>@F:D'L@BHB=H'veśeme o:DDp'EH':??>F?>J';:F>'FDB?F'

Table 4.61 &M>'2!,'LBFF>FFB@':HJ'<EH'?>@CF'EH'"@<EHB'

PRO-DET [@B*J>?>@CEH>@ SOD !L>:'<>@*B@E>H?>J'

0.1. General outline

1.1. Introduction to Erzya

The Erzya language

Table 1.1' !?:?EF?E;F'BH'M>:JaB@J'>H?@E>F'EH'Mordwinisches Wörterbuch'$f$\

Erzya-language in publications and its development

Research in the Erzya language

g4h' ɫɚɡɟɦɫɴ'' ' saźems''o?B'?:<>p'g5:@<'VA'23h''Ç'5rA'1:Jd'1:Dd'1:ÉDd'ÑE@'g!MB<FM:h

g2h' ɧɟɣɫɵ'' ' ńej+si͔''F>>z\U$)7c[-.!c[-.7*2!,|V[0'oKB='F>>'?M>Cp'g5:@<'4VA'2h''Ç'1>@>F^?>F'

gVh' ɬɹɬɹɦɨɤɴ'' t́ät́a+mok'']:?M>@z)U["!!*V!,|)"5c!,'oB=@']:?M>@p'g0=<>'VA'Xd'44A'2h''Ç'1B^*

!=bF>e=>H?' J>F;@EL?EBHF' B]' ?M>' .@^K:' D:HG=:G>' J>CBHF?@:?>' MEGM>@' L@B!';E>H;K'

The Erzya literary language of today

Table 1.2' 5:QB@';BHFBH:H?':DDBLMBH>F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>

Table 1.3' 5:QB@'`Ba>D':DDBLMBH>F'EH'?M>'.@^K:'D:HG=:G>

Table 1.4' $HJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH'?:bD>']B@';BCLD>_')['M>:JF''kudo oMB=F>i'MBC>p

Table 1.5' )BCEH:?E`>*;:F>']B@CF']B@'?M>'.@^K:'kudo oMBC>i'MB=F>i'@BBCp'

Table 1.6' \:@E>J'L:@?F'B]'FL>>;M'aE?M':JHBCEH:D';@BFF*@>]>@>H?E:D'L>@FBH'C:@<EHG

oMBC>i'MB=F>i'@BBCp o?M@>>p oaE?Mp o?B':@@E`>p

gRh' :c' skal

gWh' :c' ašo kudo+ś

bc' ašo Ø+ś

g8h' :c' kiĺej+eń kudo+ś

bc' kiĺej+eń+śe Ø+ś

gSh' :c' pakśa+so kudo+ś

bc' pakśa+so Ø+ś

gXh' :c' kurg+so+nzo čuvar+ońt́

bc' kurg+so+nzo Ø+ńt́

Table 1.7' $HJ>!'HE?>'J>;D>HFEBH';:F>F':??>F?>J'EH'CBJE!'>@'`Fc';BCLD>C>H?'LBFE?EBH

HBH*>_EF?>H?z[&#c$)7c[-.!c[-.7*V!, čokšne+s jarsa+m+s'

Table 1.8' $HJE;:?E`>'L@>F>H?'L:@:JEGC'B]'?M>'.@^K:'`>@b'palams 'o?B'<EFFp

V!, pal+i͔ pala pala+sak pala+si͔

gYh' :c' ton ́

bc' ton komand́ir.

g43h' fjodor ivanovič+eń

g44h' ĺiś+i mon veĺe+se vaśeńśe

g42h' %&.*&+, %&.*&+,

g4Vh' ńej+at kodamo rudazov+an,

g4Wh' koda a koda

g4Sh' gŕebńev marto pikśe+t́ano

g4Xh' veŕgiz+eś sala+ś ŕeve

g4Yh' ćora+ś ĺišme+nze kiĺd́+iźe

g23h' son śeja+ńt́ śimd+iźe

g24h' inže+ńt́ śimd́+iź vina+do

g22h' :c' viŕ udal+o pakśa+so+ńt́ ćora+t

bc' viŕ udal+o pakśa+ńt́ keĺe+s

1.2. Introduction to person

The person morpheme

Table 1.9' !EHGD>*aB@J'>DDEL?E;'e=>F?EBH'aE?M'BbQ>;?'L@BHB=H'EH'F=bQ>;?']=H;?EBH

Table 1.10' !EHGD>*aB@J'>DDEL?E;':HFa>@'aE?M'BbQ>;?'L@BHB=H'EH'F=bQ>;?']=H;?EBH

Table 1.11' 7>L>HJ>H?'`Fc'EHJ>L>HJ>H?''LBFF>FFE`>'L@BHB=H

g2Vh' jone choked 2(0#/(++/,#0,/3k'

g2Rh' :c' We’re being !4)#404&/#5406#0,/7,0c

' bc' They’re being +2,()#404&/#5406#0,/7,0c

Personal pronouns and cross-referential markers

PRO-DET [@BJ>?>@CEH>@ SOD !L>:'<>@B@E>H?>J'

gVh' ɬɹɬɹɦɨɤɴ'' t́ät́a+mok'']:?M>@z)U["!!V!,|)"5c!,'oB=@']:?M>@p'g0=<>'VA'Xd'44A'2h''Ç'1B^

HBH>_EF?>H?z[&#c$)7c[-.!c[-.7V!, čokšne+s jarsa+m+s'

g42h' %&.&+, %&.&+,

mińek a>z[-")[.-!4[0c["!!V!,c miń+ś+eńek a>z[-")[.-!4[0c-.(0U["!!4[0|,.)

ti͔ŋk KB=z[-")[.-!2[0c["!!2[0c ti͔ń+ś+eŋk KB=z[-")[.-!2[0c-.(0U["!!2[0|,.)

si͔nst ?M>Kz[-")[.-!V[0c["!!V[0c si͔ń+ś+est ?M>Kz[-")[.-!V[0c-.(0U["!!V[0|,.)

gV2h' &7&.!-&$, kat́a baba,

Table 2.3' 7>@E`:?EBH'B]'HBCEH:?E`>;:F>'L@>JE;:?>L>@FBH'L:??>@HF